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Muñoz-Vargas MA, González-Gordo S, Aroca A, Romero LC, Gotor C, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Persulfidome of Sweet Pepper Fruits during Ripening: The Case Study of Leucine Aminopeptidase That Is Positively Modulated by H 2S. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:719. [PMID: 38929158 PMCID: PMC11200738 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein persulfidation is a thiol-based oxidative posttranslational modification (oxiPTM) that involves the modification of susceptible cysteine thiol groups present in peptides and proteins through hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thus affecting their function. Using sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits as a model material at different stages of ripening (immature green and ripe red), endogenous persulfidated proteins (persulfidome) were labeled using the dimedone switch method and identified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS). A total of 891 persulfidated proteins were found in pepper fruits, either immature green or ripe red. Among these, 370 proteins were exclusively present in green pepper, 237 proteins were exclusively present in red pepper, and 284 proteins were shared between both stages of ripening. A comparative analysis of the pepper persulfidome with that described in Arabidopsis leaves allowed the identification of 25% of common proteins. Among these proteins, glutathione reductase (GR) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) were selected to evaluate the effect of persulfidation using an in vitro approach. GR activity was unaffected, whereas LAP activity increased by 3-fold after persulfidation. Furthermore, this effect was reverted through treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT). To our knowledge, this is the first persulfidome described in fruits, which opens new avenues to study H2S metabolism. Additionally, the results obtained lead us to hypothesize that LAP could be involved in glutathione (GSH) recycling in pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Muñoz-Vargas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Angeles Aroca
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.A.); (L.C.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Luis C. Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.A.); (L.C.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; (A.A.); (L.C.R.); (C.G.)
| | - José M. Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Francisco J. Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain; (M.A.M.-V.); (S.G.-G.); (J.M.P.)
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Muñoz-Vargas MA, Taboada J, González-Gordo S, Palma JM, Corpas FJ. Characterization of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in sweet pepper fruits during ripening and its inhibition by nitration and reducing events. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:92. [PMID: 38466441 PMCID: PMC10927865 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Pepper fruits contain two leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) genes which are differentially modulated during ripening and by nitric oxide. The LAP activity increases during ripening but is negatively modulated by nitration. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) is an essential metalloenzyme that cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins but also metabolizes dipeptides and tripeptides. LAPs play a fundamental role in cell protein turnover and participate in physiological processes such as defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stresses, but little is known about their involvement in fruit physiology. This study aims to identify and characterize genes encoding LAP and evaluate their role during the ripening of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits and under a nitric oxide (NO)-enriched environment. Using a data-mining approach of the pepper plant genome and fruit transcriptome (RNA-seq), two LAP genes, designated CaLAP1 and CaLAP2, were identified. The time course expression analysis of these genes during different fruit ripening stages showed that whereas CaLAP1 decreased, CaLAP2 was upregulated. However, under an exogenous NO treatment of fruits, both genes were downregulated. On the contrary, it was shown that during fruit ripening LAP activity increased by 81%. An in vitro assay of the LAP activity in the presence of different modulating compounds including peroxynitrite (ONOO-), NO donors (S-nitrosoglutathione and nitrosocyteine), reducing agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH), L-cysteine (L-Cys), and cyanide triggered a differential response. Thus, peroxynitrite and reducing compounds provoked around 50% inhibition of the LAP activity in green immature fruits, whereas cyanide upregulated it 1.5 folds. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LAP in pepper fruits as well as of its regulation by diverse modulating compounds. Based on the capacity of LAP to metabolize dipeptides and tripeptides, it could be hypothesized that the LAP might be involved in the GSH recycling during the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Muñoz-Vargas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Taboada
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Estación Experimental del Zaidín Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Kania J, Krawczyk T, Gillner DM. Oilseed rape (Brassica napus): the importance of aminopeptidases in germination under normal and heavy metals stress conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6533-6541. [PMID: 34010498 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oilseed rape is one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, crucial in the food and feed industries. Different environment and climatic conditions can influence its sustainable cultivation and crop yield. Aminopeptidases are crucial enzymes in many physiological processes in all organisms, including humans, so it is important to learn their behavior in food and feed sources. This study presents, for the first time, a detailed discussion on the importance of aminopeptidases, during the oilseed rape germination process, under standard and stress conditions. RESULTS During the germination of oilseed rape under standard conditions, a significant increase in aminopeptidases activity toward N-terminal amino acids - phenylalanine (Phe), alanine (Ala), glycine (Gly), leucine (Leu), proline (Pro), methionine (Met) - was observed. The change was substrate specific, with the highest increase being observed for Gly (3.2-fold), followed by Ala (2.9-fold), Pro (2.5-fold), Met (1.5-fold), and Phe (1.3-fold). Generally, N-terminal Phe was preferentially cleaved. Germination under stress conditions, caused by several heavy metal ions (e.g. divalent copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead ions), negatively influenced the plants' growth and quality, but significantly enhanced the expression of genes encoding aminopeptidases (or potentially activated aminopeptidases precursors), which was related to the dramatic increase of their activity. CONCLUSIONS The activity/concentration of aminopeptidases in plants is adjusted to the needs at each stage of development and stress factors occurrence. The most significant increase of activity toward N-terminal Gly and Pro proved the key role of aminopeptidases in the defense mechanisms, by supplying the plants with osmoprotectants and organic nitrogen. The results provide new concepts of oilseed rape growth and cultivation under different conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kania
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Danuta M Gillner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
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Phosphinotripeptidic Inhibitors of Leucylaminopeptidases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105090. [PMID: 34065004 PMCID: PMC8151835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphinate pseudopeptide are analogs of peptides containing phosphinate moiety in a place of the amide bond. Due to this, the organophosphorus fragment resembles the tetrahedral transition state of the amide bond hydrolysis. Additionally, it is also capable of coordinating metal ions, for example, zinc or magnesium ions. These two properties of phosphinate pseudopeptides make them an ideal candidate for metal-related protease inhibitors. This research investigates the influence of additional residue in the P2 position on the inhibitory properties of phosphinopeptides. The synthetic strategy is proposed, based on retrosynthetic analysis. The N-C-P bond formation in the desired compounds is conveniently available from the three-component condensation of appropriate amino components, aldehydes, and hypophosphorous acid. One of the crucial synthetic steps is the careful selection of the protecting groups for all the functionals. Determination of the inhibitor activity of the obtained compounds has been done using UV-Vis spectroscopy and standard substrate L-Leu-p-nitroanilide toward the enzymes isolated from the porcine kidney (SsLAP, Sus scrofa Leucine aminopeptidase) and barley seeds (HvLAP, Hordeum vulgare Leucine aminopeptidase). An efficient procedure for the preparation of phosphinotripeptides has been performed. Activity test shown that introduction of additional residue into P2 position obtains the micromolar range inhibitors of SsLAP and HvLAP. Moreover, careful selection of the residue in the P2 position should improve its selectivity toward mammalian and plant leucyl aminopeptidases.
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Greenfield LM, Hill PW, Paterson E, Baggs EM, Jones DL. Do plants use root-derived proteases to promote the uptake of soil organic nitrogen? PLANT AND SOIL 2020; 456:355-367. [PMID: 33087989 PMCID: PMC7567722 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-020-04719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The capacity of plant roots to directly acquire organic nitrogen (N) in the form of oligopeptides and amino acids from soil is well established. However, plants have poor access to protein, the central reservoir of soil organic N. Our question is: do plants actively secrete proteases to enhance the breakdown of soil protein or are they functionally reliant on soil microorganisms to undertake this role? METHODS Growing maize and wheat under sterile hydroponic conditions with and without inorganic N, we measured protease activity on the root surface (root-bound proteases) or exogenously in the solution (free proteases). We compared root protease activities to the rhizosphere microbial community to estimate the ecological significance of root-derived proteases. RESULTS We found little evidence for the secretion of free proteases, with almost all protease activity associated with the root surface. Root protease activity was not stimulated under N deficiency. Our findings suggest that cereal roots contribute one-fifth of rhizosphere protease activity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that plant N uptake is only functionally significant when soil protein is in direct contact with root surfaces. The lack of protease upregulation under N deficiency suggests that root protease activity is unrelated to enhanced soil N capture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul W. Hill
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH UK
| | - Elizabeth M. Baggs
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Davey L. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW UK
- SoilsWest, UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
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N-Benzyl Residues as the P1' Substituents in Phosphorus-Containing Extended Transition State Analog Inhibitors of Metalloaminopeptidases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184334. [PMID: 32971789 PMCID: PMC7571175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl enzyme inhibitors containing an internal aminomethylphosphinic bond system (P(O)(OH)-CH2-NH) can be termed extended transition state analogs by similarity to the corresponding phosphonamidates (P(O)(OH)-NH). Phosphonamidate pseudopeptides are broadly recognized as competitive mechanism-based inhibitors of metalloenzymes, mainly hydrolases. Their practical use is, however, limited by hydrolytic instability, which is particularly restricting for dipeptide analogs. Extension of phosphonamidates by addition of the methylene group produces a P-C-N system fully resistant in water conditions. In the current work, we present a versatile synthetic approach to such modified dipeptides, based on the three-component phospha-Mannich condensation of phosphinic acids, formaldehyde, and N-benzylglycines. The last-mentioned component allowed for simple and versatile introduction of functionalized P1′ residues located on the tertiary amino group. The products demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity towards porcine and plant metalloaminopeptidases, while selected derivatives appeared very potent with human alanyl aminopeptidase (Ki = 102 nM for 6a). Analysis of ligand-protein complexes obtained by molecular modelling revealed canonical modes of interactions for mono-metallic alanyl aminopeptidases, and distorted modes for di-metallic leucine aminopeptidases (with C-terminal carboxylate, not phosphinate, involved in metal coordination). In general, the method can be dedicated to examine P1′-S1′ complementarity in searching for non-evident structures of specific residues as the key fragments of perspective ligands.
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Phosphonic Acid Analogues of Phenylglycine as Inhibitors of Aminopeptidases: Comparison of Porcine Aminopeptidase N, Bovine Leucine Aminopeptidase, Tomato Acidic Leucine Aminopeptidase and Aminopeptidase from Barley Seeds. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030139. [PMID: 31533309 PMCID: PMC6789573 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory activity of 14 racemic phosphonic acid analogs of phenylglycine, substituted in aromatic rings, towards porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) and barley seed aminopeptidase was determined experimentally. The obtained patterns of the inhibitory activity against the two enzymes were similar. The obtained data served as a basis for studying the binding modes of these inhibitors by pAPN using molecular modeling. It was found that their aminophosphonate fragments were bound in a highly uniform manner and that the difference in their affinities most likely resulted from the mode of substitution of their phenyl rings. The obtained binding modes towards pAPN were compared, with these predicted for bovine lens leucine aminopeptidase (blLAP) and tomato acidic leucine aminopeptidase (tLAPA). The performed studies indicated that the binding manner of the phenylglycine analogs to biLAP and tLAPA are significantly similar and differ slightly from that predicted for pAPN.
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Budič M, Cigić B, Šoštarič M, Sabotič J, Meglič V, Kos J, Kidrič M. The response of aminopeptidases of Phaseolus vulgaris to drought depends on the developmental stage of the leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:326-336. [PMID: 27783982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidases, together with other proteases, execute and regulate the total and specifically limited protein breakdown involved in plant physiology, raising the possibility of their involvement in response to drought. We have identified, in leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L., five aminopeptidases (E.C.3.4.11) whose levels of activity changed when three week old plants were subjected to drought. First, second and third trifoliate leaves were investigated separately. The aminopeptidases were first identified then isolated using ion exchange chromatography of leaf extracts. Three, named PvAP1, PvAP2 and PvAP4, are metallo aminopeptidases with broad substrate specificity, active against substrates conjugated to alanine and lysine. Two others, PvAP3 and PvAP5, are apparently serine aminopeptidases, the former active against substrates conjugated to phenylalanine and leucine, and the latter characterised by narrow specificity against substrates conjugated to phenylalanine. Their apparent molecular weights range from ∼37 kDa to ∼80 kDa. Levels of activity of individual aminopeptidases in both watered and drought stressed plants are shown to depend on the age of leaves. In watered plants they were generally highest in young, and very low in older, trifoliate leaves, the latter with the exception of PvAP5. Drought initiated an almost general increase of their activities, although to different extents, with the exception of PvAP4 and PvAP5 in young trifoliate leaves. Thus, in such studies it is necessary to investigate the effects of drought separately in leaves of different ages in order to elucidate the different complex and probably specific roles of aminopeptidases in the response of common bean to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruška Budič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Cigić
- Chair of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Šoštarič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Meglič
- Crop and Seed Science Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjetka Kidrič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Characterisation of the aminopeptidase from non-germinated winter rape (Brassica napus L.) seeds. Food Chem 2016; 207:180-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li SW, Lin LP, Chen SH, Fu MY, Wu GP. Purification and biochemical characterization of a puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase from black carp muscle. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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