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Kordyum E, Akimov Y, Polishchuk O, Panas I, Stepanov S, Kozeko L. Psammophytes Alyssum desertorum Stapf and Secale sylvestre Host Are Sensitive to Soil Flooding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:413. [PMID: 38337946 PMCID: PMC10857069 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
While morphological and functional traits enable hydrophytes to survive under waterlogging and partial or complete submergence, the data on responses of psammophytes-sand plants-to flooding are very limited. We analyzed the effect of 5- and 10-day soil flooding on the photosynthetic apparatus and the synthesis of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70), and ethylene in seedlings of psammophytes Alyssum desertorum and Secale sylvestre using electron microscopy, chlorophyll a fluorescence induction, and biochemical methods. It was found that seedlings growing under soil flooding differed from those growing in stationary conditions with such traits as chloroplast ultrastructure, pigment content, chlorophyll fluorescence induction, and the dynamics of ADH, HSP, and ethylene synthesis. Although flooding caused no apparent damage to the photosynthetic apparatus in all the variants, a significant decrease in total photosynthesis efficiency was observed in both studied plants, as indicated by decreased values of φR0 and PIABS,total. More noticeable upregulation of ADH in S. sylvestre, as well as increasing HSP70 level and more intensive ethylene emission in A. desertorum, indicate species-specific differences in these traits in response to short-term soil flooding. Meanwhile, the absence of systemic anaerobic metabolic adaptation to prolonged hypoxia causes plant death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kordyum
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereschenkivska Str., 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine (O.P.); (S.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Yuri Akimov
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereschenkivska Str., 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine (O.P.); (S.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Oleksandr Polishchuk
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereschenkivska Str., 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine (O.P.); (S.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Ihor Panas
- Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Str., 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Sergiy Stepanov
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereschenkivska Str., 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine (O.P.); (S.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Liudmyla Kozeko
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2 Tereschenkivska Str., 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine (O.P.); (S.S.); (L.K.)
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Zhang R, Xuan L, Ni L, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yin Y, Hua J. ADH Gene Cloning and Identification of Flooding-Responsive Genes in Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:678. [PMID: 36771761 PMCID: PMC9919530 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a flooding-tolerant tree species, Taxodium distichum has been utilized in afforestation projects and proven to have important value in flooding areas. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), which participates in ethanol fermentation, is essential for tolerance to the anaerobic conditions caused by flooding. In a comprehensive analysis of the ADH gene family in T. distichum, TdADHs were cloned on the basis of whole-genome sequencing, and then bioinformatic analysis, subcellular localization, and gene expression level analysis under flooding were conducted. The results show that the putative protein sequences of 15 cloned genes contained seven TdADHs and eight TdADH-like genes (one Class III ADH included) that were divided into five clades. All the sequences had an ADH_N domain, and except for TdADH-likeE2, all the other genes had an ADH_zinc_N domain. Moreover, the TdADHs in clades A, B, C, and D had a similar motif composition. Additionally, the number of TdADH amino acids ranged from 277 to 403, with an average of 370.13. Subcellular localization showed that, except for TdADH-likeD3, which was not expressed in the nucleus, the other genes were predominantly expressed in both the nucleus and cytosol. TdADH-likeC2 was significantly upregulated in all three organs (roots, stems, and leaves), and TdADHA3 was also highly upregulated under 24 h flooding treatment; the two genes might play key roles in ethanol fermentation and flooding tolerance. These findings offer a comprehensive understanding of TdADHs and could provide a foundation for the molecular breeding of T. distichum and current research on the molecular mechanisms driving flooding tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lei Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Longjie Ni
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yunlong Yin
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
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Laupheimer S, Kurzweil L, Proels R, Unsicker SB, Stark TD, Dawid C, Hückelhoven R. Volatile-mediated signalling in barley induces metabolic reprogramming and resistance against the biotrophic fungus Blumeria hordei. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:72-84. [PMID: 36377298 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved diverse secondary metabolites to counteract biotic stress. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released upon herbivore attack or pathogen infection. Recent studies suggest that VOCs can act as signalling molecules in plant defence and induce resistance in distant organs and neighbouring plants. However, knowledge is lacking on the function of VOCs in biotrophic fungal infection on cereal plants. We analysed VOCs emitted by 13 ± 1-day-old barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) after mechanical wounding using passive absorbers and TD-GC/MS. We investigated the effect of pure VOC and complex VOC mixtures released from wounded plants on the barley-powdery mildew interaction by pre-exposure in a dynamic headspace connected to a powdery mildew susceptibility assay. Untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics were applied to investigate metabolic changes in sender and receiver barley plants. Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) dominated the volatile profile of wounded barley plants, with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3HAC) as the most abundant compound. Barley volatiles emitted after mechanical wounding enhanced resistance in receiver plants towards fungal infection. We found volatile-mediated modifications of the plant-pathogen interaction in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-exposure with physiologically relevant concentrations of Z3HAC resulted in induced resistance, suggesting that this GLV is a key player in barley anti-pathogen defence. The complex VOC mixture released from wounded barley and Z3HAC induced e.g. accumulation of chlorophyll, linolenic acid and linolenate-conjugated lipids, as well as defence-related secondary metabolites, such as hordatines in receiving plants. Barley VOCs hence induce a complex physiological response and disease resistance in receiver plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Laupheimer
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - L Kurzweil
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - R Proels
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - S B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Jena, Germany
| | - T D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - C Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - R Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Ma P, Li H, Liu E, He K, Song Y, Dong C, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhou Z, Xu Y, Wu J, Zhang H. Evaluation and Identification of Resistance Lines and QTLs of Maize to Seedborne Fusarium verticillioides. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2066-2073. [PMID: 35259305 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-21-2247-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Internal fungal contamination in cereal grains may affect plant growth and result in health concerns for humans and animals. Fusarium verticillioides is a seedborne fungus that can systemically infect maize. However, few efforts had been devoted to studying the genetics of maize resistance to seedborne F. verticillioides. In this study, we developed a disease evaluation method to identify resistance to seedborne F. verticillioides in maize, by which a set of 121 diverse maize inbred lines were evaluated. A 160 F10-generation recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross of the resistant (BT-1) and susceptible (N6) inbred line was further used to identify major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seedborne F. verticillioides resistance. Eighteen inbred lines with a high resistance to seedborne F. verticillioides were characterized and could be used as potential germplasm resources for genetic improvement of maize resistance. Six QTLs with high heritability across multiple environments were detected on chromosomes 3, 4, 6, and 10, among which was a major QTL, qISFR4-1. Located on chromosome 4 at the interval of 12922609-13418025, qISFR4-1 could explain 16.63% of the total phenotypic variance. Distinct expression profiles of eight candidate genes in qISFR4-1 between BT-1 and N6 inbred lines suggested their pivotal regulatory roles in seedborne F. verticillioides resistance. Taken together, these results will improve our understanding of the resistant mechanisms of seedborne F. verticillioides and would provide valuable germplasm resources for disease resistance breeding in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haojie Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Enpeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kewei He
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yunxia Song
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chaopei Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xuecai Zhang
- Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), 06600 Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Zijian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yufang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianyu Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Mode of action of nanochitin whisker against Fusarium pseudograminearum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:356-366. [PMID: 35839953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanochitin whisker (NC) is an advanced nanobiomaterial with novel physicochemical and biological properties. Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fpg) is an important pathogenic fungus causing wheat crown rot disease. This study explored the mode of action of NC against Fpg as a target microorganism. The effects of different treatments and concentrations of NC on the fungal growth and conidial germination were investigated by in vitro bioassay. The impacts of NC on cell structure integrity, membrane permeability, pathogenesis related key enzymes activity, and the mycotoxin production were examined by electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, conductometry, and spectrophotometry, respectively. The results showed that NC significantly reduced hyphal growth, and the spore germination rate of Fpg declined by 33.0 % and 23.2 % when Fpg was treated with 30 and 300 μg/mL of NC, respectively. NC vigorously influenced structural stability of cell wall by destroying dextran structure, and strongly stimulated ergosterol production altering membrane integrity of the fungus. It reduced the activities of enzymes related to energy-supply like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase remarkably. The production of fungal mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was also decreased by NC. These findings provide an important basis for fully understanding the mechanism of nanobiomaterial in plant fungal disease control.
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Liu S, Guo L, Zhou Q, Jiang Z, Jin L, Zhu J, Xie H, Wei C. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes Involved in Catalyzing the Reduction of ( Z)-3-Hexenal into ( Z)-3-Hexenol in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1830-1839. [PMID: 35112571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a vital enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway of six-carbon volatiles in plants. However, little is known about its functions in tea plants. Here, we identified two ADH genes (CsADH1 and CsADH2). An in vitro protein expression assay showed that both CsADH1 and CsADH2 proteins can catalyze the reduction of (Z)-3-hexenal into (Z)-3-hexenol. Subcellular localization revealed that both CsADH1 and CsADH2 proteins were predominantly localized in the nucleus and cytosol. CsADH1 had high transcripts in young stems in autumn, while CsADH2 showed extremely high expression levels in stems and roots. The expression of CsADH2 was mainly downregulated under ABA treatment, while CsADH1 and CsADH2 transcripts were significantly lower under MeJA treatment at 12 and 24 h. Under cold treatment, CsADH1 transcripts first decreased and then increased, while CsADH2 demonstrated an almost opposite expression pattern. Notably, CsADH2 was significantly upregulated under simulated Ectropis obliqua invasion. Gene suppression by antisense oligonucleotides (AsODNs) demonstrated that AsODN_ADH2 treatment significantly reduced CsADH2 transcripts and the abundance of (Z)-3-hexenol products. The results indicate that the two CsADH genes may play an important role in response to (a)biotic stresses and in the process of (Z)-3-hexenol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lingxiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Qiying Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | | | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chaoling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Shen C, Yuan J, Ou X, Ren X, Li X. Genome-wide identification of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family under waterlogging stress in wheat ( Triticum aestivum). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11861. [PMID: 34386306 PMCID: PMC8312495 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays an important role in plant survival under anaerobic conditions. Although some research about ADH in many plants have been carried out, the bioinformatics analysis of the ADH gene family from Triticum aestivum and their response to abiotic stress is unclear. Methods A total of 22 ADH genes were identified from the wheat genome, and these genes could be divided into two subfamilies (subfamily I and subfamily II). All TaADH genes belonged to the Medium-chain ADH subfamily. Sequence alignment analysis showed that all TaADH proteins contained a conservative GroES-like domain and Zinc-binding domain. A total of 64 duplicated gene pairs were found, and the Ka/Ks value of these gene pairs was less than 1, which indicated that these genes were relatively conservative and did not change greatly in the process of duplication. Results The organizational analysis showed that nine TaADH genes were highly expressed in all organs, and the rest of TaADH genes had tissue specificity. Cis-acting element analysis showed that almost all of the TaADH genes contained an anaerobic response element. The expression levels of ADH gene in waterlogging tolerant and waterlogging sensitive wheat seeds were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This showed that some key ADH genes were significantly responsive to waterlogging stress at the seed germination stage, and the response of waterlogging tolerant and waterlogging sensitive wheat seeds to waterlogging stress was regulated by different ADH genes. The results may be helpful to further study the function of TaADH genes and to determine the candidate gene for wheat stress resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Shen
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jingping Yuan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xingqi Ou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiujuan Ren
- School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Perochon A, Benbow HR, Ślęczka-Brady K, Malla KB, Doohan FM. Analysis of the chromosomal clustering of Fusarium-responsive wheat genes uncovers new players in the defence against head blight disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7446. [PMID: 33811222 PMCID: PMC8018971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that some functionally related, co-expressed genes cluster within eukaryotic genomes. We present a novel pipeline that delineates such eukaryotic gene clusters. Using this tool for bread wheat, we uncovered 44 clusters of genes that are responsive to the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. As expected, these Fusarium-responsive gene clusters (FRGCs) included metabolic gene clusters, many of which are associated with disease resistance, but hitherto not described for wheat. However, the majority of the FRGCs are non-metabolic, many of which contain clusters of paralogues, including those implicated in plant disease responses, such as glutathione transferases, MAP kinases, and germin-like proteins. 20 of the FRGCs encode nonhomologous, non-metabolic genes (including defence-related genes). One of these clusters includes the characterised Fusarium resistance orphan gene, TaFROG. Eight of the FRGCs map within 6 FHB resistance loci. One small QTL on chromosome 7D (4.7 Mb) encodes eight Fusarium-responsive genes, five of which are within a FRGC. This study provides a new tool to identify genomic regions enriched in genes responsive to specific traits of interest and applied herein it highlighted gene families, genetic loci and biological pathways of importance in the response of wheat to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Perochon
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Harriet R Benbow
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Ślęczka-Brady
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Keshav B Malla
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and Earth Institute, College of Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Hoefle C, McCollum C, Hückelhoven R. Barley ROP-Interactive Partner-a organizes into RAC1- and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1-dependent membrane domains. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:94. [PMID: 32122296 PMCID: PMC7053138 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small ROP (also called RAC) GTPases are key factors in polar cell development and in interaction with the environment. ROP-Interactive Partner (RIP) proteins are predicted scaffold or ROP-effector proteins, which function downstream of activated GTP-loaded ROP proteins in establishing membrane heterogeneity and cellular organization. Grass ROP proteins function in cell polarity, resistance and susceptibility to fungal pathogens but grass RIP proteins are little understood. RESULTS We found that the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) RIPa protein can interact with barley ROPs in yeast. Fluorescent-tagged RIPa, when co-expressed with the constitutively activated ROP protein CA RAC1, accumulates at the cell periphery or plasma membrane. Additionally, RIPa, locates into membrane domains, which are laterally restricted by microtubules when co-expressed with RAC1 and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1. Both structural integrity of MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1 and microtubule stability are key to maintenance of RIPa-labeled membrane domains. In this context, RIPa also accumulates at the interface of barley and invading hyphae of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest that barley RIPa interacts with barley ROPs and specifies RAC1 activity-associated membrane domains with potential signaling capacity. Lateral diffusion of this RAC1 signaling capacity is spatially restricted and the resulting membrane heterogeneity requires intact microtubules and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED ROP-GTPASE ACTIVATING PROTEIN 1. Focal accumulation of RIPa at sites of fungal attack may indicate locally restricted ROP activity at sites of fungal invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoefle
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil Ramann Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christopher McCollum
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil Ramann Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil Ramann Str. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Pusztahelyi T. Chitin and chitin-related compounds in plant-fungal interactions. Mycology 2018; 9:189-201. [PMID: 30181925 PMCID: PMC6115883 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1473299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second abundant polysaccharide in the world after cellulose. It is a vital structural component of the fungal cell wall but not for plants. In plants, fungi are recognised through the perception of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to induce MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Chitin polymers and their modified form, chitosan, induce host defence responses in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The plants' response to chitin, chitosan, and derived oligosaccharides depends on the acetylation degree of these compounds which indicates possible biocontrol regulation of plant immune system. There has also been a considerable amount of recent research aimed at elucidating the roles of chitin hydrolases in fungi and plants as chitinase production in plants is not considered solely as an antifungal resistance mechanism. We discuss the importance of chitin forms and chitinases in the plant-fungal interactions and their role in persistent and possible biocontrol. Abbreviations ET, ethylene; GAP, GTPase-activating protein; GEF, GDP/GTP exchange factor; JA, jasmonic acid; LysM, lysin motif; MAMP, microbe-associated molecular pattern; MTI, MAMP-triggered immunity; NBS, nucleotide-binding site; NBS-LRR, nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeats; PM, powdery mildew; PR, pathogenesis-related; RBOH, respiratory burst oxidase homolog; RLK, receptor-like kinase; RLP, receptor-like protein; SA, salicylic acid; TF, transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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