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Peel MD, Anower MR, Wu Y. Breeding Efficiency for Salt Tolerance in Alfalfa. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2188. [PMID: 38004328 PMCID: PMC10672560 DOI: 10.3390/life13112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), one of the most extensively grown forage crops, is sensitive to saline soils. We measured the breeding efficiency for increased salt tolerance in alfalfa by comparing lines selected from BC79S, CS, and SII populations with their unselected parental means for forage mass and associated changes in stem length, leaf-to-stem ratio (LSR), number of nodes per stem, crude protein (CP) content, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. The overall forage mass in the non-salt-stressed test (9562 kg ha-1) was greater (p < 0.001) than under salt stress (5783 kg ha-1), with a 40% production advantage. In the non-salt-stressed test, the BC79S and CS lines averaged at a 4% lower production than their parents, while SII lines had on average a 9% greater production. Conversely, in the salt-stressed test, all lines showed a 20% overall greater seasonal production than their parents. Some selected lines produced more forage mass in both the non-stressed and salt-stressed tests than their parents. The stem length, LSR, node number, CP content, and NDF content of the selected lines varied with respect to non-stressed vs. stressed, but they tended not to differ greatly from their respective parental means under either non- or salt-stressed conditions. The selection protocol provided a universal increase in forage mass under salt-stressed field conditions of the selected lines. Furthermore, we identified lines with forage mass values greater than their parental means under non- and salt-stressed field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yajun Wu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Chen Z, Guo Z, Xu N, Cao X, Niu J. Graphene nanoparticles improve alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth through multiple metabolic pathways under salinity-stressed environment. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 289:154092. [PMID: 37716315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, one of the emerging carbon nanomaterials, has many advantages and applications. Salinity stress seriously affects ecology and agroforestry worldwide. The effects of graphene on alfalfa under salinity stress were investigated. The results indicated that graphene promoted alfalfa growth under non-salinity stress but caused some degree of damage to root cells and leaf parameters. Graphene used in salinity stress had a positive effect on growth parameters, chlorophyll, photosynthetic gas parameters, stomatal opening, ion balance, osmotic homeostasis, cell membrane integrity and antioxidant system, while it decreased Na+, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species levels. Correlation analysis revealed that most of the parameters were significantly correlated; and principal component analysis indicated that the first two dimensions (78.1% and 4.1%) explained 82.2% of the total variability, and the majority of them exceeded the average contribution. Additionally, Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that there were numerous differentially expressed genes and pathways to regulate alfalfa responding to salinity stress. Taken together, the findings reveal that graphene does not enter the plant, but improves the properties and adsorption of soil to enhance salt tolerance and seedling growth of alfalfa through morphological, physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic aspects. Furthermore, this study provides a reference for the application of graphene to improve soil environment and agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhipeng Guo
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xinlong Cao
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Junpeng Niu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Salinity Stress Ameliorates Pigments, Minerals, Polyphenolic Profiles, and Antiradical Capacity in Lalshak. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010173. [PMID: 36671036 PMCID: PMC9855230 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that salinity eustress enhances the nutritional and bioactive compounds and antiradical capacity (ARC) of vegetables and increases the food values for nourishing human diets. Amaranth is a salinity-resistant, rapidly grown C4 leafy vegetable with diverse variability and usage. It has a high possibility to enhance nutritional and bioactive compounds and ARC by the application of salinity eustress. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride stress response in a selected Lalshak (A. gangeticus) genotype on minerals, ascorbic acid (AsA), Folin−Ciocalteu reducing capacity, beta-carotene (BC), total flavonoids (TF), pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC. A high-yield, high-ARC genotype (LS6) was grown under conditions of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM sodium chloride in four replicates following a block design with complete randomization. We recognized nine copious polyphenolic compounds in this accession for the first time. Minerals, Folin−Ciocalteu reducing capacity, AsA, BC, pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC of Lalshak were augmented progressively in the order: 0 < 25 < 50 < 100 mM sodium chloride. At 50 mM and 100 mM salt concentrations, minerals, AsA, Folin−Ciocalteu reducing capacity, BC, TF, pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC of Lalshak were much greater than those of the control. Lalshak could be used as valuable food for human diets as a potent antioxidant. Sodium chloride-enriched Lalshak provided outstanding quality to the final product in terms of minerals, AsA, Folin−Ciocalteu reducing capacity, BC, TF, pigments, polyphenolic profiles, and ARC. We can cultivate it as a promising alternative crop in salinity-prone areas of the world.
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Jalili S, Ehsanpour AA, Javadirad SM. The role of melatonin on caspase-3-like activity and expression of the genes involved in programmed cell death (PCD) induced by in vitro salt stress in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2022; 63:19. [PMID: 35689706 PMCID: PMC9188634 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-022-00348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most cultivated forage plant as a model in legumes. Salinity stress due to Na+ toxicity causes severe, oxidative stress as a main reason for program cell death (PCD) in plants. Melatonin application can increase plant productivity in response to diverse stressors via modulating plant antioxidant mechanisms and PCD inhibition in plants. RESULTS Alfalfa roots were subjected to different concentrations of in vitro salinity supplemented with melatonin (0.1, 10 and 15 µM) for ten days. Application of melatonin under salinity stress reduced ROS, H2O2 and [Formula: see text] content and showed a dramatic impact on TTC reduction and augmented cell viability. Interestingly, melatonin inhibited caspase 3-like protease activity and could decrease DNA fragmentation induced by salinity while increased expression of anti-apoptotic genes BI-1, UCP1-UCP2 involved in PCD pathway. In contrast, in 300 mM salinity, γVPE gene as a proapoptotic of PCD down-regulated significantly. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, present data showed that, melatonin plays a major function in preventing PCD in alfalfa root meristem cells. We attempted to offer a mechanism for the function of melatonin as an anti-apoptotic agent by demonstrating significant actions of melatonin on mitochondria proteins, such as UCPs, in a manner similar to animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Jalili
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Ehsanpour
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Morteza Javadirad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Sun J, Zhao J, Zhang T, Yu L, Jin K. Effects of a Furrow-Bed Seeding System on Stand Establishment, Soil Bacterial Diversity, and the Yield and Quality of Alfalfa Under Saline Condition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:919912. [PMID: 35755687 PMCID: PMC9225151 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress account for large decreases in crop yield all over the world. Furrow-bed system is an efficient practice to promote plant growth in saline soil. However, the effects of Furrow-bed system on the soil environment and the growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in salinity are not clear. For a wider and more detail evaluation, alfalfa were planted in saline sandy loam soil in fall, the effects of two plant systems (FU, furrow-bed seeding system; FL, flat-bed seeding system) on soil moisture, root zone salinity, soil microbial community structure, seedling emergence number in the early stage of the growth period and soil nutrient contents, alfalfa production characteristics in the second growth year were determined in a 2-year field experiment. The result showed that, compared with FL, FU resulted in increased soil moisture content and seedling emergence, and significantly reduced relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Choroflexi in soil, but it did not affect root zone salinity at the seedling stage. In April of second growth year, the soil salinity was lower, and the soil available phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, and soil organic matter contents of the root zone were higher in FU than in FL. Compared with FL, FU resulted in increased yield (by 37.5%), protein content (by 3.6%), and potassium concentration (by 33.2%), and decreased ash content (by 7.7%), and sodium concentration (by 19.0%) in alfalfa plants. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that the increased yield was positively correlated with seedling emergence, soil available potassium, total nitrogen, and organic matter contents, and shoot potassium content and negatively correlated with shoot sodium content. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria was negatively correlated with alfalfa ash, calcium, and sodium concentrations, and positively correlated with shoot potassium content. Taken together, the results indicate that Furrow-bed seeding in early fall alleviated salt stress of alfalfa and have the potential to enhance the yield and quality of alfalfa cultivated in saline soils by improving the soil environment and regulating the growth and physiology of alfalfa. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Sun
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Grassland Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinmei Zhao
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Grassland Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Tengwei Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Grassland Science, Hohhot, China
| | - Linqing Yu
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Ke Jin
- Institute of Grassland Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Grassland Science, Hohhot, China
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Wang Y, Yang P, Zhou Y, Hu T, Zhang P, Wu Y. A proteomic approach to understand the impact of nodulation on salinity stress response in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:323-332. [PMID: 34870352 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes is an important source of nitrogen supply in sustainable agriculture. Salinity is a key abiotic stress that negatively affects host plant growth, rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation. This work investigates how the symbiotic relationship impacts plant response to salinity stress. We assayed the physiological changes and the proteome profile of alfalfa plants with active nodules (NA), inactive nodules (NI) or without nodules (NN) when plants were subjected to salinity stress. Our data suggest that NA plants respond to salinity stress through some unique signalling regulations. NA plants showed upregulation of proteins related to cell wall remodelling and reactive oxygen species scavenging, and downregulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis and degradation. The data also show that NA plants, together with NI plants, upregulated proteins involved in photosynthesis, carbon fixation and respiration, anion transport and plant defence against pathogens. The study suggests that the symbiotic relationship gave the host plant a better capacity to adjust key processes, probably to more efficiently use energy and resources, deal with oxidative stress, and maintain ion homeostasis and health during salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - P Yang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Y Zhou
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, Australia
| | - T Hu
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - P Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Singh M, Nara U, Kumar A, Choudhary A, Singh H, Thapa S. Salinity tolerance mechanisms and their breeding implications. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:173. [PMID: 34751850 PMCID: PMC8578521 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The era of first green revolution brought about by the application of chemical fertilizers surely led to the explosion of food grains, but left behind the notable problem of salinity. Continuous application of these fertilizers coupled with fertilizer-responsive crops make the country self-reliant, but continuous deposition of these led to altered the water potential and thus negatively affecting the proper plant functioning from germination to seed setting. MAIN BODY Increased concentration of anion and cations and their accumulation and distribution cause cellular toxicity and ionic imbalance. Plants respond to salinity stress by any one of two mechanisms, viz., escape or tolerate, by either limiting their entry via root system or controlling their distribution and storage. However, the understanding of tolerance mechanism at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels will provide an insight for the identification of related genes and their introgression to make the crop more resilient against salinity stress. SHORT CONCLUSION Novel emerging approaches of plant breeding and biotechnologies such as genome-wide association studies, mutational breeding, marker-assisted breeding, double haploid production, hyperspectral imaging, and CRISPR/Cas serve as engineering tools for dissecting the in-depth physiological mechanisms. These techniques have well-established implications to understand plants' adaptions to develop more tolerant varieties and lower the energy expenditure in response to stress and, constitutively fulfill the void that would have led to growth resistance and yield penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India.
| | - Usha Nara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Antul Kumar
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Anuj Choudhary
- Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Hardeep Singh
- Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Sittal Thapa
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
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Bhattarai S, Liu N, Karunakaran C, Tanino KK, Fu YB, Coulman B, Warkentin T, Biligetu B. Tissue specific changes in elements and organic compounds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance under salt stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 264:153485. [PMID: 34358945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a global concern and often the primary factor contributing to land degradation, limiting crop growth and production. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a low input high value forage legume with a wide adaptation. Examining the tissue-specific responses to salt stress will be important to understanding physiological changes of alfalfa. The responses of two alfalfa cultivars (salt tolerant 'Halo', salt intolerant 'Vernal') were studied for 12 weeks in five gradients of salt stress in a sand based hydroponic system in the greenhouse. The accumulation and localization of elements and organic compounds in different tissues of alfalfa under salt stress were evaluated using synchrotron beamlines. The pattern of chlorine accumulation for 'Halo' was: root > stem ~ leaf at 8 dSm-1, and root ~ leaf > stem at 12 dSm-1, potentially preventing toxic ion accumulation in leaf tissues. In contrast, for 'Vernal', it was leaf > stem ~ root at 8 dSm-1 and leaf > root ~ stem at 12 dSm-1. The distribution of chlorine in 'Halo' was relatively uniform in the leaf surface and vascular bundles of the stem. Amide concentration in the leaf and stem tissues was greater for 'Halo' than 'Vernal' at all salt gradients. This study determined that low ion accumulation in the shoot was a common strategy in salt tolerant alfalfa up to 8 dSm-1 of salt stress, which was then replaced by shoot tissue tolerance at 12 dSm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Bhattarai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Na Liu
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Chithra Karunakaran
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Karen K Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yong-Bi Fu
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Bruce Coulman
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Tom Warkentin
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Bill Biligetu
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Molecular characterization of the COPT/Ctr-type copper transporter family under heavy metal stress in alfalfa. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:644-652. [PMID: 33798576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In nature, heavy metals significantly affect crop growth and quality. Among various heavy metals, copper (Cu) is both essential and toxic to plants depending on the concentration and complex homeostatic networks. The Cu transporter family (COPT) plays important roles in Cu homeostasis, including absorption, transportation, and growth in plants; however, this gene family is still poorly understood in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In this study, a total of 12 MsCOPTs were identified and characterized. Based on the conserved motif and phylogenetic analysis, MsCOPTs could be divided into four subgroups (A1, A2, A3, and B). Gene structure, chromosomal location, and synteny analyses of MsCOPTs showed that segmental and tandem duplications likely contributed to their evolution. Tissue-specific expression analysis of MsCOPT genes indicated diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns. Most MsCOPT genes had high transcription levels in roots and nodules, indicating that these genes may play vital roles in the absorption and transport of Cu through root. The complementary heterologous expression function of yeast once again indicates that root-specific COPT can supplement the growth of defective yeast strains on YPEG medium, suggesting that these genes are Cu transporters. In summary, for the first time, our research identified COPT family genes at the whole-genome level to provide guidance for effectively improving the problem of Cu deficiency in the grass-livestock chain and provide theoretical support for the subsequent development of grass and animal husbandry.
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Sarker U, Oba S. The Response of Salinity Stress-Induced A. tricolor to Growth, Anatomy, Physiology, Non-Enzymatic and Enzymatic Antioxidants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559876. [PMID: 33178233 PMCID: PMC7596248 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was carried out to elucidate growth, anatomical, physiological, and major ROS detoxification pathways involved in the tolerance of A. tricolor under salinity stress. Both VA14 and VA3 varieties exhibited the reduction in relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments, growth, increased electrolyte leakage (EL), and leaf anatomy adaptation under salinity stress, whereas VA14 was well adapted and performed better compared to VA3. Higher ROS accumulation was demonstrated in the sensitive variety (VA3) in comparison to the tolerant variety (VA14). Salinity stress changed the cellular antioxidant pool by increasing total carotenoids, ascorbate, proline, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in both varieties. Although a higher increment was demonstrated in the tolerant variety, the proline increment was much more pronounced in the sensitive variety. Non-enzymatic antioxidant, ascorbate, carotenoids, TPC, TFC, TAC, and antioxidant enzymes SOD and APX were noted to be a major H2O2 detoxifier in the tolerant A. tricolor variety, where there is a comparatively lower H2O2 load. It was complemented by GPOX and CAT activity at a comparatively higher H2O2 load (in the sensitive variety). SOD contributed to the dismutation of superoxide radical (SOR) both in the tolerant and sensitive varieties; however, it greatly contributed to the dismutation of SOR in the tolerant variety. The increase in SOD, ascorbate, and APX makes it predominantly evident that SOD and the AsA-GSH cycle had greatly contributed to quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) of the tolerant variety of A. tricolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umakanta Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Shinya Oba
- Laboratory of Field Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Meng Y, Yin Q, Yan Z, Wang Y, Niu J, Zhang J, Fan K. Exogenous Silicon Enhanced Salt Resistance by Maintaining K +/Na + Homeostasis and Antioxidant Performance in Alfalfa Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1183. [PMID: 32983188 PMCID: PMC7479291 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has been known to enhance salt resistance in plants. In this experiment, 4-weeks-old alfalfa seedlings were exposed to different NaCl concentrations (0-200 mM) with or without 2 mM Si for two weeks. The results showed that NaCl-stressed alfalfa seedlings showed a decrease in growth performance, such as stem extension rate, predawn leaf water potential (LWP) and the chlorophyll content, potassium (K+) concentration, as well as the ratio of potassium/sodium ion (K+/Na+). In contrast, NaCl-stressed alfalfa seedlings increased leaf Na+ concentration and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in alfalfa leaves. Besides, exogenous Si application enhanced photosynthetic parameters of NaCl-stressed alfalfa seedlings, which was accompanied by the improvement in predawn LWP, level of chlorophyll content, and water use efficiency (WUE). The Si-treated plants enhanced salinity tolerance by limiting Na+ accumulation while maintaining K+ concentration in leaves. It also established K+/Na+ homeostasis by increasing K+/Na+ radio to protect the leaves from Na+ toxicity and thereby maintained higher chlorophyll retention. Simultaneously, Si-treated plants showed higher antioxidant activities and decreased MDA content under NaCl stress. Our study concluded that Si application enhanced salt tolerance of alfalfa through improving the leaves photosynthesis, enhancing antioxidant performance and maintaining K+/Na+ homeostasis in leaves. Our data further indicated exogenous Si application could be effectively manipulated for improving salt resistance of alfalfa grown in saline soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfa Meng
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhijian Yan
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Jianming Niu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
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Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Responses to Salt Stress in Alfalfa: A Review. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important legume forage crop. However, its genetic improvement for salt tolerance is challenging, as alfalfa’s response to salt stress is genetically and physiologically complex. A review was made to update the knowledge of morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genetic responses of alfalfa plants to salt stress, and to discuss the potential of applying modern plant technologies to enhance alfalfa salt-resistant breeding, including genomic selection, RNA-Seq analysis, and cutting-edge Synchrotron beamlines. It is clear that alfalfa salt tolerance can be better characterized, genes conditioning salt tolerance be identified, and new marker-based tools be developed to accelerate alfalfa breeding for salt tolerance.
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Ca2+/Na+ Ratio as a Critical Marker for Field Evaluation of Saline-Alkaline Tolerance in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current indices of saline-alkaline (SA) tolerance are mainly based on the traditional growth and physiological indices for salinity tolerance and likely affect the accuracy of alfalfa tolerance predictions. We determined whether the inclusion of soil alkalinity-affected indices, particularly Ca2+, Mg2+, and their ratios to Na+ in plants, based on the traditional method could improve the prediction accuracy of SA tolerance in alfalfa, determine important indices for SA tolerance, and identify suitable alfalfa cultivars in alkaline salt-affected soils. Fifty alfalfa cultivars were evaluated for their SA tolerance under SA and non-SA field conditions. The SA-tolerance coefficient (SATC) for each investigated index of the alfalfa shoot was calculated as the ratio of SA to non-SA field conditions, and the contribution of SATC under different growth and physiological indices to SA tolerance was quantified based on the inclusion/exclusion of special alkalinity-affected indices. The traditional method, excluding the special alkalinity-affected indices, explained nearly all of the variation in alfalfa SA tolerance, and the most important predictor was the SATC of stem length. The new method, which included these special alkalinity-affected indices, had similar explanatory power but instead identified the SATC of shoot Ca2+/Na+ ratio, followed by that of stem length, as key markers for the field evaluation of SA tolerance. Ca2+, Mg2+, and their ratios to Na+ hold promise for enhancing the robustness of SA-tolerance predictions in alfalfa. These results encourage further investigation into the involvement of Ca2+ in such predictions in other plant species and soil types under more alkaline salt-affected conditions.
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Lou Y, Guan R, Sun M, Han F, He W, Wang H, Song F, Cui X, Zhuge Y. Spermidine application alleviates salinity damage to antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression in alfalfa. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:1323-1330. [PMID: 30244325 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether spermidine (Spd) application alleviates salinity-induced damage in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L), and explored defence mechanisms associated with stress-related ion balance, antioxidant metabolism, and gene expression. We examined the response of 30-day-old alfalfa maintained in hydroponic culture tests for 7 days and subjected to one of six treatments: half-strength Hoagland solution (control); 1% NaCl; 10 μM Spd + 1% NaCl; 20 μM Spd + 1% NaCl; 40 μM Spd + 1% NaCl; and 60 μM Spd + 1% NaCl. In salinity-stressed plants, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a + b, and total protein showed significant decreases, while marked increases were detected in relative electrolyte leakage, H2O2 content, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR) activity, the Na+/K+ ratio, and APX1, APX2, GR, and SOD gene expression levels. Chlorophyll a and total protein content markedly increased under exogenous application of 20 μM Spd, while H2O2 content, GSH, SOD, CAT, POD, GR activity, the Na+/K+ ratio, and APX2, GR, and SOD expression levels all decreased. These results indicated that exogenous application of 20 μM spermidine effectively alleviates salinity-induced damage in alfalfa. These findings could benefit alfalfa cultivation and promote the development and utilization of saline-alkali soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Lou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Rui Guan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Mingjie Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fei Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Wei He
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Hui Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fupeng Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiumin Cui
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yuping Zhuge
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Daizong Road, Tai'an City, Shandong, 271018, China.
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Lei Y, Xu Y, Hettenhausen C, Lu C, Shen G, Zhang C, Li J, Song J, Lin H, Wu J. Comparative analysis of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) leaf transcriptomes reveals genotype-specific salt tolerance mechanisms. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:35. [PMID: 29448940 PMCID: PMC5815232 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil salinity is an important factor affecting growth, development, and productivity of almost all land plants, including the forage crop alfalfa (Medicago sativa). However, little is known about how alfalfa responds and adapts to salt stress, particularly among different salt-tolerant cultivars. RESULTS Among seven alfalfa cultivars, we found that Zhongmu-1 (ZM) is relatively salt-tolerant and Xingjiang Daye (XJ) is salt-sensitive. Compared to XJ, ZM showed slower growth under low-salt conditions, but exhibited stronger tolerance to salt stress. RNA-seq analysis revealed 2237 and 1125 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ZM and XJ in the presence and absence of salt stress, among which many genes are involved in stress-related pathways. After salt treatment, compared with the controls, the number of DEGs in XJ (19373) was about four times of that in ZM (4833). We also detected specific differential gene expression patterns: In response to salt stress, compared with XJ, ZM maintained relatively more stable expression levels of genes related to the ROS and Ca2+ pathways, phytohormone biosynthesis, and Na+/K+ transport. Notably, several salt resistance-associated genes always showed greater levels of expression in ZM than in XJ, including a transcription factor. Consistent with the suppression of plant growth resulting from salt stress, the expression of numerous photosynthesis- and growth hormone-related genes decreased more dramatically in XJ than in ZM. By contrast, the expression levels of photosynthetic genes were lower in ZM under low-salt conditions. CONCLUSIONS Compared with XJ, ZM is a salt-tolerant alfalfa cultivar possessing specific regulatory mechanisms conferring exceptional salt tolerance, likely by maintaining high transcript levels of abiotic and biotic stress resistance-related genes. Our results suggest that maintaining this specific physiological status and/or plant adaptation to salt stress most likely arises by inhibition of plant growth in ZM through plant hormone interactions. This study identifies new candidate genes that may regulate alfalfa tolerance to salt stress and increases the understanding of the genetic basis for salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Lei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Chengkai Lu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Guojing Shen
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Juan Song
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201 China
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Sagers JK, Waldron BL, Creech JE, Mott IW, Bugbee B. Salinity tolerance of three competing rangeland plant species: Studies in hydroponic culture. Ecol Evol 2018; 7:10916-10929. [PMID: 29299269 PMCID: PMC5743640 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) is an invasive species that displaces Gardner's saltbush (Atriplex gardneri) on saline rangelands, whereas, forage kochia (Bassia prostrata) potentially can rehabilitate these ecosystems. Salinity tolerance has been hypothesized as the predominant factor affecting frequency of these species. This study compared relative salinity tolerance of these species, and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Plants were evaluated in hydroponics, eliminating the confounding effects of drought, for 28 days at 0, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, and 800 mmol/L NaCl. Survival, growth, and ion accumulation were determined. Alfalfa and tall wheatgrass shoot mass were reduced to 32% of the control at 150 mmol/L. Forage kochia survived to 600 mmol/L, but mass was reduced at all salinity levels. Halogeton and Gardner's saltbush increased or maintained shoot mass up to 400 mmol/L. Furthermore, both actively accumulated sodium in shoots, indicating that Na+ was the principle ion in osmotic adjustment, whereas, forage kochia exhibited passive (linear) Na+ accumulation as salinity increased. This study confirmed the halophytic nature of these three species, but, moreover, discovered that Gardner's saltbush was as saline tolerant as halogeton, whereas, forage kochia was less tolerant. Therefore, factors other than salinity tolerance drive these species’ differential persistence in saline‐desert ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Sagers
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Blair L Waldron
- Forage and Range Research Laboratory USDA Agricultural Research Service Logan UT USA
| | - Joseph Earl Creech
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department Utah State University Logan UT USA
| | - Ivan W Mott
- Forage and Range Research Laboratory USDA Agricultural Research Service Logan UT USA
| | - Bruce Bugbee
- Plants, Soils, and Climate Department Utah State University Logan UT USA
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Webb BA, Karl Compton K, Castañeda Saldaña R, Arapov TD, Keith Ray W, Helm RF, Scharf BE. Sinorhizobium meliloti chemotaxis to quaternary ammonium compounds is mediated by the chemoreceptor McpX. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:333-346. [PMID: 27748981 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti is attracted to seed exudates of its host plant alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Since quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are exuded by germinating seeds, we assayed chemotaxis of S. meliloti towards betonicine, choline, glycine betaine, stachydrine and trigonelline. The wild type displayed a positive response to all QACs. Using LC-MS, we determined that each germinating alfalfa seed exuded QACs in the nanogram range. Compared to the closely related nonhost species, spotted medic (Medicago arabica), unique profiles were released. Further assessments of single chemoreceptor deletion strains revealed that an mcpX deletion strain displayed little to no response to these compounds. Differential scanning fluorimetry showed interaction of the isolated periplasmic region of McpX (McpXPR and McpX34-306 ) with QACs. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed tight binding to McpXPR with dissociation constants (Kd ) in the nanomolar range for choline and glycine betaine, micromolar Kd for stachydrine and trigonelline and a Kd in the millimolar range for betonicine. Our discovery of S. meliloti chemotaxis to plant-derived QACs adds another role to this group of compounds, which are known to serve as nutrient sources, osmoprotectants and cell-to-cell signalling molecules. This is the first report of a chemoreceptor that mediates QACs taxis through direct binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Webb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - K Karl Compton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | | | - Timofey D Arapov
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - W Keith Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Birgit E Scharf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Quiroga M, Tommasino E, Griffa S, Ribotta A, Colomba EL, Carloni E, Grunberg K. Genotypic variation in response to salinity in a new sexual germplasm of Cenchrus ciliaris L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 102:53-61. [PMID: 26906150 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As part of a breeding program for new salt-tolerant sexual genotypes of Cenchrus ciliaris L., here we evaluated the salt-stress response of two new sexual hybrids, obtained by controlled crosses, at seedling and germination stages. A seedling hydroponic experiment with 300 mM NaCl was performed and physiological variables and growth components were evaluated. While salt-treated sexual material did not show a decrease in productivity with respect to control plants, a differential response in some physiological characteristics was observed. Sexual hybrid 1-9-1 did not suffer oxidative damage and its proline content did not differ from that of control treatment. By contrast, sexual hybrid 1-7-11 suffered oxidative damage and accumulated proline, maintaining its growth under saline stress. At the germination stage, sexual hybrid 1-9-1 presented the highest Germination Rate Index at the maximum NaCl concentration assayed, suggesting an ecological advantage in this genotype. These new sexual resources are promising maternal parental with differential response to salt and could be incorporated in a breeding program of C. ciliaris in the search of new genotypes tolerant to salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Quiroga
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Exequiel Tommasino
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Griffa
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Ribotta
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eliana López Colomba
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Carloni
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Karina Grunberg
- Instituto de Fisiología y Recursos Genéticos Vegetales, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IFRGV-CIAP-INTA), Camino 60 cuadras Km 5 ½, X5020ICA, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo de Nacional Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, CABA, Argentina
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Lu W, Guo C, Li X, Duan W, Ma C, Zhao M, Gu J, Du X, Liu Z, Xiao K. Overexpression of TaNHX3, a vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene in wheat, enhances salt stress tolerance in tobacco by improving related physiological processes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 76:17-28. [PMID: 24448321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth, development, and productivity. In this study, we functionally characterized a wheat vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter gene (TaNHX3). TaNHX3 is 78.9% identical with TaNHX2 in nucleic acid level, encoding a polypeptide of 522 amino acids (aa). TaNHX3 is targeted onto tonoplast after ER sorting and can complement the growth under salt stress in a yeast mutant with a defective vacuolar Na(+)/H(+) antiporter exchange. TaNHX3 transcripts were induced by applying salt stress in wheat cultivars. More TaNHX3 were detected in the salt-stress-resistant cultivar Ji 7369 compared with the salt-stress-sensitive cultivar Shimai 12 and Ji-Shi-3, an isogenic line derived from aforementioned cultivars with Shimai 12 genetic background. The ectopic TaNHX3 expression in tobacco significantly enhanced the plant tolerance to salt stress. Compared with control plants, the TaNHX3 overexpressing plants displayed no varied Na(+) contents and accumulated more Na(+) amount in plants. However, they exhibited higher fresh and dry weights, more accumulative nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, higher contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, soluble protein, higher activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase, and lower malondialdehyde and H2O2 amount. Our results indicated that TaNHX3 plays an important role in regulating the cytosolic Na(+) transportation within vacuoles under high salinity, alleviating the Na(+) damage effects. The improved salt stress tolerance in TaNHX3 overexpressing tobacco plants is closely associated with the improvement of the aforementioned physiological processes. TaNHX3 can be used as a candidate gene for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chengjin Guo
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chunying Ma
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Science & Technology College, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Juntao Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiaoming Du
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhuling Liu
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China.
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