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Pérez-Pérez J, Minguillón S, Kabbas-Piñango E, Payá C, Campos L, Rodríguez-Concepción M, Espinosa-Ruiz A, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP, Lisón P. Metabolic crosstalk between hydroxylated monoterpenes and salicylic acid in tomato defense response against bacteria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2323-2338. [PMID: 38478585 PMCID: PMC11213251 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated monoterpenes (HMTPs) are differentially emitted by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants resisting bacterial infection. We have studied the defensive role of these volatiles in the tomato response to bacteria, whose main entrance is through stomatal apertures. Treatments with some HMTPs resulted in stomatal closure and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) induction. Particularly, α-terpineol induced stomatal closure in a salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid-independent manner and conferred resistance to bacteria. Interestingly, transgenic tomato plants overexpressing or silencing the monoterpene synthase MTS1, which displayed alterations in the emission of HMTPs, exhibited changes in the stomatal aperture but not in plant resistance. Measures of both 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (MEcPP) and SA levels revealed competition for MEcPP by the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and SA biosynthesis activation, thus explaining the absence of resistance in transgenic plants. These results were confirmed by chemical inhibition of the MEP pathway, which alters MEcPP levels. Treatments with benzothiadiazole (BTH), a SA functional analog, conferred enhanced resistance to transgenic tomato plants overexpressing MTS1. Additionally, these MTS1 overexpressors induced PR1 gene expression and stomatal closure in neighboring plants. Our results confirm the role of HMTPs in both intra- and interplant immune signaling and reveal a metabolic crosstalk between the MEP and SA pathways in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Samuel Minguillón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elías Kabbas-Piñango
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Campos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa-Ruiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
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Ali S, Tyagi A, Mir ZA. Plant Immunity: At the Crossroads of Pathogen Perception and Defense Response. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1434. [PMID: 38891243 PMCID: PMC11174815 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plants are challenged by different microbial pathogens that affect their growth and productivity. However, to defend pathogen attack, plants use diverse immune responses, such as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), RNA silencing and autophagy, which are intricate and regulated by diverse signaling cascades. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors are the hallmarks of plant innate immunity because they can detect pathogen or related immunogenic signals and trigger series of immune signaling cascades at different cellular compartments. In plants, most commonly, PRRs are receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that function as a first layer of inducible defense. In this review, we provide an update on how plants sense pathogens, microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), and effectors as a danger signals and activate different immune responses like PTI and ETI. Further, we discuss the role RNA silencing, autophagy, and systemic acquired resistance as a versatile host defense response against pathogens. We also discuss early biochemical signaling events such as calcium (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones that trigger the activation of different plant immune responses. This review also highlights the impact of climate-driven environmental factors on host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Plant Science and Agriculture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2M 0TB, Canada;
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Wang Y, Shi Y, Li H, Chang J. Understanding Citrus Viroid Interactions: Experience and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:577. [PMID: 38675919 PMCID: PMC11053686 DOI: 10.3390/v16040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus is the natural host of at least eight viroid species, providing a natural platform for studying interactions among viroids. The latter manifests as antagonistic or synergistic phenomena. The antagonistic effect among citrus viroids intuitively leads to reduced symptoms caused by citrus viroids, while the synergistic effect leads to an increase in symptom severity. The interaction phenomenon is complex and interesting, and a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms induced during this viroid interaction is of great significance for the prevention and control of viroid diseases. This paper summarizes the research progress of citrus viroids in recent years, focusing on the interaction phenomenon and analyzing their interaction mechanisms. It points out the core role of the host RNA silencing mechanism and viroid-derived siRNA (vd-siRNA), and provides suggestions for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Y.S.); (H.L.); (J.C.)
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Zheng X, Li Y, Liu Y. Plant Immunity against Tobamoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:530. [PMID: 38675873 PMCID: PMC11054417 DOI: 10.3390/v16040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tobamoviruses are a group of plant viruses that pose a significant threat to agricultural crops worldwide. In this review, we focus on plant immunity against tobamoviruses, including pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered immunity (ETI), the RNA-targeting pathway, phytohormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and autophagy. Further, we highlight the genetic resources for resistance against tobamoviruses in plant breeding and discuss future directions on plant protection against tobamoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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Naim D, Ahsan A, Imtiaj A, Mollah NH. Genome-wide identification and in silico characterization of major RNAi gene families in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:31. [PMID: 38491426 PMCID: PMC10943882 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dates contain various minerals that are essential for good health. The major RNA interference (RNAi) gene families play a vital role in plant growth and development by controlling the expression of protein-coding genes against different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these gene families for date palm are not yet studied. Therefore, this study has explored major RNAi genes and their characteristics in date palm. RESULTS We have identified 4 PdDCLs, 7 PdAGOs, and 3 PdRDRs as RNAi proteins from the date palm genome by using AtRNAi genes as query sequences in BLASTp search. Domain analysis of predicted RNAi genes has revealed the Helicase_C, Dicer_dimer, PAZ, RNase III, and Piwi domains that are associated with the gene silencing mechanisms. Most PdRNAi proteins have been found in the nucleus and cytosol associated with the gene silencing actions. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis has revealed some important GO terms including RNA interference, dsRNA fragmentation, and ribonuclease_III activity that are related to the protein-coding gene silencing mechanisms. Gene regulatory network (GRN) analysis has identified PAZ and SNF2 as the transcriptional regulators of PdRNAi genes. Top-ranked 10 microRNAs including Pda-miR156b, Pda-miR396a, Pda-miR166a, Pda-miR167d, and Pda-miR529a have been identified as the key post-transcriptional regulators of PdRNAi genes that are associated with different biotic/abiotic stresses. The cis-acting regulatory element analysis of PdRNAi genes has detected some vital cis-acting elements including ABRE, MBS, MYB, MYC, Box-4, G-box, I-box, and STRE that are linked with different abiotic stresses. CONCLUSION The results of this study might be valuable resources for the improvement of different characteristics in date palm by further studies in wet-lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darun Naim
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, 6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, 6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, 6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Imtiaj
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, 6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Haque Mollah
- Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, 6205, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
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Palukaitis P, Yoon JY. Defense signaling pathways in resistance to plant viruses: Crosstalk and finger pointing. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:77-212. [PMID: 38461031 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Resistance to infection by plant viruses involves proteins encoded by plant resistance (R) genes, viz., nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (NLRs), immune receptors. These sensor NLRs are activated either directly or indirectly by viral protein effectors, in effector-triggered immunity, leading to induction of defense signaling pathways, resulting in the synthesis of numerous downstream plant effector molecules that inhibit different stages of the infection cycle, as well as the induction of cell death responses mediated by helper NLRs. Early events in this process involve recognition of the activation of the R gene response by various chaperones and the transport of these complexes to the sites of subsequent events. These events include activation of several kinase cascade pathways, and the syntheses of two master transcriptional regulators, EDS1 and NPR1, as well as the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. The phytohormones, which transit from a primed, resting states to active states, regulate the remainder of the defense signaling pathways, both directly and by crosstalk with each other. This regulation results in the turnover of various suppressors of downstream events and the synthesis of various transcription factors that cooperate and/or compete to induce or suppress transcription of either other regulatory proteins, or plant effector molecules. This network of interactions results in the production of defense effectors acting alone or together with cell death in the infected region, with or without the further activation of non-specific, long-distance resistance. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding these processes and the components of the local responses, their interactions, regulation, and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Palukaitis
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju-Yeon Yoon
- Graduate School of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Lu M, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Tang X, Zhao W, Yu K, Pan Y, Wang Q, Cui J, Zhang M, Jin J, Wang J, Zhao M, Schwab W, Song C. 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid, a Novel SA Derivative, Controls Plant Immunity via UGT95B17-Mediated Glucosylation: A Case Study in Camellia Sinensis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307051. [PMID: 38063804 PMCID: PMC10870048 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays critical roles in plant innate immunity. Several SA derivatives and associated modification are identified, whereas the range and modes of action of SA-related metabolites remain elusive. Here, the study discovered 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-DHBA) and its glycosylated form as native SA derivatives in plants whose accumulation is largely induced by SA application and Ps. camelliae-sinensis (Pcs) infection. CsSH1, a 4/5-hydroxylase, catalyzes the hydroxylation of SA to 2,4-DHBA, and UDP-glucosyltransferase UGT95B17 catalyzes the formation of 2,4-DHBA glucoside. Down-regulation reduced the accumulation of 2,4-DHBA glucosides and enhanced the sensitivity of tea plants to Pcs. Conversely, overexpression of UGT95B17 increased plant disease resistance. The exogenous application of 2,4-DHBA and 2,5-DHBA, as well as the accumulation of DHBA and plant resistance comparison, indicate that 2,4-DHBA functions as a potentially bioactive molecule and is stored mainly as a glucose conjugate in tea plants, differs from the mechanism described in Arabidopsis. When 2,4-DHBA is applied exogenously, UGT95B17-silenced tea plants accumulated more 2,4-DHBA than SA and showed induced resistance to Pcs infection. These results indicate that 2,4-DHBA glucosylation positively regulates disease resistance and highlight the role of 2,4-DHBA as potentially bioactive molecule in the establishment of basal resistance in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Yingying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Keke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Yuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Jilai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology of Henan ProvinceCollege of Life ScienceXinyang Normal University237 Nanhu R.XinyangHenan464000P. R. China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Jieyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Jingming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Mingyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and UtilizationInternational Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health EffectsAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiAnhui230036P. R. China
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Oliveira ALS, Carvalho MJ, Silva P, Pintado M, Madureira AR. Unraveling Biotic and Abiotic Factors Shaping Sugarcane Straw Polyphenolic Richness: A Gateway to Artificial Intelligence-Driven Crop Management. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:47. [PMID: 38247472 PMCID: PMC10812450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane straw (Saccharum officinarum) is a valuable coproduct renowned for its abundant polyphenolic content. However, extracting these polyphenols for natural ingredients faces challenges due to their inherent variability, influenced by biotic stress factors and plant characteristics. We explored the impact of five crucial factors on sugarcane straw polyphenolic diversity: (i) production area (Guariba, Valparaíso), (ii) borer insect (Diatraea saccharalis) infestation, (iii) plant age (first to seventh harvest), (iv) harvest season, and (v) plant variety. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to optimize polyphenol extraction conditions. A second-order polynomial model guided us to predict ideal sugarcane straw harvesting conditions for polyphenol-rich extracts. The analysis identified CU0618-variety straw, harvested in Guariba during the dry season (October 2020), at the seventh harvest stage, with 13.81% borer insect infection, as the prime source for high hydroxybenzoic acid (1010 µg/g), hydroxycinnamic acid (3119 µg/g), and flavone (573 µg/g) content and consequently high antioxidant capacity. The ANN model surpasses the RSM model, demonstrating superior predictive capabilities with higher coefficients of determination and reduced mean absolute deviations for each polyphenol class. This underscores the potential of artificial neural networks in forecasting and enhancing polyphenol extraction conditions, setting the stage for AI-driven advancements in crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. S. Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (P.S.); (M.P.); (A.R.M.)
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Monti MM, Mancini I, Gualtieri L, Domingo G, Beccaccioli M, Bossa R, Bracale M, Loreto F, Ruocco M. Volatilome and proteome responses to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum infection in a moderately resistant and a susceptible bean genotype. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14044. [PMID: 37882283 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the changes in the volatilome, proteome, stomatal conductance, salicylic and jasmonic acid contents of a susceptible and a moderately resistant genotype of common bean, Phaseoulus vulgaris L., challenged with Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, the causal agent of fungal anthracnose. Our results indicate differences at both proteome and volatilome levels between the two genotypes, before and after the infection, and different defense strategies. The moderately resistant genotype hindered pathogen infection, invasion, and replication mainly by maintaining epidermal and cell wall structure. The susceptible genotype was not able to limit the early stages of pathogen infection. Rather, stomatal conductance increased in the infected susceptible genotype, and enhanced synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles and salicylic acid was observed, together with a strong hypersensitive response. Proteomic investigation provided a general framework for physiological changes, whereas observed variations in the volatilome suggested that volatile organic compounds may principally represent stress markers rather than defensive compounds per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurilia M Monti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Liberata Gualtieri
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Guido Domingo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marzia Beccaccioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università Sapienza Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Rosanna Bossa
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Bracale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Portici, Napoli, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, CNR, Portici, Napoli, Italy
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Ortolá B, Daròs JA. Viroids: Non-Coding Circular RNAs Able to Autonomously Replicate and Infect Higher Plants. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020172. [PMID: 36829451 PMCID: PMC9952643 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Viroids are a unique type of infectious agent, exclusively composed of a relatively small (246-430 nt), highly base-paired, circular, non-coding RNA. Despite the small size and non-coding nature, the more-than-thirty currently known viroid species infectious of higher plants are able to autonomously replicate and move systemically through the host, thereby inducing disease in some plants. After recalling viroid discovery back in the late 60s and early 70s of last century and discussing current hypotheses about their evolutionary origin, this article reviews our current knowledge about these peculiar infectious agents. We describe the highly base-paired viroid molecules that fold in rod-like or branched structures and viroid taxonomic classification in two families, Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae, likely gathering nuclear and chloroplastic viroids, respectively. We review current knowledge about viroid replication through RNA-to-RNA rolling-circle mechanisms in which host factors, notably RNA transporters, RNA polymerases, RNases, and RNA ligases, are involved. Systemic movement through the infected plant, plant-to-plant transmission and host range are also discussed. Finally, we focus on the mechanisms of viroid pathogenesis, in which RNA silencing has acquired remarkable importance, and also for the initiation of potential biotechnological applications of viroid molecules.
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Oliveira ALS, Carvalho MJ, Oliveira DL, Costa E, Pintado M, Madureira AR. Sugarcane Straw Polyphenols as Potential Food and Nutraceutical Ingredient. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244025. [PMID: 36553767 PMCID: PMC9777897 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugarcane processing industry generates a large amount of straw, which has a negative environmental impact, and high costs are associated with their elimination, wasting their potential bioactive value attributed to their richness in polyphenols. In this study, an ethanolic extract produced from sugarcane straw was screened for its phenolic compounds content, and the potential use of this extract in the development of a food ingredient was further evaluated. Fifty different secondary metabolites belonging to the hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ultrahigh-resolution-quadrupole time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-UHR-QqTOF-MS). The predominant phenolic compounds found were 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, chlorogenic acid, and 5-O-feruloylquinic acid. The obtained extracts showed strong potential as food preservatives by exhibiting (a) antioxidant activity using both 2.2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods; and (b) antimicrobial capacity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus, 74% inhibition for Bacillus cereus, and 44% for Salmonella enterica; and (c) the capacity to inhibit a food browning enzyme, tyrosinase (28-73% for 1-8 mg/ mL). Moreover, the extracts showed antidiabetic potential by inhibiting the enzymes α-glucosidase (15-38% for 1.25-5.00 mg/mL) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) (62-114% for 0.31-5.00 mg/mL). The extract (0.625 mg/mL) also exhibited the capacity to reduce proinflammatory mediators (i.e., interleukins 6 and 8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) when Caco-2 cells were stimulated with interleukin 1 beta. Thus, sugarcane straw extract, which is rich in phenolic compounds, showed high potential to be used in the development of food-preservative ingredients owing to its antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, and to be explored as a food supplement in diabetes prevention and as coadjuvant to reduce intestinal inflammation by reducing proinflammatory mediators.
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Payá C, Minguillón S, Hernández M, Miguel SM, Campos L, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP, Lisón P. SlS5H silencing reveals specific pathogen-triggered salicylic acid metabolism in tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:549. [PMID: 36443652 PMCID: PMC9706870 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salicylic acid (SA) is a major plant hormone that mediates the defence pathway against pathogens. SA accumulates in highly variable amounts depending on the plant-pathogen system, and several enzyme activities participate in the restoration of its levels. Gentisic acid (GA) is the product of the 5-hydroxylation of SA, which is catalysed by S5H, an enzyme activity regarded as a major player in SA homeostasis. GA accumulates at high levels in tomato plants infected by Citrus Exocortis Viroid (CEVd), and to a lesser extend upon Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 pv. tomato (Pst) infection. RESULTS We have studied the induction of tomato SlS5H gene by different pathogens, and its expression correlates with the accumulation of GA. Transient over-expression of SlS5H in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that SA is processed by SlS5H in vivo. SlS5H-silenced tomato plants were generated, displaying a smaller size and early senescence, together with hypersusceptibility to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, these transgenic lines exhibited an increased defence response and resistance to both CEVd and Pst infections. Alternative SA processing appears to occur for each specific pathogenic interaction to cope with SA levels. In SlS5H-silenced plants infected with CEVd, glycosylated SA was the most discriminant metabolite found. Instead, in Pst-infected transgenic plants, SA appeared to be rerouted to other phenolics such as feruloyldopamine, feruloylquinic acid, feruloylgalactarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate. CONCLUSION Using SlS5H-silenced plants as a tool to unbalance SA levels, we have studied the re-routing of SA upon CEVd and Pst infections and found that, despite the common origin and role for SA in plant pathogenesis, there appear to be different pathogen-specific, alternate homeostasis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Minguillón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Hernández
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - S. M. Miguel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - L. Campos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - I. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - J. M. Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. P. López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - P. Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI) 8 E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, 46011 Valencia, Spain
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Gong Q, Wang Y, Jin Z, Hong Y, Liu Y. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of RNAi-related gene expression during plant-virus interactions. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:33. [PMID: 37676459 PMCID: PMC10441928 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants encounter diverse invasions from pathogens including viruses. To survive and thrive, plants have evolved multilayered defense mechanisms to combat virus infection. RNAi, also known as RNA silencing, is an across-kingdom innate immunity and gene regulatory machinery. Molecular framework and crucial roles of RNAi in antiviral defense have been well-characterized. However, it is largely unknown that how RNAi is transcriptionally regulated to initiate, maintain and enhance cellular silencing under normal or stress conditions. Recently, insights into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of RNAi-related genes in different physiological processes have been emerging. In this review, we integrate these new findings to provide updated views on how plants modulate RNAi machinery at the (post-) transcriptional level to respond to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunjing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhenhui Jin
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- School of Science and the Environment, University of Worcester, Worcester, WR2 6AJ, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Xu Y, Ji X, Xu Z, Yuan Y, Chen X, Kong D, Zhang Y, Sun D. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals a Petunia Transcription Factor, PhCOL4, Contributing to Antiviral RNA Silencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:876428. [PMID: 35498675 PMCID: PMC9047179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.876428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a common antiviral mechanism in eukaryotic organisms. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism that controls the RNA silencing process remains elusive. Here, we performed high-depth transcriptome analysis on petunia (Petunia hybrida) leaves infected with tobacco rattle virus (TRV) strain PPK20. A total of 7,402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Of them, some RNA silencing-related transcripts, such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs), Dicer-like RNase III enzymes (DCLs), and Argonautes (AGOs), were induced by viral attack. Furthermore, we performed TRV-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay on 39 DEGs encoding putative transcription factors (TFs), using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and phytoene desaturase (PhPDS) as reporters. Results showed that the down-regulation of PhbHLH41, PhbHLH93, PhZPT4-3, PhCOL4, PhHSF-B3A, PhNAC90, and PhWRKY75 led to enhanced TRV accumulation and inhibited PhPDS-silenced photobleaching phenotype. In contrast, silencing of PhERF22 repressed virus accumulation and promoted photobleaching development. Thus, these TFs were identified as potential positive and negative regulators of antiviral RNA silencing, respectively. One positive regulator PhCOL4, belonging to the B-box zinc finger family, was selected for further functional characterization. Silencing and transient overexpression of PhCOL4 resulted in decreased and increased expression of several RNA silencing-related genes. DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis revealed that PhCOL4 targeted PhRDR6 and PhAGO4. Dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays determined the binding of PhCOL4 to the PhRDR6 and PhAGO4 promoters. Our findings suggest that TRV-GFP-PhPDS-based VIGS could be helpful to identify transcriptional regulators of antiviral RNA silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingru Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Xu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanping Yuan
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiling Chen
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Derong Kong
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanlong Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Daoyang Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture and Arts, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Oil Peony, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Chang L, Tzean Y, Hsin KT, Lin CY, Wang CN, Yeh HH. Stress associated proteins coordinate the activation of comprehensive antiviral immunity in Phalaenopsis orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:145-155. [PMID: 34614215 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause severe damage on crops, and identification of key gene(s) that can comprehensively activate antiviral immunity will provide insights for designing effective antiviral strategies. Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated antiviral immunity and RNA interference (RNAi) are two independently discovered antiviral pathways. Previously, we identified the orchid stress-associated protein (SAP), Pha13, which serves as a hub in SA-mediated antiviral immunity. As SAPs exist as a protein family, whether duplicated SAPs have redundant or distinctive functions in antiviral immunity remains elusive. We performed functional assays on orchid Pha21, a homolog of Pha13, using transient and transgenic approaches on orchid, Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana to overexpress and/or silence Pha21. The SA treatment induced the expression of both Pha13 and Pha21, whereas Pha21 was found to play a key role in the initiation of the RNAi pathway in Phalaenopsis orchids. We demonstrated that Pha21-mediated antiviral immunity and enhancement of the RNAi pathway is conserved between dicotyledons and monocotyledons. We provide new insight that orchid SAPs confer distinctive functions to coordinate both SA-signaling and RNAi for comprehensive activation of antiviral immunity, and this information will help us develop antiviral strategies on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuh Tzean
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Hsin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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16
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Gupta P, De B. Influence of calcium channel modulators on the production of serotonin, gentisic acid, and a few other biosynthetically related phenolic metabolites in seedling leaves of salt tolerant rice variety Nonabokra. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1929732. [PMID: 34024248 PMCID: PMC8331021 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1929732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rice, a most salt-sensitive cereal plant, adopts diverse pathways to withstand sodium chloride-induced salinity-related adversities. During the present study, attempt was made to understand the role of calcium on metabolite profile of the leaves of salt tolerant rice seedlings of variety of Nonabokra under sodium chloride induced salinity, by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-based metabolomics approach. Calcium availability in the seedlings was reduced or enhanced applying inhibitors (vanadyl sulfate, lanthanum chloride, and verapamil) or promoters of calcium influx (calcimycin also known as calcium ionophore A23187) in the sodium chloride (100 mM) supplemented growth medium. Growth medium of ten-day-old seedlings was replaced by sodium chloride supplemented hydroponic solution with promotor or inhibitors of calcium channel. Fifteen days old seedlings were harvested. It was observed that depletion of calcium availability increased the level of serotonin and gentisic acid whereas increased calcium level decreased these metabolites. It was concluded from the results that production of the signaling molecules serotonin and gentisic acids was elevated in calcium-deficient seedlings under salt stress the condition that was considered as control during the experiment. The two signaling molecules probably help this tolerant rice variety Nonabokra to withstand the salt-induced adversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Gupta
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Bratati De
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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17
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Li S, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Li S. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 delays the accumulation of viroids in infected plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1195-1208. [PMID: 34296816 PMCID: PMC8435232 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (RDR1) is essential for plant antiviral defence, but its role in plant defence against viroid infection remains unknown. The present study aimed to identify the function and mechanism of RDR1 in plant resistance to viroid infection. Overexpression of Nicotiana tabacum RDR1 (NtRDR1) delayed the accumulation of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) genomic RNA and PSTVd-derived small RNA (sRNA) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants at the early invasion stage, but not in the late stage of infection. Conversely, virus-induced gene silencing of tomato RDR1 (SlRDR1a) increased the susceptibility to PSTVd infection (increased viroid accumulation). Salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment induced SlRDR1a expression and enhanced the defence against PSTVd infection in tomato plants. Our study demonstrated that RDR1 is involved in SA-mediated defence and restricts the early systemic invasion by PSTVd in plants. The decreased PSTVd accumulation in N. benthamiana was not caused by efficient accumulation of PSTVd sRNAs. These results deepen our understanding of the mechanism of RDR1 in plant defence responses to viroid attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Citrus Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Environment and Plant Protection InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
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18
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Zhang JR, Liu SS, Pan LL. Enhanced Age-Related Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato Is Associated With Higher Basal Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:685382. [PMID: 34394140 PMCID: PMC8358113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.685382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most notorious plant pathogens affecting the production of tomato worldwide. While the occurrence of age-related resistance (ARR) against TYLCV has been reported, the factors impacting its development remain unknown. We conducted a series of experiments with three tomato cultivars that vary in basal resistance to TYLCV to explore factors involved in the development of ARR. Our data indicate that ARR is more pronounced in tomato cultivars with higher basal resistance. Additionally, increased plant biomass in older plants does not contribute to ARR. Virus source plants with a younger age at initial inoculation facilitates virus acquisition by whiteflies. Finally, an analysis on plant hormones suggests that salicylic acid (SA) may play a major role in the development of ARR in tomato against TYLCV. These findings provide new insights into the developmental resistance in tomato against TYLCV as well as clues for the deployment of ARR in the management of diseases caused by TYLCV.
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Portieles R, Xu H, Yue Q, Zhao L, Zhang D, Du L, Gao X, Gao J, Portal Gonzalez N, Santos Bermudez R, Borrás-Hidalgo O. Heat-killed endophytic bacterium induces robust plant defense responses against important pathogens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12182. [PMID: 34108579 PMCID: PMC8190079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress caused by pathogens strongly damages plants. Developing products to control plant disease is an important challenge in sustainable agriculture. In this study, a heat-killed endophytic bacterium (HKEB), Bacillus aryabhattai, is used to induce plant defense against fungal and bacterial pathogens, and the main defense pathways used by the HKEB to activate plant defense are revealed. The HKEB induced high protection against different pathogens through the salicylic and jasmonic acid pathways. We report the presence of gentisic acid in the HKEB for the first time. These results show that HKEBs may be a useful tool for the management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Portieles
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Xu
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academic of Science), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academic of Science), Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dening Zhang
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Du
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyou Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyao Gao
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Nayanci Portal Gonzalez
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ramon Santos Bermudez
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, No. 336, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Orlando Borrás-Hidalgo
- Joint R&D Center of Biotechnology, RETDA, Yota Bio-Engineering Co., Ltd., 99 Shenzhen Road, Rizhao, 276826, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academic of Science), Jinan, People's Republic of China.
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Symptom Severity, Infection Progression and Plant Responses in Solanum Plants Caused by Three Pospiviroids Vary with the Inoculation Procedure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126189. [PMID: 34201240 PMCID: PMC8273692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious viroid clones consist of dimeric cDNAs used to generate transcripts which mimic the longer-than-unit replication intermediates. These transcripts can be either generated in vitro or produced in vivo by agro-inoculation. We have designed a new plasmid, which allows both inoculation methods, and we have compared them by infecting Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena with clones of Citrus exocortis virod (CEVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Our results showed more uniform and severe symptoms in agro-inoculated plants. Viroid accumulation and the proportion of circular and linear forms were different depending on the host and the inoculation method and did not correlate with the symptoms, which correlated with an increase in PR1 induction, accumulation of the defensive signal molecules salicylic (SA) and gentisic (GA) acids, and ribosomal stress in tomato plants. The alteration in ribosome biogenesis was evidenced by both the upregulation of the tomato ribosomal stress marker SlNAC082 and the impairment in 18S rRNA processing, pointing out ribosomal stress as a novel signature of the pathogenesis of nuclear-replicating viroids. In conclusion, this updated binary vector has turned out to be an efficient and reproducible method that will facilitate the studies of viroid–host interactions.
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Behl T, Rocchetti G, Chadha S, Zengin G, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Uddin MS, Khullar G, Setia D, Arora S, Sinan KI, Ak G, Putnik P, Gallo M, Montesano D. Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 33921724 PMCID: PMC8073840 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India;
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Gaurav Khullar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Hernández-Aparicio F, Lisón P, Rodrigo I, Bellés JM, López-Gresa MP. Signaling in the Tomato Immunity against Fusarium oxysporum. Molecules 2021; 26:1818. [PMID: 33804901 PMCID: PMC8036676 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies of control need to be developed with the aim of economic and environmental sustainability in plant and crop protection. Metabolomics is an excellent platform for both understanding the complex plant-pathogen interactions and unraveling new chemical control strategies. GC-MS-based metabolomics, along with a phytohormone analysis of a compatible and incompatible interaction between tomato plants and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, revealed the specific volatile chemical composition and the plant signals associated with them. The susceptible tomato plants were characterized by the over-emission of methyl- and ethyl-salicylate as well as some fatty acid derivatives, along with an activation of salicylic acid and abscisic acid signaling. In contrast, terpenoids, benzenoids, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were differentially emitted by plants undergoing an incompatible interaction, together with the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. In accordance with this response, a higher expression of several genes participating in the biosynthesis of these volatiles, such as MTS1, TomloxC,TomloxD, and AOS, as well as JAZ7, a JA marker gene, was found to be induced by the fungus in these resistant plants. The characterized metabolome of the immune tomato plants could lead to the development of new resistance inducers against Fusarium wilt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M. Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (F.H.-A.); (P.L.); (I.R.); (J.M.B.)
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23
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Abstract
Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have been intensively studied, and the emerging picture of complex mechanisms provides insights into the roles that phytohormones play in defense regulation as a whole. These hormone signaling pathways are not simple linear or isolated cascades, but exhibit crosstalk with each other. Here, we summarized the current understanding of recent advances for the classical defense hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) and also the roles of abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinins (CKs), and brassinosteroids (BRs) in modulating plant–virus interactions.
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24
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Silva-Martins G, Bolaji A, Moffett P. What does it take to be antiviral? An Argonaute-centered perspective on plant antiviral defense. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6197-6210. [PMID: 32835379 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a major mechanism of constitutive antiviral defense in plants, mediated by a number of proteins, including the Dicer-like (DCL) and Argonaute (AGO) endoribonucleases. Both DCL and AGO protein families comprise multiple members. In particular, the AGO protein family has expanded considerably in different plant lineages, with different family members having specialized functions. Although the general mode of action of AGO proteins is well established, the properties that make different AGO proteins more or less efficient at targeting viruses are less well understood. In this report, we review methodologies used to study AGO antiviral activity and current knowledge about which AGO family members are involved in antiviral defense. In addition, we discuss what is known about the different properties of AGO proteins thought to be associated with this function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayooluwa Bolaji
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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25
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Kwon J, Kasai A, Maoka T, Masuta C, Sano T, Nakahara KS. RNA silencing-related genes contribute to tolerance of infection with potato virus X and Y in a susceptible tomato plant. Virol J 2020; 17:149. [PMID: 33032637 PMCID: PMC7542965 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the RNA silencing system functions as an antiviral defense mechanism following its induction with virus-derived double-stranded RNAs. This occurs through the action of RNA silencing components, including Dicer-like (DCL) nucleases, Argonaute (AGO) proteins, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDR). Plants encode multiple AGOs, DCLs, and RDRs. The functions of these components have been mainly examined in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, we investigated the roles of DCL2, DCL4, AGO2, AGO3 and RDR6 in tomato responses to viral infection. For this purpose, we used transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker), in which the expression of these genes were suppressed by double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA silencing. METHODS We previously created multiple DCL (i.e., DCL2 and DCL4) (hpDCL2.4) and RDR6 (hpRDR6) knockdown transgenic tomato plants and here additionally did multiple AGO (i.e., AGO2 and AGO3) knockdown plants (hpAGO2.3), in which double-stranded RNAs cognate to these genes were expressed to induce RNA silencing to them. Potato virus X (PVX) and Y (PVY) were inoculated onto these transgenic tomato plants, and the reactions of these plants to the viruses were investigated. In addition to observation of symptoms, viral coat protein and genomic RNA were detected by western and northern blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Host mRNA levels were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS Following inoculation with PVX, hpDCL2.4 plants developed a more severe systemic mosaic with leaf curling compared with the other inoculated plants. Systemic necrosis was also observed in hpAGO2.3 plants. Despite the difference in the severity of symptoms, the accumulation of PVX coat protein (CP) and genomic RNA in the uninoculated upper leaves was not obviously different among hpDCL2.4, hpRDR6, and hpAGO2.3 plants and the empty vector-transformed plants. Moneymaker tomato plants were asymptomatic after infection with PVY. However, hpDCL2.4 plants inoculated with PVY developed symptoms, including leaf curling. Consistently, PVY CP was detected in the uninoculated symptomatic upper leaves of hpDCL2.4 plants through western blotting. Of note, PVY CP was rarely detected in other asymptomatic transgenic or wild-type plants. However, PVY was detected in the uninoculated upper leaves of all the inoculated plants using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions. These findings indicated that PVY systemically infected asymptomatic Moneymaker tomato plants at a low level (i.e., no detection of CP via western blotting). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the tomato cultivar Moneymaker is susceptible to PVX and shows mild mosaic symptoms, whereas it is tolerant and asymptomatic to systemic PVY infection with a low virus titer. In contrast, in hpDCL2.4 plants, PVX-induced symptoms became more severe and PVY infection caused symptoms. These results indicate that DCL2, DCL4, or both contribute to tolerance to infection with PVX and PVY. PVY CP and genomic RNA accumulated to a greater extent in DCL2.4-knockdown plants. Hence, the contribution of these DCLs to tolerance to infection with PVY is at least partly attributed to their roles in anti-viral RNA silencing, which controls the multiplication of PVY in tomato plants. The necrotic symptoms observed in the PVX-infected hpAGO2.3 plants suggest that AGO2, AGO3 or both are also distinctly involved in tolerance to infection with PVX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Kwon
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Maoka
- Division of Agro-Environmental Research, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Masuta
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.,Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kenji S Nakahara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan. .,Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan.
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26
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Ethylene is Involved in Symptom Development and Ribosomal Stress of Tomato Plants upon Citrus Exocortis Viroid Infection. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050582. [PMID: 32370199 PMCID: PMC7285140 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) is known to cause different symptoms in citrus trees, and its mechanism of infection has been studied in tomato as an experimental host, producing ribosomal stress on these plants. Some of the symptoms caused by CEVd in tomato plants resemble those produced by the phytohormone ethylene. The present study is focused on elucidating the relationship between CEVd infection and ethylene on disease development. To this purpose, the ethylene insensitive Never ripe (Nr) tomato mutants were infected with CEVd, and several aspects such as susceptibility to infection, defensive response, ethylene biosynthesis and ribosomal stress were studied. Phenotypic characterization revealed higher susceptibility to CEVd in these mutants, which correlated with higher expression levels of both defense and ethylene biosynthesis genes, as well as the ribosomal stress marker SlNAC082. In addition, Northern blotting revealed compromised ribosome biogenesis in all CEVd infected plants, particularly in Nr mutants. Our results indicate a higher ethylene biosynthesis in Nr mutants and suggest an important role of this phytohormone in disease development and ribosomal stress caused by viroid infection.
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27
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Peng C, Zhang A, Wang Q, Song Y, Zhang M, Ding X, Li Y, Geng Q, Zhu C. Ultrahigh-activity immune inducer from Endophytic Fungi induces tobacco resistance to virus by SA pathway and RNA silencing. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:169. [PMID: 32293278 PMCID: PMC7160901 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viruses cause severe economic losses in agricultural production. An ultrahigh activity plant immune inducer (i.e., ZhiNengCong, ZNC) was extracted from endophytic fungi, and it could promote plant growth and enhance resistance to bacteria. However, the antiviral function has not been studied. Our study aims to evaluate the antiviral molecular mechanisms of ZNC in tobacco. RESULTS Here, we used Potato X virus (PVX), wild-type tobacco and NahG transgenic tobacco as materials to study the resistance of ZNC to virus. ZNC exhibited a high activity in enhancing resistance to viruses and showed optimal use concentration at 100-150 ng/mL. ZNC also induced reactive oxygen species accumulation, increased salicylic acid (SA) content by upregulating the expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) gene and activated SA signaling pathway. We generated transcriptome profiles from ZNC-treated seedlings using RNA sequencing. The first GO term in biological process was positive regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing, and the subsequent results showed that ZNC promoted RNA silencing. ZNC-sprayed wild-type leaves showed decreased infection areas, whereas ZNC failed to induce a protective effect against PVX in NahG leaves. CONCLUSION All results indicate that ZNC is an ultrahigh-activity immune inducer, and it could enhance tobacco resistance to PVX at low concentration by positively regulating the RNA silencing via SA pathway. The antiviral mechanism of ZNC was first revealed in this study, and this study provides a new antiviral bioagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chune Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Ailing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Qingbin Wang
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources; National Engineering & Technology Research Center for Slow and Controlled Release Fertilizers, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Quanzheng Geng
- Shandong Pengbo Biotechnology Co., LTD, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, P.R. China.
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28
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Kim M, Kim J, Shin YK, Kim KY. Gentisic Acid Stimulates Keratinocyte Proliferation through ERK1/2 Phosphorylation. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:626-631. [PMID: 32210712 PMCID: PMC7085212 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.36484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte proliferation is important for skin wound healing. The wound healing process includes blood clotting around the wound, removal of dead cells and pathogens through inflammation, and then re-epithelialization through proliferation and maturation. Proliferation assay was performed on acid natural compounds to identify candidates for natural-derived components of skin injury treatment. We found that gentisic acid promoted high cell proliferation activity compared with other compounds. Gentisic acid improved HaCaT cell proliferation by over 20% in MTT assay. Gentisic acid also had higher healing activity in an in vitro wound healing assay than allantoin as a positive control. Furthermore, we have identified how the treatment of gentisic acid can increase proliferation in the cell. Western blot analysis of proteins in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylation was increased by gentisic acid treatment. Thus, our study indicates that gentisic acid promotes the proliferation of keratinocyte by phosphorylation of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeGoo Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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29
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Cottilli P, Belda-Palazón B, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Perreault JP, Schleiff E, Rodrigo I, Ferrando A, Lisón P. Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8649-8661. [PMID: 31392997 PMCID: PMC6895259 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to co-sediment with tomato ribosomes in vivo, and to provoke changes in the global polysome profiles, particularly in the 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. Additionally, the viroid caused alterations in ribosome biogenesis in the infected tomato plants, affecting the 18S rRNA maturation process. A higher expression level of the ribosomal stress mediator NAC082 was also detected in the CEVd-infected tomato leaves. Both the alterations in the rRNA processing and the induction of NAC082 correlate with the degree of viroid symptomatology. Taken together, these results suggest that CEVd is responsible for defective ribosome biogenesis in tomato, thereby interfering with the translation machinery and, therefore, causing ribosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cottilli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- RNA Group, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- RNA Group, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants & Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies; Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
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Campos L, López-Gresa MP, Fuertes D, Bellés JM, Rodrigo I, Lisón P. Tomato glycosyltransferase Twi1 plays a role in flavonoid glycosylation and defence against virus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:450. [PMID: 31655554 PMCID: PMC6815406 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary metabolites play an important role in the plant defensive response. They are produced as a defence mechanism against biotic stress by providing plants with antimicrobial and antioxidant weapons. In higher plants, the majority of secondary metabolites accumulate as glycoconjugates. Glycosylation is one of the commonest modifications of secondary metabolites, and is carried out by enzymes called glycosyltransferases. RESULTS Here we provide evidence that the previously described tomato wound and pathogen-induced glycosyltransferase Twi1 displays in vitro activity toward the coumarins scopoletin, umbelliferone and esculetin, and the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol, by uncovering a new role of this gene in plant glycosylation. To test its activity in vivo, Twi1-silenced transgenic tomato plants were generated and infected with Tomato spotted wilt virus. The Twi1-silenced plants showed a differential accumulation of Twi1 substrates and enhanced susceptibility to the virus. CONCLUSIONS Biochemical in vitro assays and transgenic plants generation proved to be useful strategies to assign a role of tomato Twi1 in the plant defence response. Twi1 glycosyltransferase showed to regulate quercetin and kaempferol levels in tomato plants, affecting plant resistance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campos
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana Fuertes
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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31
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Martínez-Pérez M, Navarro JA, Pallás V, Sánchez-Navarro JA. A sensitive and rapid RNA silencing suppressor activity assay based on alfalfa mosaic virus expression vector. Virus Res 2019; 272:197733. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Tsai WA, Weng SH, Chen MC, Lin JS, Tsai WS. Priming of Plant Resistance to Heat Stress and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus With Plant-Derived Materials. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:906. [PMID: 31354773 PMCID: PMC6640737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often simultaneously exposed to diverse environmental stresses, and can tune suitable responses to them through hormones. Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways are known to enhance resistance against heat stress and tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) infection. However, there is limited information regarding alternative natural priming agents against heat stress and viruses. In this study, two plant-derived priming agents, eugenol and anise oil, were tested for their roles in conferring thermotolerance and virus resistance in tomato plants. Under heat stress, the survival rates and average fresh weight were higher in plants treated with eugenol or anise oil than in control plants. These two priming agents were further tested for antiviral activities. After TYLCTHV infection, the disease incidence and relative abundance of TYLCTHV were lower in anise oil- and eugenol-treated plants than in control plants. Further analyses revealed that a few SA, JA, and RNA silencing genes were enhanced in the former. Moreover, SA, JA, and H2O2 contents increased considerably after eugenol and anise oil treatments. Our findings imply that anise oil and eugenol initiated SA- and JA-mediated defenses to promote thermotolerance and antiviral responses of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Tsai
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien City, Taiwan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sung-Hsia Weng
- Hualien District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Hualien City, Taiwan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ming-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shane Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shih Tsai
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
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Weighill D, Jones P, Bleker C, Ranjan P, Shah M, Zhao N, Martin M, DiFazio S, Macaya-Sanz D, Schmutz J, Sreedasyam A, Tschaplinski T, Tuskan G, Jacobson D. Multi-Phenotype Association Decomposition: Unraveling Complex Gene-Phenotype Relationships. Front Genet 2019; 10:417. [PMID: 31134130 PMCID: PMC6522845 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various patterns of multi-phenotype associations (MPAs) exist in the results of Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) involving different topologies of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-phenotype associations. These can provide interesting information about the different impacts of a gene on closely related phenotypes or disparate phenotypes (pleiotropy). In this work we present MPA Decomposition, a new network-based approach which decomposes the results of a multi-phenotype GWAS study into three bipartite networks, which, when used together, unravel the multi-phenotype signatures of genes on a genome-wide scale. The decomposition involves the construction of a phenotype powerset space, and subsequent mapping of genes into this new space. Clustering of genes in this powerset space groups genes based on their detailed MPA signatures. We show that this method allows us to find multiple different MPA and pleiotropic signatures within individual genes and to classify and cluster genes based on these SNP-phenotype association topologies. We demonstrate the use of this approach on a GWAS analysis of a large population of 882 Populus trichocarpa genotypes using untargeted metabolomics phenotypes. This method should prove invaluable in the interpretation of large GWAS datasets and aid in future synthetic biology efforts designed to optimize phenotypes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Weighill
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Piet Jones
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Carissa Bleker
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States.,Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Manesh Shah
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Madhavi Martin
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Stephen DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - David Macaya-Sanz
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States.,HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | - Timothy Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Gerald Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Jacobson
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States.,Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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Yang X, Lu Y, Zhao X, Jiang L, Xu S, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, Wu Y, MacFarlane S, Chen J, Yan F. Downregulation of Nuclear Protein H2B Induces Salicylic Acid Mediated Defense Against PVX Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1000. [PMID: 31134032 PMCID: PMC6517552 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone H2B protein is not only structurally important for chromosomal DNA packaging but is also involved in the regulation of gene expression, including the immune response of plants against pathogens. In this study, we show that the potato virus X (PVX) infection resulted in the reduced expression of H2B at both the mRNA and protein level in Nicotiana benthamiana. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was then used to down-regulate the expression of H2B in N. benthamiana and tests showed that the titre of TRV was similar in these plants to that in control treated plants. When these H2B-silenced plants were inoculated with PVX, the virus spread more slowly through the plant and there was a lower titre of PVX compared to non-silenced plants. Abnormal leaf development and stem necrosis were observed in the H2B-silenced plants, which were alleviated in H2B-silenced NahG transgenic plants suggesting the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) in the production of these symptoms. Indeed, quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) results showed that endogenous SA is increased in H2B-silenced N. benthamiana. Thus, downregulation of H2B induced the accumulation of endogenous SA, which was correlated with stem necrosis and a decreased accumulation of PVX in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jianping Chen
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease – Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Li T, Huang Y, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Salicylic acid-induced differential resistance to the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus among resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:173. [PMID: 31046667 PMCID: PMC6498608 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In higher plants, salicylic acid (SA) plays important roles in inducing resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) causes a highly devastating viral disease in plants, particularly in tomato. However, the roles of SA in inducing tomato plant resistance to TYLCV remain unclear. RESULTS In this study, we investigated whether the exogenous application of SA can improve the resistance of tomato plants to TYLCV in two tomato cultivars, resistant 'Zhefen-702' and susceptible 'Jinpeng-1'. The impacts of SA on the accumulation of ascorbic acid (AsA) and biosynthetic gene expression, the activity of some important reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzymes, and the expression patterns of stress-related genes were also determined. Results indicated that SA can effectively regulate the accumulation of AsA, especially in 'Jinpeng-1'. Similarly, the expression patterns of most of the AsA biosynthetic genes showed a negative relationship with AsA accumulation in the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. In the two tomato cultivars, the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and peroxidase (POD) in the SA + TYLCV treated plants were increased during the experiment period except at 14 days (APX in 'Jinpeng-1' was also at 4 days) post infected (dpi) with TYLCV. Simultaneously, the activity of SOD was reduced in 'Jinpeng-1' and increased in 'Zhefen-702' after treatment with SA + TYLCV. SA can substantially induce the expression of ROS-scavenging genes at different extents. From 2 to 10 dpi, the virus content in the SA + TYLCV treated plants was remarkably lower than those in the TYLCV treated plants in 'Jinpeng-1'and Zhefen-702'. CONCLUSIONS The above results suggest that SA can enhance tomato plant resistance by modulating the expression of genes encoding for ROS-scavenging players, altering the activity of resistance-related enzymes, and inducing the expression of pathogenesis-related genes to produce systemic acquired resistance. Simultaneously, these results confirm that SA is a resistance-inducing factor against TYLCV infection that can be effectively applied in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Suzuki T, Ikeda S, Kasai A, Taneda A, Fujibayashi M, Sugawara K, Okuta M, Maeda H, Sano T. RNAi-Mediated Down-Regulation of Dicer-Like 2 and 4 Changes the Response of 'Moneymaker' Tomato to Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Infection from Tolerance to Lethal Systemic Necrosis, Accompanied by Up-Regulation of miR398, 398a-3p and Production of Excessive Amount of Reactive Oxygen Species. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040344. [PMID: 31013904 PMCID: PMC6521110 DOI: 10.3390/v11040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of RNA silencing in plant defenses against viroids, a Dicer-like 2 and 4 (DCL2&4)–double knockdown transgenic tomato plant line, 72E, was created. The expression of endogenous SlDCL2s and SlDCL4 in line 72E decreased to about a half that of the empty cassette line, EC. When challenged with potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), line 72E showed significantly higher levels of PSTVd accumulation early in the course of the infection and lethal systemic necrosis late in the infection. The size distribution of PSTVd-derived small RNAs was significantly different with the number of RNAs of 21 and 22 nucleotides (nt) in line 72E, at approximately 66.7% and 5% of those in line EC, respectively. Conversely, the numbers of 24 nt species increased by 1100%. Furthermore, expression of the stress-responsive microRNA species miR398 and miR398a-3p increased 770% and 868% in the PSTVd-infected line 72E compared with the PSTVd-infected EC. At the same time, the expression of cytosolic and chloroplast-localized Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD1 and SOD2) and the copper chaperon for SOD (CCS1) mRNAs, potential targets of miR398 or 398a-3p, decreased significantly in the PSTVd-infected line 72E leaves, showing necrosis. In concert with miR398 and 398a-3p, SODs control the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in cells. Since high levels of ROS production were observed in PSTVd-infected line 72E plants, it is likely that the lack of full dicer-likes (DCL) activity in these plants made them unable to control excessive ROS production after PSTVd infection, as disruption in the ability of miR398 and miR398a-3p to regulate SODs resulted in the development of lethal systemic necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
- Union Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Sho Ikeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Akito Taneda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Misato Fujibayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Kohei Sugawara
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Maki Okuta
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Hayato Maeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho 3, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
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Escudero V, Torres MÁ, Delgado M, Sopeña-Torres S, Swami S, Morales J, Muñoz-Barrios A, Mélida H, Jones AM, Jordá L, Molina A. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) Negatively Regulates the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species During Arabidopsis Immune Responses. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:464-478. [PMID: 30387369 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-18-0217-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic ablation of the β subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein complex in agb1-2 confers defective activation of microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity, resulting in agb1-2 enhanced susceptibility to pathogens like the fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina BMM. A mutant screen for suppressors of agb1-2 susceptibility (sgb) to P. cucumerina BMM identified sgb10, a new null allele (mkp1-2) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1). The enhanced susceptibility of agb1-2 to the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis is also abrogated by mkp1-2. MKP1 negatively balances production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) triggered by MAMPs, since ROS levels are enhanced in mkp1. The expression of RBOHD, encoding a NADPH oxidase-producing ROS, is upregulated in mkp1 upon MAMP treatment or pathogen infection. Moreover, MKP1 negatively regulates RBOHD activity, because ROS levels upon MAMP treatment are increased in mkp1 plants constitutively overexpressing RBOHD (35S::RBOHD mkp1). A significant reprograming of mkp1 metabolic profile occurs with more than 170 metabolites, including antimicrobial compounds, showing differential accumulation in comparison with wild-type plants. These results suggest that MKP1 functions downstream of the heterotrimeric G protein during MAMP-triggered immunity, directly regulating the activity of RBOHD and ROS production as well as other immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Escudero
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Magdalena Delgado
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Sara Sopeña-Torres
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Sanjay Swami
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Jorge Morales
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Barrios
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Hugo Mélida
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Alan M Jones
- 3 Departments of Biology and Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Lucía Jordá
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Antonio Molina
- 1 Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- 2 Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, 28040-Madrid, Spain; and
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Vezzulli S, Malacarne G, Masuero D, Vecchione A, Dolzani C, Goremykin V, Mehari ZH, Banchi E, Velasco R, Stefanini M, Vrhovsek U, Zulini L, Franceschi P, Moser C. The Rpv3-3 Haplotype and Stilbenoid Induction Mediate Downy Mildew Resistance in a Grapevine Interspecific Population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:234. [PMID: 30894868 PMCID: PMC6414455 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of new resistant varieties to the oomycete Plasmopara viticola (Berk.& Curt) is a promising way to combat downy mildew (DM), one of the major diseases threatening the cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Taking advantage of a segregating population derived from "Merzling" (a mid-resistant hybrid) and "Teroldego" (a susceptible landrace), 136 F1 individuals were characterized by combining genetic, phenotypic, and gene expression data to elucidate the genetic basis of DM resistance and polyphenol biosynthesis upon P. viticola infection. An improved consensus linkage map was obtained by scoring 192 microsatellite markers. The progeny were screened for DM resistance and production of 42 polyphenols. QTL mapping showed that DM resistance is associated with the herein named Rpv3-3 specific haplotype and it identified 46 novel metabolic QTLs linked to 30 phenolics-related parameters. A list of the 95 most relevant candidate genes was generated by specifically exploring the stilbenoid-associated QTLs. Expression analysis of 11 genes in Rpv3-3 +/- genotypes displaying disparity in DM resistance level and stilbenoid accumulation revealed significant new candidates for the genetic control of stilbenoid biosynthesis and oligomerization. These overall findings emphasized that DM resistance is likely mediated by the major Rpv3-3 haplotype and stilbenoid induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vezzulli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Domenico Masuero
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Antonella Vecchione
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Chiara Dolzani
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Vadim Goremykin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Zeraye Haile Mehari
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elisa Banchi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Velasco
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- CREA Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, Conegliano, Italy
| | - Marco Stefanini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Zulini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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Islam W, Naveed H, Zaynab M, Huang Z, Chen HYH. Plant defense against virus diseases; growth hormones in highlights. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1596719. [PMID: 30957658 PMCID: PMC6546145 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1596719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are critical in various aspects of plant biology such as growth regulations and defense strategies against pathogens. Plant-virus interactions retard plant growth through rapid alterations in phytohormones and their signaling pathways. Recent research findings show evidence of how viruses impact upon modulation of various phytohormones affecting plant growth regulations. The opinion is getting stronger that virus-mediated phytohormone disruption and alteration weaken plant defense strategies through enhanced replication and systemic spread of viral particles. These hormones regulate plant-virus interactions in various ways that may involve antagonism and cross talk to modulate small RNA (sRNA) systems. The article aims to highlight the recent research findings elaborating the impact of viruses upon manipulation of phytohormones and virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Islam
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hassan Naveed
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiqun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Zhiqun Huang Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Han Y. H. Chen
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada
- CONTACT Han Y. H. Chen Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Ontario Canada
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Chen YM, Dong YH, Liang ZB, Zhang LH, Deng YZ. Enhanced vascular activity of a new chimeric promoter containing the full CaMV 35S promoter and the plant XYLOGEN PROTEIN 1 promoter. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:380. [PMID: 30148030 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a new strategy that controls vascular pathogen infections in economic crops, we examined a possible enhancer of the vascular activity of XYLOGEN PROTEIN 1 promoter (Px). This protein is specifically expressed in the vascular tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana and plays an important role in xylem development. Although Px is predicted as vascular-specific, its activity is hard to detect and highly susceptible to plant and environmental conditions. The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S) is highly active in directing transgene expression. To test if 35S could enhance Px activity, while vascular specificity of the promoter is retained, we examined the expression of the uidA reporter gene, which encodes β-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of a chimeric promoter (35S-Px) or Px by generating 35S-Px-GUS and Px-GUS constructs, which were transformed into tobacco seedlings. Both 35S-Px and Px regulated gene expression in vascular tissues. However, GUS expression driven by 35S-Px was not detected in 30- and 60-day-old plants. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that GUS gene expression regulated by 35S-Px was 6.2-14.9-fold higher in vascular tissues than in leaves. Histochemical GUS staining demonstrated that 35S-Px was strongly active in the xylem and phloem. Thus, fusion of 35S and Px might considerably enhance the strength of Px and increase its vascular specificity. In addition to confirming that 35S enhances the activity of a low-level tissue-specific promoter, these findings provide information for further improving the activity of such promoters, which might be useful for engineering new types of resistant genes against vascular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Chen
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- 2Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yi-Hu Dong
- 4Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore City, 138673 Singapore
| | - Zhi-Bin Liang
- 1State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- 2Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhang
- 2Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yi-Zhen Deng
- 2Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- 3Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Dehkordi AN, Rubio M, Babaeian N, Albacete A, Martínez-Gómez P. Phytohormone Signaling of the Resistance to Plum pox virus (PPV, Sharka Disease) Induced by Almond (Prunus dulcis (Miller) Webb) Grafting to Peach (P. persica L. Batsch). Viruses 2018; 10:v10050238. [PMID: 29751564 PMCID: PMC5977231 DOI: 10.3390/v10050238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plum pox virus (PPV, sharka) is a limiting factor for peach production, and no natural sources of resistance have been described. Recent studies, however, have demonstrated that grafting the almond cultivar "Garrigues" onto the "GF305" peach infected with Dideron-type (PPV-D) isolates progressively reduces disease symptoms and virus accumulation. Furthermore, grafting "Garrigues" onto "GF305" prior to PPV-D inoculation has been found to completely prevent virus infection, showing that resistance is constitutive and not induced by the virus. To unravel the phytohormone signaling of this mechanism, we analyzed the following phytohormones belonging to the principal hormone classes: the growth-related phytohormones cytokinin trans-zeatin (tZ) and the gibberellins GA₃ and GA₄; and the stress-related phytohormones ethylene acid precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA). PPV inoculation produced a significant increase in GA₃ and ABA in peach, and these imbalances were related to the presence of chlorosis symptoms. However, grafting "Garrigues" almond onto the PPV-inoculated "GF305" peach produced the opposite effect, reducing GA₃ and ABA contents in parallel to the elimination of symptoms. Our results showed the significant implication of SA in this induced resistance in peach with an additional effect on tZ and JA concentrations. This SA-induced resistance based in the decrease in symptoms seems to be different from Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR), which are based in other reactions producing necrosis. Further studies are necessary, however, to validate these results against PPV-D isolates in the more aggressive Marcus-type (PPV-M) isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Nikbakht Dehkordi
- Faculty of Crop Science, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SARNU), Km 9, Darya Road P.O. Box 578 Sari, Iran.
| | - Manuel Rubio
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Nadali Babaeian
- Faculty of Crop Science, Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SARNU), Km 9, Darya Road P.O. Box 578 Sari, Iran.
| | - Alfonso Albacete
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CEBAS-CSIC), P.O. Box 164, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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López-Gresa MP, Payá C, Ozáez M, Rodrigo I, Conejero V, Klee H, Bellés JM, Lisón P. A New Role For Green Leaf Volatile Esters in Tomato Stomatal Defense Against Pseudomonas syringe pv. tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1855. [PMID: 30619420 PMCID: PMC6305539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The volatile esters of (Z)-3-hexenol with acetic, propionic, isobutyric, or butyric acids are synthesized by alcohol acyltransferases (AAT) in plants. These compounds are differentially emitted when tomato plants are efficiently resisting an infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. We have studied the defensive role of these green leaf volatile (GLV) esters in the tomato response to bacterial infection, by analyzing the induction of resistance mediated by these GLVs and the phenotype upon bacterial infection of tomato plants impaired in their biosynthesis. We observed that treatments of plants with (Z)-3-hexenyl propionate (HP) and, to a greater extent with (Z)-3-hexenyl butyrate (HB), resulted in stomatal closure, PR gene induction and enhanced resistance to the bacteria. HB-mediated stomatal closure was also effective in several plant species belonging to Nicotiana, Arabidopsis, Medicago, Zea and Citrus genus, and both stomatal closure and resistance were induced in HB-treated NahG tomato plants, which are deficient in salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. Transgenic antisense AAT1 tomato plants, which displayed a reduction of ester emissions upon bacterial infection in leaves, exhibited a lower ratio of stomatal closure and were hyper-susceptible to bacterial infection. Our results confirm the role of GLV esters in plant immunity, uncovering a SA-independent effect of HB in stomatal defense. Moreover, we identified HB as a natural stomatal closure compound with potential agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Payá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Ozáez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Conejero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Harry Klee
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - José María Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Purificación Lisón
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Xia C, Li S, Hou W, Fan Z, Xiao H, Lu M, Sano T, Zhang Z. Global Transcriptomic Changes Induced by Infection of Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) with Mild and Severe Variants of Hop Stunt Viroid. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2427. [PMID: 29312160 PMCID: PMC5733102 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after transfer to hops, hop stunt viroid-grapevine (HSVd-g) was replaced by HSVd-hop (HSVd-h), a sequence variant that contains changes at five different positions. HSVd-g54 is a laboratory mutant derived from HSVd-g that differs from its progenitor by a single G to A substitution at position 54. While infection by HSVd-h induces only mild stunting in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), HSVd-g54 induces much more severe symptoms in this indicator host. Comparison of transcriptome profiles of cucumber infected with HSVd-h or HSVd-g54 with those of mock-inoculated controls obtained by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing revealed that many genes related to photosynthesis were down-regulated following infection. In contrast, genes encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 1 (CsRDR1), especially CsRDR1c1 and CsRDR1c2, as well as those related to basal defense responses were up-regulated. Expression of genes associated with phytohormone signaling pathways were also altered, indicating that viroid infection initiates a complex array of changes in the host transcriptome. HSVd-g54 induced an earlier and stronger response than HSVd-h, and further examination of these differences will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that determine viroid pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling and Integrated Management, State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau, Institue of Tobacco Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meiguang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Teruo Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Gómez‐Muñoz N, Velázquez K, Vives MC, Ruiz‐Ruiz S, Pina JA, Flores R, Moreno P, Guerri J. The resistance of sour orange to Citrus tristeza virus is mediated by both the salicylic acid and RNA silencing defence pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1253-1266. [PMID: 27588892 PMCID: PMC6638288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) induces in the field the decline and death of citrus varieties grafted on sour orange (SO) rootstock, which has forced the use of alternative decline-tolerant rootstocks in affected countries, despite the highly desirable agronomic features of the SO rootstock. Declining citrus plants display phloem necrosis below the bud union. In addition, SO is minimally susceptible to CTV compared with other citrus varieties, suggesting partial resistance of SO to CTV. Here, by silencing different citrus genes with a Citrus leaf blotch virus-based vector, we have examined the implication of the RNA silencing and salicylic acid (SA) defence pathways in the resistance of SO to CTV. Silencing of the genes RDR1, NPR1 and DCL2/DCL4, associated with these defence pathways, enhanced virus spread and accumulation in SO plants in comparison with non-silenced controls, whereas silencing of the genes NPR3/NPR4, associated with the hypersensitive response, produced a slight decrease in CTV accumulation and reduced stunting of SO grafted on CTV-infected rough lemon plants. We also found that the CTV RNA silencing suppressors p20 and p23 also suppress the SA signalling defence, with the suppressor activity being higher in the most virulent isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Gómez‐Muñoz
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
| | - Karelia Velázquez
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
| | - María Carmen Vives
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
| | - Susana Ruiz‐Ruiz
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
| | - José Antonio Pina
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
| | - Ricardo Flores
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avenida de los NaranjosValencia46022Spain
| | - Pedro Moreno
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
| | - José Guerri
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA)Centro de Protección Vegetal y BiotecnologíaMoncada, Valencia46113Spain
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Palmer IA, Shang Z, Fu ZQ. Salicylic acid-mediated plant defense: Recent developments, missing links, and future outlook. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-017-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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López-Gresa MP, Lisón P, Campos L, Rodrigo I, Rambla JL, Granell A, Conejero V, Bellés JM. A Non-targeted Metabolomics Approach Unravels the VOCs Associated with the Tomato Immune Response against Pseudomonas syringae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1188. [PMID: 28725238 PMCID: PMC5495837 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants are secondary metabolites that mediate the plant interaction with pathogens and herbivores. These compounds may perform direct defensive functions, i.e., acting as antioxidant, antibacterial, or antifungal agents, or indirectly by signaling the activation of the plant's defensive responses. Using a non-targeted GC-MS metabolomics approach, we identified the profile of the VOCs associated with the differential immune response of the Rio Grande tomato leaves infected with either virulent or avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 pv. tomato. The VOC profile of the tomato leaves infected with avirulent bacteria is characterized by esters of (Z)-3-hexenol with acetic, propionic, isobutyric or butyric acids, and several hydroxylated monoterpenes, e.g., linalool, α-terpineol, and 4-terpineol, which defines the profile of an immunized plant response. In contrast, the same tomato cultivar infected with the virulent bacteria strain produced a VOC profile characterized by monoterpenes and SA derivatives. Interestingly, the differential VOCs emission correlated statistically with the induction of the genes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Our results extend plant defense system knowledge and suggest the possibility for generating plants engineered to over-produce these VOCs as a complementary strategy for resistance.
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47
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Matoušek J, Siglová K, Jakše J, Radišek S, Brass JRJ, Tsushima T, Guček T, Duraisamy GS, Sano T, Steger G. Propagation and some physiological effects of Citrus bark cracking viroid and Apple fruit crinkle viroid in multiple infected hop (Humulus lupulus L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:166-177. [PMID: 28395198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hop metabolome important for the brewing industry and for medical purposes is endangered worldwide due to multiple viroid infections affecting hop physiology. Combinatorial biolistic hop inoculation with Citrus bark cracking viroid (CBCVd), Apple fruit crinkle viroid (AFCVd), Hop latent viroid, and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) showed a low CBCVd compatibility with HSVd, while all other viroid combinations were highly compatible. Unlike to other viroids, single CBCVd propagation showed a significant excess of (-) over (+) strands in hop, tomato, and Nicotiana benthamiana, but not in citruses. Inoculation of hop with all viroids led to multiple infections with unstable viroid levels in individual plants in the pre- and post-dormancy periods, and to high plant mortality and morphological disorders. Hop isolates of CBCVd and AFCVd were highly stable, only minor quasispecies were detected. CBCVd caused a strong suppression of some crucial mRNAs related to the hop prenylflavonoid biosynthesis pathway, while AFCVd-caused effects were moderate. According to mRNA degradome analysis, this suppression was not caused by a direct viroid-specific small RNA-mediated degradation. CBCVd infection led to a strong induction of two hop transcription factors from WRKY family and to a disbalance of WRKY/WDR1 complexes important for activation of lupulin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matoušek
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - K Siglová
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - J Jakše
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Joseph R J Brass
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - T Tsushima
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bubkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - T Guček
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - G S Duraisamy
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - T Sano
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bubkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan
| | - G Steger
- Institute of Physical Biology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40204 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Su P, Tan X, Li C, Zhang D, Cheng J, Zhang S, Zhou X, Yan Q, Peng J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lu X. Photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris GJ-22 induces systemic resistance against viruses. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:612-624. [PMID: 28296178 PMCID: PMC5404195 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) have been extensively used in agriculture to promote plant growth and to improve crop quality. Their potential application in plant disease management, however, is largely overlooked. In this study, the PSB strain Rhodopseudomonas palustris GJ-22 was investigated for its ability to induce resistance against a plant virus while promoting plant growth. In the field, a foliar spray of GJ-22 suspension protected tobacco plants against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Under axenic conditions, GJ-22 colonized the plant phyllosphere and induced resistance against TMV. Additionally, GJ-22 produced two phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid and 5-aminolevulinic acid, which promote growth and germination in tobacco. Furthermore, GJ-22-inoculated plants elevated their immune response under subsequent TMV infection. This research may give rise to a novel biological agent with a dual function in disease management while promoting plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Su
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Ju'e Cheng
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY40546USA
| | - Qingpin Yan
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Jing Peng
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Yong Liu
- Hunan Academy of Agricultural SciencesHunan Plant Protection InstituteChangsha410125China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha410128China
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49
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Calil IP, Fontes EPB. Plant immunity against viruses: antiviral immune receptors in focus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:711-723. [PMID: 27780814 PMCID: PMC5604577 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among the environmental limitations that affect plant growth, viruses cause major crop losses worldwide and represent serious threats to food security. Significant advances in the field of plant-virus interactions have led to an expansion of potential strategies for genetically engineered resistance in crops during recent years. Nevertheless, the evolution of viral virulence represents a constant challenge in agriculture that has led to a continuing interest in the molecular mechanisms of plant-virus interactions that affect disease or resistance. SCOPE AND CONCLUSION This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of the antiviral immune system in plants and the latest breakthroughs reported in plant defence against viruses. Particular attention is given to the immune receptors and transduction pathways in antiviral innate immunity. Plants counteract viral infection with a sophisticated innate immune system that resembles the non-viral pathogenic system, which is broadly divided into pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. An additional recently uncovered virus-specific defence mechanism relies on host translation suppression mediated by a transmembrane immune receptor. In all cases, the recognition of the virus by the plant during infection is central for the activation of these innate defences, and, conversely, the detection of host plants enables the virus to activate virulence strategies. Plants also circumvent viral infection through RNA interference mechanisms by utilizing small RNAs, which are often suppressed by co-evolving virus suppressors. Additionally, plants defend themselves against viruses through hormone-mediated defences and activation of the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system (UPS), which alternatively impairs and facilitates viral infection. Therefore, plant defence and virulence strategies co-evolve and co-exist; hence, disease development is largely dependent on the extent and rate at which these opposing signals emerge in host and non-host interactions. A deeper understanding of plant antiviral immunity may facilitate innovative biotechnological, genetic and breeding approaches for crop protection and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara P. Calil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P. B. Fontes
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular/National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant–Pest Interactions/Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570.000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Li Y, Qin L, Zhao J, Muhammad T, Cao H, Li H, Zhang Y, Liang Y. SlMAPK3 enhances tolerance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) by regulating salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172466. [PMID: 28222174 PMCID: PMC5319765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have reported on the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK3) in plant immune responses. However, little is known about how MAPK3 functions in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) infected with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). There is also uncertainty about the connection between plant MAPK3 and the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) defense-signaling pathways. The results of this study indicated that SlMAPK3 participates in the antiviral response against TYLCV. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with TYLCV to investigate the possible roles of SlMAPK1, SlMAPK2, and SlMAPK3 against this virus. Inoculation with TYLCV strongly induced the expression and the activity of all three genes. Silencing of SlMAPK1, SlMAPK2, and SlMAPK3 reduced tolerance to TYLCV, increased leaf H2O2 concentrations, and attenuated expression of defense-related genes after TYLCV infection, especially in SlMAPK3-silenced plants. Exogenous SA and methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) both significantly induced SlMAPK3 expression in tomato leaves. Over-expression of SlMAPK3 increased the transcript levels of SA/JA-mediated defense-related genes (PR1, PR1b/SlLapA, SlPI-I, and SlPI-II) and enhanced tolerance to TYLCV. After TYLCV inoculation, the leaves of SlMAPK3 over-expressed plants compared with wild type plants showed less H2O2 accumulation and greater superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. Overall, the results suggested that SlMAPK3 participates in the antiviral response of tomato to TYLCV, and that this process may be through either the SA or JA defense-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhou Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lei Qin
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Tayeb Muhammad
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hehe Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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