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Li X, Wei L, Zhao H, Wang Y, Sun F, Wu M. Ecophysiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses shed light on the response mechanism of Bruguiera gymnorhiza to upwelling stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 215:109074. [PMID: 39213943 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mangroves, due to their unique habitats, endure dual stressors from land to ocean and ocean to land directions. While extensive researches have been conducted on land-ocean stressors, studies on ocean-land stressors like upwelling are considerably scarce. In this study, ecophysiological, transcriptome, and metabolome analyses were conducted to determine the responses of mangrove plant (Bruguiera gymnorhiza, B. gymnorhiza) to upwelling stress. The results suggested that upwelling stress in B. gymnorhiza induces oxidative stress and membrane damage, which are mitigated by the synergistic actions of antioxidant enzymes and osmoprotectants. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that upregulated genes related to oxidation-reduction and carbohydrate metabolism, along with accumulated metabolites such as amino acids, lipids, phenols, and organic acids, contribute to enhancing antioxidant capacity and maintaining osmotic balance. Further analysis identified key KEGG pathways involved in the response to upwelling stress, including amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. These findings provide vital information into the multi-level response mechanisms of mangrove plants to upwelling stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangzhou, 510520, China; Guangdong Coastal Shelterbelt Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Guangzhou, 510520, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Wei
- Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangzhou, 510520, China; Guangdong Coastal Shelterbelt Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yutu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Fulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Meilin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
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Kane CN, McAdam SAM. Spatial and Temporal Freezing Dynamics of Leaves Revealed by Time-Lapse Imaging. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39253967 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Freezing air temperatures kill most leaves, yet the leaves of some species can survive these events. Tracking the temporal and spatial dynamics of freezing remains an impediment to characterizing frost tolerance. Here we deploye time-lapse imaging and image subtraction analysis, coupled with fine wire thermocouples, to discern the in situ spatial dynamics of freezing and thawing. Our method of analysis of pixel brightness reveals that ice formation in leaves exposed to natural frosts initiates in mesophyll before spreading to veins, and that while ex situ xylem sap freezes near 0°C, in situ xylem sap has a freezing point of -2°C in our model freezing-resistant species of Lonicera. Photosynthetic rates in leaves that have been exposed to a rapid freeze or thaw do not recover, but leaves exposed to a slow, natural freezing and thawing to -10°C do recover. Using this method, we are able to quantify the spatial formation and timing of freezing events in leaves, and suggest that in situ and ex situ freezing points for xylem sap can differ by more than 4°C depending on the rate of temperature decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade N Kane
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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3
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Arora R. Exploring freeze-injury mechanism through ion-specific analysis of leachate from reversibly versus irreversibly injured spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Cryobiology 2024; 117:104954. [PMID: 39151874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study analyzed four cations (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+) in leachate from freeze-injured spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. 'Reflect') leaves exposed for four freezing-durations (FDs) (0.5, 3.0, 5.5, 10.5 h) at -4.8 °C. Comparison of electrolyte leakage from right-after-thaw with that after 6-d recovery revealed that injury at 0.5 or 3 h FDs was recoverable but irreversible at 5.5 or 10.5 h FDs. Data suggests leakage of K+, the most abundant cation in leachate, can serve as a proxy for total electrolyte-leakage in determining plant freezing-tolerance and an ionic marker discerning moderate vs. severe injury. Quantitative correspondence between Ca2+- and K+-leakage supports earlier proposition that leaked K+ induces loss of membrane-Ca2+, which, in turn, promotes further K+-leakage due to weakened membrane. Reduced/undetectable Fe2+ in leachate at longer FDs suggests activation of Fenton reaction converting soluble Fe2+ into insoluble Fe3+. Enhanced Mg2+-leakage at greater freeze-injury suggests structural/functional impairment of chlorophyll/chloroplast complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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4
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Zhu W, Li R, Guo X, Li J, Muhammad N, Qi C, Gao M, Wang C, Liu M, Tang G, Sadeghnezhad E, Liu Z, Wang L. Integrated anatomical structure, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses to identify differential cold tolerance responses of Ziziphus jujuba mill. 'Yueguang' and its autotetraploid 'Hongguang'. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108679. [PMID: 38714127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Cold stress is a limiting stress factor that limits plant distribution and development; however, polyploid plants have specific characteristics such as higher resistance to abiotic stress, especially cold stress, that allow them to overcome this challenge. The cultivated cultivar Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 'Yueguang' (YG) and its autotetraploid counterpart 'Hongguang' (HG) exhibit differential cold tolerance. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and methods to enhance their cold tolerance remain unknown. Anatomical structure and physiological analysis indicated YG had a higher wood bark ratio, and xylem ratio under cold treatment compared to HG. However, the half-lethal temperature (LT50), cortex ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were significantly decreased in YG than HG, which indicated YG was cold tolerant than HG. Transcriptome analysis showed that 2084, 1725, 2888, and 2934 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in HC vs YC, H20 vs Y20, Y20 vs YC, and H20 vs HC treatment, respectively. Meanwhile, KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that several metabolic pathways, primarily plant hormone signal transduction and the MAPK signaling pathway, were involved in the differential regulation of cold tolerance between YG and HG. Furthermore, exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinolide (BR) treatments could improve their cold tolerance through increased SOD and POD activities, decreased relative electrical conductivity, and MDA content. All of these findings suggested that plant hormone signal transduction, particularly ABA and BR, might have an important role in the regulation of differential cold tolerance between YG and HG, laying the foundation for further improving cold tolerance in jujube and examining the molecular mechanisms underlying differences in cold tolerance among different ploidy cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Ruimei Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxue Guo
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Jiuyang Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Noor Muhammad
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Chaofeng Qi
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Mengjiao Gao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Gangliang Tang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Ehsan Sadeghnezhad
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran, Iran
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China.
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Song X, Gao T, Ai M, Gao S. Experimental investigation of freeze injury temperatures in trees and their contributing factors based on electrical impedance spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1326038. [PMID: 38419778 PMCID: PMC10900768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1326038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In trees, injuries resulting from subfreezing temperatures can cause damage to the cellular biofilm system, metabolic functions, and fibrous reticulum, and even cell death. Investigating the occurrence of freezing damage and its contributing factors could help understand the mechanisms underlying freezing injury and prevent the subsequent damage in trees. To achieve this, a laboratory experiment was conducted using cut wood samples from Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc) and Simon poplar (Populus simonii Carr.), and the effects of environmental freezing factors, including freezing temperatures, freezing duration, and cooling rate, on the temperature at which freezing injuries occur were examined using the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. The semi-lethal temperature (LT50), as an indicator of freezing injury in wood tissue, was theoretically deduced based on the measured extracellular resistance (r e) using EIS. The contributory factors to changes in LT50 were determined and their relationship was established. The results revealed that all freezing factors exhibited significant effects on electrical impedance characteristics (r e, r i, and τ), significantly influencing the LT50 of the wood. Random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) models were used to assess the contribution of the freezing factors and moisture content (MC). Among the factors examined, freezing duration had the greatest impact on LT50, followed by the MC, whereas the contribution of the cooling rate was minimal. The model accuracies were 0.89 and 0.86 for Korean pine and Simon poplar, respectively. The findings of our study illustrate that the occurrence of freezing injury in trees is primarily influenced by the duration of freezing at specific subzero temperatures. Slow cooling combined with prolonged freezing at low subzero temperatures leads to earlier and more severe freezing damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Song
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Gao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengyao Ai
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shan Gao
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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6
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Bozonnet C, Saudreau M, Badel E, Améglio T, Charrier G. Freeze dehydration vs supercooling in tree stems: physical and physiological modelling. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad117. [PMID: 37738582 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Frost resistance is the major factor affecting the distribution of plant species at high latitude and elevation. The main effects of freeze-thaw cycles are damage to living cells and formation of gas embolism in tree xylem vessels. Lethal intracellular freezing can be prevented in living cells by two mechanisms, such as dehydration and deep supercooling. We developed a multiphysics numerical model coupling water flow, heat transfer and phase change, considering different cell types in plant tissues, to study the dynamics and extent of cell dehydration, xylem pressure changes and stem diameter changes in response to freezing and thawing. Results were validated using experimental data for stem diameter changes of walnut trees (Juglans regia). The effect of cell mechanical properties was found to be negligible as long as the intracellular tension developed during dehydration was sufficiently low compared with the ice-induced cryostatic suction. The model was finally used to explore the coupled effects of relevant physiological parameters (initial water and sugar content) and environmental conditions (air temperature variations) on the dynamics and extent of dehydration. It revealed configurations where cell dehydration could be sufficient to protect cells from intracellular freezing, and situations where supercooling was necessary. This model, freely available with this paper, could easily be extended to explore different anatomical structures, different species and more complex physical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Bozonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc Saudreau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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7
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Allu I, Sahi AK, Koppadi M, Gundu S, Sionkowska A. Decellularization Techniques for Tissue Engineering: Towards Replicating Native Extracellular Matrix Architecture in Liver Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:518. [PMID: 37888183 PMCID: PMC10607724 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of tissue regeneration requires the utilization of a scaffold, which serves as a structural framework facilitating cellular adhesion, proliferation, and migration within a physical environment. The primary aim of scaffolds in tissue engineering is to mimic the structural and functional properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the target tissue. The construction of scaffolds that accurately mimic the architecture of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a challenging task, primarily due to the intricate structural nature and complex composition of the ECM. The technique of decellularization has gained significant attention in the field of tissue regeneration because of its ability to produce natural scaffolds by removing cellular and genetic components from the extracellular matrix (ECM) while preserving its structural integrity. The present study aims to investigate the various decellularization techniques employed for the purpose of isolating the extracellular matrix (ECM) from its native tissue. Additionally, a comprehensive comparison of these methods will be presented, highlighting their respective advantages and disadvantages. The primary objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the anatomical and functional features of the native liver, as well as the prevalence and impact of liver diseases. Additionally, this study aims to identify the limitations and difficulties associated with existing therapeutic methods for liver diseases. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of tissue engineering techniques in addressing these challenges and enhancing liver performance. By investigating these aspects, this research field aims to contribute to the advancement of liver disease treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Allu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University College of Engineering (UCE), Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India; (I.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Ajay Kumar Sahi
- School of Medicine, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA;
| | - Meghana Koppadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University College of Engineering (UCE), Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India; (I.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Shravanya Gundu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University College of Engineering (UCE), Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, India; (I.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Jurija Gagarina 11, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, Nowy Świat 4, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland
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8
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Jankovska-Bortkevič E, Jurkonienė S, Gavelienė V, Šveikauskas V, Mockevičiūtė R, Vaseva I, Todorova D, Žižytė-Eidetienė M, Šneideris D, Prakas P. Dynamics of Polyamines, Proline, and Ethylene Metabolism under Increasing Cold in Winter Oilseed Rape. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11402. [PMID: 37511158 PMCID: PMC10379363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold stress is among the most important environmental factors reducing the yield of crops. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of increasing cold stress conditions on winter oilseed rape polyamines, proline, and ethylene metabolism in acclimated and non-acclimated winter oilseed rape. This study was carried out under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The winter oilseed rape hybrid 'Visby' was used in the experiment. Acclimated and non-acclimated plants were subjected to a two-day-long increasing cold (from -1 °C to -3 °C) treatment. HPTLC, RT-qPCR, spectral analysis, and gas chromatography methods were used to analyse the levels of polyamines, gene expression, proline, and ethylene, respectively. This study showed a decrease in putrescine, spermidine, and spermine content during cold acclimation and a decrease in putrescine and spermidine levels at sub-zero temperatures. There were intensive changes in ADC2 gene expression, proline, and ethylene levels in non-acclimated plants: a substantial increase after exposure to -1 °C temperature and a sharp decrease after exposure to -3 °C temperature. The changes in these parameters were lower or absent in acclimated plants. The phenomena observed in this study add new insights to the knowledge about the plant stress response and suggest questions to be answered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigita Jurkonienė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Rima Mockevičiūtė
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Irina Vaseva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dessislava Todorova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. Bl. 21, BG-1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Donatas Šneideris
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Petras Prakas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
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9
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Guo J, Bao G, Zhang X, Pan X, Zhao H, Fan C, Li G. Artemisinin and Ambrosia trifida extract aggravate the effects of short freeze-thaw stress in winter rye ( Secale cereale) seedlings. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:497-506. [PMID: 37105725 DOI: 10.1071/fp22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The freeze-thaw and allelopathy from alien giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) and artemisinin have led to a serious stress to plants, influencing the agricultural quality and crop yield in north-east China. Yet, little is known how allelopathy affect plants under the freeze-thaw process. In this study, the characteristics in winter rye (Secale cereale L.) seedlings were investigated by laboratory simulation. The results showed that during the freezing process, application of artemisinin and A. trifida extract significantly increased the soluble protein content and accelerated lipid peroxidation, while they significantly inhibited antioxidant enzymes, photosynthesis and respiration (P <0.05). During the thawing process, the freezing pressure decreased, and activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly improved to mitigate artemisinin and A. trifida extract induced stress (P <0.05). In addition, the sensitivity of the investigated metabolic processes in winter rye seedlings were highest to artemisinin and A. trifida extract in the freezing process. This study suggested that the stress response induced by artemisinin and A. trifida extract on winter rye seedlings in the freezing process was greater than that in the thawing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University); Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guozhang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University); Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University); Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- The Administration of Jingyu Water Conservation, Jingyu 135200, China
| | - Cunxin Fan
- The Administration of Jingyu Water Conservation, Jingyu 135200, China
| | - Guomei Li
- Yushu Forestry and Grassland Comprehensive Service Center, Yushu 815000, China
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10
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Arora R, Wisniewski M, Tuong T, Livingston D. Infrared thermography of in situ natural freezing and mechanism of winter-thermonasty in Rhododendron maximum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13876. [PMID: 36808742 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Evergreen leaves of Rhododendron species inhabiting temperate/montane climates are typically exposed to both high radiation and freezing temperatures during winter when photosynthetic biochemistry is severely inhibited. Cold-induced "thermonasty," that is, lamina rolling and petiole curling, can reduce the amount of leaf area exposed to solar radiation and has been associated with photoprotection in overwintering rhododendrons. The present study was conducted on natural, mature plantings of a cold-hardy and large-leaved thermonastic North American species (Rhododendron maximum) during winter freezes. Infrared thermography was used to determine initial sites of ice formation, patterns of ice propagation, and dynamics of the freezing process in leaves to understand the temporal and mechanistic relationship between freezing and thermonasty. Results indicated that ice formation in whole plants is initiated in the stem, predominantly in the upper portions, and propagates in both directions from the original site. Ice formation in leaves initially occurred in the vascular tissue of the midrib and then propagated into other portions of the vascular system/venation. Ice was never observed to initiate or propagate into palisade, spongy mesophyll, or epidermal tissues. These observations, together with the leaf- and petiole-histology, and a simulation of the rolling effect of dehydrated leaves using a cellulose-based, paper-bilayer system, suggest that thermonasty occurs due to anisotropic contraction of cell wall cellulose fibers of adaxial versus abaxial surface as the cells lose water to ice present in vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tan Tuong
- Plant Science Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Livingston
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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11
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Goswami AK, Maurya NK, Goswami S, Bardhan K, Singh SK, Prakash J, Pradhan S, Kumar A, Chinnusamy V, Kumar P, Sharma RM, Sharma S, Bisht DS, Kumar C. Physio-biochemical and molecular stress regulators and their crosstalk for low-temperature stress responses in fruit crops: A review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1022167. [PMID: 36578327 PMCID: PMC9790972 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature stress (LTS) drastically affects vegetative and reproductive growth in fruit crops leading to a gross reduction in the yield and loss in product quality. Among the fruit crops, temperate fruits, during the period of evolution, have developed the mechanism of tolerance, i.e., adaptive capability to chilling and freezing when exposed to LTS. However, tropical and sub-tropical fruit crops are most vulnerable to LTS. As a result, fruit crops respond to LTS by inducing the expression of LTS related genes, which is for climatic acclimatization. The activation of the stress-responsive gene leads to changes in physiological and biochemical mechanisms such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, respiration, membrane composition changes, alteration in protein synthesis, increased antioxidant activity, altered levels of metabolites, and signaling pathways that enhance their tolerance/resistance and alleviate the damage caused due to LTS and chilling injury. The gene induction mechanism has been investigated extensively in the model crop Arabidopsis and several winter kinds of cereal. The ICE1 (inducer of C-repeat binding factor expression 1) and the CBF (C-repeat binding factor) transcriptional cascade are involved in transcriptional control. The functions of various CBFs and aquaporin genes were well studied in crop plants and their role in multiple stresses including cold stresses is deciphered. In addition, tissue nutrients and plant growth regulators like ABA, ethylene, jasmonic acid etc., also play a significant role in alleviating the LTS and chilling injury in fruit crops. However, these physiological, biochemical and molecular understanding of LTS tolerance/resistance are restricted to few of the temperate and tropical fruit crops. Therefore, a better understanding of cold tolerance's underlying physio-biochemical and molecular components in fruit crops is required under open and simulated LTS. The understanding of LTS tolerance/resistance mechanism will lay the foundation for tailoring the novel fruit genotypes for successful crop production under erratic weather conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Goswami
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Maurya
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Suneha Goswami
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kirti Bardhan
- Department of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Jai Prakash
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Satyabrata Pradhan
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Kumar
- Multi Testing Technology Centre and Vocational Training Centre, Selesih, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat Kumar
- Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Govt. of India, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Radha Mohan Sharma
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Stuti Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | | | - Chavlesh Kumar
- Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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12
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Min K, Arora R. Pre-stress salicylic-acid treatment as an intervention strategy for freeze-protection in spinach: Foliar versus sub-irrigation application and duration of efficacy. Cryobiology 2022; 109:80-85. [PMID: 36122766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) to plant tissues has been shown to confer tolerance against various abiotic stresses. Recently, SA application through sub-irrigation was shown to improve plant freezing tolerance (FT). For SA treatment to be employable as an effective intervention strategy for frost protection under field conditions, it is important to study its effect on FT when applied as a foliar spray to whole plants. It is also important to determine for how long the FT-improvement by SA lasts. Present study was conducted to compare SA-induced FT of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. 'Reflect') seedlings following SA-application by foliar spray vs. sub-irrigation. Durability of FT-promotive effect of SA was evaluated using three freeze-tests over a 4-d period, i.e., at 10-d, 12-d, and 14-d after the SA application. Freezing stress was applied using a temperature-controlled freeze-thaw protocol, and FT was assessed by visual observations (leaf flaccidness vs. turgidity) as well as ion-leakage assay. Data indicated that both foliar spray and sub-irrigation methods improved FT of the seedlings against a relatively moderate (-5.5 °C) as well as severe stress (-6.5 °C). Moreover, improved FT against moderate stress was sustained over a 4-d period, whereas such benefit waned somewhat against the severe stress. SA-treated leaves' growth performance was similar to the non-treated control based on dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area, and dry weight/leaf area parameters. Our results suggest that SA application as a foliar spray can potentially be used to protect field-grown transplants against episodic frosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Min
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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13
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Georgieva K, Mihailova G, Fernández-Marín B, Bertazza G, Govoni A, Arzac MI, Laza JM, Vilas JL, García-Plazaola JI, Rapparini F. Protective Strategies of Haberlea rhodopensis for Acquisition of Freezing Tolerance: Interaction between Dehydration and Low Temperature. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315050. [PMID: 36499377 PMCID: PMC9739172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurrection plants are able to deal with complete dehydration of their leaves and then recover normal metabolic activity after rehydration. Only a few resurrection species are exposed to freezing temperatures in their natural environments, making them interesting models to study the key metabolic adjustments of freezing tolerances. Here, we investigate the effect of cold and freezing temperatures on physiological and biochemical changes in the leaves of Haberlea rhodopensis under natural and controlled environmental conditions. Our data shows that leaf water content affects its thermodynamical properties during vitrification under low temperatures. The changes in membrane lipid composition, accumulation of sugars, and synthesis of stress-induced proteins were significantly activated during the adaptation of H. rhodopensis to both cold and freezing temperatures. In particular, the freezing tolerance of H. rhodopensis relies on a sucrose/hexoses ratio in favor of hexoses during cold acclimation, while there is a shift in favor of sucrose upon exposure to freezing temperatures, especially evident when leaf desiccation is relevant. This pattern was paralleled by an elevated ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and significant quantitative and compositional changes in stress-induced proteins, namely dehydrins and early light-induced proteins (ELIPs). Taken together, our data indicate that common responses of H. rhodopensis plants to low temperature and desiccation involve the accumulation of sugars and upregulation of dehydrins/ELIP protein expression. Further studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying freezing tolerance (genes and genetic regulatory mechanisms) may help breeders to improve the resistance of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Georgieva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2-979-2620
| | - Gergana Mihailova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), 38200 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gianpaolo Bertazza
- Bioeconomy Institute (IBE), Department of Bio-Agrifood Science (DiSBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Govoni
- Bioeconomy Institute (IBE), Department of Bio-Agrifood Science (DiSBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Ignacio García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francesca Rapparini
- Bioeconomy Institute (IBE), Department of Bio-Agrifood Science (DiSBA), National Research Council (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Stegner M, Flörl A, Lindner J, Plangger S, Schaefernolte T, Strasser A, Thoma V, Walde J, Neuner G. Freeze dehydration vs. supercooling of mesophyll cells: Impact of cell wall, cellular and tissue traits on the extent of water displacement. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13793. [PMID: 36190477 PMCID: PMC9828361 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The extent of freeze dehydration of mesophyll cells in response to extracellular ice varies from supercooling to severe freezing cytorrhysis. The structural factors involved are poorly understood. In a comparison of mesophyll cells of 11 species, the factors "cell wall", "cellular" and "tissue" traits were investigated. The extent of freeze dehydration was quantified as reduction in the sectional area during controlled freezing in the presence of ice. The cell wall thickness, cell size, cell area and the relative area of intercellular spaces were determined. The modulus of elasticity was determined by psychrometry. To grasp the relationships between factors and with freeze dehydration, we applied a principal component analysis. The first two components explain 84% of the variance in the dataset. The first principal component correlated negatively with the extent of freeze dehydration and relative area of intercellular spaces, and positively with the squared cell wall thickness to cell size ratio, elasticity and cell wall thickness. The cell size parameters determined the second principal component. Supercooling appeared preferable in cells with a high squared cell wall thickness to cell size ratio and a low relative area of intercellular spaces. Such factors are hypothesised to affect the magnitude of negative turgor pressure being built up below the turgor loss point. Negative turgor pressure slows dehydration by reducing the water potential gradient to the extracellular ice. With high levels of freeze dehydration, sufficient intercellular spaces for extracellular ice accommodation are needed. The low relative area of intercellular spaces increases cell-to-cell contact area and could support tissue stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jasmin Lindner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | | | | | | | - Viktoria Thoma
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Janette Walde
- Department of StatisticsUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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15
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Entensa Y, González-Morales A, Linares C, Vázquez JG, Martínez-Montero ME, Zevallos-Bravo BE, Hajari E, Höfer M, Villalobos-Olivera A, Lorenzo JC. Cryopreservation of Seeds of the Highly Valued Tropical Timber Species Swietenia Mahagoni . CRYOLETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.54680/fr22610110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Swietenia mahagoni wood is one of the most valuable in world trade and, as a result, natural populations have been decimated due to unsustainable harvesting. The decline in natural population levels is being exacerbated by climate change. In order to ensure
the preservation of valuable genotypes, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to conserve the genetic diversity present within this species. At present, cryopreservation is the most viable option for the long-term storage of plant germplasm, particularly for long-lived species which
are challenging to maintain in the field. OBJECTIVE:To cryopreserve intact seeds of S. mahagoni, with the dual goal of retaining the biosynthetic capacity of plants, which is critical since this species is highly valued for medicinal purposes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seeds
at a moisture content of 6% were immersed in liquid nitrogen (LN) before warming and recovery. Plantlet establishment and growth were assessed over a period of 70 days and anthraquinone synthesis was determined in roots, stems and leaves. RESULTS: The results showed an initial lag in
the germination rate of cryopreserved seeds compared with control seeds; however, this difference disappeared over time. The lag in seedling emergence observed in cryostored seeds was also evident in the plant characteristics measured following 30 days of culture when all plant parameters
measured were significantly higher in plants produced from control than cryostored seeds. However, after 70 days of growth, these differences were no longer apparent. Anthraquinone levels were also initially lower (at 30 days) in plants regenerated from cryopreserved seeds than those from
control seeds, however, this difference was substantially reduced by 70 days thereby indicating the ability of these plants to accumulate secondary metabolites, albeit at a reduced rate, during the early stages of development. CONCLUSION: In S. mahagoni, the delay in anthraquinone
production in plants regenerated from cryostored seeds during the early stages of development may have occurred as a consequence of the preferential allocation of resources towards the initiation of recovery processes in response to the stresses imposed by cryopreservation. Once the stresses
were overcome and plant growth resumed, resources could be directed to secondary processes such as anthraquinone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ysmel Entensa
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
| | - Abel González-Morales
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
| | - Claudia Linares
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
| | - José Gerardo Vázquez
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
| | - Marcos Edel Martínez-Montero
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
| | | | - Elliosha Hajari
- Plant Improvement; Agricultural Research Council-Tropical and Subtropical Crops; Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa
| | - Monika Höfer
- Julius Kühn Institute, Institute for Breeding Research on Fruit Crops, Pillnitzer Platz 3a, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ariel Villalobos-Olivera
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
| | - José Carlos Lorenzo
- Laboratory for Plant Breeding and Conservation of Genetic Resources, Bioplant Centre, University of Ciego de Ávila, Ciego de Ávila, 69450, Cuba
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16
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Watanabe E, Kondo M, Kamal MM, Uemura M, Takahashi D, Kawamura Y. Plasma membrane proteomic changes of Arabidopsis DRP1E during cold acclimation in association with the enhancement of freezing tolerance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13820. [PMID: 36335535 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The freezing tolerance of plants that live in cold regions increases after exposure to low temperature, a process termed cold acclimation (CA). During CA, restructuring of the plasma membrane (PM) is important to enhance freezing tolerance. We have previously shown that the function of DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN 1 E (DRP1E), which regulates endocytosis by pinching vesicles from the PM, is associated with the enhancement of freezing tolerance during CA in Arabidopsis. DRP1E is predicted to play a role in reconstituting the PM composition during CA. In this study, to test the validity of this hypothesis, we studied the changes in PM proteome patterns induced by drp1e mutation. In a detailed physiological analysis, after 3 days of CA, only young leaves showed significantly less increase in freezing tolerance in the mutant than in the wild type (WT). Using nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, 496 PM proteins were identified. Among these proteins, 81 or 71 proteins were specifically altered in the WT or the mutant, respectively, in response to CA. Principal component analysis showed that the proteomic pattern differed between the WT and the mutant upon cold acclimation (CA), suggesting that DRP1E contributes to reconstruction of the PM during CA. Cluster analysis revealed that proteins that were significantly increased in the mutant after CA were biased toward glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, such as fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins. Thus, a primary target of DRP1E-associated PM reconstruction during CA is considered to be glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which may be removed from the PM by DRP1E in young leaves after 3 days of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariko Kondo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Md Mostafa Kamal
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
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17
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Ni ZQ, Jin J, Ye Y, Luo WW, Zheng YN, Tong ZK, Lv YQ, Ye JH, Wu LY. Integrative Transcriptomic and Phytohormonal Analyses Provide Insights into the Cold Injury Recovery Mechanisms of Tea Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2751. [PMID: 36297775 PMCID: PMC9610371 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant is susceptible to low temperature, while the cold injury recovery mechanisms of tea leaves are still unclear. Windbreak has an effective and gradient range of protecting tea plants. Tea plants with increasing cold damage degree have varying recovery status accordingly, which are the ideal objects for investigating the cold injury recovery mechanisms of tea leaves. Here, we investigated the transcriptome and phytohormone profiles of tea leaves with different cold injury degrees in recovery (adjacent to the windbreak), and the levels of chlorophylls, malondialdehyde, major phytohormones as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were also measured. The results showed the content of total chlorophylls and the activity of POD in mature tea leaves gradually decreased with the distance to windbreak, while SOD showed the opposite. The major phytohormones were highly accumulated in the moderately cold-injured tea leaves. The biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) was enhanced in the moderate cold damaged tea leaves, suggesting that ABA plays an important role in the cold response and resistance of tea plants. The transcriptomic result showed that the samples in different rows were well discriminated, and the pathways of plant-pathogen interaction and flavonoid biosynthesis were enriched based on KEGG analysis. WRKY, GRAS and NAC were the top classes of transcription factors differentially expressed in the different cold-injured tea leaves. Thus, windbreak is effective to protect adjacent tea plants from cold wave, and phytohormones importantly participate in the cold injury recovery of tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qi Ni
- Tea Research Institute, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technical Extension Center, 29 Fengqi East Road, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wen-Wen Luo
- Jinhua Department of Economic Specialty Technology Promotion, 828 Shuanglong South Road, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zheng
- Jinhua Department of Economic Specialty Technology Promotion, 828 Shuanglong South Road, Jinhua 321000, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Tong
- Lanxi Chishan Lake Green Farm Co., Ltd., Lanxi 321100, China
| | - Yi-Qing Lv
- Tea Research Institute, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Liang-Yu Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, China
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18
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Qu Y, Bao G, Pan X, Bao L, Guo J, Xi J, Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao H, Li G. Response characteristics of highland barley ( Hordeum vulgare) seedlings to the stress of salinity and artemisinin under freeze–thaw environment. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:958-969. [PMID: 35908798 DOI: 10.1071/fp21359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, crops are commonly subjected to freeze-thaw and salt stress factors simultaneously, and allelopathy is common, which affects the growth of highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the largest food crop in Tibet. In order to explore the effects of artemisinin, salt and freeze-thaw (FAS) stress on physiological characteristics of highland barley seedlings, hydroponic experiment was carried out with the addition of 20mg/L artemisinin and 150mMNaCl as well as the simulation of freeze-thaw environment. The results suggested that under combined stress, the soluble protein content in combined stresses of artemisinin, FAS increased by 97.8%, the variation of relative conductivity in FAS group was lower than that in combined salt and freeze-thaw stress (FS), the relative water content decreased significantly (P <0.05), the malondialdehyde (MDA), H2 O2 and soluble sugar content in FAS group accumulated but less than those in FS group, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in combined artemisinin and freeze-thaw stress (FA) and FAS groups decreased. In addition, after freeze-thaw treatment, photosynthesis was weakened, and internal CO2 conentration (C i ) in FAS group significantly decreased (P <0.05). This study proved that appropriate amount of artemisinin can alleviate the damage of salt and freeze-thaw stress on barley seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Changchun 130012, China; and College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Guozhang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Changchun 130012, China; and College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinyu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Changchun 130012, China; and College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lan Bao
- Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Natural Disaster Research, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiancai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education (Jilin University), Changchun 130012, China; and Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Changchun 130012, China; and College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- The Administration of Jingyu Water Conservation, Jinyu 135200, China
| | - Guomei Li
- Yushu Forestry and Grassland Comprehensive Service Center, Yushu 815000, China
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19
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Liu J, Willick IR, Hiraki H, Forand AD, Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Lee YK, Olsen JE, Usadel B, Wormit A, Günl M, Karunakaran C, Dynes JJ, Tanino KK. Cold and exogenous calcium alter Allium fistulosum cell wall pectin to depress intracellular freezing temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3807-3822. [PMID: 35298622 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
De-methyl esterification of homogalacturonan and subsequent cross-linking with Ca2+ is hypothesized to enhance the freezing survival of cold acclimated plants by reducing the porosity of primary cell walls. To test this theory, we collected leaf epidermal peels from non- (23/18 °C) and cold acclimated (2 weeks at 12/4 °C) Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Cold acclimation enhanced the temperature at which half the cells survived freezing injury by 8 °C (LT50 =-20 °C), and reduced tissue permeability by 70-fold compared with non-acclimated epidermal cells. These effects were associated with greater activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) and a reduction in the methyl esterification of homogalacturonan. Non-acclimated plants treated with 50 mM CaCl2 accumulated higher concentrations of galacturonic acid, Ca2+ in the cell wall, and a lower number of visible cell wall pores compared with that observed in cold acclimated plants. Using cryo-microscopy, we observed that 50 mM CaCl2 treatment did not lower the LT50 of non-acclimated cells, but reduced the lethal intracellular ice nucleation to temperatures observed in cold acclimated epidermal cells. We postulate that the PME-homogalacturonan-mediated reduction in cell wall porosity is integral to intracellular freezing avoidance strategies in cold acclimated herbaceous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ian R Willick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hayato Hiraki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ariana D Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Lawrence
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George D W Swerhone
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yeon Kyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Björn Usadel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Karen K Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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20
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Petruccelli R, Bartolini G, Ganino T, Zelasco S, Lombardo L, Perri E, Durante M, Bernardi R. Cold Stress, Freezing Adaptation, Varietal Susceptibility of Olea europaea L.: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1367. [PMID: 35631792 PMCID: PMC9144808 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an evergreen xerophytic tree characterizing vegetative landscape and historical-cultural identity of the Mediterranean Basin. More than 2600 cultivars constitute the rich genetic patrimony of the species cultivated in approximately 60 countries. As a subtropical species, the olive tree is quite sensitive to low temperatures, and air temperature is the most critical environmental factor limiting olive tree growth and production. In this present review, we explored the detrimental effects caused of low temperatures on olive cultivars, and analyzed the most frequently experimental procedures used to evaluate cold stress. Then, current findings freezing stress physiology and gene are summarized in olive tree, with an emphasis on adaptive mechanisms for cold tolerance. This review might clear the way for new research on adaptive mechanisms for cold acclimation and for improvement of olive growing management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Petruccelli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Giorgio Bartolini
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Tommaso Ganino
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (R.P.); (G.B.)
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Samanta Zelasco
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Luca Lombardo
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Enzo Perri
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 87036 Rende, Italy; (S.Z.); (L.L.); (E.P.)
| | - Mauro Durante
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (R.B.)
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.); (R.B.)
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21
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Voronkov A, Ivanova T. Significance of Lipid Fatty Acid Composition for Resistance to Winter Conditions in Asplenium scolopendrium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:507. [PMID: 35453707 PMCID: PMC9024544 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferns are one of the oldest land plants. Among them, there are species that, during the course of evolution, have adapted to living in temperate climates and under winter conditions. Asplenium scolopendrium is one such species whose fronds are able to tolerate low subzero temperatures in winter. It is known that the resistance of ferns to freezing is associated with their prevention of desiccation via unique properties of the xylem and effective photoprotective mechanisms. In this work, the composition of A. scolopendrium lipid fatty acids (FAs) at different times of the year was studied by gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to determine their role in the resistance of this species to low temperatures. During the growing season, the polyunsaturated FA content increased significantly. This led to increases in the unsaturation and double-bond indices by winter. In addition, after emergence from snow, medium-chain FAs were found in the fronds. Thus, it can be speculated that the FA composition plays an important role in the adaptation of A. scolopendrium to growing conditions and preparation for successful wintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Voronkov
- K. A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, IPP RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., 127276 Moscow, Russia;
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22
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Liu H, Bao G, Dou Z, Liu H, Bai J, Chen Y, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Xi J. Response characteristics of highland barley under freeze-thaw, drought and artemisinin stresses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:126. [PMID: 35300590 PMCID: PMC8932327 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The freeze-thaw of early spring in China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is often accompanied by severe droughts. Artemisia annua, widely distributed in China, releases allelopathic substances, mainly artemisinin, to the environment and exerts a wide range of effects on crops. This paper studied the physiological effects of highland barley under freeze-thaw, drought, and artemisinin stress through indoor simulation experiments. The physiological response characteristics of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (POD) activity, net photosynthetic rate, relative water content (RWC), relative electrical conductivity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and soluble protein content in highland barley were analyzed. The results showed that artemisinin and drought contributed to the increase of SOD activity and the decrease of POD activity. Under the freeze-thaw stress, the SOD and POD activities both decreased firstly and then increased, but the effect of compound stress on POD was more complicated. Either artemisinin, drought, or low temperature could reduce the net photosynthetic rate of highland barley. Low temperature had more significant impacts on photosynthesis, and compound stress would show a single stress superimposed effect. Artemisinin, drought, and low temperature could reduce the RWC of highland barley, and increase the relative electrical conductivity and the concentration of soluble protein (except for low temperature stress above zero, which reduces the concentration of soluble protein). However, the effect of compound stress on soluble protein is more complex. The single stress of artemisinin and drought had no obvious effect on MDA content, while the MDA content was increased significantly under the freeze-thaw stress and the compound stress of artemisinin and drought, and the MDA content reached its peak at T1. The results are helpful to explore the effects of freeze-thaw, drought and artemisinin stress on the growth of highland barley under the background of the aridification of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and provide ideas for rational agricultural management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichen Liu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guozhang Bao
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Changchun, China.
| | - Zihao Dou
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Haoyuan Liu
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jingqi Bai
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yingyi Chen
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yifu Yuan
- College of Computer Science&Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
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23
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Forand AD, Finfrock YZ, Lavier M, Stobbs J, Qin L, Wang S, Karunakaran C, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Tanino KK. With a Little Help from My Cell Wall: Structural Modifications in Pectin May Play a Role to Overcome Both Dehydration Stress and Fungal Pathogens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:385. [PMID: 35161367 PMCID: PMC8838300 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall structural modifications through pectin cross-linkages between calcium ions and/or boric acid may be key to mitigating dehydration stress and fungal pathogens. Water loss was profiled in a pure pectin system and in vivo. While calcium and boron reduced water loss in pure pectin standards, the impact on Allium species was insignificant (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, synchrotron X-ray microscopy showed the localization of exogenously applied calcium to the apoplast in the epidermal cells of Allium fistulosum. Exogenous calcium application increased viscosity and resistance to shear force in Allium fistulosum, suggesting the formation of calcium cross-linkages ("egg-box" structures). Moreover, Allium fistulosum (freezing tolerant) was also more tolerant to dehydration stress compared to Allium cepa (freezing sensitive). Furthermore, the addition of boric acid (H3BO3) to pure pectin reduced water loss and increased viscosity, which indicates the formation of RG-II dimers. The Arabidopsis boron transport mutant, bor1, expressed greater water loss and, based on the lesion area of leaf tissue, a greater susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum and Botrytis cinerea. While pectin modifications in the cell wall are likely not the sole solution to dehydration and biotic stress resistance, they appear to play an important role against multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana D. Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
| | - Y. Zou Finfrock
- Advanced Photo Source, Lemont, IL 60439, USA;
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Miranda Lavier
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Jarvis Stobbs
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (L.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada; (M.L.); (J.S.); (C.K.)
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada; (L.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
| | - Karen K. Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (A.D.F.); (S.W.)
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Lintunen A, Salmon Y, Hölttä T, Suhonen H. Inspection of gas bubbles in frozen Betula pendula xylem with micro‐CT: Conduit size, water status and bark permeability affect bubble characteristics. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022. [PMCID: PMC9540547 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bubbles of gas trapped in the xylem during freezing are a major cause of damage for trees growing at high altitudes or latitudes, as the bubbles may cause embolism during thawing. Yet the factors controlling bubble formation upon freeze–thaw cycles remain poorly understood. Especially the size of the bubbles formed in the ice is crucial for winter embolism formation. We used high‐resolution X‐ray microtomography combined with freezing experiments to investigate the size and shape of 68,343 gas bubbles in frozen conduits in branches of Betula pendula. We also studied how conduit size, tree water status (−0.2 MPa vs. −0.6 MPa) and bark permeability to gases (decreased by Vaseline‐coating) affect the gas bubbles characteristics. High‐resolution X‐ray images allowed us to detect gas bubbles down to 1.0 μm in diameter and revealed that not only small spherical gas bubbles but also gaseous volumes of various shapes and sizes were found from the frozen xylem indicating that gas bubbles may have started to grow already during the freezing propagation. Most of the gas bubbles were found in fibers, but the rare gas bubbles found in the vessels were larger than those in the fibers. Bubble volume increased with conduit volume in both fibers and vessels, but conduit size alone could not explain gas bubble volume. Low water potential and restriction of gas escape from the branch seem to cause more, larger, and less spherical bubbles and thus increase the risk of embolism formation. These findings open new research avenues for further studies of winter embolism formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lintunen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Takahashi D, Willick IR, Kasuga J, Livingston III DP. Responses of the Plant Cell Wall to Sub-Zero Temperatures: A Brief Update. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1858-1866. [PMID: 34240199 PMCID: PMC8711693 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Our general understanding of plant responses to sub-zero temperatures focuses on mechanisms that mitigate stress to the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall receives comparatively less attention, and questions surrounding its role in mitigating freezing injury remain unresolved. Despite recent molecular discoveries that provide insight into acclimation responses, the goal of reducing freezing injury in herbaceous and woody crops remains elusive. This is likely due to the complexity associated with adaptations to low temperatures. Understanding how leaf cell walls of herbaceous annuals promote tissue tolerance to ice does not necessarily lead to understanding how meristematic tissues are protected from freezing by tissue-level barriers formed by cell walls in overwintering tree buds. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of biological ice nucleation and explain how plants control the spatiotemporal location of ice formation. We discuss how sugars and pectin side chains alleviate adhesive injury that develops at sub-zero temperatures between the matrix polysaccharides and ice. The importance of site-specific cell-wall elasticity to promote tissue expansion for ice accommodation and control of porosity to impede ice growth and promote supercooling will be presented. How specific cold-induced proteins modify plant cell walls to mitigate freezing injury will also be discussed. The opinions presented in this report emphasize the importance of a plant's developmental physiology when characterizing mechanisms of freezing survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- *Corresponding authors: Daisuke Takahashi, E-mail, ; Ian R. Willick, E-mail,
| | - Ian R Willick
- *Corresponding authors: Daisuke Takahashi, E-mail, ; Ian R. Willick, E-mail,
| | - Jun Kasuga
- Research Center for Global Agro-Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Min K, Cho Y, Kim E, Lee M, Lee SR. Exogenous Glycine Betaine Application Improves Freezing Tolerance of Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L.) Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122821. [PMID: 34961292 PMCID: PMC8703899 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous glycine betaine (GB) application has been reported to improve plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses, but its effect on freezing tolerance has not been well studied. We investigated the effect of exogenous GB on freezing tolerance of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves. Seedlings fed with 30 mM GB via sub-irrigation showed effectively assimilated GB as evident by higher GB concentration. Exogenous GB did not retard leaf-growth (fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area) rather slightly promoted it. Temperature controlled freeze-thaw tests proved GB-fed plants were more freeze-tolerant as indicated by lower electrolyte leakage (i.e., indication of less membrane damage) and alleviating oxidative stress (less accumulation of O2•- and H2O2, as well as of malondialdehyde (MDA)) following a relatively moderate or severe freeze-thaw stress, i.e., -2.5 and -3.5 °C. Improved freezing tolerance induced by exogenous GB application may be associated with accumulation of compatible solute (proline) and antioxidant (glutathione). GB-fed leaves also had higher activity of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). These changes, together, may improve freezing tolerance through membrane protection from freeze-desiccation and alleviation of freeze-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Min
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (K.M.); (Y.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Yunseo Cho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (K.M.); (Y.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Eunjeong Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (K.M.); (Y.C.); (E.K.)
| | - Minho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.-R.L.)
| | - Sang-Ryong Lee
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea; (K.M.); (Y.C.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (S.-R.L.)
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27
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Zareei E, Karami F, Gholami M, Ershadi A, Avestan S, Aryal R, Gohari G, Farooq M. Physiological and biochemical responses of strawberry crown and leaf tissues to freezing stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:532. [PMID: 34773991 PMCID: PMC8590311 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In northern Iran and other cold regions, winter freezing injury and resultant yield instability are major limitations to strawberry production. However, there is scarcity of information on the physiological and biochemical responses of strawberry cultivars to freezing stress. This study aimed to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses of strawberry cultivars (Tennessee Beauty, Blakemore, Kurdistan, Queen Elisa, Chandler, Krasnyy Bereg, and Yalova) to different freezing temperature treatments (- 5, - 10, - 15, - 20, and - 25 °C) under controlled conditions. RESULTS All measured physiological and biochemical features were significantly affected by the interaction effect between low temperatures and cultivars. Tennessee Beauty showed the highest RWC at - 25 °C. The highest Fv/Fm was observed in Queen Elisa. Krasnyy Bereg had the least freezing injury (FI) in crown and leaf, while Yalova and Chandler showed the highest crown and leaf FI, respectively. At - 20 to - 25 °C, the highest carbohydrates contents of crown and leaf were noted in Blakemore and Krasnyy Bereg cultivars, respectively. The Yalova showed the highest protein content in both crown and leaf tissues at - 25 °C. The Tennessee Beauty and Blackmore cultivars showed the highest proline in crowns and leaves at - 15 °C, respectively. The highest ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) contents in the crown and leaf were observed in Kurdistan and Queen Elisa, respectively. Queen Elisa and Krasnyy Bereg cultivars showed SOD and POD peaks in the crown at - 15 °C, respectively. CONCLUSION Freezing stress was characterized by decreased Fv/Fm and RWC, and increased FI, TBARS, total carbohydrates, total proteins, proline content, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The extent of changes in above mentioned traits was cultivar dependent. FI and TBARS were the best traits among destructive parameters for evaluating freezing tolerance. Moreover, maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm index), as non-destructive parameters, showed a significant efficiency in rapid assessment for screening of freezing tolerant strawberry cultivars. The cultivars Krasnyy Bereg, Queen Elisa, and Kurdistan were the most tolerant cultivars to freezing stress. These cultivars can be used as parents in breeding programs to develop new freezing tolerant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Zareei
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Karami
- Horticultural Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Mansour Gholami
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ershadi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Saber Avestan
- Horticultural Research Department, Kurdistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rishi Aryal
- Department of Horticultural Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gholamreza Gohari
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, 123, Al-Khoud, Oman
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Steiner P, Buchner O, Andosch A, Holzinger A, Lütz-Meindl U, Neuner G. Winter survival of the unicellular green alga Micrasterias denticulata: insights from field monitoring and simulation experiments. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1335-1346. [PMID: 34304308 PMCID: PMC8523418 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Peat bog pools around Tamsweg (Lungau, Austria) are typical habitats of the unicellular green alga Micrasterias denticulata. By measurement of water temperature and irradiation throughout a 1-year period (2018/2019), it was intended to assess the natural environmental strain in winter. Freezing resistance of Micrasterias cells and their ability to frost harden and become tolerant to ice encasement were determined after natural hardening and exposure to a cold acclimation treatment that simulated the natural temperature decrease in autumn. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed in laboratory-cultivated cells, after artificial cold acclimation treatment and in cells collected from field. Throughout winter, the peat bog pools inhabited by Micrasterias remained unfrozen. Despite air temperature minima down to -17.3 °C, the water temperature was mostly close to +0.8 °C. The alga was unable to frost harden, and upon ice encasement, the cells showed successive frost damage. Despite an unchanged freezing stress tolerance, significant ultrastructural changes were observed in field-sampled cells and in response to the artificial cold acclimation treatment: organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and thylakoids of the chloroplast showed distinct membrane bloating. Still, in the field samples, the Golgi apparatus appeared in an impeccable condition, and multivesicular bodies were less frequently observed suggesting a lower overall stress strain. The observed ultrastructural changes in winter and after cold acclimation are interpreted as cytological adjustments to winter or a resting state but are not related to frost hardening as Micrasterias cells were unable to improve their freezing stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steiner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Linz, Huemerstrasse 3-5, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Othmar Buchner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Ancuela Andosch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Wang QY, Hu NW, Yu HW, Wang QR, Liu YX, Yue J, Hu B. Do freeze-thaw cycles affect the cadmium accumulation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112952. [PMID: 34736033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To date, although there are many studies investigating the toxicity of heavy metal to plant, little research exists in the seasonal freeze-thaw (FT) regions where FT cycles often happen during the plant growing process. To reveal the adaptive mechanisms of plants to the combination stresses of cadmium (Cd) and FT, the Cd accumulation, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase (POD)) were investigated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growing under different soil Cd levels (i.e., 0.10 mg Cd kg-1 soil (low), 1.21 mg Cd kg-1 soil (medium), and 2.57 mg Cd kg-1 soil (high)). Compared to the non-freeze-thaw (NFT) treatments, higher Cd concentrations in the root and lower translocation factors from root to leaf were found for the plants experiencing FT cycles. FT significantly decreased the Cd concentrations in the leaves under the low- and medium-Cd treatments, while similar values were found for the high-Cd treatments. Generally, FT could decrease the concentrations and proportions of Cd stored in the cell wall and soluble fractions and increase them in the organelle fractions for the medium- and high-Cd treatments, while opposite tendency was found for the low-Cd treatments. Moreover, larger Cd amounts in the inorganic and water-soluble forms were found for the low- and medium-Cd treated plants under FT, while lower values were found for the high-Cd treatments. Additionally, POD, which presented higher activities at the low- and medium-Cd treatments and lower activities at the high-Cd treatments under FT, were also significantly influenced by the Cd × FT interaction. This study indicated that FT could significantly change the accumulations of Cd in plant, and it provided a new insight into the Cd accumulation by plants in the seasonal FT region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Nai-Wen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hong-Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Qi-Rong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Yu-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jing Yue
- Key Laboratory of Wet Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- Agricultural Technology and Extension Center of Jilin Province, Changchun 130033, China.
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30
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Arora R, Krebs SL, Wisniewski ME. The relationship of cold acclimation and extracellular ice formation to winter thermonasty in two Rhododendron species and their F 1 hybrid. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1946-1956. [PMID: 34687044 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Thermonastic leaf movements in evergreen Rhododendron species have been used to study plant strategies for winter photoprotection. To add to the current fundamental understanding of this behavior, we addressed the following questions: (1) Is the cold-acclimated (CA) state necessary for thermonasty, and do cold-induced leaf movements also occur in non-acclimated (NA) plants? (2) Which of the two movements, leaf rolling versus curling, is more responsive to freezing, if any, in a non-thermonastic species? (3) What is the temporal relationship between extracellular freezing and thermonasty? (4) What genetic inferences can be drawn from leaf movement in an F1 hybrid relative to its parents? METHODS A temperature-controlled, gradual cooling regime was used to quantify freeze-induced leaf movements. Infrared thermography was used to confirm extracellular ice-formation in leaves. RESULTS Both NA and CA plants of thermonastic species exhibited thermonasty, but leaf rolling/curling increased significantly in CA plants. In the cold-acclimated condition, a non-thermonastic species showed almost no rolling during freezing, while the thermonastic species and F1 hybrid did, the latter exhibiting a response intermediate to the parents. Freezing-induced leaf curling in the non-thermonastic species and the F1 hybrid was equivalent and significantly less than the degree of curling in the thermonastic species. CONCLUSIONS Milder thermonasty in NA than CA leaves could be associated with differential anisotropy in the rolling forces and/or response of aquaporins to freezing. Leaf movements in the hybrid suggest that leaf rolling and curling are additive and dominant genetic traits, respectively. Infrared thermography confirms that ice formation in tissues precedes cold-induced thermonasty in R. catawbiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Baffoin R, Charrier G, Bouchardon AE, Bonhomme M, Améglio T, Lacointe A. Seasonal changes in carbohydrates and water content predict dynamics of frost hardiness in various temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1583-1600. [PMID: 33611596 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Predicting tree frost tolerance is critical to select adapted species according to both the current and predicted future climate. The relative change in water to carbohydrate ratio is a relevant trait to predict frost acclimation in branches from many tree species. The objective of this study is to demonstrate the interspecific genericity of this approach across nine tree species. In the studied angiosperm species, frost hardiness dynamics were best correlated to a decrease in water content at the early stage of acclimation (summer and early autumn). Subsequently, frost hardiness dynamics were more tightly correlated to soluble carbohydrate contents until spring growth resumption. Based on different model formalisms, we predicted frost hardiness at different clade levels (angiosperms, family, genus and species) with high to moderate accuracy (1.5-6.0 °C root mean squared error (RMSE)) and robustness (2.8-6.1 °C prediction RMSE). The TOT model, taking all soluble carbohydrate and polyols into account, was more effective and adapted for large scale studies aiming to explore frost hardiness across a wide range of species. The ISC model taking the individual contribution of each soluble carbohydrate molecule into account was more efficient at finer scale such as family or species. The ISC model performance also suggests that the role of solutes cannot be reduced to a 'bulk' osmotic effect as could be computed if all of them were located in a single, common, compartment. This study provides sets of parameters to predict frost hardiness in a wide range of species, and clues for targeting specific carbohydrate molecules to improve frost hardiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Baffoin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Guillaume Charrier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | | | - Marc Bonhomme
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Thierry Améglio
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - André Lacointe
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
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Shasha L, Zhongjie L, Lingling F, Ustichenko VD, Pakhomov OV, Deng B. Comparison between slow and rapid freezing for adrenal gland cryopreservation and xenotransplantation. Cryobiology 2021; 102:68-75. [PMID: 34324838 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to examine whether slow or rapid cryopreservation of adrenal xenografts affected xenotransplant outcome. Adrenal xenografts were got from newborn piglets (<24 h after birth). Receptor rats were randomly divided into four groups: a bilateral adrenalectomy group, fresh xenotransplantation group, rapid cryopreservation xenotransplantation group, and a slow cryopreservation xenotransplantation group. 30 days after xenotransplantation, the survival rates of rats in the fresh xenotransplantation group, rapid cryopreservation xenotransplantation group and slow cryopreservation xenotransplantation group were 80 %, 60 % and 60 %, respectively, which were significantly higher than 40 % of the bilateral adrenalectomy group. In addition, the survival rate of rats in the slow cryopreservation group was consistently significantly higher than that in the rapid cryopreservation group at 29 days after xenotransplantation. Morphological observation showed that there were a few medulla cells existed in the adrenal glands in the slow cryopreservation group after 30 days of xenotransplantation, but no medulla cells were found in the rapid cryopreservation group. The plasma cortisol level of rats in the fresh xenotransplantation group and the slow xenotransplantation group 30 days after xenotransplantation was significantly higher than that of the rapid cryopreservation group and bilateral adrenalectomy group (P < 0.05). The levels of liver glycogen and cholesterol in the xenotransplantation rats were increased relative to those of the bilateral adrenalectomy rats, and close to normal level. In conclusion, compared with rapidly frozen preserved grafts, slowly frozen preserved grafts not only ensure the structural integrity of adrenal tissues, but also have corresponding physiological functions, which provid a basic research opportunities for the preservation of xenografts and the treatment of adrenal corticosteroid deficiency. Moreover, these findings can provide evidence for xenotransplantation in the treatment of Addison's disease (adrenal cortex hormone deficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shasha
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China
| | - Li Zhongjie
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China
| | - Fan Lingling
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China
| | - V D Ustichenko
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - O V Pakhomov
- Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Bo Deng
- Basic Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang City, China.
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Wagner J, Gruber K, Ladinig U, Buchner O, Neuner G. Winter Frosts Reduce Flower Bud Survival in High-Mountain Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1507. [PMID: 34451552 PMCID: PMC8400932 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At higher elevations in the European Alps, plants may experience winter temperatures of -30 °C and lower at snow-free sites. Vegetative organs are usually sufficiently frost hardy to survive such low temperatures, but it is largely unknown if this also applies to generative structures. We investigated winter frost effects on flower buds in the cushion plants Saxifraga bryoides L. (subnival-nival) and Saxifraga moschata Wulfen (alpine-nival) growing at differently exposed sites, and the chionophilous cryptophyte Ranunculus glacialis L. (subnival-nival). Potted plants were subjected to short-time (ST) and long-time (LT) freezing between -10 and -30 °C in temperature-controlled freezers. Frost damage, ice nucleation and flowering frequency in summer were determined. Flower bud viability and flowering frequency decreased significantly with decreasing temperature and exposure time in both saxifrages. Already, -10 °C LT-freezing caused the first injuries. Below -20 °C, the mean losses were 47% (ST) and 75% (LT) in S. bryoides, and 19% (ST) and 38% (LT) in S. moschata. Winter buds of both saxifrages did not supercool, suggesting that damages were caused by freeze dehydration. R. glacialis remained largely undamaged down to -30 °C in the ST experiment, but did not survive permanent freezing below -20 °C. Winter snow cover is essential for the survival of flower buds and indirectly for reproductive fitness. This problem gains particular relevance in the context of winter periods with low precipitation and winter warming events leading to the melting of the protective snowpack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wagner
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.G.); (U.L.); (O.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.G.); (U.L.); (O.B.)
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Ponce-Pineda IG, Carmona-Salazar L, Saucedo-García M, Cano-Ramírez D, Morales-Cedillo F, Peña-Moral A, Guevara-García ÁA, Sánchez-Nieto S, Gavilanes-Ruíz M. MPK6 Kinase Regulates Plasma Membrane H +-ATPase Activity in Cold Acclimation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6338. [PMID: 34199294 PMCID: PMC8232009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold and freezing stresses severely affect plant growth, development, and survival rate. Some plant species have evolved a process known as cold acclimation, in which plants exposed to temperatures above 0 °C trigger biochemical and physiological changes to survive freezing. During this response, several signaling events are mediated by transducers, such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Plasma membrane H+-ATPase is a key enzyme for the plant cell life under regular and stress conditions. Using wild type and mpk3 and mpk6 knock out mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana, we explored the transcriptional, translational, and 14-3-3 protein regulation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity under the acclimation process. The kinetic analysis revealed a differential profiling of the H+-ATPase activity depending on the presence or absence of MPK3 or MPK6 under non-acclimated or acclimated conditions. Negative regulation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity was found to be exerted by MPK3 in non-acclimated conditions and by MPK6 in acclimated conditions, describing a novel form of regulation of this master ATPase. The MPK6 regulation involved changes in plasma membrane fluidity. Moreover, our results indicated that MPK6 is a critical regulator in the process of cold acclimation that leads to freezing tolerance and further survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilian Giordano Ponce-Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Laura Carmona-Salazar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Mariana Saucedo-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Avenida Universidad Km. 1, Rancho Universitario, Tulancingo-Santiago Tulantepec, Tulancingo, Hidalgo 43600, Mexico;
| | - Dora Cano-Ramírez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Francisco Morales-Cedillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Araceli Peña-Moral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Ángel Arturo Guevara-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico;
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
| | - Marina Gavilanes-Ruíz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (I.G.P.-P.); (L.C.-S.); (D.C.-R.); (F.M.-C.); (A.P.-M.); (S.S.-N.)
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Raza A, Tabassum J, Kudapa H, Varshney RK. Can omics deliver temperature resilient ready-to-grow crops? Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:1209-1232. [PMID: 33827346 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1898332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants are extensively well-thought-out as the main source for nourishing natural life on earth. In the natural environment, plants have to face several stresses, mainly heat stress (HS), chilling stress (CS) and freezing stress (FS) due to adverse climate fluctuations. These stresses are considered as a major threat for sustainable agriculture by hindering plant growth and development, causing damage, ultimately leading to yield losses worldwide and counteracting to achieve the goal of "zero hunger" proposed by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Notably, this is primarily because of the numerous inequities happening at the cellular, molecular and/or physiological levels, especially during plant developmental stages under temperature stress. Plants counter to temperature stress via a complex phenomenon including variations at different developmental stages that comprise modifications in physiological and biochemical processes, gene expression and differences in the levels of metabolites and proteins. During the last decade, omics approaches have revolutionized how plant biologists explore stress-responsive mechanisms and pathways, driven by current scientific developments. However, investigations are still required to explore numerous features of temperature stress responses in plants to create a complete idea in the arena of stress signaling. Therefore, this review highlights the recent advances in the utilization of omics approaches to understand stress adaptation and tolerance mechanisms. Additionally, how to overcome persisting knowledge gaps. Shortly, the combination of integrated omics, genome editing, and speed breeding can revolutionize modern agricultural production to feed millions worldwide in order to accomplish the goal of "zero hunger."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | - Javaria Tabassum
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science (CAAS), Hangzhou, China
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India.,The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Fernández-Marín B, Arzac MI, López-Pozo M, Laza JM, Roach T, Stegner M, Neuner G, García-Plazaola JI. Frozen in the dark: interplay of night-time activity of xanthophyll cycle, xylem attributes, and desiccation tolerance in fern resistance to winter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3168-3184. [PMID: 33617637 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While most ferns avoid freezing as they have a tropical distribution or shed their fronds, wintergreen species in temperate and boreoalpine ecosystems have to deal with sub-zero temperatures. Increasing evidence has revealed overlapping mechanisms of desiccation and freezing tolerance in angiosperms, but the physiological mechanisms behind freezing tolerance in ferns are far from clear. We evaluated photochemical and hydraulic parameters in five wintergreen fern species differing in their ability to tolerate desiccation. We assessed frond freezing tolerance, ice nucleation temperature and propagation pattern, and xylem anatomical traits. Dynamics of photochemical performance and xanthophyll cycle were evaluated during freeze-thaw events under controlled conditions and, in selected species, in the field. Only desiccation-tolerant species, which possessed a greater fraction of narrow tracheids (<18 μm) than sensitive species, tolerated freezing. Frond freezing occurred in the field at -3.4 ± 0.9 °C (SD) irrespective of freezing tolerance, freezable water content, or tracheid properties. Even in complete darkness, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was down-regulated concomitantly with zeaxanthin accumulation in response to freezing. This was reversible upon re-warming only in tolerant species. Our results suggest that adaptation for freezing tolerance is associated with desiccation tolerance through complementary xylem properties (which may prevent risk of irreversible cavitation) and effective photoprotection mechanisms. The latter includes de-epoxidation of xanthophylls in darkness, a process evidenced for the first time directly in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38200, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (Labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Stegner M, Lackner B, Schäfernolte T, Buchner O, Xiao N, Gierlinger N, Holzinger A, Neuner G. Winter Nights during Summer Time: Stress Physiological Response to Ice and the Facilitation of Freezing Cytorrhysis by Elastic Cell Wall Components in the Leaves of a Nival Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7042. [PMID: 32987913 PMCID: PMC7582304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ranunculus glacialis grows and reproduces successfully, although the snow-free time period is short (2-3 months) and night frosts are frequent. At a nival site (3185 m a.s.l.), we disentangled the interplay between the atmospheric temperature, leaf temperatures, and leaf freezing frequency to assess the actual strain. For a comprehensive understanding, the freezing behavior from the whole plant to the leaf and cellular level and its physiological after-effects as well as cell wall chemistry were studied. The atmospheric temperatures did not mirror the leaf temperatures, which could be 9.3 °C lower. Leaf freezing occurred even when the air temperature was above 0 °C. Ice nucleation at on average -2.6 °C started usually independently in each leaf, as the shoot is deep-seated in unfrozen soil. All the mesophyll cells were subjected to freezing cytorrhysis. Huge ice masses formed in the intercellular spaces of the spongy parenchyma. After thawing, photosynthesis was unaffected regardless of whether ice had formed. The cell walls were pectin-rich and triglycerides occurred, particularly in the spongy parenchyma. At high elevations, atmospheric temperatures fail to predict plant freezing. Shoot burial prevents ice spreading, specific tissue architecture enables ice management, and the flexibility of cell walls allows recurrent freezing cytorrhysis. The peculiar patterning of triglycerides close to ice rewards further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.L.); (T.S.); (A.H.); (G.N.)
| | - Barbara Lackner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.L.); (T.S.); (A.H.); (G.N.)
| | - Tanja Schäfernolte
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.L.); (T.S.); (A.H.); (G.N.)
| | - Othmar Buchner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (N.X.); (N.G.)
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (N.X.); (N.G.)
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.L.); (T.S.); (A.H.); (G.N.)
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.L.); (T.S.); (A.H.); (G.N.)
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Impact of Processing Factors on Quality of Frozen Vegetables and Fruits. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-020-09216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper I review the production of frozen vegetables and fruits from a chain perspective. I argue that the final quality of the frozen product still can be improved via (a) optimization of the complete existing production chain towards quality, and/or (b) introduction of some promising novel processing technology. For this optimization, knowledge is required how all processing steps impact the final quality. Hence, first I review physicochemical and biochemical processes underlying the final quality, such as water holding capacity, ice crystal growth and mechanical damage. Subsequently, I review how each individual processing step impacts the final quality via these fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review of processing steps, I also review the potential of novel processing technologies. The results of our literature review are summarized via a causal network, linking processing steps, fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes, and their correlation with final product quality. I conclude that there is room for optimization of the current production chains via matching processing times with time scales of the fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes. Regarding novel processing technology, it is concluded in general that they are difficult to implement in the context of existing production chains. I do see the potential for novel processing technology combined with process intensification, incorporating the blanching pretreatment—but which involves quite a change of the production chain.
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Stegner M, Wagner J, Neuner G. Ice accommodation in plant tissues pinpointed by cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:73. [PMID: 32477423 PMCID: PMC7240938 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing resistant plant organs are capable to manage ice formation, ice propagation, and ice accommodation down to variable temperature limits without damage. Insights in ice management strategies are essential for the fundamental understanding of plant freezing and frost survival. However, knowledge about ice management is scarce. Ice crystal localisation inside plant tissues is challenging and is mainly based on optical appearance of ice in terms of colour and shape, investigated by microscopic methods. Notwithstanding, there are major uncertainties regarding the reliability and accuracy of ice identification and localisation. Surface light reflections, which can originate from water or resin, even at non-freezing temperatures, can have a similar appearance as ice. We applied the principle of birefringence, which is a property of ice but not of liquid water, in reflected-light microscopy to localise ice crystals in frozen plant tissues in an unambiguous manner. RESULTS In reflected-light microscopy, water was clearly visible, while ice was more difficult to identify. With the presented polarised cryo-microscopic system, water, including surface light reflections, became invisible, whereas ice crystals showed a bright and shiny appearance. Based on this, we were able to detect loci where ice crystals are accommodated in frozen and viable plant tissues. In Buxus sempervirens leaves, large ice needles occupied and expanded the space between the adaxial and abaxial leaf tissues. In Galanthus nivalis leaves, air-filled cavities became filled up with ice. Buds of Picea abies managed ice in a cavity at the bud basis and between bud scales. By observing the shape and attachment point of the ice crystals, it was possible to identify tissue fractions that segregate intracellular water towards the aggregating ice crystals. CONCLUSION Cryo-microscopy in reflected-polarised-light allowed a robust identification of ice crystals in frozen plant tissue. It distinguishes itself, compared with other methods, by its ease of ice identification, time and cost efficiency and the possibility for high throughput. Profound knowledge about ice management strategies, within the whole range of freezing resistance capacities in the plant kingdom, might be the link to applied science for creating arrangements to avoid future frost damage to crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany, Unit Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Wagner
- Department of Botany, Unit Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany, Unit Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Jiang W, Pan R, Wu C, Xu L, Abdelaziz ME, Oelmüller R, Zhang W. Piriformospora indica enhances freezing tolerance and post-thaw recovery in Arabidopsis by stimulating the expression of CBF genes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1745472. [PMID: 32228382 PMCID: PMC7194378 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1745472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The root endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica plays an important role in increasing abiotic stress tolerance of its host plants. To explore the impact of P. indica on freezing tolerance, Arabidopsis seedlings were co-cultivated with P. indica exposed to -6°C for 6 h. Freezing stress decreased the survival rate, electrolyte leakage, leaf temperature, water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence of Arabidopsis plants in comparison to the controls. P. indica colonizion reduced the negative effects of freezing, and the plants contained also higher amounts of soluble proteins, proline and ascorbic acid during the post-thaw recovery period (4°C; 12 h). In contrast, the H2O2 and malondialdehyde levels were reduced in seedlings colonized by the fungus. The brassinolide (BR) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels dramatically increased and the transcript levels of several crucial freezing-stress related genes (CBFs, CORs, BZR1, SAG1 and PYL6) were higher in inoculated plants during the post-thaw recovery period. Finally, inocculated mutants impaired in the freezing tolerance response (such as ice1 for INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION1, a crucial basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor for the cold-response pathway in Arabidopsis, cbf1, -2, -3 for C-REPEAT-Binding Factor, cor47 and -15 for COLD-REGULATED and siz1 encoding the SUMO E3 LIGASE) showed better survival rates and higher expression levels of freezing-related target genes after freezing compared to the inocculated controls. Our results demonstrate that P. indica confers freezing tolerance and better post-thaw recovery in Arabidopsis, and stimulates the expression of several genes involved in the CBF-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | | | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Mischer-Institute, Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Engineering Research Centre of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Min K, Chen K, Arora R. Short versus prolonged freezing differentially impacts freeze - thaw injury in spinach leaves: mechanistic insights through metabolite profiling. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:777-789. [PMID: 31600406 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues subjected to short or prolonged freezing to a fixed sub-freezing temperature are expected to undergo similar freeze-desiccation but the former causes substantially less injury than the latter. To gain metabolic insight into this differential response, metabolome changes in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves were determined following short-term (0.5 and 3.0 h) vs. prolonged freezing (5.5 and 10.5 h) at -4.5°C resulting in reversible or irreversible injury, respectively. LD50 , the freezing duration causing 50% injury, was estimated to be ∼3.1 h and defined as the threshold beyond which tissues were irreversibly injured. From 39 identified metabolites, 19 were selected and clustered into 3 groups: (1) signaling-related (salicylic acid, aliphatic and aromatic amino acids), (2) injury-related (GABA, lactic acid, maltose, fatty acids, policosanols, TCA intermediates) and (3) recovery-related (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol). Initial accumulation of salicylic acid during short-term freezing followed by a decline may be involved in triggering tolerance mechanisms in moderately injured tissues, while its resurgence during prolonged freezing may signal programmed cell death. GABA accumulated with increasing freezing duration, possibly to serve as a 'pH-stat' against cytoplasmic acidification resulting from lactic acid accumulation. Mitochondria seem to be more sensitive to prolonged freezing than chloroplasts since TCA intermediates decreased after LD50 while salicylic acid and maltose, produced in chloroplasts, accumulate even at 10.5-h freezing. Fatty acids and policosanols accumulation with increasing freezing duration indicates greater injury to membrane lipids and epicuticular waxes. Ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol accumulated after short-term freezing, supposedly facilitating recovery while their levels decreased in irreversibly injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Min
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
| | - Keting Chen
- Department of Genetic, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011
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Min K, Chen K, Arora R. A metabolomics study of ascorbic acid-induced in situ freezing tolerance in spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.). PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00202. [PMID: 32104753 PMCID: PMC7036623 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Freeze-thaw stress is one of the major environmental constraints that limit plant growth and reduce productivity and quality. Plants exhibit a variety of cellular dysfunctions following freeze-thaw stress, including accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This means that enhancement of antioxidant capacity by exogenous application of antioxidants could potentially be one of the strategies for improving freezing tolerance (FT) of plants. Exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA), as an antioxidant, has been shown to improve plant tolerance against abiotic stresses but its effect on FT has not been investigated. We evaluated the effect of AsA-feeding on FT of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) at whole plant and excised-leaf level, and conducted metabolite profiling of leaves before and after AsA treatment to explore metabolic explanation for change in FT. AsA application did not impede leaf growth, instead slightly promoted it. Temperature-controlled freeze-thaw tests revealed AsA-fed plants were more freezing tolerant as indicated by: (a) less visual damage/mortality; (b) lower ion leakage; and (c) less oxidative injury, lower abundance of free radicals ( O 2 · - and H2O2). Comparative leaf metabolite profiling revealed clear separation of metabolic phenotypes for control versus AsA-fed leaves. Specifically, AsA-fed leaves had greater abundance of antioxidants (AsA, glutathione, alpha- & gamma-tocopherol) and compatible solutes (proline, galactinol, and myo-inositol). AsA-fed leaves also had higher activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and catalase). These changes, together, may improve FT via alleviating freeze-induced oxidative stress as well as protecting membranes from freeze desiccation. Additionally, improved FT by AsA-feeding may potentially include enhanced cell wall/lignin augmentation and bolstered secondary metabolism as indicated by diminished level of phenylalanine and increased abundance of branched amino acids, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungwon Min
- Department of HorticultureIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Keting Chen
- Department of Genetic, Development, and Cell BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of HorticultureIowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA
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Vyse K, Penzlin J, Sergeant K, Hincha DK, Arora R, Zuther E. Repair of sub-lethal freezing damage in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:35. [PMID: 31959104 PMCID: PMC6971927 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detrimental effects of global climate change direct more attention to the survival and productivity of plants during periods of highly fluctuating temperatures. In particular in temperate climates in spring, temperatures can vary between above-zero and freezing temperatures, even during a single day. Freeze-thaw cycles cause cell membrane lesions that can lead to tissue damage and plant death. Whereas the processes of cold acclimation and freeze-thaw injury are well documented, not much is known about the recovery of plants after a freezing event. We therefore addressed the following questions: i. how does the severity of freezing damage influence repair; ii. how are respiration and content of selected metabolites influenced during the repair process; and iii. how do transcript levels of selected genes respond during repair? RESULTS We have investigated the recovery from freezing to sub-lethal temperatures in leaves of non-acclimated and cold acclimated Arabidopsis thaliana plants over a period of 6 days. Fast membrane repair and recovery of photosynthesis were observed 1 day after recovery (1D-REC) and continued until 6D-REC. A substantial increase in respiration accompanied the repair process. In parallel, concentrations of sugars and proline, acting as compatible solutes during freezing, remained unchanged or declined, implicating these compounds as carbon and nitrogen sources during recovery. Similarly, cold-responsive genes were mainly down regulated during recovery of cold acclimated leaves. In contrast, genes involved in cell wall remodeling and ROS scavenging were induced during recovery. Interestingly, also the expression of genes encoding regulatory proteins, such as 14-3-3 proteins, was increased suggesting their role as regulators of repair processes. CONCLUSIONS Recovery from sub-lethal freezing comprised membrane repair, restored photosynthesis and increased respiration rates. The process was accompanied by transcriptional changes including genes encoding regulatory proteins redirecting the previous cold response to repair processes, e.g. to cell wall remodeling, maintenance of the cellular proteome and to ROS scavenging. Understanding of processes involved in repair of freeze-thaw injury increases our knowledge on plant survival in changing climates with highly fluctuating temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kora Vyse
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Johanna Penzlin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk K Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50010, USA
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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Buchner O, Steiner P, Andosch A, Holzinger A, Stegner M, Neuner G, Lütz-Meindl U. A new technical approach for preparing frozen biological samples for electron microscopy. PLANT METHODS 2020; 16:48. [PMID: 32280364 PMCID: PMC7137184 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many methodological approaches have focused so far on physiological and molecular responses of plant tissues to freezing but only little knowledge is available on the consequences of extracellular ice-formation on cellular ultrastructure that underlies physiological reactions. In this context, the preservation of a defined frozen state during the entire fixation procedure is an essential prerequisite. However, current techniques are not able to fix frozen plant tissues for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) without interrupting the cold chain. Chemical fixation by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide is not possible at sub-zero temperatures. Cryo-fixation methods, such as high pressure freeze fixation (HPF) representing the state-of-the-art technique for best structural preservation, are not equipped for freezing frozen samples. In order to overcome this obstacle, a novel technical approach for maintaining the cold chain of already frozen plant samples prior and during HPF is presented. RESULTS Different algae (Micrasterias denticulata, Klebsormidium crenulatum) and higher plant tissues (Lemna sp., Ranunculus glacialis, Pinus mugo) were successfully frozen and prepared for HPF at freezing temperatures (- 2 °C, - 5 °C, - 6 °C) within a newly developed automatic freezing unit (AFU), that we manufactured from a standard laboratory freezer. Preceding tests on photosynthetic electron transport and ability to plasmolyse show that the temperatures applied did not impair electron transport in PSII nor cell vitality. The transfer of the frozen specimen from the AFU into the HPF-device and subsequently cryo-fixation were performed without intermediate thawing. After cryo-substitution and further processing, the resulting TEM-micrographs showed excellent ultrastructure preservation of the different organisms when compared to specimens fixed at ambient temperature. CONCLUSIONS The method presented allows preserving the ultrastructure of plant cells in the frozen state during cryo-fixation. The resulting high quality TEM-images represent an important step towards a better understanding of the consequences of extracellular ice formation on cellular ultrastructure. It has the potential to provide new insights into changes of organelle structure, identification of intracellular injuries during ice formation and may help to understand freezing and thawing processes in plant tissues. It may be combined with analytical TEM such as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray analyses (EDX) and various other electron microscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmar Buchner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philip Steiner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ancuela Andosch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Sawicki M, Rondeau M, Courteaux B, Rabenoelina F, Guerriero G, Gomès E, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Balzergue S, Clément C, Ait Barka E, Vaillant-Gaveau N, Jacquard C. On a Cold Night: Transcriptomics of Grapevine Flower Unveils Signal Transduction and Impacted Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1130. [PMID: 30841651 PMCID: PMC6429367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low temperature is a critical environmental factor limiting plant productivity, especially in northern vineyards. To clarify the impact of this stress on grapevine flower, we used the Vitis array based on Roche-NimbleGen technology to investigate the gene expression of flowers submitted to a cold night. Our objectives were to identify modifications in the transcript levels after stress and during recovery. Consequently, our results confirmed some mechanisms known in grapes or other plants in response to cold stress, notably, (1) the pivotal role of calcium/calmodulin-mediated signaling; (2) the over-expression of sugar transporters and some genes involved in plant defense (especially in carbon metabolism), and (3) the down-regulation of genes encoding galactinol synthase (GOLS), pectate lyases, or polygalacturonases. We also identified some mechanisms not yet known to be involved in the response to cold stress, i.e., (1) the up-regulation of genes encoding G-type lectin S-receptor-like serine threonine-protein kinase, pathogen recognition receptor (PRR5), or heat-shock factors among others; (2) the down-regulation of Myeloblastosis (MYB)-related transcription factors and the Constans-like zinc finger family; and (3) the down-regulation of some genes encoding Pathogen-Related (PR)-proteins. Taken together, our results revealed interesting features and potentially valuable traits associated with stress responses in the grapevine flower. From a long-term perspective, our study provides useful starting points for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Sawicki
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Marine Rondeau
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Barbara Courteaux
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 41 rue du Brill, L- 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Eric Gomès
- Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences, UMR 1287 Ecophysiology and Grape Functional Genomics, University of Bordeaux, INRA 210 Chemin de Leysotte - CS 50008, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon CEDEX, France.
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405, Orsay, France.
- IRHS, INRA, AGROCAMPUS-Ouest, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé CEDEX, France.
| | - Christophe Clément
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Essaïd Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Nathalie Vaillant-Gaveau
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes-EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Moulin de la Housse-Bâtiment 18, BP 1039, 51687 REIMS Cedex 2, France.
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Stegner M, Schäfernolte T, Neuner G. New Insights in Potato Leaf Freezing by Infrared Thermography. APPLIED SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:819. [PMID: 31844558 PMCID: PMC6914373 DOI: 10.3390/app9050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography has been widely used to study freezing processes in freezing resistant plants but hardly in freezing susceptible species. Solanum tuberosum leaves get frost killed at -3 °C and are unable to frost harden. The basic nature of frost injury to potato leaves is not clear. By employment of infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA) in combination with viability assessment, we aimed to clarify the mechanistic relationship between ice formation and frost injury. During controlled freezing of potato leaves two distinct freezing events were detected by IDTA. During the first freezing event, the ice wave propagated via the xylem and spread out within 60 s throughout the whole leaf. When leaves were rewarmed after this freezing event, they did not show any frost injury symptoms. We suggest that this non-lethal first ice wave is restricted to the extracellular space. When leaves remained exposed after this exotherm, a second freezing event with a diffuse freezing pattern without a distinct starting point was recorded. When thawed after this second freezing event, leaves always showed frost damage suggesting intracellular freezing. The freezing behavior of potato leaves and its relation to frost damage corroborates that control of ice nucleation is a key for frost protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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Willick IR, Gusta LV, Fowler DB, Tanino KK. Ice segregation in the crown of winter cereals: Evidence for extraorgan and extratissue freezing. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:701-716. [PMID: 30291635 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Meaningful improvements in winter cereal cold hardiness requires a complete model of freezing behaviour in the critical crown organ. Magnetic resonance microimaging diffusion-weighted experiments provided evidence that cold acclimation decreased water content and mobility in the vascular transition zone (VTZ) and the intermediate zone in rye (Secale cereale L. Hazlet) compared with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Norstar). Differential thermal analysis, ice nucleation, and localization studies identified three distinct exothermic events. A high-temperature exotherm (-3°C to -5°C) corresponded with ice formation and high ice-nucleating activity in the leaf sheath encapsulating the crown. A midtemperature exotherm (-6°C and -8°C) corresponded with cavity ice formation in the VTZ but an absence of ice in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). A low-temperature exotherm corresponded with SAM injury and the killing temperature in wheat (-21°C) and rye (-27°C). The SAM had lower ice-nucleating activity and freezing survival compared with the VTZ when frozen in vitro. The intermediate zone was hypothesized to act as a barrier to ice growth into the SAM. Higher cold hardiness of rye compared with wheat was associated with higher VTZ and intermediate zone desiccation resulting in the formation of ice barriers surrounding the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Willick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lawrence V Gusta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - D Brian Fowler
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Karen K Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Wisniewski M, Nassuth A, Arora R. Cold Hardiness in Trees: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1394. [PMID: 30294340 PMCID: PMC6158558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the regulation of cold hardiness. The existence of numerous biophysical and biochemical adaptive mechanisms in perennial woody plants and the complexity their regulation has made the development of methods for managing and improving cold hardiness in perennial woody plants has been very difficult. This may be partially attributed to viewing cold hardiness as a single dimensional response, rather than as a complex phenomenon, involving different mechanisms (avoidance and tolerance), different stages (mid-winter vs. late winter), and having an intimate overlap with the genetic regulation of dormancy. In particular separating the molecular regulation of cold hardiness from growth processes has been challenging. ICE and C-repeat binding factor (CBF), transcription factors (Inducer of CBF expression and CRT-binding factor) have been shown to be an important aspect in the regulation of cold-induced gene expression. Evidence has emerged, however, that they are also intimately involved in the regulation of growth, flowering, dormancy, and stomatal development. This evidence includes the presence of CBF binding motifs in genes regulating these processes, or through cross-talk between the pathways that regulate them. Recent changes in climate that have resulted in erratic episodes of unseasonal warming followed by more seasonal patterns of low temperatures has also highlighted the need to better understand the genetic and molecular regulation of deacclimation, a topic of research that is only more recently being addressed. Environmentally-induced epigenetic regulation of stress responses and seasonal processes such as cold acclimation, deacclimation, and dormancy have been documented but are still poorly understood. Advances in the ability to efficiently generate large DNA and RNA datasets and genetic transformation technologies have greatly increased our ability to explore the regulation of gene expression and explore genetic diversity. Greater knowledge of the interplay between epigenetic and genetic regulation of cold hardiness, along with the application of advanced genetic analyses, such as genome-wide-association-studies (GWAS), are needed to develop strategies for addressing the complex processes associated with cold hardiness in woody plants. A cautionary note is also indicated regarding the time-scale needed to examine and interpret plant response to freezing temperatures if progress is to be made in developing effective approaches for manipulating and improving cold hardiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wisniewski
- United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, United States
| | - Annette Nassuth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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50
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Charrier G, Lacointe A, Améglio T. Dynamic Modeling of Carbon Metabolism During the Dormant Period Accurately Predicts the Changes in Frost Hardiness in Walnut Trees Juglans regia L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1746. [PMID: 30568664 PMCID: PMC6290248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The leafless period is often considered as inactive, although trees have to actively modulate their metabolism through the cold acclimation/deacclimation processes, to cope with frost exposure during winter and to restore growth ability in spring. Carbon metabolism is a key component of these processes through the osmotic control of extracellular ice formation and the trophic control of bud growth. The influence of temperature on the inter-conversion between starch and soluble carbohydrate has been evidenced for years, but we are currently missing an operational tool to predict starch vs. soluble carbohydrate contents during this period, which should allow to better predict frost hardiness. For this purpose, we exposed 1-year-old branches of Juglans regia to constant temperature for one to 3 weeks and measured the changes in carbohydrate composition at three periods (autumn, winter, and spring). As expected, the temperature significantly affected the changes in carbohydrate composition, but the water content and the sampling period were also relevant. Higher starch hydrolysis was observed at low temperature (<5°C) for all sampling periods. Starch hydrolysis was also observed at warm temperature, but in autumn only. These data were used to compare three modeling approaches simulating the changes in carbohydrate composition through enzymatic analogy. The most empirical and the most mechanistic approach did not succeed to simulate external observations (Root Mean Standard Error of Prediction (RMSEP) > 30 mg.g DM-1, Efficiency (Eff) <0), whereas the intermediate model was more efficient (RMSEP = 15.19 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.205 and 16.61 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.366, for GFS (Glucose + Fructose + Sucrose) and starch, respectively). The accuracy of the model was further improved when using field data for calibration (RMSEP = 5.86 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.962; RMSEP = 10.56 mg.g DM-1, Eff = 0.752, for GFS and starch, respectively). This study provided an operative tool to simulate carbohydrate dynamics over leafless period that could predict frost hardiness with approx. 3.4°C accuracy with temperature, water content and initial starch and soluble carbohydrate measurements. It should now be tested under various meteorological conditions and biological systems.
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