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Peng Q, Zhang Z, Su R, Zhang X, Lambers H, He H. Phosphorus and selenium uptake, root morphology, and carboxylates in the rhizosheath of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) as affected by localised phosphate and selenite supply in a split-root system. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1161-1174. [PMID: 34582744 DOI: 10.1071/fp21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Low availability of phosphorus (P) is a key limiting factor for the growth of many crops. Selenium (Se) is a nutrient for humans that is acquired predominantly from plants. Localised P and Se supply may affect P- and Se-uptake efficiency. Our aim was to examine the mechanisms of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to acquire P and Se when the elements are heterogeneously or homogeneously distributed in soil, and how P and Se supply affect plant growth and uptake of P and Se. We conducted a split-root experiment growing alfalfa in a loess soil with two distribution patterns (i.e. heterogeneous and homogeneous) of P and Se. The application rates of P (KH2PO4) and Se (Na2SeO3) were 0 and 20mgPkg-1, and 0 and 1mgSekg-1, respectively. Our results showed that plants absorbed more Se when both P and Se were supplied homogeneously than when supplied heterogeneously. Supplying Se had a positive effect on plant P content. Localised P supply resulted in the exudation of more carboxylates by roots than homogeneous P supply did. Soil microbial biomass P was significantly greater when P was supplied homogeneously. Shoot-to-root translocation of Se had a positive effect on P-uptake efficiency. These results indicated that, compared with homogeneous P supply, localised P supply promoted P and Se uptake by increasing the amount of rhizosheath carboxylates and weakening the competition between roots and microbes. Translocation of Se within plant organs was promoted by the application of P, thus enhancing the P-uptake efficiency of alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zekun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; and Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Honghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Cai L, Wang Y, Tigabu M, Hou X, Wu P, Zhou C, Ma X. Strength and size of phosphorus-rich patches determine the foraging strategy of Neyraudia reynaudiana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:545. [PMID: 33287710 PMCID: PMC7720531 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under natural conditions, soil nutrients are heterogeneously distributed, and plants have developed adaptation strategies to efficiently forage patchily distributed nutrient. Most previous studies examined either patch strength or patch size separately and focused mainly on root morphological plasticity (increased root proliferation in nutrient-rich patch), thus the effects of both patch strength and size on morphological and physiological plasticity are not well understood. In this study, we examined the foraging strategy of Neyraudia reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hithc, a pioneer grass colonizing degraded sites, with respect to patch strength and size in heterogeneously distributed phosphorus (P), and how foraging patchily distributed P affects total plant biomass production. Plants were grown in sand-culture pots divided into ½, ¼, 1/6 compartments and full size and supplied with 0 + 0/30, 0 + 7.5/30 and 7.5 + 0/30 mg P/kg dry soil as KH2PO4 or 0 + 15/15, 0 + 18.5/ 18.5, 7.5 + 15/15 mg kg - 1 in the homogenous treatment. The first amount was the P concentration in the central region, and that the second amount was the P concentration in the outer parts of the pot. RESULTS After 3 months of growth under experimental conditions, significantly (p < 0.05) high root elongation, root surface area, root volume and average root diameter was observed in large patches with high patch strength. Roots absorbed significantly more P in P-replete than P-deficient patches. Whole plant biomass production was significantly higher in larger patches with high patch strength than small patches and homogeneous P distribution. CONCLUSION The result demonstrates that root morphological and physiological plasticity are important adaptive strategies for foraging patchily distributed P and the former is largely determined by patch strength and size. The results also establish that foraging patchily distributed P resulted in increased total plant biomass production compared to homogeneous P distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Cai
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of China, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Cross-Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Yuzhen Wang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Han Dan NO.2 Foreign Language School, Handan, 056000 China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of China, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Southern Swedish Forest Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 49, Sundsvägen 3, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Xiaolong Hou
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of China, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Cross-Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of China, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Cross-Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Chuifan Zhou
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of China, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Cross-Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xiangqing Ma
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Soil and Water Conservation in Red Soil Region of China, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Cross-Strait Collaborative Innovation Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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3
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Custódio M, Maciel E, Domingues MR, Lillebø AI, Calado R. Nutrient availability affects the polar lipidome of Halimione portulacoides leaves cultured in hydroponics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6583. [PMID: 32313165 PMCID: PMC7171145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophytes are increasingly regarded as suitable extractive species and co-products for coastal Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and studying their lipidome is a valid means towards their economic valorization. Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen edible leaves are rich in functional lipids with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance and the present study aimed to investigate the extent to which its lipidome remains unchanged under a range of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations typical of aquaculture effluents. Lipidomics analysis, done by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, identified 175 lipid species in the lipid extract of leaves: 140 phospholipids (PLs) and 35 glycolipids (GLs). Plants irrigated with a saline solution with 20-100 mg DIN-N L-1 and 3-15.5 mg DIP-P L-1 under a 1-week hydraulic retention time displayed a relatively stable lipidome. At lower concentrations (6 mg DIN-N L-1 and 0.8 mg DIP-P L-1), plants exhibited less PLs and GLs per unit of leaves dry weight and the GLs fraction of the lipidome changed significantly. This study reveals the importance of analyzing the lipidomic profile of halophytes under different nutritional regimens in order to establish nutrient-limitation thresholds and assure production conditions that deliver a final product with a consistent lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Custódio
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Elisabete Maciel
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA & LAQV - Requinte, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA & LAQV - Requinte, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Lillebø
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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4
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Liu Y, Wei X, Zhou Z, Shao C, Su S. Influence of Heterogeneous Karst Microhabitats on the Root Foraging Ability of Chinese Windmill Palm ( Trachycarpus fortunei) Seedlings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020434. [PMID: 31936453 PMCID: PMC7014210 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese windmill palms (Trachycarpus fortunei) are widely planted in karst bedrock outcrop areas in southwest China because of their high economic and ecological values. The aims of this study were to investigate the foraging ability of Chinese windmill palm seedlings planted in six different types of karst microhabitat and to identify the main environmental factors that influence root foraging ability. We planted three-year-old Chinese windmill palm seedlings in six typical karst microhabitats (i.e., rocky trough, rocky surface, rocky gully, rocky soil surface, rocky pit, and soil surface microhabitats). One year after transplanting, the seedlings were excavated to determine the morphological parameters values of new roots and the nutrient concentrations of new roots and leaves. The root foraging ability of Chinese windmill palm seedlings, defined as new root length and new root surface area, was significantly greater in the rocky trough, rocky soil surface, and soil surface microhabitats than in the rocky gully, rocky surface, and rocky pit microhabitats (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis revealed that the main positive factor affecting the rooting ability of Chinese windmill palm seedlings was soil thickness. Chinese windmill palm seedlings improved their root absorption efficiency by increasing their root length and root surface area under soil nutrient deficiency conditions. The organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available potassium in soil positively influenced the concentration of N and K in roots. Total potassium in soil negatively influenced the biomass of new annual leaves and concentrations of N, P and K in new annual roots and leaves. Chinese windmill palm seedlings can be grown in the different karst microhabitats, especially in the rocky trough, rocky soil surface, and soil surface microhabitats, and, therefore, it is suitable for use in the regeneration of karst forests.
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5
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Hanlon MT, Ray S, Saengwilai P, Luthe D, Lynch JP, Brown KM. Buffered delivery of phosphate to Arabidopsis alters responses to low phosphate. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1207-1219. [PMID: 29304231 PMCID: PMC6019003 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis has been reported to respond to phosphate (Pi) stress by arresting primary root growth and increasing lateral root branching. We developed a system to buffer Pi availability to Arabidopsis in gel media systems by charging activated aluminum oxide particles with low and sufficient concentrations of Pi, based on previous work in horticultural and sand culture systems. This system more closely mimics soil chemistry and results in different growth and transcriptional responses to Pi stress compared with plants grown in standard gel media. Low Pi availability in buffered medium results in reduced root branching and preferential investment of resources in axial root growth. Root hair length and density, known responses to Pi stress, increase in low-buffered Pi medium. Plants grown under buffered Pi conditions have different gene expression profiles of canonical Pi stress response genes as compared with their unbuffered counterparts. The system also eliminates known complications with iron (Fe) nutrition. The growth responses of Arabidopsis supplied with buffered Pi indicate that the widely accepted low-Pi phenotype is an artifact of the standard gel-based growth system. Buffering Pi availability through the method presented here will improve the utility and accuracy of gel studies by more closely approximating soil conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith T Hanlon
- Department of Plant Science and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Plant Science and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Patompong Saengwilai
- Department of Plant Science and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Rachadhavi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dawn Luthe
- Department of Plant Science and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brown
- Department of Plant Science and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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6
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Stanley CE, Shrivastava J, Brugman R, Heinzelmann E, van Swaay D, Grossmann G. Dual-flow-RootChip reveals local adaptations of roots towards environmental asymmetry at the physiological and genetic levels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1357-1369. [PMID: 29125191 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Roots grow in highly dynamic and heterogeneous environments. Biological activity as well as uneven nutrient availability or localized stress factors result in diverse microenvironments. Plants adapt their root morphology in response to changing environmental conditions, yet it remains largely unknown to what extent developmental adaptations are based on systemic or cell-autonomous responses. We present the dual-flow-RootChip, a microfluidic platform for asymmetric perfusion of Arabidopsis roots to investigate root-environment interactions under simulated environmental heterogeneity. Applications range from investigating physiology, root hair development and calcium signalling upon selective exposure to environmental stresses to tracing molecular uptake, performing selective drug treatments and localized inoculations with microbes. Using the dual-flow-RootChip, we revealed cell-autonomous adaption of root hair development under asymmetric phosphate (Pi) perfusion, with unexpected repression in root hair growth on the side exposed to low Pi and rapid tip-growth upregulation when Pi concentrations increased. The asymmetric root environment further resulted in an asymmetric gene expression of RSL4, a key transcriptional regulator of root hair growth. Our findings demonstrate that roots possess the capability to locally adapt to heterogeneous conditions in their environment at the physiological and transcriptional levels. Being able to generate asymmetric microenvironments for roots will help further elucidate decision-making processes in root-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jagriti Shrivastava
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hartmut Hoffmann-Berling International Graduate School of Heidelberg Molecular Life Sciences (HBIGS), Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Heinzelmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk van Swaay
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence, Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Abel S. Phosphate scouting by root tips. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:168-177. [PMID: 28527590 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemistry assigns phosphate (Pi) dominant roles in metabolism; however, it also renders the macronutrient a genuinely limiting factor of plant productivity. Pi bioavailability is restricted by low Pi mobility in soil and antagonized by metallic toxicities, which force roots to actively seek and selectively acquire the vital element. During the past few years, a first conceptual outline has emerged of the sensory mechanisms at root tips, which monitor external Pi and transmit the edaphic cue to inform root development. This review highlights new aspects of the Pi acquisition strategy of Arabidopsis roots, as well as a framework of local Pi sensing in the context of antagonistic interactions between Pi and its major associated metallic cations, Fe3+ and Al3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany; Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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8
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Balzergue C, Dartevelle T, Godon C, Laugier E, Meisrimler C, Teulon JM, Creff A, Bissler M, Brouchoud C, Hagège A, Müller J, Chiarenza S, Javot H, Becuwe-Linka N, David P, Péret B, Delannoy E, Thibaud MC, Armengaud J, Abel S, Pellequer JL, Nussaume L, Desnos T. Low phosphate activates STOP1-ALMT1 to rapidly inhibit root cell elongation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15300. [PMID: 28504266 PMCID: PMC5440667 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental cues profoundly modulate cell proliferation and cell elongation to inform and direct plant growth and development. External phosphate (Pi) limitation inhibits primary root growth in many plant species. However, the underlying Pi sensory mechanisms are unknown. Here we genetically uncouple two Pi sensing pathways in the root apex of Arabidopsis thaliana. First, the rapid inhibition of cell elongation in the transition zone is controlled by transcription factor STOP1, by its direct target, ALMT1, encoding a malate channel, and by ferroxidase LPR1, which together mediate Fe and peroxidase-dependent cell wall stiffening. Second, during the subsequent slow inhibition of cell proliferation in the apical meristem, which is mediated by LPR1-dependent, but largely STOP1–ALMT1-independent, Fe and callose accumulate in the stem cell niche, leading to meristem reduction. Our work uncovers STOP1 and ALMT1 as a signalling pathway of low Pi availability and exuded malate as an unexpected apoplastic inhibitor of root cell wall expansion. Low Pi availability inhibits primary root growth, but the sensory mechanisms are not known. Here the authors uncover a signalling pathway regulating Pi-mediated root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis, involving the transcription factor STOP1, its direct target ALMT1, a malate channel, and ferroxidase LPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline Balzergue
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Thibault Dartevelle
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Godon
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Edith Laugier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Claudia Meisrimler
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Teulon
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France.,CEA, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France
| | - Audrey Creff
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Bissler
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Brouchoud
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Hagège
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Service de Biologie et de Toxicologie Nucléaire, Laboratoire d'Etude des Protéines Cibles, 30200 Bagnols sur Cèze, France
| | - Jens Müller
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Serge Chiarenza
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Javot
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Noëlle Becuwe-Linka
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale David
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Péret
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Delannoy
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Thibaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- CEA, DRF, JOLIOT/DMTS/SPI/Li2D, Laboratory 'Innovative Technologies for Detection and Diagnostics', Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30200, France
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Pellequer
- CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France.,CEA, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, IBS, Grenoble F-38044, France
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Desnos
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnology Aix-Marseille, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7265 Biol. Végét. &Microbiol. Environ., Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France.,Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7265, Marseille, France
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Hoehenwarter W, Mönchgesang S, Neumann S, Majovsky P, Abel S, Müller J. Comparative expression profiling reveals a role of the root apoplast in local phosphate response. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:106. [PMID: 27121119 PMCID: PMC4849097 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0790-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant adaptation to limited phosphate availability comprises a wide range of responses to conserve and remobilize internal phosphate sources and to enhance phosphate acquisition. Vigorous restructuring of root system architecture provides a developmental strategy for topsoil exploration and phosphate scavenging. Changes in external phosphate availability are locally sensed at root tips and adjust root growth by modulating cell expansion and cell division. The functionally interacting Arabidopsis genes, LOW PHOSPHATE RESPONSE 1 and 2 (LPR1/LPR2) and PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY RESPONSE 2 (PDR2), are key components of root phosphate sensing. We recently demonstrated that the LOW PHOSPHATE RESPONSE 1 - PHOSPHATE DEFICIENCY RESPONSE 2 (LPR1-PDR2) module mediates apoplastic deposition of ferric iron (Fe(3+)) in the growing root tip during phosphate limitation. Iron deposition coincides with sites of reactive oxygen species generation and triggers cell wall thickening and callose accumulation, which interfere with cell-to-cell communication and inhibit root growth. RESULTS We took advantage of the opposite phosphate-conditional root phenotype of the phosphate deficiency response 2 mutant (hypersensitive) and low phosphate response 1 and 2 double mutant (insensitive) to investigate the phosphate dependent regulation of gene and protein expression in roots using genome-wide transcriptome and proteome analysis. We observed an overrepresentation of genes and proteins that are involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis, cell wall remodeling and reactive oxygen species formation, and we highlight a number of candidate genes with a potential function in root adaptation to limited phosphate availability. Our experiments reveal that FERRIC REDUCTASE DEFECTIVE 3 mediated, apoplastic iron redistribution, but not intracellular iron uptake and iron storage, triggers phosphate-dependent root growth modulation. We further highlight expressional changes of several cell wall-modifying enzymes and provide evidence for adjustment of the pectin network at sites of iron accumulation in the root. CONCLUSION Our study reveals new aspects of the elaborate interplay between phosphate starvation responses and changes in iron homeostasis. The results emphasize the importance of apoplastic iron redistribution to mediate phosphate-dependent root growth adjustment and suggest an important role for citrate in phosphate-dependent apoplastic iron transport. We further demonstrate that root growth modulation correlates with an altered expression of cell wall modifying enzymes and changes in the pectin network of the phosphate-deprived root tip, supporting the hypothesis that pectins are involved in iron binding and/or phosphate mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Proteome Analytics Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Susann Mönchgesang
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Neumann
- Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Petra Majovsky
- Proteome Analytics Research Group, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jens Müller
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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10
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Ayadi A, David P, Arrighi JF, Chiarenza S, Thibaud MC, Nussaume L, Marin E. Reducing the genetic redundancy of Arabidopsis PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 transporters to study phosphate uptake and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1511-26. [PMID: 25670816 PMCID: PMC4378149 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) absorbs inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil through an active transport process mediated by the nine members of the PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1 (PHT1) family. These proteins share a high level of similarity (greater than 61%), with overlapping expression patterns. The resulting genetic and functional redundancy prevents the analysis of their specific roles. To overcome this difficulty, our approach combined several mutations with gene silencing to inactivate multiple members of the PHT1 family, including a cluster of genes localized on chromosome 5 (PHT1;1, PHT1;2, and PHT1;3). Physiological analyses of these lines established that these three genes, along with PHT1;4, are the main contributors to Pi uptake. Furthermore, PHT1;1 plays an important role in translocation from roots to leaves in high phosphate conditions. These genetic tools also revealed that some PHT1 transporters likely exhibit a dual affinity for phosphate, suggesting that their activity is posttranslationally controlled. These lines display significant phosphate deficiency-related phenotypes (e.g. biomass and yield) due to a massive (80%-96%) reduction in phosphate uptake activities. These defects limited the amount of internal Pi pool, inducing compensatory mechanisms triggered by the systemic Pi starvation response. Such reactions have been uncoupled from PHT1 activity, suggesting that systemic Pi sensing is most probably acting downstream of PHT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Ayadi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
| | - Pascale David
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
| | - Jean-François Arrighi
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
| | - Serge Chiarenza
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
| | - Marie-Christine Thibaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
| | - Elena Marin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et de Biotechnologie, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.);Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 Biologie Végétale and Microbiologie Environnementale, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); Aix-Marseille Université, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France (A.A., P.D., S.C., M.-C.T., L.N., E.M.); andLaboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France (J.-F.A.)
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11
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Rai V, Sanagala R, Sinilal B, Yadav S, Sarkar AK, Dantu PK, Jain A. Iron Availability Affects Phosphate Deficiency-Mediated Responses, and Evidence of Cross-Talk with Auxin and Zinc in Arabidopsis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:1107-23. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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12
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Puga MI, Mateos I, Charukesi R, Wang Z, Franco-Zorrilla JM, de Lorenzo L, Irigoyen ML, Masiero S, Bustos R, Rodríguez J, Leyva A, Rubio V, Sommer H, Paz-Ares J. SPX1 is a phosphate-dependent inhibitor of Phosphate Starvation Response 1 in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14947-52. [PMID: 25271326 PMCID: PMC4205628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404654111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with growth in low-phosphate (Pi) soils, plants have evolved adaptive responses that involve both developmental and metabolic changes. Phosphate Starvation Response 1 (PHR1) and related transcription factors play a central role in the control of Pi starvation responses (PSRs). How Pi levels control PHR1 activity, and thus PSRs, remains to be elucidated. Here, we identify a direct Pi-dependent inhibitor of PHR1 in Arabidopsis, SPX1, a nuclear protein that shares the SPX domain with yeast Pi sensors and with several Pi starvation signaling proteins from plants. Double mutation of SPX1 and of a related gene, SPX2, resulted in molecular and physiological changes indicative of increased PHR1 activity in plants grown in Pi-sufficient conditions or after Pi refeeding of Pi-starved plants but had only a limited effect on PHR1 activity in Pi-starved plants. These data indicate that SPX1 and SPX2 have a cellular Pi-dependent inhibitory effect on PHR1. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that the SPX1/PHR1 interaction in planta is highly Pi-dependent. DNA-binding and pull-down assays with bacterially expressed, affinity-purified tagged SPX1 and ΔPHR1 proteins showed that SPX1 is a competitive inhibitor of PHR1 binding to its recognition sequence, and that its efficiency is highly dependent on the presence of Pi or phosphite, a nonmetabolizable Pi analog that can repress PSRs. The relative strength of the SPX1/PHR1 interaction is thus directly influenced by Pi, providing a link between Pi perception and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhiye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; and
| | - José M Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans Sommer
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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