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Mesa T, Munné-Bosch S. α-Tocopherol in chloroplasts: Nothing more than an antioxidant? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:102400. [PMID: 37311290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among the eight forms of vitamin E, only tocopherols are essential compounds that are distributed throughout the entire plant kingdom, with α-tocopherol being the most predominant form in photosynthetic tissues. At the cellular level, α-tocopherol is of special relevance inside the chloroplast, where it eliminates singlet oxygen and modulates lipid peroxidation. This is of utmost relevance since tocopherols are the only antioxidants that counteract lipid peroxidation. Moreover, at the whole-plant level, α-tocopherol appears to modulate several physiological processes from germination to senescence. The antioxidant role of α-tocopherol at the cellular level can have profound effects at the whole-plant level, including the modulation of physiological processes that are apparently not related to redox processes and could be considered non-antioxidant functions. Here, we discuss whether non-antioxidant functions of α-tocopherol at the whole-plant level are mediated by its antioxidant role in chloroplasts and the regulation of redox processes at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Mesa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain; Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Av. Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Huang Q, Lu L, Xu Y, Tu M, Chen X, Jiang L. Genotypic variation of tocopherol content in a representative genetic population and genome-wide association study on tocopherol in rapeseed ( Brassica napus). MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:50. [PMID: 37313221 PMCID: PMC10248655 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-023-01394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tocopherols (Tocs) are a kind of lipid-soluble substance required for the normal physiological function of mammals, particularly their antioxidant capacity. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil is an important source of exogenous Tocs. However, the genotypic differences in the total Toc contents, the Toc composition in the seeds, and the molecular markers associated with the seed Toc remain largely unknown. Here, we selected 290 rapeseed accessions based on the resequencing of 991 genomes in a worldwide collection of rapeseed germplasm. The contents of the four Toc isoforms, namely, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Tocs, were also measured. Results show that the total Toc content and the γ-/α-Toc ratio varied greatly across the accessions from 85.34 to 387.00 mg/mg and 0.65 to 5.03, respectively. Furthermore, we conducted genome-wide association studies on the Tocs, which identified 28 and 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with the variation of total Toc content and γ-/α-Toc ratio, respectively. Bna.C02.VTE4, a putative orthologue of Arabidopsis VITAMIN E DEFICIENT 4, was tightly associated with the γ-/α-Toc ratio. This study recommends specific genetic materials with particularly high total Toc and/or low γ-/α-Toc ratio and the molecular markers and haplotypes associated with these quality traits for rapeseed breeding. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01394-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lingzhi Lu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Mengxin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shuang-Long Street 828, Jinhua, 321017 China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Abstract
In contrast to traditional breeding, which relies on the identification of mutants, metabolic engineering provides a new platform to modify the oil composition in oil crops for improved nutrition. By altering endogenous genes involved in the biosynthesis pathways, it is possible to modify edible plant oils to increase the content of desired components or reduce the content of undesirable components. However, introduction of novel nutritional components such as omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids needs transgenic expression of novel genes in crops. Despite formidable challenges, significant progress in engineering nutritionally improved edible plant oils has recently been achieved, with some commercial products now on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, Australia;
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4
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Fang Z, Liu J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Jia H, Shi Y. Full-length transcriptome of in Medicago sativa L. roots in response to drought stress. Front Genet 2023; 13:1086356. [PMID: 36685877 PMCID: PMC9848396 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1086356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), serves as a legume with high drought tolerance, is a major forage crop with a high biomass of production. However, the molecular mechanism of Alfalfa in response to drought stress are still unclear. Results: We constructed the first full-length transcriptome for Alfalfa root. 21.53Gb clean data were obtained by further data filtering, in which incorporate 566,076 reads of Insert (ROI), and 409,291 full length reads non-Chimeric (FLNC) sequences. Combined with second-generation sequencing (SGS), there were 2615, 6011, and 4617 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three comparisons. KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment of ribosome, glutathione metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids are among the DEGs. The majority of transcription factors (TFs) from DEGs were AP2/ERF-ERF (37), C2H2 (32), and bHLH (22) bZIP (22), followed by C3H (19), MYB (18), WRKY (18), GRAS (16), and NAC (15). 32 C2H2 genes were differentially expressed in three groups. In addition, TFs annotated as C3H (19), MYB (18), GRAS (16), and NAC (15) also changed significantly in expression in the three comparisons. We found 24 genes participate in the abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin hormone signaling pathway in response to drought stress, and monitored the expression patterns of these related genes. Conclusion: The present study enhanced our understanding of the genetic diversity and complexity, and provides greater insight into the fundamental transcriptome reprogramming of Alfalfa under drought.
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Jia H, Wang X, Shi Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Liu J, Fang Z, Li C, Dong K. Overexpression of Medicago sativa LEA4-4 can improve the salt, drought, and oxidation resistance of transgenic Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234085. [PMID: 32497140 PMCID: PMC7272090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins are widely involved in many adverse conditions among plants. In this study, we isolated a LEA4 gene from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) termed MsLEA4-4 via a homology cloning strategy. MsLEA4-4 encodes 166 amino acids, and the structural analysis showed that the gene contained five repeating TAQAAKEKTQQ amino acid motifs. There were a large number of α-helix in MsLEA4-4, and belongs to hydrophilic amino acid. Subcellular localization analysis showed that MsLEA4-4 was localized in the nucleus. The MsLEA4-4 promoter consisted of G-box and A-box elements, abscisic acid-responsive elements (ABREs), photo regulation and photoperiodic-controlling cis-acting elements, and endosperm expression motifs. The MsLEA4-4 overexpressing in Arabidopsis conferred late-germination phenotypes. Resistance of the overexpressed plants to abiotic stress significantly outperformed the wild-type (WT) plants. Under salt stress and abscisic acid treatment, with more lateral roots and higher chlorophyll content, the overexpressed plants has a higher survival rate measured against WT. Compared to those in the WT plants, the levels of soluble sugar and the activity of various antioxidant enzymes were elevated in the overexpressed plants, whereas the levels of proline and malondialdehyde were significantly reduced. The expression levels of several genes such as ABF3, ABI5, NCED5, and NCED9 increased markedly in the overexpressed plants compared to the WT under osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Shi
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinming Wu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihong Fang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Kuanhu Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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Ma J, Qiu D, Gao H, Wen H, Wu Y, Pang Y, Wang X, Qin Y. Over-expression of a γ-tocopherol methyltransferase gene in vitamin E pathway confers PEG-simulated drought tolerance in alfalfa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:226. [PMID: 32429844 PMCID: PMC7238615 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α-Tocopherol is one of the most important vitamin E components present in plant. α-Tocopherol is a potent antioxidant, which can deactivate photoproduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent lipids from oxidation when plants suffer drought stress. γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) catalyzes the formation of α-tocopherol in the tocopherol biosynthetic pathway. Our previous studies showed that over-expression of γ-TMT gene can increase the accumulation of α-tocopherol in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). However, whether these transgenic plants confer increased drought tolerance and the underlying mechanism are still unknown. RESULTS In the present study, we further evaluate transgenic alfalfa lines, and found that over-expression of MsTMT led to an increase in α-tocopherol and total tocopherol level in the transgenic lines compared with the control plant. It was revealed that drought tolerance of the transgenic alfalfa was remarkably increased, with alleviated oxidative damage and accumulation of more osmolytic substances. The stomatal development in transgenic plants was significantly inhibited on both sides of leaves, which may be resulted from the repression of MsSPCHLESS (MsSPCH) gene. The reduced stomatal density of transgenic plants contributes to a lower stomatal conductance and higher water use efficiency (WUE). Moreover, both RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses indicate that regulatory mechanism of MsTMT in drought involved in both ABA-dependent and ABA-independent pathways. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that MsTMT gene plays a positive role in regulating alfalfa response to PEG-simulated drought stress, which might involve complex mechanisms, including ROS scavenging system, stomatal development and multiple phytohormone signaling pathways. This study will broaden our view on the function of γ-TMT gene and provide new strategy for genetic engineering in alfalfa breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Deyun Qiu
- Division of biomedical science and biochemistry, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hongyu Wen
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yudi Wu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Metabolic engineering for the production of fat-soluble vitamins: advances and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:935-951. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Schuy C, Groth J, Ammon A, Eydam J, Baier S, Schweizer G, Hanemann A, Herz M, Voll LM, Sonnewald U. Deciphering the genetic basis for vitamin E accumulation in leaves and grains of different barley accessions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9470. [PMID: 31263124 PMCID: PMC6602966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45572-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocopherols and tocotrienols, commonly referred to as vitamin E, are essential compounds in food and feed. Due to their lipophilic nature they protect biomembranes by preventing the propagation of lipid-peroxidation especially during oxidative stress. Since their synthesis is restricted to photosynthetic organisms, plant-derived products are the major source of natural vitamin E. In the present study the genetic basis for high vitamin E accumulation in leaves and grains of different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions was uncovered. A genome wide association study (GWAS) allowed the identification of two genes located on chromosome 7H, homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT-7H) and homogentisate geranylgeranyltransferase (HGGT) that code for key enzymes controlling the accumulation of tocopherols in leaves and tocotrienols in grains, respectively. Transcript profiling showed a correlation between HPT-7H expression and vitamin E content in leaves. Allele sequencing allowed to decipher the allelic variation of HPT-7H and HGGT genes corresponding to high and low vitamin E contents in the respective tissues. Using the obtained sequence information molecular markers have been developed which can be used to assist smart breeding of high vitamin E barley varieties. This will facilitate the selection of genotypes more tolerant to oxidative stress and producing high-quality grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schuy
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Groth
- Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Am Gereuth 8, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ammon
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Eydam
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Baier
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Saatzucht Josef Breun GmbH & Co. KG, Amselweg 1, D-91074, Herzogenaurach, Germany
| | - Günther Schweizer
- Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Am Gereuth 8, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Hanemann
- Saatzucht Josef Breun GmbH & Co. KG, Amselweg 1, D-91074, Herzogenaurach, Germany
| | - Markus Herz
- Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Am Gereuth 8, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Lars M Voll
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Wang X, Gao Y, Chen Z, Li J, Huang J, Cao J, Cui M, Ban L. (E)-β-farnesene synthase gene affects aphid behavior in transgenic Medicago sativa. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:622-631. [PMID: 30051587 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) is one of the major pests in alfalfa crops, causing significant yield losses. (E)-β-farnesene (EβF), an alarm pheromone released by pea aphid, is generic to many species of aphids, and is used to minimize potential danger from predators and parasitoids by avoiding the source of the pheromone. RESULTS In this study, EβF synthase gene was constructed into a plant expression vector, and overexpressed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), with expression among transgenic lines confirmed by qRT-PCR. Subcellular localization analysis showed that EβF synthase gene was expressed in the plasma membrane and nucleus of the leaf. GC/MS of extraction from transgenic alfalfa indicated emission of EβF ranging from 5.92 to 13.09 ng day-1 g-1 fresh tissue. Behavior assays in Y-olfactometers demonstrated that transgenic alfalfa expressing AaEβF gene could repel pea aphids, with aphids taking a significantly longer time to select a transgenic line compared with the control line (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION We have demonstrated a potentially valuable strategy of using EβF synthase genes for aphid control in alfalfa. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhao Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- The Affiliated High School of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jindong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangbo Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Ban
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Strobbe S, De Lepeleire J, Van Der Straeten D. From in planta Function to Vitamin-Rich Food Crops: The ACE of Biofortification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1862. [PMID: 30619424 PMCID: PMC6305313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are highly dependent on plants to reach their dietary requirements, as plant products contribute both to energy and essential nutrients. For many decades, plant breeders have been able to gradually increase yields of several staple crops, thereby alleviating nutritional needs with varying degrees of success. However, many staple crops such as rice, wheat and corn, although delivering sufficient calories, fail to satisfy micronutrient demands, causing the so called 'hidden hunger.' Biofortification, the process of augmenting nutritional quality of food through the use of agricultural methodologies, is a pivotal asset in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition, mainly due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Several technical advances have led to recent breakthroughs. Nutritional genomics has come to fruition based on marker-assisted breeding enabling rapid identification of micronutrient related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the germplasm of interest. As a complement to these breeding techniques, metabolic engineering approaches, relying on a continuously growing fundamental knowledge of plant metabolism, are able to overcome some of the inevitable pitfalls of breeding. Alteration of micronutrient levels does also require fundamental knowledge about their role and influence on plant growth and development. This review focuses on our knowledge about provitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin C (ascorbate) and the vitamin E group (tocochromanols). We begin by providing an overview of the functions of these vitamins in planta, followed by highlighting some of the achievements in the nutritional enhancement of food crops via conventional breeding and genetic modification, concluding with an evaluation of the need for such biofortification interventions. The review further elaborates on the vast potential of creating nutritionally enhanced crops through multi-pathway engineering and the synergistic potential of conventional breeding in combination with genetic engineering, including the impact of novel genome editing technologies.
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Gao Y, Long R, Kang J, Wang Z, Zhang T, Sun H, Li X, Yang Q. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals That Antioxidant System and Soluble Sugar Metabolism Contribute to Salt Tolerance in Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) Leaves. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:191-203. [PMID: 30359026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinity poses a serious threat to alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) productivity. To characterize the molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in Medicago, the comparative proteome of leaves from Medicago sativa cv. Zhongmu No.1 (ZM1, salt-tolerant) and Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong A17 (A17, salt-sensitive) was performed using the iTRAQ approach. A total of 438 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified, among which 282 and 120 DEPs were specific to A17 and ZM1, respectively. In salt-tolerant ZM1, key DEPs were primarily enriched in antioxidant system, starch and sucrose metabolism, and secondary metabolism. ZM1 possessed a greater ability to remove reactive oxygen species and methylglyoxal under salt stress, as demonstrated by enhancement of the antioxidant system and secondary metabolism. Moreover, ZM1 orchestrated starch and sucrose metabolism to accumulate various soluble sugars (sucrose, maltose, glucose, and trehalose), which in turn facilitate osmotic homeostasis. Salt stress dramatically inhibited photosynthesis of A17 due to the downregulation of the light-harvesting complex and photosystem II related protein. Quantitative analyses of photochemical efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activities, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and soluble sugar contents were consistent with the alterations predicted on the basis of DEP functions. These results shed light on our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ruicai Long
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junmei Kang
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchuan Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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Mène-Saffrané L. Vitamin E Biosynthesis and Its Regulation in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 7:E2. [PMID: 29295607 PMCID: PMC5789312 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is one of the 13 vitamins that are essential to animals that do not produce them. To date, six natural organic compounds belonging to the chemical family of tocochromanols-four tocopherols and two tocotrienols-have been demonstrated as exhibiting vitamin E activity in animals. Edible plant-derived products, notably seed oils, are the main sources of vitamin E in the human diet. Although this vitamin is readily available, independent nutritional surveys have shown that human populations do not consume enough vitamin E, and suffer from mild to severe deficiency. Tocochromanols are mostly produced by plants, algae, and some cyanobacteria. Tocochromanol metabolism has been mainly studied in higher plants that produce tocopherols, tocotrienols, plastochromanol-8, and tocomonoenols. In contrast to the tocochromanol biosynthetic pathways that are well characterized, our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating tocochromanol biosynthesis is in its infancy. Although it is known that tocochromanol biosynthesis is strongly conditioned by the availability in homogentisate and polyprenyl pyrophosphate, its polar and lipophilic biosynthetic precursors, respectively, the mechanisms regulating their biosyntheses are barely known. This review summarizes our current knowledge of tocochromanol biosynthesis in plants, and highlights future challenges regarding the understanding of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mène-Saffrané
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée, 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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13
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Zemanová V, Pavlík M, Pavlíková D. Cadmium toxicity induced contrasting patterns of concentrations of free sarcosine, specific amino acids and selected microelements in two Noccaea species. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177963. [PMID: 28542385 PMCID: PMC5438182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity affects numerous metabolic processes in plants. In the presence of Cd, plants accumulate specific amino acids which may be beneficial to developing Cd tolerance. Our study aimed to characterize the changes in the metabolism of selected free amino acids that are associated with Cd tolerance, and investigate the levels of selected microelements in order to relate these changes to the adaptation strategies of two metallophytes-Noccaea caerulescens (Redlschlag, Austria) and Noccaea praecox (Mežica, Slovenia). The plants were exposed to Cd contamination (90 mg Cd/kg soil) for 120 days in a pot experiment. Our results showed higher Cd accumulation in N. praecox compared to N. caerulescens. Cadmium contamination reduced the zinc and nickel levels in both species and a mixed effect was determined for copper and manganese content. Differences in free amino acid metabolism were observed between the two metallophytes growing under Cd-free and Cd-loaded conditions. Under Cd-free conditions, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tryptophan and tyrosine) and branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) were accumulated more in the leaves of N. praecox than in N. caerulescens. Cd stress increased the content of these amino acids in both species but this increase was significant only in N. caerulescens leaves. Marked differences in the responses of the two species to Cd stress were shown for alanine, phenylalanine, threonine and sarcosine. Cadmium contamination also induced an increase of threonine as alanine and sarcosine decrease, which was larger in N. caerulescens than in N. praecox. All these factors contribute to the higher adaptation of N. praecox to Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zemanová
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Pavlík
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Pavlíková
- Department of Agro-Environmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jiang J, Chen Z, Ban L, Wu Y, Huang J, Chu J, Fang S, Wang Z, Gao H, Wang X. P-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE from Medicago sativa is involved in vitamin E biosynthesis and abscisic acid-mediated seed germination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40625. [PMID: 28084442 PMCID: PMC5233959 DOI: 10.1038/srep40625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
P-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE (HPPD) is the first committed enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin E, and is characterized by catalyzing the conversion of p-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate (HPP) to homogentisic acid (HGA). Here, an HPPD gene was cloned from Medicago sativa L. and designated MsHPPD, which was expressed at high levels in alfalfa leaves. PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol), NaCl, abscisic acid and salicylic acid were shown to significantly induce MsHPPD expression, especially in the cotyledons and root tissues. Overexpression of MsHPPD was found to significantly increase the level of β-tocotrienol and the total vitamin E content in Arabidopsis seeds. Furthermore, these transgenic Arabidopsis seeds exhibited an accelerated germination time, compared with wild-type seeds under normal conditions, as well as under NaCl and ABA treatments. Meanwhile, the expression level of several genes associated with ABA biosynthesis (NCED3, NCED5 and NCED9) and the ABA signaling pathway (RAB18, ABI3 and ABI5) were significantly down-regulated in MsHPPD-overexpressing transgenic lines, as well as the total free ABA content. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MsHPPD functions not only in the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway, but also plays a critical role in seed germination via affecting ABA biosynthesis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishan Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Liping Ban
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yudi Wu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zan Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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