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Yu T, Xin Y, Liu P. Effects of 6-Benzyladenine (6-BA) on the Filling Process of Maize Grains Placed at Different Ear Positions under High Planting Density. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3590. [PMID: 37896052 PMCID: PMC10610517 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing grain weight under dense planting conditions can further improve maize yield. 6-BA is known to be involved in regulating grain development and influencing grain weight. Maize grain development is closely linked to starch accumulation and hormone levels. In this work, the effects of applying 6-BA at the flowering stage under high density on the grain filling characteristics, starch content, starch synthesis critical enzyme activity, and endogenous hormones levels of maize grains (including inferior grains (IGs) and superior grains (SGs)) of two high-yielding summer maize varieties widely cultivated in China were investigated. The findings indicated that applying 6-BA significantly improved maize yield compared to the control, mainly as a result of increased grain weight due to a faster grain filling rate. Additionally, the activities of enzymes associated with starch synthesis, including sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and starch branching enzyme (SBE), were all increased following 6-BA application, thus facilitating starch accumulation in the grains. Applying 6-BA also increased the zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) levels, and reduced the gibberellin (GA3) level in the grains, which further improved grain filling. It is worth noting that IG had a poorer filling process than SG, possibly due to the low activities of critical enzymes for starch synthesis and imbalanced endogenous hormones levels. However, IG responded more strongly to exogenous 6-BA than SG. It appears that applying 6-BA is beneficial in improving filling characteristics, promoting starch accumulation by enhancing the activities of critical enzymes for starch synthesis, and altering endogenous hormones levels in the grains, thus improving grain filling and increasing the final grain weight and yield of maize grown under crowded conditions. These results provide theoretical and technical support for the further utilization of exogenous hormones in high-density maize production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Yuning Xin
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China;
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2
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Moderate soil drying improves physiological performances and kernel yield of maize. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Influence of Exogenous 28-Homobrassinolide Optimized Dosage and EDAH Application on Hormone Status, Grain Filling, and Maize Production. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenously applied phytohormones improve the endosperm cells and establish greater kernel sink capacity and grain filling, improving grain yield. In this study, 28-Homobrassinolide (HBR) dosages (20, 25, and 30 mg a. i. ha−1) were applied separately at the silking stage under controlled conditions, and EDAH (a mixture of ethephon and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate) dosage of 90 g a. i. ha−1 was sprayed at the jointing stage to enhance the lodging resistance. Our objective was to investigate whether the application of HBR under controlled conditions or with EDAH could enhance the grain filling rate by regulating endogenous hormones. The results showed that HBR at the silking stage significantly increased endogenous hormones (ABA, IAA, Z+ZR), hampered leaf senescence, enhanced photosynthetic, improved dry matter accumulation in grains, and increased the grain-filling period, filling rate, and thousand-grains weight. Additionally, HBR 25 and 30 mg a. i. ha−1 increased the final yield by 9.9% and 19.5% compared to the control (CK) in 2020 and 14.1% and 18.95% in 2021, respectively. There was no significant difference between the results obtained from HBR-controlled and EDAH treatments at the jointing stage. Thus, we conclude that spraying HBR 25~30 mg a. i. ha−1 under controlled conditions may increase the grain yield under normal weather conditions. In adverse weather conditions and heavy wind, spraying EDAH 90 g a. i. ha−1 at the jointing stage and HBR 30 mg a. i. ha−1 at the silking stage can enhance maize production.
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Zhang ZH, Li MM, Cao BL, Chen ZJ, Xu K. Grafting improves tomato yield under low nitrogen conditions by enhancing nitrogen metabolism in plants. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1077-1089. [PMID: 33616734 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To alleviate the effects of increasingly severe environmental conditions and meet the increasing demand for organic agricultural products, this paper studied tomato grafting under low nitrogen conditions in an effort to enhance yield and improve fruit quality by enhancing nitrogen metabolism. In this study, we screened for two tomato genotypes, a high nitrogen use efficiency genotype ('TMS-150') and a low nitrogen use efficiency genotype ('0301111'), using rootstocks from 25 tomato genotypes and studied the effects of tomato grafting on plant yield, fruit quality, nitrogen content, activities of key nitrogen metabolism enzymes, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) under different nitrogen fertilizer conditions. The results showed that the yield of the tomato plants, the activities of key enzymes during nitrogen metabolism, the contents of different forms of nitrogen, and the efficiency of nitrogen use were lower at low nitrogen fertilization levels and higher at higher nitrogen fertilization levels, while the measured indicators were the highest under the N40 nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Grafting tomatoes with high-NUE tomato seedlings as the rootstock resulted in significant increases in the nitrogen content and the activity of key enzymes, enhanced the NUE of tomato plants, increased tomato yield, and improved fruit quality compared to those of the seedlings grafted with low-NUE rootstock. Our results indicate that tomato plants grafted with high-NUE rootstock presented enhanced absorption and utilization of nitrogen and increased plant yield by promoting nitrogen metabolism at different nitrogen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Huan Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Ming Li
- Taishan Property Insurance Co., Ltd., Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Li Cao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Jing Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huanghuai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Ahmad S, Kamran M, Zhou X, Ahmad I, Meng X, Javed T, Iqbal A, Wang G, Su W, Wu X, Ahmad P, Han Q. Melatonin improves the seed filling rate and endogenous hormonal mechanism in grains of summer maize. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1059-1072. [PMID: 33206390 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The unpredictable precipitation and water deficit conditions in semiarid regions significantly reduce the yield of summer maize. The exogenous application of plant growth regulators can be used as a strategy to enhance plant stress tolerance and improve the growth and yield of maize under semiarid conditions. Here, we studied the protective role of melatonin application on maize yield using grain filling rate and hormonal crosstalk in maize grains. In the first field experiment, seeds were soaked with melatonin at a concentration of 0 (SM0 ), 25 (SM1 ), 50 (SM2 ), and 75 μM (SM3 ) μM. In contrast, in the second experiment, melatonin was applied on the foliage at the ninth leaf stage at a concentration of 0 (FM0 ), 25 (FM1 ), 50 (FM2 ), and 75 (FM3 ) μM. Our findings showed that melatonin treatments as seed soaking significantly increased single seed weight, seed filling rate in superior, medium and inferior seeds by regulating the hormone levels compared to foliar application. Application of melatonin significantly increased the zeatin+zeatin riboside (Z+ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and gibberellic acid (GA) contents. However, it significantly inhibited the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) during the seed filling period. The content of Z+ZR, IAA, and GA was positively correlated with the maximum seed filling rate, seed weight, and mean filling rate in middle, superior and lower seeds, while the ABA was negatively correlated. The ABA content in inferior seeds was positively correlated with the maximum and mean seed filling rate. In semiarid regions, melatonin treatment of SM2 and FM2 significantly increased the dry matter per plant, 100-grain weight, seed filling rate, IAA, Z+ZR, GA contents, ear characteristics, and maize yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nutrient Cycling and Farmland Conservation/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer in South Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xunbo Zhou
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiangping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Tehseen Javed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, China
| | - Anas Iqbal
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Plant Science Education, Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Wennan Su
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaorong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Pune, India
| | - Qingfang Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Ahmad I, Kamran M, Meng X, Ali S, Ahmad S, Gao Z, Liu T, Han Q. Hormonal changes with uniconazole trigger canopy apparent photosynthesis and grain filling in wheat crop in a semi-arid climate. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:139-150. [PMID: 32968872 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are important for the growth and development of plants. The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of foliar application of uniconazole (UCZ) at the four-leaf stage on hormone crosstalk and production of winter wheat. An experiment was carried out during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growth season in a semi-arid region, where UCZ at a concentration of 0 (CK, distilled water), 15 (FU15), 30 (FU30), and 45 (FU45) mg L-1 were sprayed on wheat crop at the four-leaf stage at a rate of 138.8 mL m-2. UCZ alters the endogenous hormone contents in flag leaves and in grains. UCZ inhibited gibberellic acid (GA) in flag leaves and in grains where the lower GA with UCZ improved the zeatin + zeatin riboside (Z + ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents. The lower GA and higher Z + ZR and ABA contents with UCZ-treated plants improved the chlorophyll content and canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP) as well as the grain-filling characteristics. The Z + ZR and ABA in flag leaves were positively correlated with chlorophyll content and CAP value while negatively with GA. Moreover, the Z + ZR and ABA were positively correlated with maximum grain weight, mean grain-filling rate, and maximum grain-filling rate, while negatively with GA level. Treatment FU30 significantly improved the chlorophyll content, CAP value, spike weight, grain-filling characteristics, and hormone contents of Z + ZR and ABA while it decreased the GA level. The hormone crosstalk with UCZ significantly increased the yield of wheat crop, where FU30 treatment performs better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangping Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shahzad Ali
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Tiening Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingfang Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-Ecology and Tillage Science in North-Western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Yue K, Li L, Xie J, Liu Y, Xie J, Anwar S, Fudjoe SK. Nitrogen Supply Affects Yield and Grain Filling of Maize by Regulating Starch Metabolizing Enzyme Activities and Endogenous Hormone Contents. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:798119. [PMID: 35185953 PMCID: PMC8847167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.798119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of nitrogen (N) application rate and time on yield, grain filling, starch metabolizing enzymes, and hormones of maize based on a long-term field experiment initiated in 2012. The total N fertilizer dose [(0 (N0), 100 (N1), 200 (N2), and 300 (N3) kg N ha-1] was split into two (T1, one-third at sowing and two-thirds at the six-leaf stage) or three (T2, one-third each at sowing, six-leaf, and eleven-leaf stage) times application. The results showed that the highest yield was obtained under N3T2, N2T1, and N3T2 in 2018, 2019, and 2020, which was 222.49, 185.31, and 194.00% than that of N0 in each year, respectively. N2 and N3 significantly increased the yield through enhancing ears ha-1, grains per plant, and 100-grain weight; however, N2 and N3 did not show a significant difference in yield and above-yield components. In addition, N application time did not significantly change yield under the same N rate. N0 limited the activities of starch metabolizing enzymes, resulting in insufficient accumulation of sucrose and starch. The contents of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, abscisic acid, and gibberellin were decreased under N0 during grain filling. The average grain-filling rate and maximum grain-filling rate (G max) and grain weight increment achieving G max increased under N2 and N3, and the grain-filling parameters were positively correlated with 100-grain weight. In conclusion, 200 kg N ha-1 with one-third application at sowing and two-thirds application at the six-leaf stage is a suitable N supply way to improve starch metabolizing enzymes, regulate hormone content, and enhance grain-filling rates, and thus increasing the maize yield in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Li,
| | - Junhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaoquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Xie
- Institute of Crop Science, Xinjiang Academy of Agri-Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Sumera Anwar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Setor Kwami Fudjoe
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Ahmad I, Kamran M, Meng X, Ali S, Bilegjargal B, Cai T, Liu T, Han Q. Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Seed Filling, Endogenous Hormone Contents and Maize Production in Semiarid Regions. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2019; 38:1467-1480. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-019-09949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Wei S, Wang X, Li G, Qin Y, Jiang D, Dong S. Plant Density and Nitrogen Supply Affect the Grain-Filling Parameters of Maize Kernels Located in Different Ear Positions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:180. [PMID: 30881365 PMCID: PMC6405445 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although yield output of maize (Zea mays L.) has improved markedly over the last century, procedures for improving the grain-filling process remain elusive. Our aim in this study was to relate grain-filling variation in maize (including kernels in apical and middle positions in the ears) to plant density and nitrogen (N) application rate using a crossed experimental design. We also investigated changes in zeatin riboside (ZR), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and gibberellic acid (GA) in the kernels during the grain-filling period. Two high-yield maize varieties cultivated extensively in China were field grown under normal (67,500 pl ha-1) and high (97,500 pl ha-1) densities, and supplied with low, normal and high (0, 180, and 360 kg N ha-1) concentrations of N. Kernel weight (KW), the maximum grain-filling rate (Gmax), the average grain-filling rate (Gave), and the kernel weight increment achieving Gmax (Wmax) were all significantly depressed under high density (HD) conditions, but increased N supply partially offset the losses. The apical kernels were more sensitive to density and N application rate than middle kernels. Correlation analysis indicated that plant density and N rate affected KW mainly by influencing the grain-filling rate. Variation in ZR, IAA, and ABA content tracked the variation in KW, but variation in GA content did not. Furthermore, the grain-filling parameters (closely related to TKW) had strong canonical correlation with the content of all hormones across the filling period and ZR content had the strongest relationship. Based on our study, high N supply is beneficial to optimize grain-filling parameters and improve KW of maize kernels under crowded condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wei
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuting Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Ahmad I, Kamran M, Ali S, Cai T, Bilegjargal B, Liu T, Han Q. Seed filling in maize and hormones crosstalk regulated by exogenous application of uniconazole in semiarid regions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33225-33239. [PMID: 30255270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In semiarid regions, deficit and unpredictable precipitation results in yield losses. Uniconazole is a plant growth regulator and its application is beneficial in water saving agriculture and improves maize production in semiarid regions. In order to determine the effects of uniconazole application on seed filling and hormonal changes of maize, a field study was conducted in the summer of 2015 and 2016. Seeds were soaked in uniconazole at concentration of 0 (SCK), 25 (S25), 50 (S50), and 75 (S75) mg kg-1, while in the second experiment, uniconazole was applied to the foliage at concentration of 0 (FCK), 25 (F25), 50 (F50), and 75 (F75) mg L-1 at the eight-leaf. Uniconazole application significantly improves the seed filling rates by regulating the endogenous hormones contents. Uniconazole seed soaking treatments improved significantly the seed filling rate of superior, middle, and inferior seeds compared with foliar application treatments. Uniconazole improved significantly the zeatin (Z) + zeatin riboside (ZR) and abscisic acid (ABA) contents while reducing the gibberellic acid (GA) content in the seeds during the process of seed filling. The Z + ZR and ABA contents were significantly positively correlated while the GA content was negatively correlated with maximum seed weight, maximum seed filling rates, and mean seed filling rates. Treatments S25 and F25 significantly improved the above dry matter accumulation plant-1, seed filling rates, ABA, Z + ZR contents, characters of ear, and grain yield while reduced the GA content. It is concluded from our results that the uniconazole application at concentration of 25 mg kg-1 as seed soaking or 25 mg L-1 foliar applied at the eight-leaf stage is beneficial to improve the seed filling rates and grain yield of maize in semiarid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmad
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shahzad Ali
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tie Cai
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bayasgalan Bilegjargal
- College of Economics and Management, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiening Liu
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingfang Han
- College of Agronomy, Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in North-western Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Li C, Li C, Wang B, Zhang R, Fu K, Gale WJ, Li C. Programmed cell death in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm cells is affected by drought stress. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1039-1052. [PMID: 29380071 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drought frequently occurs during wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain filling. The objectives of this study were (i) to investigate the effect of post-anthesis drought on programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat endosperm cells and (ii) to examine the role of ethylene (ETH) receptors and abscisic acid (ABA) in regulating wheat endosperm PCD. Two winter wheat cultivars ('Xindong 18' and 'Xindong 22') were used in this study. Grain samples were collected from normal and drought stressed plants at 5-day intervals between 5 and 35 days post-anthesis. The samples were then compared with respect to cell viability, nuclear morphometry, cell ultrastructure, DNA integrity, nucleic acid content, and nuclease activity. Analysis was also conducted about gene transcripts related to PCD, ETH receptors, and ABA biosynthesis and degradation. Drought stress reduced cell viability, accelerated nuclear deformation, and increased mitochondrial dissolution. The activity of nucleic acid hydrolase was greater, and the nucleic acid concentrations were less in the drought treatments than in the control. As a result, the peak in DNA fragmentation occurred earlier in the drought treatment. Drought stress significantly increased the expression of four genes related to ABA (nced1, nced2, ao1, ao2). In contrast, drought significantly reduced the expression of four genes related to ETH receptors (ers1, ers2 etr1, etr2) and one gene related to PCD (dad1). In summary, the results indicated that drought stress caused PCD to occur earlier in the endosperm of winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Runqi Zhang
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyong Fu
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - William J Gale
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People's Republic of China.
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Colasuonno P, Marcotuli I, Lozito ML, Simeone R, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) Genes Involved in the Accumulation of Carotenoid Pigments in Wheat Grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:863. [PMID: 28596779 PMCID: PMC5443152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) enzyme (EC 1.2.3.1) catalyzes the final steps of carotenoid catabolism and it is a key enzyme in the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis. AO isoforms are located in the cytosolic compartment of tissues in many plants, where induce the oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acid, and in addition, catalyze the hydroxylation of some heterocycles. The goal of the present study was to characterize the AO genes involved in the accumulation of carotenoid pigments in wheat grain, an important quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. The cDNAs corresponding to the four AO isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana and five AO isoforms from Brachypodium distachyon were used as query in 454 sequence assemblies data for Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring (https://urgi.versailles.inra.fr/blast/blast.php) to obtain the partial or whole orthologous wheat AO sequences. Three wheat isoforms, designated AO1, AO2, and AO3 were located on the chromosome groups 2, 5, and 7, respectively, and mapped on two consensus wheat maps by SNP markers located within the AO gene sequences. To validate the possible relationships between AO3 genes and carotenoid accumulation in wheat, the expression levels of AO-A3 and AO-B3 gene were determined during the kernel maturation stage of two durum wheat cultivars, Ciccio and Svevo, characterized by a low and high carotenoid content, respectively. Different AO-A3 gene expression values were observed between the two cultivars indicating that the AO-A3 allele present in Ciccio was more active in carotenoid degradation. A gene marker was developed and can be used for marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Maria L. Lozito
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Simeone
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
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