1
|
Bouallegue A, Thebti S, Horchani F, Hosni T, Nouairi I, Mhadhbi H, Trabelsi N, Amri M, Kharrat M, Abbes Z. Unveiling Fatty Acid Profiles of the Parasitic Plants Orobanche foetida Poiret. and Orobanche crenata Forsk. and Modulation of Faba Bean ( Vicia faba L.) Fatty Acid Composition in Response to Orobanche Infestation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3578. [PMID: 37896041 PMCID: PMC10609792 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are root parasitic plants that threaten agricultural production in many parts of the world. In this study, the effect of two orobanche species, Orobanche crenata and O. foetida, on faba bean plants was studied in Tunisia. The two orobanche species inhibited both biomass production and pod formation, decreased the chlorophyll (Chl) content and total lipid (TL), and enhanced electrolyte leakage (EL) and lipid peroxidation. Concomitantly, orobanche parasitism induced a lower degree of fatty acid (FA) unsaturation due to a shift in the FA composition. On the other hand, with regard to orobanche seeds, oleic and linoleic acids were the predominant FA in the two orobanche species. After orobanche seed germination and penetration of host tissues, all the orobanche development stages showed a decrease in the TL content and changes in the FA composition in comparison to orobanche seeds. The level of TL was equal to or lower in all parasite development stages (except for S4) than that in the roots and leaves of healthy faba bean plants. These results suggest that the negative effect of orobanche infestation on faba bean development can be attributed to the reduced chlorophyll content and alteration in membrane stability attested by the reduced TL level and FA unsaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Bouallegue
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, Menzah 1004, Tunisia; (S.T.); (T.H.); (M.K.)
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), Laboratoire des Légumineuses et des Agrosys-Tèmes Durables, PB 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia; (I.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Siwar Thebti
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, Menzah 1004, Tunisia; (S.T.); (T.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Faouzi Horchani
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Biomonitoring of the Environment and Oasis Ecosystems (LBBEEO), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Zarroug, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia;
| | - Taoufik Hosni
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, Menzah 1004, Tunisia; (S.T.); (T.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Issam Nouairi
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), Laboratoire des Légumineuses et des Agrosys-Tèmes Durables, PB 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia; (I.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Haythem Mhadhbi
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), Laboratoire des Légumineuses et des Agrosys-Tèmes Durables, PB 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia; (I.N.); (H.M.)
| | - Najla Trabelsi
- Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cedria (CBBC), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l’Olivier, PB 901, Hammam Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Moez Amri
- AgroBioSciences Program, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Science (SAES College), University Mohammed 6 Polytechnic (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco;
| | - Mohamed Kharrat
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, Menzah 1004, Tunisia; (S.T.); (T.H.); (M.K.)
| | - Zouhaier Abbes
- Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie (INRAT), University of Carthage, Rue Hédi Karray, Menzah 1004, Tunisia; (S.T.); (T.H.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Piwowarczyk R, Ochmian I, Lachowicz S, Kapusta I, Malinowska K, Ruraż K. Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112844. [PMID: 34311276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant parasitism by other plants, combined with abiotic environmental stress, offers a unique opportunity to study correlational nutritional relationships in terms of parasite-host interactions and their functional roles in nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Our study analysed the transfer of selected mineral elements, including heavy metals, from soil to different organs in hosts (Punica granatum and Fraxinus angustifolia) and from hosts to the expansive holoparasite (Orobanche laxissima) in cinnamonic soil habitats in Georgia (Caucasus). We also identified other correlated trophic and bioactive effects in the parasite-host relationship. O. laxissima was characterized by a high accumulation tendency for micro- and macroelements, such as K and Ca, and heavy metals, such as Zn, Ni, and Cd. Parasites can reduce the concentration of heavy metals in host tissues owing to this high accumulation tendency. In total, 85 compounds were identified in the examined parasite and its hosts. Despite the distinct phytochemical content of species of the infected host, the parasite produced specific metabolites with dominant phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs), with acteoside and crenatoside being the primary dominant compounds - ca. 98% of all polyphenols. Polyphenols in parasite specimens that are correlated with Cu and Zn are antagonistic to polyphenols correlated with Fe, Pb, Cr, and Ni. The profile of polyphenols in the host species was both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct from the profile of the compounds in the parasite and between hosts (only acteoside in group PhGs was common between the parasite and Fraxinus host), which indicates the existence of a unique compound biosynthesis pathway in the parasite. Our results demonstrated that the parasite, particularly in its flowers, exhibited higher polyphenol content, antioxidative effects (ABTS-+, DPPH, and FRAP), and inhibitory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Piwowarczyk
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Enviromental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7 Street, PL-25-406, Kielce, Poland.
| | - Ireneusz Ochmian
- Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Sabina Lachowicz
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37 Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4 Street, 35-601, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Ruraż
- Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Enviromental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7 Street, PL-25-406, Kielce, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han M, Zhang C, Suglo P, Sun S, Wang M, Su T. l-Aspartate: An Essential Metabolite for Plant Growth and Stress Acclimation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071887. [PMID: 33810495 PMCID: PMC8037285 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
L-aspartate (Asp) serves as a central building block, in addition to being a constituent of proteins, for many metabolic processes in most organisms, such as biosynthesis of other amino acids, nucleotides, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and glycolysis pathway intermediates, and hormones, which are vital for growth and defense. In animals and humans, lines of data have proved that Asp is indispensable for cell proliferation. However, in plants, despite the extensive study of the Asp family amino acid pathway, little attention has been paid to the function of Asp through the other numerous pathways. This review aims to elucidate the most important aspects of Asp in plants, from biosynthesis to catabolism and the role of Asp and its metabolic derivatives in response to changing environmental conditions. It considers the distribution of Asp in various cell compartments and the change of Asp level, and its significance in the whole plant under various stresses. Moreover, it provides evidence of the interconnection between Asp and phytohormones, which have prominent functions in plant growth, development, and defense. The updated information will help improve our understanding of the physiological role of Asp and Asp-borne metabolic fluxes, supporting the modular operation of these networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Can Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Peter Suglo
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Shuyue Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Mingyao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.H.); (C.Z.); (P.S.); (S.S.); (M.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Briache FZ, Ennami M, Mbasani-Mansi J, Lozzi A, Abousalim A, Rodeny WE, Amri M, Triqui ZEA, Mentag R. Effects of Salicylic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid Exogenous Applications on Induction of Faba Bean Resistance against Orobanche crenata. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 36:476-490. [PMID: 33082732 PMCID: PMC7542034 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.oa.03.2020.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The parasitic weed, Orobanche crenata, is one of the most devastating constraint for faba bean production in Mediterranean regions. Plant host defense induction was reported as one of the most appropriate control methods in many crops. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA) on the induction of faba bean resistance to O. crenata under the field and controlled experimental conditions. Both hormones were tested on two contrasting faba bean genotypes: Giza 843 (partially resistant to O. crenata) and Lobab (susceptible) at three different application methods (seed soaking, foliar spray, and the combination of both seed soaking and foliar spray). Soaking seeds in SA or IAA provided the highest protection levels reaching ~75% compared to the untreated control plants. Both elicitors limited the chlorophyll content decrease caused by O. crenata infestation and increased phenolic compound production in host plants. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities were stimulated in the host plant roots especially in the susceptible genotype Lobab. The magnitude of induction was more obvious in infested than in non-infested plants. Histological study revealed that both SA and IAA decreased the number of attached O. crenata spikes which could be related to specific defense responses in the host plant roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Briache
- Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), 00, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mounia Ennami
- Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), 00, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Joseph Mbasani-Mansi
- Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), 00, Rabat, Morocco
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Assia Lozzi
- Department of Crop Production, Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Hassan II, 656, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhadi Abousalim
- Department of Crop Production, Protection and Biotechnology, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Hassan II, 656, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Walid El Rodeny
- Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 33717, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Moez Amri
- Agro-sciences (AgBS), University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), 4310, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Zine El Abidine Triqui
- Department of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, 1014, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Mentag
- Biotechnology Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), 00, Rabat, Morocco
- Corresponding author. FAX) +212-537775530, E-mail) , ORCID, Rachid Mentag https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2040-637X
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernández-Aparicio M, Delavault P, Timko MP. Management of Infection by Parasitic Weeds: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1184. [PMID: 32932904 PMCID: PMC7570238 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic plants rely on neighboring host plants to complete their life cycle, forming vascular connections through which they withdraw needed nutritive resources. In natural ecosystems, parasitic plants form one component of the plant community and parasitism contributes to overall community balance. In contrast, when parasitic plants become established in low biodiversified agroecosystems, their persistence causes tremendous yield losses rendering agricultural lands uncultivable. The control of parasitic weeds is challenging because there are few sources of crop resistance and it is difficult to apply controlling methods selective enough to kill the weeds without damaging the crop to which they are physically and biochemically attached. The management of parasitic weeds is also hindered by their high fecundity, dispersal efficiency, persistent seedbank, and rapid responses to changes in agricultural practices, which allow them to adapt to new hosts and manifest increased aggressiveness against new resistant cultivars. New understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms behind the processes of germination and haustorium development, and behind the crop resistant response, in addition to the discovery of new targets for herbicides and bioherbicides will guide researchers on the design of modern agricultural strategies for more effective, durable, and health compatible parasitic weed control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fernández-Aparicio
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Pathology, University of Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France;
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madany MMY, Obaid WA, Hozien W, AbdElgawad H, Hamed BA, Saleh AM. Salicylic acid confers resistance against broomrape in tomato through modulation of C and N metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:322-335. [PMID: 31911359 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that parasitic weeds such as Orobanche (broomrape) significantly decrease crop growth and yield. Although hormonal priming is a well-known inducer of plant resistance against broomrapes (Orobanche spp.), the metabolic events associated with such resistance are poorly understood. Therefore, the current work was undertaken to elucidate the role of SA in inducing tomato resistance against Orobanche, considering its impact on carbon and nitrogen metabolism of the host. Total carbon and nitrogen and levels of carbon (sugars, organic acids and fatty acids) and nitrogen (amino acids and polyamines)-containing metabolites as well as the activities of some key enzymes involved in their metabolic pathways were evaluated. Broomrape infection significantly disrupted C/N ratio in the host roots. On contrary, SA treatment markedly induced accumulation of sugars, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids as well as polyamines in healthy plants. Under broomrape challenge, SA mitigated the infection-induced growth inhibition by improving the level of nitrogen-containing osmoprotectants (proline, arginine and some polyamines). However, a decrease was observed in some C and N assimilates which are well known to be potentially transferred to the parasite, such as sucrose, asparagine, alanine, serine and glutamate. Interestingly, SA treatment induced the catapolism of polyamines and fatty acids in the host root. Accordingly, our study suggests that SA-induced resistance against broomrape relies on the rational utilization of C and N assimilates in a manner that disturbs the sink strength of the parasite and/or activates the defense pool of the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Y Madany
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41411, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
| | - Wael A Obaid
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Hozien
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia; Department of Botany and microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Botany and microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Badreldin A Hamed
- Department of Botany and microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Saleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emran S, Nawade B, Yahyaa M, Abu Nassar J, Tholl D, Eizenberg H, Ibdah M. Broomrape infestation in carrot (Daucus carota): Changes in carotenoid gene expression and carotenoid accumulation in the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca and its host. Sci Rep 2020; 10:324. [PMID: 31942014 PMCID: PMC6962276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenogenesis has been intensively studied in carrot roots, and transcriptional regulation is thought to be the major factor in carotenoid accumulation in these organs. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes concerning carotenoid accumulation during infestation by the obligate parasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca. HPLC analysis revealed a decrease in carotenoid levels of the different carrot cultivars when parasitized by P. aegyptiaca. Besides, we isolated and analyzed P. aegyptiaca tubercles parasitizing the various carrot root cultivars and show that they accumulate different carotenoids compared to those in non-infested carrot roots. Expression analysis of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY1) and CAROTENOID ISOMERASE (CRTISO) as well as the strigolactone apocarotenoid biosynthetic genes DWARF27 (D27), CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 7 (CCD7) and CCD8 revealed that their transcript levels showed significant variation in P. aegyptiaca infested carrot roots. After parasite infestation, the expression of these genes was strongly reduced, as were the carotenoid levels and this was more pronounced in the uncommon non-orange varieties. We also analyzed the parasite genes encoding D27, CCD7 and CCD8 and show that they are expressed in tubercles. This raises important questions of whether the parasite produces its carotenoids and apocarotenoids including strigolactones and whether the latter might have a role in tubercle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sewar Emran
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Bhagwat Nawade
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Mosaab Yahyaa
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Jackline Abu Nassar
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 409 Latham Hall, 220 Ag Quad Lane, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Hanan Eizenberg
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel
| | - Mwafaq Ibdah
- Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Ramat Yishay, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Farrokhi Z, Alizadeh H, Alizadeh H, Mehrizi FA. Host-Induced Silencing of Some Important Genes Involved in Osmoregulation of Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:929-937. [PMID: 31564035 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Broomrape is an obligate root-parasitic weed that acts as a competitive sink for host photoassimilates. Disruption of essential processes for growth of broomrape using host plant-mediated systemic signals can help to implement more specific and effective management plans of this parasite. Accordingly, we tested the possibility of transient silencing three involved genes (PaM6PR, PaCWI, and PaSUS1) in osmoregulation process of broomrape using syringe agroinfiltration of dsRNA constructs in tomato. The highest decrease in mRNA levels, enzyme activity, and amount of total reducing sugars was observed in Phelipanche aegyptiaca when grown on agroinfiltrated tomato plants by PaM6PR dsRNA construct than control. In addition, PaSUS1 dsRNA construct showed high reduction in mRNA abundance (32-fold fewer than control). The lowest decrease in mRNA levels was observed after infiltration of PaCWI dsRNA construct (eightfold fewer than control). While the highest reduction in PaM6PR and PaSUS1 expression levels was detected in the parasite at 3 days post-infiltration (dpi), the maximum reduction in both of the total reducing sugars amount and M6PR and SUS1 activities was observed at 8 dpi. On the contrary, CWI activity, PaCWI expression level, and amount of total reducing sugars in broomrape shoots simultaneously decreased at the day 3 after the dsRNA construct infiltration against PaCWI. On the whole, our results indicated that the three studied genes especially PaM6PR may constitute appropriate targets for the development of transgenic resistance in host plants using silencing strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farrokhi
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Houshang Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Fariba Abooei Mehrizi
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farrokhi Z, Alizadeh H, Alizadeh H. Developmental patterns of enzyme activity, gene expression, and sugar content in sucrose metabolism of two broomrape species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:8-14. [PMID: 31247445 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of broomrape physiological features opens up new perspectives for developing specific management strategies. For this purpose, activities of key enzymes involved in osmoregulation (SAI1, CWI, M6PR, and SUS1) were considered at developmental stages of two important broomrape species (Egyptian and branched broomrape) on tomato. While Egyptian broomrape tubercles had high activities of invertases, branched broomrape shoots revealed high activities of M6PR and SUS1 during both pre- and post-emergence stages except for M6PR at post-emergence stages of P. aegyptiaca. Interestingly, the main accumulation of total reducing sugars was detected in tubercle during pre- and in shoot during post-emergence. Unlike low levels of genes expression (except for CWI) before parasite emergence, significantly higher expression levels of SAI1, SUS1 and M6PR were detected after parasite emergence. Matching the expression levels of SAI1 and SUS1 genes with their corresponding enzymes activities makes them as the suitable candidates for gene silencing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Farrokhi
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Houshang Alizadeh
- Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clermont K, Wang Y, Liu S, Yang Z, dePamphilis CW, Yoder JI, Collakova E, Westwood JH. Comparative Metabolomics of Early Development of the Parasitic Plants Phelipanche aegyptiaca and Triphysaria versicolor. Metabolites 2019; 9:E114. [PMID: 31200467 PMCID: PMC6630630 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic weeds of the family Orobanchaceae attach to the roots of host plants via haustoria capable of drawing nutrients from host vascular tissue. The connection of the haustorium to the host marks a shift in parasite metabolism from autotrophy to at least partial heterotrophy, depending on the level of parasite dependence. Species within the family Orobanchaceae span the spectrum of host nutrient dependency, yet the diversity of parasitic plant metabolism remains poorly understood, particularly during the key metabolic shift surrounding haustorial attachment. Comparative profiling of major metabolites in the obligate holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca and the facultative hemiparasite Triphysaria versicolor before and after attachment to the hosts revealed several metabolic shifts implicating remodeling of energy and amino acid metabolism. After attachment, both parasites showed metabolite profiles that were different from their respective hosts. In P. aegyptiaca, prominent changes in metabolite profiles were also associated with transitioning between different tissue types before and after attachment, with aspartate levels increasing significantly after the attachment. Based on the results from 15N labeling experiments, asparagine and/or aspartate-rich proteins were enriched in host-derived nitrogen in T. versicolor. These results point to the importance of aspartate and/or asparagine in the early stages of attachment in these plant parasites and provide a rationale for targeting aspartate-family amino acid biosynthesis for disrupting the growth of parasitic weeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Clermont
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Siming Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - John I Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Eva Collakova
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - James H Westwood
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jokinen JI, Irving LJ. Effects of Light Level and Nitrogen Supply on the Red Clover- Orobanche Minor Host-Parasite Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E146. [PMID: 31159192 PMCID: PMC6631064 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Infection by holoparasitic plants typically causes decreases in host mass, thought to be primarily as a result of resource abstraction. Inverse relationships have been noted between the number of Orobanche spp. parasites infecting a host and their mass, suggesting that the parasites compete for a shared resource pool, assumed to be recently fixed carbon (C). In clover, nitrogen (N) fixation requires a high proportion of daily photosynthate and represents a potential competitor for recently fixed C. We grew Trifolium pratense, either singly or parasitised by Orobanche minor, under high or low light levels, and with or without exogenous N supply. Low light and N deficiency led to decreased host biomass, while the damage caused by parasitism was proportionate to host mass. Parasitism caused reductions in host leaf mass, area, photosynthetic rates and shoot N concentration, but did not affect starch accumulation. Parasite mass as a proportion of system biomass was significantly higher when attached to plants grown at high light, which was attributed to higher photoassimilate supply, while the N supply had no effect. While both N limitation and parasitism caused reductions in host growth, little evidence of competition for C between N fixation and the parasites was noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel I Jokinen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Louis J Irving
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hennion N, Durand M, Vriet C, Doidy J, Maurousset L, Lemoine R, Pourtau N. Sugars en route to the roots. Transport, metabolism and storage within plant roots and towards microorganisms of the rhizosphere. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:44-57. [PMID: 29704246 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the root is a typical sink organ that relies exclusively on the import of sugar from the aerial parts. Sucrose is delivered by the phloem to the most distant root tips and, en route to the tip, is used by the different root tissues for metabolism and storage. Besides, a certain portion of this carbon is exuded in the rhizosphere, supplied to beneficial microorganisms and diverted by parasitic microbes. The transport of sugars toward these numerous sinks either occurs symplastically through cell connections (plasmodesmata) or is apoplastically mediated through membrane transporters (MST, mononsaccharide tranporters, SUT/SUC, H+/sucrose transporters and SWEET, Sugar will eventually be exported transporters) that control monosaccharide and sucrose fluxes. Here, we review recent progresses on carbon partitioning within and outside roots, discussing membrane transporters involved in plant responses to biotic and abiotic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hennion
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Cécile Vriet
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Joan Doidy
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mejri S, Mabrouk Y, Belhadj O, Saidi M. Orobanche foetida resistance in two new faba bean genotypes produced by radiation mutagenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:671-677. [PMID: 29893613 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1486517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Broomrape produces serious damage to many legume crops and, particularly, becomes a limiting factor for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production in the Mediterranean basin. Currently, several traditional methods of control have been developed, but none has proved to be effective for this parasite. However, breeding for resistance to this pest remains as one of the most feasible and environment-friendly methods for managing broomrape, but the mechanisms governing the interaction between the parasite and the host are not yet well understood. Therefore, we studied the behavior and molecular and enzymatic changes associated with the resistance to Orobanche foetida in faba bean mutants, which were obtained through radiation mutagenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three faba bean genotypes were used in this study, the variety 'Badï', characterized by high productivity in Orobanche-free soils and susceptibility to O. foetida, and two mutant lines P2M3 and P7M3 (derived from radio mutagenesis program), selected for their higher resistance to O. foetida in a field evaluation. The infection progress and the relative changes in the co-culture response, the enzymatic activities changes and the efficiency of the root extract stimulants from the host plant were followed and evaluated in all the genotypes. RESULTS Experiments showed that low induction of seed germination is a major component of resistance in these lines against O. foetida. This is confirmed by the in vitro experiments with root exudates. The parallel reduction in infection was accompanied by the continuous enhancement of the peroxidase activity, the polyphenol oxidase activity and the phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in faba bean roots. CONCLUSION These data suggest the contribution of these enzymes in faba bean resistance to O. foetida broomrape induced by the use of gamma rays. Management of Orobanche by way of crop selection, based on these enzyme systems is a possible option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mejri
- a Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies , National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies , Sidi Thabet , Ariana , Tunisia
| | - Yassine Mabrouk
- a Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies , National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies , Sidi Thabet , Ariana , Tunisia.,b Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Technobiology , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Omrane Belhadj
- b Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Technobiology , University of Tunis El Manar , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Mouldi Saidi
- a Laboratory of Biotechnology and Nuclear Technologies , National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies , Sidi Thabet , Ariana , Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pincovici S, Cochavi A, Karnieli A, Ephrath J, Rachmilevitch S. Source-sink relations of sunflower plants as affected by a parasite modifies carbon allocations and leaf traits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 271:100-107. [PMID: 29650147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana) is a root holoparasitic plant causing major damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Parasite infection initiates source-sink relations between the parasite (sink) and the host (source), allocating carbohydrates, water and nutrients to the parasite. The primary aim of the current study was to explore responses of sunflower to broomrape parasitism, specifically to examine alternations in leaf area, leaf mass per area (LMA), mesophyll structure and root hydraulic conductivity. Leaf changes revealed modifications similar to described previously in shade adapted plants, causing larger and thinner leaves. These traits were accompanied with significantly higher root hydraulics. These changes were caused by carbohydrate depletion due to source-sink relationships between the host and parasite. An Imazapic herbicide (ALS inhibitor) was used for controlling broomrape attachments and by to investigate the plasticity of the traits found. Broomrape infected plants which were treated with Imazapic had leaves similar to non-infected plants, including mesophyll structure and carbon assimilation rates. These results demonstrated source-sink effects of broomrape which cause a low-light-like acclimation behavior which is reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Pincovici
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel; The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Amnon Cochavi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel; The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Arnon Karnieli
- The Remote Sensing Laboratory, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Jhonathan Ephrath
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The two major mechanisms of plant defense against pathogens are resistance (the host's ability to limit pathogen multiplication) and tolerance (the host's ability to reduce the effect of infection on its fitness regardless of the level of pathogen multiplication). There is abundant literature on virtually every aspect of plant resistance to pathogens. Although tolerance to plant pathogens is comparatively less understood, studies on this plant defense strategy have led to major insights into its evolution, mechanistic basis and genetic determinants. This review aims at summarizing current theories and experimental evidence on the evolutionary causes and consequences of plant tolerance to pathogens, as well as the existing knowledge on the genetic determinants and mechanisms of tolerance. Our review reveals that (i) in plant-pathogen systems, resistance and tolerance generally coexist, i.e., are not mutually exclusive; (ii) evidence of tolerance polymorphisms is abundant regardless of the pathogen considered; (iii) tolerance is an efficient strategy to reduce the damage on the infected host; and (iv) there is no evidence that tolerance results in increased pathogen multiplication. Taken together, the work discussed in this review indicates that tolerance may be as important as resistance in determining the dynamics of plant-pathogen interactions. Several aspects of plant tolerance to pathogens that still remain unclear and which should be explored in the future, are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA) and E.T.S. Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hegenauer V, Körner M, Albert M. Plants under stress by parasitic plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 38:34-41. [PMID: 28460242 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to other biotic stresses, parasitic plants pose an additional threat to plants and cause crop losses, worldwide. Plant parasites directly connect to the vasculature of host plants thereby stealing water, nutrients, and carbohydrates consequently leading to tremendously reduced biomass and losses in seed yields of the infected host plants. Initial steps to understand the molecular resistance mechanisms and the successes in ancient and recent breeding efforts will provide fundamental knowledge to further generate crop plants that will resist attacks by plant parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hegenauer
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Max Körner
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Albert
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dor E, Galili S, Smirnov E, Hacham Y, Amir R, Hershenhorn J. The Effects of Herbicides Targeting Aromatic and Branched Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis Support the Presence of Functional Pathways in Broomrape. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 28523011 PMCID: PMC5415608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is not clear why herbicides targeting aromatic and branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis successfully control broomrapes-obligate parasitic plants that obtain all of their nutritional requirements, including amino acids, from the host. Our objective was to reveal the mode of action of imazapic and glyphosate in controlling the broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca and clarify if this obligatory parasite has its own machinery for the amino acids biosynthesis. P. aegyptiaca callus was studied to exclude the indirect influence of the herbicides on the parasite through the host plant. Using HRT - tomato plants resistant to imidazolinone herbicides, it was shown that imazapic is translocated from the foliage of treated plants to broomrape attachments on its roots and controls the parasite. Both herbicides inhibited P. aegyptiaca callus growth and altered the free amino acid content. Blasting of Arabidopsis thaliana 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and acetolactate synthase (ALS) cDNA against the genomic DNA of P. aegyptiaca yielded a single copy of each homolog in the latter, with about 78 and 75% similarity, respectively, to A. thaliana counterparts at the protein level. We also show for the first time that both EPSPS and ALS are active in P. aegyptiaca callus and flowering shoots and are inhibited by glyphosate and imazapic, respectively. Thus leading to deficiency of those amino acids in the parasite tissues and ultimately, death of the parasite, indicating the ability of P. aegyptiaca to synthesize branched-chain and aromatic amino acids through the activity of ALS and EPSPS, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Dor
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shmuel Galili
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani CenterRishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Evgeny Smirnov
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- MIGAL – Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Department of Phytopathology and Weed Science, Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya’ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nativ N, Hacham Y, Hershenhorn J, Dor E, Amir R. Metabolic Investigation of Phelipanche aegyptiaca Reveals Significant Changes during Developmental Stages and in Its Different Organs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:491. [PMID: 28439279 PMCID: PMC5383700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phelipanche aegyptiaca Pers. is a root holoparasitic plant considered to be among the most destructive agricultural weeds worldwide. In order to gain more knowledge about the metabolic profile of the parasite during its developmental stages, we carried out primary metabolic and lipid profiling using GC-MS analysis. In addition, the levels of amino acids that incorporate into proteins, total protein in the albumin fraction, nitrogen, reduced sugars, and phenols were determined. For the assays, the whole plants from the four developmental stages-tubercle, pre-emergent shoot, post-emergent shoot, and mature flowering plants-were taken. Thirty-five metabolites out of 66 differed significantly between the various developmental stages. The results have shown that the first three developmental stages were distinguished in their profiles, but the latter two did not differ from the mature stage. Yet, 46% of the metabolites detected did not change significantly during the developmental stages. This is unlike other studies of non-parasitic plants showing that their metabolic levels tend to alter significantly during development. This implies that the parasite can control the levels of these metabolites. We further studied the metabolic nature of five organs (adventitious roots, lower and upper shoot, floral buds, and flowers) in mature plants. Similar to non-parasitic plants, the parasite exhibited significant differences between the vegetative and reproductive organs. Compared to other organs, floral buds had higher levels of free amino acids and total nitrogen, whereas flowers accumulated higher levels of simple sugars such as sucrose, and the putative precursors for nectar synthesis, color, and volatiles. This suggests that the reproductive organs have the ability to accumulate metabolites that are required for the production of seeds and as a source of energy for the reproductive processes. The data contribute to our knowledge about the metabolic behavior of parasites that rely on their host for its basic nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noam Nativ
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
- Biotechnology Department, Tel-Hai CollegeUpper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
- Biotechnology Department, Tel-Hai CollegeUpper Galilee, Israel
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Weed Research Department, Newe Ya'ar Research CenterRamat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Weed Research Department, Newe Ya'ar Research CenterRamat-Yishay, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
- Biotechnology Department, Tel-Hai CollegeUpper Galilee, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shilo T, Rubin B, Plakhine D, Gal S, Amir R, Hacham Y, Wolf S, Eizenberg H. Secondary Effects of Glyphosate Action in Phelipanche aegyptiaca: Inhibition of Solute Transport from the Host Plant to the Parasite. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:255. [PMID: 28289424 PMCID: PMC5326802 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is currently held that glyphosate efficiently controls the obligate holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Egyptian broomrape) by inhibiting its endogenous shikimate pathway, thereby causing a deficiency in aromatic amino acids (AAA). While there is no argument regarding the shikimate pathway being the primary site of the herbicide's action, the fact that the parasite receives a constant supply of nutrients, including proteins and amino acids, from the host does not fit with an AAA deficiency. This apparent contradiction implies that glyphosate mechanism of action in P. aegyptiaca is probably more complex and does not end with the inhibition of the AAA biosynthetic pathway alone. A possible explanation would lie in a limitation of the translocation of solutes from the host as a secondary effect. We examined the following hypotheses: (a) glyphosate does not affects P. aegyptiaca during its independent phase and (b) glyphosate has a secondary effect on the ability of P. aegyptiaca to attract nutrients, limiting the translocation to the parasite. By using a glyphosate-resistant host plant expressing the "phloem-mobile" green fluorescent protein (GFP), it was shown that glyphosate interacts specifically with P. aegyptiaca, initiating a deceleration of GFP translocation to the parasite within 24 h of treatment. Additionally, changes in the entire sugars profile (together with that of other metabolites) of P. aegyptiaca were induced by glyphosate. In addition, glyphosate did not impair germination or seedling development of P. aegyptiaca but begun to exert its action only after the parasite has established a connection to the host vascular system and became exposed to the herbicide. Our findings thus indicate that glyphosate does indeed have a secondary effect in P. aegyptiaca, probably as a consequence of its primary target inhibition-via inhibition of the translocation of phloem-mobile solutes to the parasite, as was simulated by the mobile GFP. The observed disruption in the metabolism of major sugars that are abundant in P. aegyptiaca within 48 h after glyphosate treatment provides a possible explanation for this inhibition of translocation and might reflect a critical secondary effect of the herbicide's primary action that results in loss of the parasite's superior sink for solutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Shilo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya‘ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Baruch Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Dina Plakhine
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya‘ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Shira Gal
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya‘ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Yael Hacham
- Migal Galilee Technology CenterKiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Hanan Eizenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya‘ar Research CenterRamat Yishay, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hacham Y, Hershenhorn J, Dor E, Amir R. Primary metabolic profiling of Egyptian broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) compared to its host tomato roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 205:11-19. [PMID: 27589222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is a root holoparasitic plant considered among the most destructive agricultural weeds worldwide. In order to acquire more knowledge about the metabolism of broomrape and its interaction with its tomato host, we performed primary metabolic profiling using GCMS analysis for the early developmental stage of the parasite and of infected and non-infected roots. The analysis revealed that out of 59 metabolites detected, the levels of 37 significantly increased in the parasite while the levels of 10 significantly decreased compared to the infected roots. In addition, the analysis showed that the levels of total protein in the albumin fraction, reducing sugars (representing starch) and total phenols increased by 9.8-, 4.6- and 3.3-fold, respectively, in the parasite compared to the roots. These changes suggest that P. aegyptiaca has its own metabolism that differs significantly in its regulation from those found in their host. In addition, the results have shown that the levels of most of the metabolites in the infected roots were similar to levels detected in the non-infected roots, except for seven metabolites whose levels increased in the infected versus the non-infected roots. This suggests that the parasite did not significantly affect the host primary metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hacham
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 11016 Israel.
| | - Joseph Hershenhorn
- Weed Research Dept, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, P.O. Box 1020, Ramat-Yishay, Israel.
| | - Evgenia Dor
- Weed Research Dept, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, ARO, P.O. Box 1020, Ramat-Yishay, Israel.
| | - Rachel Amir
- Migal Galilee Technology Center, Kiryat Shmona, 11016 Israel; Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12100, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fernández-Aparicio M, Reboud X, Gibot-Leclerc S. Broomrape Weeds. Underground Mechanisms of Parasitism and Associated Strategies for their Control: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:135. [PMID: 26925071 PMCID: PMC4759268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Broomrapes are plant-parasitic weeds which constitute one of the most difficult-to-control of all biotic constraints that affect crops in Mediterranean, central and eastern Europe, and Asia. Due to their physical and metabolic overlap with the crop, their underground parasitism, their achlorophyllous nature, and hardly destructible seed bank, broomrape weeds are usually not controlled by management strategies designed for non-parasitic weeds. Instead, broomrapes are in current state of intensification and spread due to lack of broomrape-specific control programs, unconscious introduction to new areas and may be decline of herbicide use and global warming to a lesser degree. We reviewed relevant facts about the biology and physiology of broomrape weeds and the major feasible control strategies. The points of vulnerability of some underground events, key for their parasitism such as crop-induced germination or haustorial development are reviewed as inhibition targets of the broomrape-crop association. Among the reviewed strategies are those aimed (1) to reduce broomrape seed bank viability, such as fumigation, herbigation, solarization and use of broomrape-specific pathogens; (2) diversion strategies to reduce the broomrape ability to timely detect the host such as those based on promotion of suicidal germination, on introduction of allelochemical interference, or on down-regulating host exudation of germination-inducing factors; (3) strategies to inhibit the capacity of the broomrape seedling to penetrate the crop and connect with the vascular system, such as biotic or abiotic inhibition of broomrape radicle growth and crop resistance to broomrape penetration either natural, genetically engineered or elicited by biotic- or abiotic-resistance-inducing agents; and (4) strategies acting once broomrape seedling has bridged its vascular system with that of the host, aimed to impede or to endure the parasitic sink such as those based on the delivery of herbicides via haustoria, use of resistant or tolerant varieties and implementation of cultural practices improving crop competitiveness.
Collapse
|
22
|
Péron T, Candat A, Montiel G, Veronesi C, Macherel D, Delavault P, Simier P. New Insights into Phloem Unloading and Expression of Sucrose Transporters in Vegetative Sinks of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2048. [PMID: 28119724 PMCID: PMC5220101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant-parasitic plant interaction is a interesting model to study sink-source relationship and phloem unloading. The parasitic plants, such as the achlorophyllous plant Phelipanche ramosa, connect to the host phloem through the haustorium and act as supernumerary sinks for the host-derived photoassimilates, primarily sucrose. The application of the fluorescent symplastic tracer, carboxyfluorescein (CF) derived from carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA), to the leaves of the host plant (Brassica napus) showed direct phloem connections at the host-parasite interface. These experiments also evidenced the dominant apoplastic pathway for phloem unloading in major vegetative sinks of the parasite, including tubercles and shoots, except the adventitious root apices. The CF experiments showed also the symplastic isolation of the phloem tissues from the sink tissues in tubercle and shoot of the parasite, then suggesting the pivotal role of sucrose transporters in sucrose unloading in P. ramosa sinks. Three cDNAs encoding sucrose transporters (PrSUT) were isolated from the parasitic plant. PrSUT1 transcripts accumulated at the same level in the tubercle throughout the parasite growth while a significant increase in transcript accumulation occurred after emergence in the flowering shoot, notably in the growing apical part. The in situ hybridization experiments revealed the PrSUT1 transcript accumulation in the mature phloem cells of both subterranean and flowering shoots, as well as in shoot terminal sinks corresponding to apical meristem, scale leaf primordia and immature vasculature. The transient expression experiments in Arabidopsis protoplasts showed that PrSUT1 was localized at the plasma membrane, suggesting its role in phloem functioning and sucrose uptake by the sink cells in P. ramosa. Conversely, the PrSUT2 transcript accumulation was constantly low in tubercles and shoots but PrSUT3 transcripts accumulated markedly in the subterranean and flowering shoots, in concordance with the PrSUT3 mRNA accumulation in multiple sink areas including apical meristem, scale-leaf primordia, immature vasculature and even storage parenchyma. However, the PrSUT3 transcripts did not accumulate in the mature phloem cells. The transient expression experiments in Arabidopsis protoplasts suggested a tonoplast localization of PrSUT3, for which nevertheless the involvement in intracellular sucrose transport needs clarification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Péron
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pathologie Végétales EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - Adrien Candat
- UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'AngersBeaucouzé, France
| | - Grégory Montiel
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pathologie Végétales EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - Christophe Veronesi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pathologie Végétales EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - David Macherel
- UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAV, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d'AngersBeaucouzé, France
| | - Philippe Delavault
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pathologie Végétales EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université de NantesNantes, France
| | - Philippe Simier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et de Pathologie Végétales EA 1157, SFR 4207 QUASAV, Université de NantesNantes, France
- *Correspondence: Philippe Simier
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
AbstractDue to their forms and colors, parasitic plants are most often considered to be botanical curiosities. However, in some cases, these are proved to be also deadly pests with the capacity to exploit other plants. Among the obligate root parasitic weeds, the holoparasites that are devoid of chlorophyll and thus unable to carry out photosynthesis totally rely on their hosts for their water, mineral, and carbohydrate supplies. Members of the genus Orobanche and Phelipanche, belonging to the Orobanchaceae family (the broomrape family), are thus the final result of this evolutionary transition from autotrophism to heterotrophism. The underlying process of this trophic exploitation, governed by a fine-tuned molecular dialogue between both partners, is an extraordinary example of adaptive plant biology operated by these parasitic organisms in the course of evolution. This transition is associated with remarkable morphological and physiological adaptations, such as the requirement for the seeds to germinate to perceive molecules produced by host roots, the development of a novel organ, the haustorium, which invades host tissues and establishes a physiological continuum between the parasite and the host, the establishment of a sink strength required for translocation of host resources, the loss of photosynthesis, and a reduced leaf and root architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Delavault
- 1Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, University of Nantes, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fernández-Aparicio M, Kisugi T, Xie X, Rubiales D, Yoneyama K. Low strigolactone root exudation: a novel mechanism of broomrape (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) resistance available for faba bean breeding. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7063-71. [PMID: 24974726 DOI: 10.1021/jf5027235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Faba bean yield is severely constrained in the Mediterranean region and Middle East by the parasitic weeds Orobanche crenata, O. foetida, and Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Seed germination of these weeds is triggered upon recognition of host root exudates. Only recently faba bean accessions have been identified with resistance based in low induction of parasitic seed germination, but the underlying mechanism was not identified. Strigolactones are a group of terpenoid lactones involved in the host recognition by parasitic plants. Our LC-MS/MS analysis of root exudates of the susceptible accession Prothabon detected orobanchol, orobanchyl acetate, and a novel germination stimulant. A time course analysis indicated that their concentration increased with plant age. However, low or undetectable amounts of these germination stimulants were detected in root exudates of the resistant lines Quijote and Navio at all plant ages. A time course analysis of seed germination induced by root exudates of each faba bean accession indicated important differences in the ability to stimulate parasitic germination. Results presented here show that resistance to parasitic weeds based on low strigolactone exudation does exist within faba bean germplasm. Therefore, selection for this trait is feasible in a breeding program. The remarkable fact that low induction of germination is similarly operative against O. crenata, O. foetida, and P. aegyptiaca reinforces the value of this resistance.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wagner G, Charton S, Lariagon C, Laperche A, Lugan R, Hopkins J, Frendo P, Bouchereau A, Delourme R, Gravot A, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ. Metabotyping: a new approach to investigate rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genetic diversity in the metabolic response to clubroot infection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1478-91. [PMID: 22809276 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0032-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Clubroot disease affects all Brassicaceae spp. and is caused by the obligate biotroph pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. The development of galls on the root system is associated with the establishment of a new carbon metabolic sink. Here, we aimed to deepen our knowledge of the involvement of primary metabolism in the Brassica napus response to clubroot infection. We studied the dynamics and the diversity of the metabolic responses to the infection. Root system metabotyping was carried out for 18 rapeseed genotypes displaying different degrees of symptom severity, under inoculated and noninoculated conditions at 42 days postinoculation (dpi). Clubroot susceptibility was positively correlated with clubroot-induced accumulation of several amino acids. Although glucose and fructose accumulated in some genotypes with minor symptoms, their levels were negatively correlated to the disease index across the whole set of genotypes. The dynamics of the metabolic response were studied for the susceptible genotype 'Yudal,' which allowed an "early" metabolic response (established from 14 to 28 dpi) to be differentiated from a "late" response (from 35 dpi). We discuss the early accumulation of amino acids in the context of the establishment of a nitrogen metabolic sink and the hypothetical biological role of the accumulation of glutathione and S-methylcysteine.
Collapse
|
26
|
Péron T, Véronési C, Mortreau E, Pouvreau JB, Thoiron S, Leduc N, Delavault P, Simier P. Role of the sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 gene in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:402-11. [PMID: 22088196 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-11-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phelipanche ramosa L. (Pomel) is a major root-parasitic weed attacking many important crops. Success in controlling this parasite is rare and a better understanding of its unique biology is needed to develop new specific control strategies. In the present study, quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that sucrose synthase encoding PrSus1 transcripts accumulate at their highest level once the parasite is connected to the host (tomato) vascular system, mainly in the parasite tubercles, which bear numerous adventitious roots. In situ hybridization experiments revealed strong PrSus1 expression in both shoot and root apices, especially in shoot apical meristems and in the vascular tissues of scale leaves and stems, and in the apical meristems and developing xylem in roots. In addition, immunolocalization experiments showed that a sucrose synthase protein co-localized with cell-wall thickening in xylem elements. These findings highlight the role of PrSus1 in the utilization of host-derived sucrose in meristematic areas and in cellulose biosynthesis in differentiating vascular elements. We also demonstrate that PrSus1 is downregulated in response to 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid-induced inhibition of polar auxin transport in the host stem, suggesting that PrSus1 activity in xylem maturation is controlled by host-derived auxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Péron
- LUNAM Université Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Draie R, Péron T, Pouvreau JB, Véronési C, Jégou S, Delavault P, Thoiron S, Simier P. Invertases involved in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa: characterization of the dominant soluble acid isoform, PrSAI1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:638-52. [PMID: 21726369 PMCID: PMC6640459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phelipanche ramosa L. parasitizes major crops, acting as a competitive sink for host photoassimilates, especially sucrose. An understanding of the mechanisms of sucrose utilization in parasites is an important step in the development of new control methods. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the invertase gene family in P. ramosa and analysed its involvement in plant development. Invertase-encoded cDNAs were isolated using degenerate primers corresponding to highly conserved regions of invertases. In addition to enzyme assays, gene expression was analysed using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction during overall plant development. The dominant isoform was purified and sequenced using electrospray ionization-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS/MS). Five invertase-encoded cDNAs were thus characterized, including PrSai1 which encodes a soluble acid invertase (SAI). Of the five invertases, PrSai1 transcripts and SAI activity were dominant in growing organs. The most active invertase corresponded to the PrSai1 gene product. The purified PrSAI1 displayed low pI and optimal pH values, specificity for β-fructofuranosides and inhibition by metallic ions and competitive inhibition by fructose. PrSAI1 is a typical vacuolar SAI that is actively involved in growth following both germination and attachment to host roots. In addition, germinated seeds displayed enhanced cell wall invertase activity (PrCWI) in comparison with preconditioned seeds, suggesting the contribution of this activity in the sink strength of infected roots during the subsequent step of root penetration. Our results show that PrSAI1 and, possibly, PrCWI constitute good targets for the development of new transgenic resistance in host plants using proteinaceous inhibitors or silencing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rida Draie
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales, Université de Nantes, IFR 149 QUASAV, EA 1157, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abbes Z, Kharrat M, Delavault P, Chaïbi W, Simier P. Osmoregulation and nutritional relationships between Orobanche foetida and faba bean. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009; 4:336-338. [PMID: 19794856 PMCID: PMC2664500 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.4.8192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at comparing the phloem composition of the tolerant XBJ90.03-16-1-1-1 and the susceptible Bachaar genotypes and the impact of the faba bean genotype on the levels of the major solutes and invertase activities in the parasite Orobanche foetida. In comparison to Bachaar, the XBJ90.03-161-1-1 genotype limited the growth of orobanche tubercles under in vitro conditions. The limited growth was due to low soluble invertase activity, low osmotic potential of the infected roots and the organic nitrogen deficiency of the host phloem sap. The faba bean genotype did not affect the osmoregulation process of O. foetida. Among the organic solutes, stachyose, hexoses, starch and free amino acids, mainly asparagine and aspartate were highly accumulated in orobanche. However, asparagine/aspartate, glutamine/glutamate, alanine, serine, gamma amino butyric acid, stachyose, sucrose were identified as the main organic components in the host phloem exudates. The key role of the enzymes α-galactosidase, asparagine synthetase and aspartate oxaloglutarate aminotransferase in the utilization of the host solutes is proposed in O. foetida parasitizing faba bean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zouhaier Abbes
- INRAT, Laboratoire des Grandes Cultures, Ariana, Tunisia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|