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Al-Saei ANJM, Nour-Eldine W, Rajpoot K, Arshad N, Al-Shammari AR, Kamal M, Akil AAS, Fakhro KA, Thornalley PJ, Rabbani N. Validation of plasma protein glycation and oxidation biomarkers for the diagnosis of autism. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:653-659. [PMID: 38135754 PMCID: PMC11153128 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. It is currently diagnosed by behaviour-based assessments made by observation and interview. In 2018 we reported a discovery study of a blood biomarker diagnostic test for ASD based on a combination of four plasma protein glycation and oxidation adducts. The test had 88% accuracy in children 5-12 years old. Herein, we present an international multicenter clinical validation study (N = 478) with application of similar biomarkers to a wider age range of 1.5-12 years old children. Three hundred and eleven children with ASD (247 male, 64 female; age 5.2 ± 3.0 years) and 167 children with typical development (94 male, 73 female; 4.9 ± 2.4 years) were recruited for this study at Sidra Medicine and Hamad Medical Corporation hospitals, Qatar, and Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Spain. For subjects 5-12 years old, the diagnostic algorithm with features, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)-Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), Nω-carboxymethylarginine (CMA) and 3-deoxyglucosone-derived hydroimidazolone (3DG-H), and oxidative damage marker, o,o'-dityrosine (DT), age and gender had accuracy 83% (CI 79 - 89%), sensitivity 94% (CI 90-98%), specificity 67% (CI 57-76%) and area-under-the-curve of receiver operating characteristic plot (AUROC) 0.87 (CI 0.84-0.90). Inclusion of additional plasma protein glycation and oxidation adducts increased the specificity to 74%. An algorithm with 12 plasma protein glycation and oxidation adduct features was optimum for children of 1.5-12 years old: accuracy 74% (CI 70-79%), sensitivity 75% (CI 63-87%), specificity 74% (CI 58-90%) and AUROC 0.79 (CI 0.74-0.84). We conclude that ASD diagnosis may be supported using an algorithm with features of plasma protein CML, CMA, 3DG-H and DT in 5-12 years-old children, and an algorithm with additional features applicable for ASD screening in younger children. ASD severity, as assessed by ADOS-2 score, correlated positively with plasma protein glycation adducts derived from methylglyoxal, hydroimidazolone MG-H1 and Nε(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL). The successful validation herein may indicate that the algorithm modifiable features are mechanistic risk markers linking ASD to increased lipid peroxidation, neuronal plasticity and proteotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wared Nour-Eldine
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kashif Rajpoot
- University of Birmingham Dubai, Dubai International Academic City, PO Box 341799, Dubai, UAE
| | - Noman Arshad
- BIOMISA Laboratory, Department of Computer & Software Engineering, National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abeer R Al-Shammari
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Madeeha Kamal
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ammira Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Laboratory, Population Genetics, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
- Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Laboratory, Population Genetics, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratory of Genomic Medicine-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, PO Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Naila Rabbani
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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Eick SM, Ortlund K, Aguiar A, Merced-Nieves FM, Woodbury ML, Milne GL, Schantz SL. Associations between oxidative stress biomarkers during pregnancy and infant cognition at 7.5 months. Dev Psychobiol 2024; 66:e22457. [PMID: 38388194 PMCID: PMC10901445 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been identified as an important biological pathway leading to neurodevelopmental delay. However, studies assessing the effects of oxidative stress on cognitive outcomes during infancy, a critical period of neurodevelopment, are limited. Our analysis included a subset of those enrolled in the Illinois Kids Development Study (N = 144). Four oxidative stress biomarkers (8-isoprostane-PGF2α , 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro-8-iso-PGF2α , 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α , and prostaglandin-F2α ) were measured in second and third trimesters urine and were averaged. Infant cognition was measured using a visual recognition memory task consisting of five blocks, each with one familiarization trial (two identical stimuli) and two test trials (one familiar and one novel stimulus). Outcomes measured included average run duration (a measure of information processing speed), novelty preference (a measure of recognition memory), time to reach familiarization, and shift rate (measures of attention). Linear regression was used to estimate associations between individual oxidative stress biomarkers and each outcome. Increasing 8-isoprostane-PGF2α , 2,3-dinor-8-iso-PGF2α , and prostaglandin-F2α were associated with a decrease in novelty preference (β = -0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.03, 0.00; β = -0.02, 95% CI = -0.04, 0.00; β = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.02, 0.00, respectively), as well as a modest increase in shift rate. These findings suggest that oxidative stress may be associated with poorer recognition memory in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Eick
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kaegan Ortlund
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andréa Aguiar
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Francheska M Merced-Nieves
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan L Woodbury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan L Schantz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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3
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Tener SJ, Lin Z, Park SJ, Oraedu K, Ulgherait M, Van Beek E, Martínez-Muñiz A, Pantalia M, Gatto JA, Volpi J, Stavropoulos N, Ja WW, Canman JC, Shirasu-Hiza M. Neuronal knockdown of Cullin3 as a Drosophila model of autism spectrum disorder. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1541. [PMID: 38233464 PMCID: PMC10794434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Cullin-3 (Cul3), a conserved gene encoding a ubiquitin ligase, are strongly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we characterize ASD-related pathologies caused by neuron-specific Cul3 knockdown in Drosophila. We confirmed that neuronal Cul3 knockdown causes short sleep, paralleling sleep disturbances in ASD. Because sleep defects and ASD are linked to metabolic dysregulation, we tested the starvation response of neuronal Cul3 knockdown flies; they starved faster and had lower triacylglyceride levels than controls, suggesting defects in metabolic homeostasis. ASD is also characterized by increased biomarkers of oxidative stress; we found that neuronal Cul3 knockdown increased sensitivity to hyperoxia, an exogenous oxidative stress. Additional hallmarks of ASD are deficits in social interactions and learning. Using a courtship suppression assay that measures social interactions and memory of prior courtship, we found that neuronal Cul3 knockdown reduced courtship and learning compared to controls. Finally, we found that neuronal Cul3 depletion alters the anatomy of the mushroom body, a brain region required for memory and sleep. Taken together, the ASD-related phenotypes of neuronal Cul3 knockdown flies establish these flies as a genetic model to study molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying ASD pathology, including metabolic and oxidative stress dysregulation and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Tener
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Scarlet J Park
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Kairaluchi Oraedu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Matthew Ulgherait
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Emily Van Beek
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Andrés Martínez-Muñiz
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Meghan Pantalia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jared A Gatto
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Julia Volpi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | | | - William W Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Julie C Canman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mimi Shirasu-Hiza
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Nasrallah O, Alzeer S. Measuring Some Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Autistic Syrian Children and Their Siblings: A Case-Control Study. Biomark Insights 2022; 17:11772719221123913. [PMID: 36120384 PMCID: PMC9476242 DOI: 10.1177/11772719221123913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder whose cause remains unknown. Oxidative stress is one of the possible causes of many disorders, including neurological ones. This study aims to measure some oxidative stress biomarkers (Malondialdehyde “MDA,” Advanced Oxidation Protein Product “AOPP,” Glutathione “GSH”) within Syrian children with ASD. Methods: MDA, AOPP & GSH were measured in the plasma of a total of 60 children. The ages of the children ranged from 1 to 13 years old. Thirty children had ASD and were compared with 30 controls that don’t have ASD. Fifteen of the controls were siblings of an ASD child, while the remaining 15 had no relations with ASD. Results: MDA and AOPP plasma levels were higher in ASD children compared with non-related controls (P = .0001). However, there were no significant differences between MDA and AOPP plasma levels in ASD children in comparison with related controls (P > .05). Alternatively, GSH plasma levels were lower in ASD children compared with both related and non-related controls (P = .0001). Conclusion: Further studies are needed to investigate more regarding the diagnostic use of oxidative stress biomarkers, and the therapeutic use of antioxidants in children affected with the autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula Nasrallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Samar Alzeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kalamoon, Deir Atiyah, Syria
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5
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Ilieva M, Aldana BI, Vinten KT, Hohmann S, Woofenden TW, Lukjanska R, Waagepetersen HS, Michel TM. Proteomic phenotype of cerebral organoids derived from autism spectrum disorder patients reveal disrupted energy metabolism, cellular components, and biological processes. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3749-3759. [PMID: 35618886 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The way in which brain morphology and proteome are remodeled during embryonal development, and how they are linked to the cellular metabolism, could be a key for elucidating the pathological mechanisms of certain neurodevelopmental disorders. Cerebral organoids derived from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients were generated to capture critical time-points in the neuronal development, and metabolism and protein expression were investigated. The early stages of development, when neurogenesis commences (day in vitro 39), appeared to be a critical timepoint in pathogenesis. In the first month of development, increased size in ASD-derived organoids were detected in comparison to the controls. The size of the organoids correlates with the number of proliferating cells (Ki-67 positive cells). A significant difference in energy metabolism and proteome phenotype was also observed in ASD organoids at this time point, specifically, prevalence of glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation, decreased ATP production and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity, differently expressed cell adhesion proteins, cell cycle (spindle formation), cytoskeleton, and several transcription factors. Finally, ASD patients and controls derived organoids were clustered based on a differential expression of ten proteins-heat shock protein 27 (hsp27) phospho Ser 15, Pyk (FAK2), Elk-1, Rac1/cdc42, S6 ribosomal protein phospho Ser 240/Ser 244, Ha-ras, mTOR (FRAP) phospho Ser 2448, PKCα, FoxO3a, Src family phospho Tyr 416-at day 39 which could be defined as potential biomarkers and further investigated for potential drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirolyuba Ilieva
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. .,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. .,Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen SV, Denmark.
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Tore Vinten
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja Hohmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas William Woofenden
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Renate Lukjanska
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle S Waagepetersen
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Maria Michel
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Psychiatry in the Region of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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6
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Turkestani M, Aldosiry N, Hamed N, Bhat RS, El-Ansary A. Learning Difficulties and Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Role of Nutritional Interventions. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Likhitweerawong N, Thonusin C, Boonchooduang N, Louthrenoo O, Nookaew I, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Profiles of urine and blood metabolomics in autism spectrum disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1641-1671. [PMID: 34338974 PMCID: PMC8502415 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pose challenges. The current diagnostic approach for ASD is mainly clinical assessment of patient behaviors. Biomarkers-based identification of ASD would be useful for pediatricians. Currently, there is no specific treatment for ASD, and evidence for the efficacy of alternative treatments remains inconclusive. The prevalence of ASD is increasing, and it is becoming more urgent to find the pathogenesis of such disorder. Metabolomic studies have been used to deeply investigate the alteration of metabolic pathways, including those associated with ASD. Metabolomics is a promising tool for identifying potential biomarkers and possible pathogenesis of ASD. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the abnormal metabolic pathways in ASD children, as indicated by evidence from metabolomic studies in urine and blood. In addition, the targeted interventions that could correct the metabolomic profiles relating to the improvement of autistic behaviors in affected animals and humans have been included. The results revealed that the possible underlying pathophysiology of ASD were alterations of amino acids, reactive oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and microbiota-gut-brain axis. The potential common pathways shared by animal and human studies related to the improvement of ASD symptoms after pharmacological interventions were mammalian-microbial co-metabolite, purine metabolism, and fatty acid oxidation. The content of this review may contribute to novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD and possible therapeutic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narueporn Likhitweerawong
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Chanisa Thonusin
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nonglak Boonchooduang
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Orawan Louthrenoo
- Division of Growth and Development, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkanasa, USA
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C. Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 110 Inthawarorot Road, Sriphum, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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8
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Concentrations of Lead, Mercury, Arsenic, Cadmium, Manganese, and Aluminum in the Blood of Pakistani Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Associated Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168625. [PMID: 34444373 PMCID: PMC8392432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with early onset in utero or childhood. Environmental exposure to six metals (Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Mn, Al) is believed to be associated with ASD directly or interactively with genes. Objective: To assess the association of ASD among Pakistani children with the six metals and genotype frequencies of three GST genes (GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1). Methods: We enrolled 30 ASD cases, age 2–12 years old, and 30 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) controls in Karachi, Pakistan. We assessed associations of ASD status with various factors using Conditional Logistic Regression models. We also used General Linear Models to assess possible interaction of blood Mn and Pb concentrations with the three GST genes in relation to ASD status. Results: The unadjusted difference between ASD and TD groups in terms of geometric mean blood Pb concentrations was marginally significant (p = 0.05), but for Al concentrations, the adjusted difference was marginally significant (p = 0.06). Conclusions: This is the first study reporting six blood metal concentrations of Pakistani children with ASD. Estimates provided for possible interactions of GST genes with Mn and Pb in relation to ASD status are valuable for designing future similar studies.
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Baj J, Flieger W, Flieger M, Forma A, Sitarz E, Skórzyńska-Dziduszko K, Grochowski C, Maciejewski R, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Autism spectrum disorder: Trace elements imbalances and the pathogenesis and severity of autistic symptoms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:117-132. [PMID: 34339708 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers as diagnostic tools and predictors of response to treatment of neurological developmental disorders (NDD) such as schizophrenia (SZ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD), still remains an important challenge for clinical medicine. Metallomic profiles of ASD patients cover, besides essential elements such as cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, selenium, also toxic metals burden of: aluminum, arsenic, mercury, lead, beryllium, nickel, cadmium. Performed studies indicate that children with ASD present a reduced ability of eliminating toxic metals, which leads to these metals' accumulation and aggravation of autistic symptoms. Extensive metallomic studies allow a better understanding of the importance of trace elements as environmental factors in the pathogenesis of ASD. Even though a mineral imbalance is a fact in ASD, we are still expecting relevant tests and the elaboration of reference levels of trace elements as potential biomarkers useful in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-400, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Flieger
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Flieger
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Racławickie 1, 20-059, Lublin, Poland
| | - Alicja Forma
- Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sitarz
- Chair and 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórzyńska-Dziduszko
- Chair and Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwillowska Street 11, Lublin, 20-080, Poland
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Laboratory of Virtual Man, Chair of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-400, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego Street 8b, 20-400, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- Chair and 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland; Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Gluska Street 1, 20-439, Lublin, Poland
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10
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Lee BR, Paing MH, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclopentenone Prostaglandins: Biologically Active Lipid Mediators Targeting Inflammation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640374. [PMID: 34335286 PMCID: PMC8320392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) are biologically active lipid mediators, including PGA2, PGA1, PGJ2, and its metabolites. cyPGs are essential regulators of inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell migration, and stem cell activity. cyPGs biologically act on multiple cellular targets, including transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. cyPGs regulate the inflammatory response by interfering with NF-κB, AP-1, MAPK, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways via both a group of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) dependent and PPAR-γ independent mechanisms. cyPGs promote the resolution of chronic inflammation associated with cancers and pathogen (bacterial, viral, and parasitic) infection. cyPGs exhibit potent effects on viral infections by repressing viral protein synthesis, altering viral protein glycosylation, inhibiting virus transmission, and reducing virus-induced inflammation. We summarize their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, cytoprotective, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution, and anti-metastatic potential. These properties render them unique therapeutic value, especially in resolving inflammation and could be used in adjunct with other existing therapies. We also discuss other α, β -unsaturated carbonyl lipids and cyPGs like isoprostanes (IsoPs) compounds.
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11
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Alterations in Gut Vitamin and Amino Acid Metabolism are Associated with Symptoms and Neurodevelopment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3116-3128. [PMID: 34263410 PMCID: PMC9213278 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic disturbance may be implicated in the pathogenesis of autism. This study aimed to investigate the gut metabolomic profiles of autistic children and to analyze potential interaction between gut metabolites with autistic symptoms and neurodevelopment levels. We involved 120 autistic and 60 neurotypical children. Autistic symptoms and neurodevelopment levels were assessed. Fecal samples were analyzed using untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods. Our results showed the metabolic disturbances of autistic children involved in multiple vitamin and amino acid metabolism pathways, with the strongest enrichment identified for tryptophan metabolism, retinol metabolism, cysteine-methionine metabolism, and vitamin digestion and absorption. Differential gut metabolites were correlated to autistic symptoms and neurodevelopment levels. Our findings improved the understanding of the perturbations of metabolome networks in autism.
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Mehta SQ, Behl S, Day PL, Delgado AM, Larson NB, Stromback LR, Huebner AR, DeGrado TR, Davis JM, Jannetto PJ, Howie F, Pandey MK. Evaluation of Zn, Cu, and Se Levels in the North American Autism Spectrum Disorder Population. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:665686. [PMID: 33994944 PMCID: PMC8116541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.665686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ion dyshomeostasis and disparate levels of biometals like zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and selenium (Se) have been implicated as a potential causative factor for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). In this study, we have enrolled 129 children (aged 2–4 years) in North America, of which 64 children had a diagnosis of ASD and 65 were controls. Hair, nail, and blood samples were collected and quantitatively analyzed for Zn, Cu and Se using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Of the analyzed biometals, serum Se (116.83 ± 14.84 ng/mL) was found to be significantly lower in male ASD cases compared to male healthy controls (128.21 ± 9.11 ng/mL; p < 0.005). A similar trend was found for nail Se levels in ASD (1.01 ± 0.15 mcg/g) versus that of controls (1.11 ± 0.17 mcg/g) with a p-value of 0.0132 using a stratified Wilcoxon rank sum testing. The level of Se in ASD cohort was co-analyzed for psychometric correlation and found a negative correlation between total ADOS score and serum Se levels. However, we did not observe any significant difference in Zn, Cu, and Zn/Cu ratio in ASD cases versus controls in this cohort of North American children. Further studies are recommended to better understand the biology of the relationship between Se and ASD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Q Mehta
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Supriya Behl
- Children's Research Center, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Patrick L Day
- Metals Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Adriana M Delgado
- Children's Research Center, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas B Larson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lindsay R Stromback
- Children's Research Center, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andrea R Huebner
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Timothy R DeGrado
- Divisions of Nuclear Medicine and Research, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jessica M Davis
- Division of Community Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Paul J Jannetto
- Metals Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Flora Howie
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mukesh K Pandey
- Divisions of Nuclear Medicine and Research, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Impaired Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis in Children Diagnosed with Autism: A Case-Control Study. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1394-1402. [PMID: 33433850 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic factors occupy an important place in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), oxidative stress and exposure to environmental toxicants have also been linked to the condition. The aim of this study was to examine dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in children diagnosed with ASD. Forty-eight children aged 3-12 years diagnosed with ASD and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy children were included in the study. A sociodemographic data form was completed for all the cases, and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) was applied to the patients. Thiol/disulfide parameters in serum were measured in all cases and compared between the two groups. Mean native thiol, total thiol concentrations (μmol/L), and median reduced thiol ratios were significantly lower in the ASD group than in the control group (p = 0.001 for all). Median disulfide concentrations (μmol/L), redox potential, and median oxidized thiol ratios were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively). ROC analysis revealed that area under the curve (AUC) values with "excellent discriminatory potential," for native thiol, total thiol, the reduced thiol ration, the oxidized thiol ratio, and redox potential and with "acceptable discriminatory potential" for disulfide were significantly capable of differentiating individuals with ASD from healthy individuals. No correlation was determined between the severity of autism and laboratory parameters. Impaired dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis was observed in children with ASD, suggesting that dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in serum may be of diagnostic value in autism.
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14
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Imataka G, Yui K, Shiko Y, Kawasaki Y, Sasaki H, Shiroki R, Yoshihara S. Urinary and Plasma Antioxidants in Behavioral Symptoms of Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:684445. [PMID: 34539458 PMCID: PMC8446379 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.684445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress-induced free radicals may be crucial in the pathophysiological development factor of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We measured the following urinary and plasma biomarker levels of oxidative stress and antioxidants. As urinary biomarkers, (1) hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), which is a new biomarker of oxidative stress, (2) the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and (3) 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as a product of oxidative modifications to DNA; and the plasma levels of (4) the antioxidant protein superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is the crucial defense again oxygen reactive species, and (5) transferrin and (6) ceruloplasmin, which are biomarkers of iron and copper neurotransmission and oxidant-antioxidant systems. We examined the relationship between these urinary and plasma biomarkers and behavioral symptoms in 19 individuals with ASD (mean age, 10.8 ± 5.2 years) and 10 age-matched healthy controls (mean age, 14.2 ± 7.0 years). Behavioral symptoms were estimated using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Urinary TAC levels were significantly lower, whereas urinary HEL levels were significantly increased in the ASD group as compared with the control group. The five ABC subscale and total scores were significantly raised in the autism group than in the control group. The results of a linear regression analysis revealed that plasma SOD levels may be a more accurate predictor of differences in ABC scores between individuals with ASD and control individuals. The present study firstly revealed the important findings that the cooperation between the urinary antioxidant TAC and plasma SOD levels may contribute to the ABC subscale scores of stereotypy. Urinary TAC activity and antioxidant protein SOD may be associated with incomplete mineral body store and antioxidant-related transcription factor and browning reactions. Consequently, a critical imbalance between TAC urinary levels and plasma SOD levels may be an important contributor to autistic behavioral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Imataka
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Japan
| | - Kunio Yui
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yuki Shiko
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hitomi Sasaki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shiroki
- Department of Urology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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15
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Smith AM, Natowicz MR, Braas D, Ludwig MA, Ney DM, Donley ELR, Burrier RE, Amaral DG. A Metabolomics Approach to Screening for Autism Risk in the Children's Autism Metabolome Project. Autism Res 2020; 13:1270-1285. [PMID: 32558271 PMCID: PMC7496373 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is biologically and behaviorally heterogeneous. Delayed diagnosis of ASD is common and problematic. The complexity of ASD and the low sensitivity of available screening tools are key factors in delayed diagnosis. Identification of biomarkers that reduce complexity through stratification into reliable subpopulations can assist in earlier diagnosis, provide insight into the biology of ASD, and potentially suggest targeted interventions. Quantitative metabolomic analysis was performed on plasma samples from 708 fasting children, aged 18 to 48 months, enrolled in the Children's Autism Metabolome Project (CAMP). The primary goal was to identify alterations in metabolism helpful in stratifying ASD subjects into subpopulations with shared metabolic phenotypes (i.e., metabotypes). Metabotypes associated with ASD were identified in a discovery set of 357 subjects. The reproducibility of the metabotypes was validated in an independent replication set of 351 CAMP subjects. Thirty-four candidate metabotypes that differentiated subsets of ASD from typically developing participants were identified with sensitivity of at least 5% and specificity greater than 95%. The 34 metabotypes formed six metabolic clusters based on ratios of either lactate or pyruvate, succinate, glycine, ornithine, 4-hydroxyproline, or α-ketoglutarate with other metabolites. Optimization of a subset of new and previously defined metabotypes into a screening battery resulted in 53% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 48%-57%) and 91% specificity (95% CI, 86%-94%). Thus, our metabolomic screening tool detects more than 50% of the autistic participants in the CAMP study. Further development of this metabolomic screening approach may facilitate earlier referral and diagnosis of ASD and, ultimately, more targeted treatments. LAY SUMMARY: Analysis of a selected set of metabolites in blood samples from children with autism and typically developing children identified reproducible differences in the metabolism of about half of the children with autism. Testing for these differences in blood samples can be used to help screen children as young as 18 months for risk of autism that, in turn, can facilitate earlier diagnoses. In addition, differences may lead to biological insights that produce more precise treatment options. We are exploring other blood-based molecules to determine if still a higher percentage of children with autism can be detected using this strategy. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1270-1285. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Smith
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marvin R Natowicz
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Genomics, Neurology, and Pediatrics Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Stemina Biomarker Discovery, Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Denise M Ney
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - David G Amaral
- The MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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16
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Pacheva I, Ivanov I. Targeted Biomedical Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4430-4453. [PMID: 31801452 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191205091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) represents presentations with impairment in communication and behaviour that vary considerably in their clinical manifestations and etiology as well as in their likely pathophysiology. A growing body of data indicates that the deleterious effect of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, immune dysregulation and neuroinflammation, as well as their interconnections are important aspects of the pathophysiology of ASD. Glutathione deficiency decreases the mitochondrial protection against oxidants and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; immune dysregulation and inflammation inhibit mitochondrial function through TNF-α; autoantibodies against the folate receptors underpin cerebral folate deficiency, resulting in disturbed methylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Such pathophysiological processes can arise from environmental and epigenetic factors as well as their combined interactions, such as environmental toxicant exposures in individuals with (epi)genetically impaired detoxification. The emerging evidence on biochemical alterations in ASD is forming the basis for treatments aimed to target its biological underpinnings, which is of some importance, given the uncertain and slow effects of the various educational interventions most commonly used. METHODS Literature-based review of the biomedical treatment options for ASD that are derived from established pathophysiological processes. RESULTS Most proposed biomedical treatments show significant clinical utility only in ASD subgroups, with specified pre-treatment biomarkers that are ameliorated by the specified treatment. For example, folinic acid supplementation has positive effects in ASD patients with identified folate receptor autoantibodies, whilst the clinical utility of methylcobalamine is apparent in ASD patients with impaired methylation capacity. Mitochondrial modulating cofactors should be considered when mitochondrial dysfunction is evident, although further research is required to identify the most appropriate single or combined treatment. Multivitamins/multiminerals formulas, as well as biotin, seem appropriate following the identification of metabolic abnormalities, with doses tapered to individual requirements. A promising area, requiring further investigations, is the utilization of antipurinergic therapies, such as low dose suramin. CONCLUSION The assessment and identification of relevant physiological alterations and targeted intervention are more likely to produce positive treatment outcomes. As such, current evidence indicates the utility of an approach based on personalized and evidence-based medicine, rather than treatment targeted to all that may not always be beneficial (primum non nocere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyana Pacheva
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, Medical University - Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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Ersan S, Cigdem B, Bakir D, Dogan HO. Determination of levels of oxidative stress and nitrosative stress in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2020; 164:106352. [PMID: 32446164 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in epilepsy are still unknown. Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of epileptogenesis. In various pathophysiological conditions, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as nitrogen and peroxynitrite are produced and these RNSs can bind to free nucleosides and nucleotides or to nucleosides and nucleotides existing in the DNA/RNA structure. 8-Nitroguanine (8-NG) is a typical DNA nucleobase product of nitrosative damage generated by RNS. It has been proposed that F2-isoprostanes, in particular 8-iso-Prostaglandin F2α (8-isoPGF2α), are specific, reliable and non-invasive biomarkers of lipid peroxidation in vivo. In the present study, we compared the levels of lipid oxidative stress biomarker 8-isoPGF2α and nitrosative stress DNA biomarker 8-NG in patients with epilepsy undergoing antiepileptic drug (AEDs) treatment and with those in healthy participants. METHODS The present study comprised 90 patients aged between 17 and 53 who were admitted to the Neurology Clinic of Cumhuriyet University and diagnosed with epilepsy. The patients were assigned into the intervention (n = 45) and control (n = 45) groups. Of the participants in the intervention group, 37.7% (n = 17) were treated with levetiracetam (LEV), 33.3% (n = 15) with valproic acid (VA) and 29% (n = 13) with carbamazepine. Serum 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-NG levels of the participants in the intervention and control groups were determined by ELISA. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the medication (LEV, VA, Carbamazepine) used by the participants and their 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-NG levels (p > 0.05). However, 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-NG were significantly higher in the participants in the intervention than in the participants in the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that there was an increase in oxidative and nitrosative stres markers in patients with epilepsy. There was no significant difference between the 8-iso-PGF2α and 8-NG levels of the participants taking three different AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Ersan
- Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Niğde, Turkey.
| | - Burhanettin Cigdem
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Deniz Bakir
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
| | - H Okan Dogan
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
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18
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Bjørklund G, Meguid NA, El-Bana MA, Tinkov AA, Saad K, Dadar M, Hemimi M, Skalny AV, Hosnedlová B, Kizek R, Osredkar J, Urbina MA, Fabjan T, El-Houfey AA, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Gątarek P, Chirumbolo S. Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2314-2332. [PMID: 32026227 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of July 11, 2016, the reported average incidence of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was 1 in 68 (1.46%) among 8-year-old children born in 2004 and living within the 11 monitoring sites' surveillance areas in the United States of America (USA) in 2012. ASD is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder that is also considered a hidden disability, as, for the most part; there are no apparent morphological differences between children with ASD and typically developing children. ASD is diagnosed based upon a triad of features including impairment in socialization, impairment in language, and repetitive and stereotypic behaviors. The increasing incidence of ASD in the pediatric population and the lack of successful curative therapies make ASD one of the most challenging disorders for medicine. ASD neurobiology is thought to be associated with oxidative stress, as shown by increased levels of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation, as well as an increase in other indicators of oxidative stress. Children with ASD diagnosis are considered more vulnerable to oxidative stress because of their imbalance in intracellular and extracellular glutathione levels and decreased glutathione reserve capacity. Several studies have suggested that the redox imbalance and oxidative stress are integral parts of ASD pathophysiology. As such, early assessment and treatment of antioxidant status may result in a better prognosis as it could decrease the oxidative stress in the brain before it can induce more irreversible brain damage. In this review, many aspects of the role of oxidative stress in ASD are discussed, taking into account that the process of oxidative stress may be a target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Nagwa A Meguid
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona A El-Bana
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Maha Hemimi
- Research on Children with Special Needs Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
- CONEM Egypt Child Brain Research Group, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Kizek
- CONEM Metallomics Nanomedicine Research Group (CMNRG), Brno, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Joško Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry (KIKKB), Ljubljana University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amira A El-Houfey
- CONEM Upper Egypt Pediatric Research Group, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Sabia University College, Jazan University, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gątarek
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
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Differential regulation of Nrf2 is linked to elevated inflammation and nitrative stress in monocytes of children with autism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 113:104554. [PMID: 31884317 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a very complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social and communication skills. Innate immune cells like monocytes are believed to play a cardinal role in neuroimmune inflammation and nitrative stress. On the other hand, Nrf2, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor plays a significant role in protecting the immune cells against inflammation and oxidants. However, its role in monocytes of ASD children and typically developing control (TDC) children has not been elucidated in relation with inflammation and nitrative stress. Therefore, this study was undertaken to evaluate Nrf2 expression/activity along with parameters of inflammation (NFkB, IL-6, IL-1β) and nitrative stress (iNOS, nitrotyrosine) in monocytes of ASD/TDC children. Further, sulforaphane (SFN) was utilized as an Nrf2 activator to assess its effect on above said inflammatory and nitrative stress parameters. Our study shows that monocytes of ASD subjects have decreased Nrf2 expression/activity along with increased inflammation and nitrative stress. Further, monocytes from ASD have deficiency in induction of Nrf2 activity upon stimulation with LPS. However, activation of Nrf2 in vitro by SFN reverses LPS-induced effects on inflammation in monocytes by reduction in NFkB signaling. Further, treatment with SFN also reverses LPS-induced effects on nitrative stress (iNOS, nitrotyrosine) in monocytes of ASD subjects. This study propounds the idea that SFN protects against nitrative stress and inflammation by downregulating oxidative stress and inflammation through blockade of NFkB signaling in autistic children. This may be the reason behind reported ameliorative effects of SFN in ASD subjects.
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Matsuo K, Yabuki Y, Fukunaga K. 5-aminolevulinic acid inhibits oxidative stress and ameliorates autistic-like behaviors in prenatal valproic acid-exposed rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 168:107975. [PMID: 31991146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) constitute a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, repetitive behaviors, and learning disability. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with ASD brain pathology. Here, we used oxidative stress in prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-exposed rats as an ASD model. After maternal VPA exposure (600 mg/kg, p.o.) on embryonic day (E) 12.5, temporal analyses of oxidative stress in the brain using an anti-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal antibody revealed that oxidative stress was increased in the hippocampus after birth. This was accompanied by aberrant enzymatic activity in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in the hippocampus. VPA-exposed rats exhibited impaired spatial reference and object recognition memory alongside impaired social behaviors and repetitive behaviors. ASD-like behaviors including learning and memory were rescued by chronic oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA; 30 mg/kg/day) and intranasal administration of oxytocin (OXT; 12 μg/kg/day), a neuropeptide that improves social behavior in ASD patients. 5-ALA but not OXT treatment ameliorated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus of VPA-exposed rats. Fewer parvalbumin-positive interneurons were observed in VPA-exposed rats. Both 5-ALA and OXT treatments augmented the number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Collectively, our results indicate that oral 5-ALA administration ameliorated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that 5-ALA administration improves ASD-like neuropathology and behaviors via mechanisms different to those of OXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Matsuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Sa-Carneiro F, Calhau C, Coelho R, Figueiredo-Braga M. Putative shared mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a systematic review of the role of oxidative stress. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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ElObeid T, Moawad J, Shi Z. Importance of Nutrition Intervention in Autistic Patients. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 24:535-545. [PMID: 32006372 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30402-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Along with the issues of inflated social and financial burden associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), specific treatment for this disorder has also not been developed. Having a thorough look at previous trials done to treat autism, we find that nutrition intervention had been used frequently as a complementary form of therapy. Indeed, an early diagnosis of nutrition deficiency and metabolic disorders done concomitantly with accurate therapeutic interventions can be a cornerstone for improving cognitive and behavioral aptitudes of people with autism. Several studies have showed that increasing the intake of specific nutrients can reduce the symptoms and comorbidities associated with autism. Consequently, nutrition intervention and appropriate supplementation can be crucial in managing and treating autism. This paper will discuss recent literature on the significance of metabolic aspects in autistic disorder and highlight the influence of nutrition intervention on the symptoms of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahra ElObeid
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Joyce Moawad
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Kilicaslan F, Ayaydin H, Celik H, Kutuk MO, Kandemir H, Koyuncu I, Kirmit A. Antineuronal antibodies and 8-OHdG an indicator of cerebellar dysfunction in autism spectrum disorder: a case–control study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fethiye Kilicaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mehmet Akıf Inan Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hamza Ayaydin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hakim Celik
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Meryem Ozlem Kutuk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Baskent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kandemir
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Koyuncu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Adnan Kirmit
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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A new paradigm in public health assessment: Water fingerprinting for protein markers of public health using mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Risk Factors for Unhealthy Weight Gain and Obesity among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133285. [PMID: 31277383 PMCID: PMC6650879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by social and communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. Children with ASD are also at a higher risk for developing overweight or obesity than children with typical development (TD). Childhood obesity has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including insulin resistance, diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. Importantly some key factors that play a mediating role in these higher rates of obesity include lifestyle factors and biological influences, as well as secondary comorbidities and medications. This review summarizes current knowledge about behavioral and lifestyle factors that could contribute to unhealthy weight gain in children with ASD, as well as the current state of knowledge of emerging risk factors such as the possible influence of sleep problems, the gut microbiome, endocrine influences and maternal metabolic disorders. We also discuss some of the clinical implications of these risk factors and areas for future research.
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Osredkar J, Gosar D, Maček J, Kumer K, Fabjan T, Finderle P, Šterpin S, Zupan M, Jekovec Vrhovšek M. Urinary Markers of Oxidative Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060187. [PMID: 31226814 PMCID: PMC6616645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, restricted interest and repetitive behavior. Oxidative stress in response to environmental exposure plays a role in virtually every human disease and represents a significant avenue of research into the etiology of ASD. The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic utility of four urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress. Methods: One hundred and thirty-nine (139) children and adolescents with ASD (89% male, average age = 10.0 years, age range = 2.1 to 18.1 years) and 47 healthy children and adolescents (49% male, average age 9.2, age range = 2.5 to 20.8 years) were recruited for this study. Their urinary 8-OH-dG, 8-isoprostane, dityrosine and hexanoil-lisine were determined by using the ELISA method. Urinary creatinine was determined with the kinetic Jaffee reaction and was used to normalize all biochemical measurements. Non-parametric tests and support vector machines (SVM) with three different kernel functions (linear, radial, polynomial) were used to explore and optimize the multivariate prediction of an ASD diagnosis based on the collected biochemical measurements. The SVM models were first trained using data from a random subset of children and adolescents from the ASD group (n = 70, 90% male, average age = 9.7 years, age range = 2.1 to 17.8 years) and the control group (n = 24, 45.8% male, average age = 9.4 years, age range = 2.5 to 20.8 years) using bootstrapping, with additional synthetic minority over-sampling (SMOTE), which was utilized because of unbalanced data. The computed SVM models were then validated using the remaining data from children and adolescents from the ASD (n = 69, 88% male, average age = 10.2 years, age range = 4.3 to 18.1 years) and the control group (n = 23, 52.2% male, average age = 8.9 years, age range = 2.6 to 16.7 years). Results: Using a non-parametric test, we found a trend showing that the urinary 8-OH-dG concentration was lower in children with ASD compared to the control group (unadjusted p = 0.085). When all four biochemical measurements were combined using SVMs with a radial kernel function, we could predict an ASD diagnosis with a balanced accuracy of 73.4%, thereby accounting for an estimated 20.8% of variance (p < 0.001). The predictive accuracy expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) was solid (95% CI = 0.691-0.908). Using the validation data, we achieved significantly lower rates of classification accuracy as expressed by the balanced accuracy (60.1%), the AUC (95% CI = 0.502-0.781) and the percentage of explained variance (R2 = 3.8%). Although the radial SVMs showed less predictive power using the validation data, they do, together with ratings of standardized SVM variable importance, provide some indication that urinary levels of 8-OH-dG and 8-isoprostane are predictive of an ASD diagnosis. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the examined urinary biomarkers in combination may differentiate children with ASD from healthy peers to a significant extent. However, the etiological importance of these findings is difficult to assesses, due to the high-dimensional nature of SVMs and a radial kernel function. Nonetheless, our results show that machine learning methods may provide significant insight into ASD and other disorders that could be related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joško Osredkar
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - David Gosar
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jerneja Maček
- Center for Autism, Unit of Child Psychiatry, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Kristina Kumer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Teja Fabjan
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Finderle
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Saša Šterpin
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Zupan
- Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva ulica 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Maja Jekovec Vrhovšek
- Center for Autism, Unit of Child Psychiatry, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloška c.002, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ji P, Lönnerdal B, Kim K, Jinno CN. Iron Oversupplementation Causes Hippocampal Iron Overloading and Impairs Social Novelty Recognition in Nursing Piglets. J Nutr 2019; 149:398-405. [PMID: 30624730 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron oversupplementation in healthy term infants may adversely affect growth and cognitive development. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that early-life iron excess causes systemic and central nervous system iron overload, and compromises social behavior. METHODS The nursing pig was used as a translational model in a completely randomized study. On postnatal day (PD) 1, 24 pigs (1.57 ± 0.28 kg mean ± standard deviation body wt) were assigned to the following treatment groups: 1) nonsupplemented iron-deficient group (NON); 2) control group (CON), intramuscularly injected with iron dextran (100 mg Fe) on PD2; 3) moderate iron group (MOD), orally administered ferrous sulfate at 10 mg Fe · kg body wt-1 · d-1; and 4) high iron group (HIG), orally administered ferrous sulfate at 50 mg Fe · kg-1 · d-1. Piglets were nursed by sows during the study from PD1 to PD21. Tissue iron was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Messenger RNA and protein expression of iron regulator and transporters were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. A sociability test was performed on PD19-20. RESULTS Both MOD and HIG treatments (5.51 and 9.85 µmol/g tissue), but not CON (0.54 µmol/g), increased hepatic iron as compared with NON (0.25 µmol/g, P < 0.05). Similarly, the hippocampal iron concentrations in the MOD and HIG groups were 14.9% and 31.8% higher than that of NON, respectively (P < 0.05). In comparison with NON, MOD and HIG treatment repressed DMT1 in duodenal mucosa by 4- and 46-fold, respectively (P < 0.05); HIG drastically induced HAMP in liver by 540-fold (P < 0.05); iron-supplemented groups reduced TFRC in the hippocampus by <1-fold (P < 0.05). However, duodenal expression of ferroportin, the predominant transporter in basal membrane, was not affected by treatment. Despite normal sociability, the MOD and HIG pigs displayed deficits in social novelty recognition (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Duodenal ferroportin was hyporesponsive to iron excess (MOD and HIG), which caused hippocampal iron overload and impaired social novelty recognition in nursing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Departments of Nutrition University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Departments of Nutrition University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Departments of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Cynthia N Jinno
- Departments of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Attia SM, Al-Ayadhi LY, Al-Harbi NO, Bakheet SA. Dysregulated enzymatic antioxidant network in peripheral neutrophils and monocytes in children with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:352-359. [PMID: 30145184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder where immune cells play an important role. Oxidants and pro-inflammatory cytokines generated by innate immune cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. Many previous reports have shown the role of various enzymatic antioxidants in the plasma/red blood cells of ASD subjects, however no study so far has evaluated them in peripheral immune cells of innate origin (neutrophils and monocytes) in ASD patients and typically developing control (TDC) children. With this background, our study explored the expression and activities of major enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) in peripheral neutrophils and monocytes of TDC/ASD subjects. Our data show that expression and activity of SOD is increased in ASD subjects as compared to TDC children in neutrophils and monocytes. On the other hand, GPx/GR activity is either reduced/unaltered in neutrophils and monocytes of ASD subjects as compared to TDC children. Increased SOD expression is associated with upregulated expression of nitrotyrosine (a marker of oxidant damage) in both innate immune cells of ASD subjects. Our study suggests that despite adaptive antioxidant response, there is an increased oxidative burden in peripheral neutrophils and monocytes of ASD subjects. This suggests that dysregulated enzymatic antioxidant network in peripheral innate immune cells could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ghodsi R, Kheirouri S. Positive Association Between Plasma Levels of Advanced Glycation and Precursor of Lipoxidation end Products with Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with Autism. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019; 15:184-190. [PMID: 31264551 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190628141333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress has been reported in autistic patients besides, evidence linking oxidative stress to enhancement of advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products (AGEs and ALEs) and their precursors. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the plasma levels of the AGEs and precursors of ALEs in autistic and healthy children and to evaluate their relationship with autism comorbidities. METHODS In this descriptive study, 54 children, 36 autistic and 18 healthy participated. Plasma levels of AGEs and precursors of ALEs were measured by ELISA method. Severity of autism and Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders were measured by GARSII questionnaire and QPGS-ROME III questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS Plasma levels of AGEs and precursors of ALEs in autistic children were comparable with healthy children. Plasma levels of AGEs and precursor of ALEs were correlated with physical activity and GI disorders in autistic children. A strong association was also found between AGEs and precursors of ALEs. CONCLUSION The results indicate that AGEs and ALEs have a strong correlation together but the AGEs and precursor of ALEs in autistic children are not different from healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ghodsi
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Rahbar MH, Samms-Vaughan M, Lee M, Christian MA, Bressler J, Hessabi M, Grove ML, Shakespeare-Pellington S, Desai CC, Reece JA, Loveland KA, Beecher C, McLaughlin W, Boerwinkle E. Interaction between manganese and GSTP1 in relation to autism spectrum disorder while controlling for exposure to mixture of lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium. RESEARCH IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS 2018; 55:50-63. [PMID: 30930959 PMCID: PMC6434704 DOI: 10.1016/j.rasd.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a significant interactive association between polymorphisms of GSTP1 and blood manganese concentrations (BMC) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Jamaican children. In this paper, we investigate the same interactive association with ASD while adjusting for the mixture of four metals (lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic). METHOD We used data from 163 case-control pairs of children 2-8 years of age from our autism project in Jamaica, in which we collected blood for heavy metals analysis at enrollment. To minimize potential multicollinearity between concentrations of the four metals, we generated a mixture index using generalized weighted quantile sum regression, which was used in conditional logistic regression models to control for the four metals while assessing the interactive association between GSTP1 and BMC with ASD. RESULTS Similar to the findings we reported previously, we found that in co-dominant and dominant models for GSTP1, among children with the Ile/Ile genotype, those with BMC > 12μg/L had 4.6 and 4.27 times higher odds of ASD compared to those with BMC < 12μg/L (adjusted Matched Odds Ratio (MOR) = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.21 - 17.42 and adjusted MOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.15 - 15.85, respectively). In the co-dominant model, for children with the Ile/Val and Val/Val genotypes, the adjusted MORs were 1.26 (95% CI: 0.32, 5.01) and 0.26 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.42), respectively. CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for the mixture of four metals, the interactive association of BMC and GSTP1 with ASD remained significant with similar magnitude of associations. Results should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School,
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences
(CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Maureen Samms-Vaughan
- Department of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston,
Jamaica
| | - MinJae Lee
- Division of Clinical and Translational Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School,
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences
(CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - MacKinsey A. Christian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences
(CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jan Bressler
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of
Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Manouchehr Hessabi
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences
(CCTS), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Megan L. Grove
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of
Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Charlene Coore Desai
- Department of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston,
Jamaica
| | - Jody-Ann Reece
- Department of Child & Adolescent Health, The University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston,
Jamaica
| | - Katherine A. Loveland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health
Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Compton Beecher
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Wayne McLaughlin
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
- Caribbean Genetics (CARIGEN),The University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of
Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Diagnostic and Severity-Tracking Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:492-511. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Alfawaz H, Al-Onazi M, Bukhari SI, Binobead M, Othman N, Algahtani N, Bhat RS, Moubayed NMS, Alzeer HS, El-Ansary A. The Independent and Combined Effects of Omega-3 and Vitamin B12 in Ameliorating Propionic Acid Induced Biochemical Features in Juvenile Rats as Rodent Model of Autism. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:403-413. [PMID: 30284229 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolites of proper fatty acids modulate the inflammatory response and are essential for normal brain development; equally, abnormal fatty acid metabolism plays a critical role in the pathology of autism. Currently, dietary supplements are often used to improve the core symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The present study analyzed the effects of orally supplemented omega-3 (ω-3) and vitamin B12 on ameliorating oxidative stress and impaired lipid metabolism in a propionic acid (PPA)-induced rodent model of autism, together with their effect on the gut microbial composition, where great fluctuations in the bacterial number and strains were observed; interestingly, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 induced higher growth of the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and decreased the survival rates of Clostridia sp. as well as other enteric bacterial strains. Thirty-five young male western albino rats were divided into five equal groups. The first group served as the control; the second group was given an oral neurotoxic dose of PPA (250 mg/kg body weight/day) for 3 days. The third group received an oral dose of ω-3 (200 mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 days after the 3-day PPA treatment. Group four was given an oral dose of vitamin B12 (16.7 mg/kg/day) for 30 days after PPA treatment. Finally, group five was given a combination of both ω-3 and vitamin B12 at the same dose for the same duration after PPA treatment. Biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress and impaired fatty acid metabolism were investigated in the brain homogenates of each group. The effects of the dietary supplements on the gut microbiota were also observed. The PPA-treated autistic model expressed significantly higher levels of lipid peroxides and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and significantly less glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) than the control group. However, a remarkable amelioration of most of the impaired markers was observed with oral supplementation with ω-3 and vitamin B12, either alone or in combination. Our results concluded that impairment at various steps of the lipid metabolic pathways may contribute to the development of autism; however, supplementation with ω-3 and vitamin B12 can result in a positive therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Al-Onazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah I Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Binobead
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa Othman
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Algahtani
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadine M S Moubayed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O box 22452, Riyadh, Zip code 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya S Alzeer
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ghodsi R, Kheirouri S, Nosrati R. Carnosine supplementation does not affect serum concentrations of advanced glycation and precursors of lipoxidation end products in autism: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 56:148-154. [PMID: 30089410 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218796860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abundant evidence indicate the increased levels of oxidative stress in patients with autism. Advanced glycation end products and advanced lipoxidation end products and their precursors play a major role in increased oxidative stress in numerous metabolic and neurologic diseases. Carnosine is a natural dipeptide with antiglycation effects. The aim of this trial was to examine the effects of carnosine supplementation on the advanced glycation end products and the precursors of advanced lipoxidation end products in patients with autism. METHOD This randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 36 autistic children, 18 in the carnosine group and 18 in the placebo group. The groups received a daily supplement of 500 mg carnosine or placebo for two months, respectively. Plasma concentrations of glycation and precursors of lipoxidation markers were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS In all, 63.9% of the autistic children had normal nutritional status. Carnosine supplementation did not significantly alter plasma concentrations of advanced glycation end products and precursors of advanced lipoxidation end products in autistic children. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that supplementation of carnosine could not change advanced glycation end products and precursor of advanced lipoxidation end products in autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Ghodsi
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I. R. Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I. R. Iran
| | - Rahmat Nosrati
- Department of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, I. R. Iran
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Tordjman S, Cohen D, Anderson G, Botbol M, Canitano R, Coulon N, Roubertoux P. Repint of “Reframing autism as a behavioral syndrome and not a specific mental disorder: Implications of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity”. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 89:132-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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El-Ansary A, Cannell JJ, Bjørklund G, Bhat RS, Al Dbass AM, Alfawaz HA, Chirumbolo S, Al-Ayadhi L. In the search for reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: the role of vitamin D. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:917-931. [PMID: 29497932 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-018-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects about 1% of the world's population. Vitamin D is thought to be essential for normal brain development and modulation of the immune system. Worldwide about 1 billion people are affected by vitamin D deficiency. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) are biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress. In the present study, these biomarkers were together with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) analyzed in 28 (mean age seven years) Saudi male patients with ASD. The study was conducted to determine if there is any relationship between vitamin D levels, the tested biomarkers and the presence and severity of ASD. The hope was to identify if these biomarkers may be useful for early ASD diagnosis. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) were used to measure autism severity. The results of the ASD children were compared with 27 age and gender-matched neurotypical controls. The data indicated that Saudi patients with ASD have significantly lower plasma levels of 25(OH)D3 than neurotypical controls (38 ng/ml compared to 56 ng/ml, respectively; [P = 0.001]). Surprisingly, the levels of CYP2E1 were lower in the children with ASD than the neurotypical controls (0.48 ± 0.08 vs. 69 ± 0.07 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.001). The ASD children also had significantly higher levels of hs-CRP (0.79 ± 0.09 vs. 0.59 ± 0.09 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.001) and 8-OH-dG (8.17 ± 1.04 vs. 4.13 ± 1.01 ng/ml, respectively; P = 0.001, compared to neurotypical age and gender-matched controls. The values for hs-CRP and 8-OH-dG did not correlate [P < 0.001] with autism severity. There was found a relationship between autism severity on the CARS scale and the levels of 25(OH)D3 and CYP1B1. But this was not found for SRS. All four biomarkers seemed to have good sensitivity and specificity, but the sample size of the present study was too small to determine clinical usefulness. The findings also indicate that inadequate levels of vitamin D play a role in the etiology and severity of autism. Furthermore, the results of the present study suggest the possibility of using 25(OH)D3, CYP1B1, hs-CRP and 8-OH-dG, preferably in combination, as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD. However, further research is needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Centre for Scientific and Medical Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Toften 24, 8610, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | - Ramesa Shafi Bhat
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Al Dbass
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A Alfawaz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Glutathione depletion: Starting point of brain metabolic stress, neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in rats. Brain Res Bull 2018; 137:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Anwar A, Abruzzo PM, Pasha S, Rajpoot K, Bolotta A, Ghezzo A, Marini M, Posar A, Visconti P, Thornalley PJ, Rabbani N. Advanced glycation endproducts, dityrosine and arginine transporter dysfunction in autism - a source of biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. Mol Autism 2018; 9:3. [PMID: 29479405 PMCID: PMC5817812 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical chemistry tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are currently unavailable. The aim of this study was to explore the diagnostic utility of proteotoxic biomarkers in plasma and urine, plasma protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts, and related glycated, oxidized, and nitrated amino acids (free adducts), for the clinical diagnosis of ASD. Methods Thirty-eight children with ASD (29 male, 9 female; age 7.6 ± 2.0 years) and 31 age-matched healthy controls (23 males, 8 females; 8.6 ± 2.0 years) were recruited for this study. Plasma protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts and amino acid metabolome in plasma and urine were determined by stable isotopic dilution analysis liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Machine learning methods were then employed to explore and optimize combinations of analyte data for ASD diagnosis. Results We found that children with ASD had increased advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and Nω-carboxymethylarginine (CMA), and increased oxidation damage marker, dityrosine (DT), in plasma protein, with respect to healthy controls. We also found that children with ASD had increased CMA free adduct in plasma ultrafiltrate and increased urinary excretion of oxidation free adducts, alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde and glutamic semialdehyde. From study of renal handling of amino acids, we found that children with ASD had decreased renal clearance of arginine and CMA with respect to healthy controls. Algorithms to discriminate between ASD and healthy controls gave strong diagnostic performance with features: plasma protein AGEs—CML, CMA—and 3-deoxyglucosone-derived hydroimidazolone, and oxidative damage marker, DT. The sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic area-under-the-curve were 92%, 84%, and 0.94, respectively. Conclusions Changes in plasma AGEs were likely indicative of dysfunctional metabolism of dicarbonyl metabolite precursors of AGEs, glyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosone. DT is formed enzymatically by dual oxidase (DUOX); selective increase of DT as an oxidative damage marker implicates increased DUOX activity in ASD possibly linked to impaired gut mucosal immunity. Decreased renal clearance of arginine and CMA in ASD is indicative of increased arginine transporter activity which may be a surrogate marker of disturbance of neuronal availability of amino acids. Data driven combination of these biomarkers perturbed by proteotoxic stress, plasma protein AGEs and DT, gave diagnostic algorithms of high sensitivity and specificity for ASD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-017-0183-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Anwar
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospital, Coventry, UK
| | - Provvidenza Maria Abruzzo
- 2Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,4Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS "S. Maria Nascente", Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Sabah Pasha
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospital, Coventry, UK
| | - Kashif Rajpoot
- 3Department of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alessandra Bolotta
- 2Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,4Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS "S. Maria Nascente", Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ghezzo
- 2Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina Marini
- 2Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,4Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS "S. Maria Nascente", Via Alfonso Capecelatro 66, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Annio Posar
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Via Altura, 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,6Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Visconti
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences, Via Altura, 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul J Thornalley
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospital, Coventry, UK.,7Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, University Hospital, Coventry, UK.,7Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.,8Research Technology Platform-Proteomics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Márquez-Valadez B, Valle-Bautista R, García-López G, Díaz NF, Molina-Hernández A. Maternal Diabetes and Fetal Programming Toward Neurological Diseases: Beyond Neural Tube Defects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 30483218 PMCID: PMC6243582 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to search for experimental or clinical evidence on the effect of hyperglycemia in fetal programming to neurological diseases, excluding evident neural tube defects. The lack of timely diagnosis and the inadequate control of diabetes during pregnancy have been related with postnatal obesity, low intellectual and verbal coefficients, language and motor deficits, attention deficit with hyperactivity, problems in psychosocial development, and an increased predisposition to autism and schizophrenia. It has been proposed that several childhood or adulthood diseases have their origin during fetal development through a phenomenon called fetal programming. However, not all the relationships between the outcomes mentioned above and diabetes during gestation are clear, well-studied, or have been related to fetal programming. To understand this relationship, it is imperative to understand how developmental processes take place in health, in order to understand how the functional cytoarchitecture of the central nervous system takes place; to identify changes prompted by hyperglycemia, and to correlate them with the above postnatal impaired functions. Although changes in the establishment of patterns during central nervous system fetal development are related to a wide variety of neurological pathologies, the mechanism by which several maternal conditions promote fetal alterations that contribute to impaired neural development with postnatal consequences are not clear. Animal models have been extremely useful in studying the effect of maternal pathologies on embryo and fetal development, since obtaining central nervous system tissue in humans with normal appearance during fetal development is an important limitation. This review explores the state of the art on this topic, to help establish the way forward in the study of fetal programming under hyperglycemia and its impact on neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Márquez-Valadez
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Valle-Bautista
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Department of Physiology and Cell Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Anayansi Molina-Hernández
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Pop B, Niculae AȘ, Pop TL, Răchișan AL. Individuals with autism have higher 8-Iso-PGF2α levels than controls, but no correlation with quantitative assay of Paraoxonase 1 serum levels. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1943-1950. [PMID: 28808839 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a very large set of neurodevelopmental issues with diverse clinical outcomes. Various hypotheses have been put forth for the etiology of autism spectrum disorder, including issues pertaining to oxidative stress. In this study, we conducted measurements of serum 8-Iso-Prostaglanding F2 α (8-iso-PGF2α, which is the results of non-enzimatically mediated polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation) in a population of individuals with autism and a control group of age and sex matched controls. A quantitative assay of Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was conducted. Data regarding comorbidities, structural MRI scans, medication, intelligence quotient (IQ) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale scores (CARS) were also included in our study. Our results show that patients diagnosed with autism have higher levels of 8-iso-PGF2α than their neurotypical counterparts. Levels of this particular metabolite, however, do not correlate with quantitative serum levels of Paraoxonase 1, which has been shown to be altered in individuals with autism. Neither 8-iso-PGF2α nor quantitative levels of PON1 provide any meaningful correlation with clinical or neuroimaging data in this study group. Future research should focus on providing data regarding PON 1 phenotype, in addition to standard quantitative measurements, in relation to 8-iso-PGF2α as well as other clinical and structural brain findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Pop
- Department of Pediatrics Psychiatry, Iuliu Hatieganu University Of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ospatariei Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru-Ștefan Niculae
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Crisan Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Tudor Lucian Pop
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Crisan Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Liana Răchișan
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Pediatrics Clinic, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 3-5 Crisan Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Sekera ER, Rudolph HL, Carro SD, Morales MJ, Bett GCL, Rasmusson RL, Wood TD. Depletion of Stercobilin in Fecal Matter from a Mouse Model of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Metabolomics 2017; 13:132. [PMID: 29147105 PMCID: PMC5685184 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders lacking a clinical biomarker for diagnosis. Emerging evidence shows that intestinal microflora from ASD subjects can be distinguished from controls, suggesting metabolite differences due to the action of intestinal microbes may provide a means for identifying potential biomarkers for ASD. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine if quantitative differences in levels of stercobilin and stercobilinogen, metabolites produced by biological action of intestinal microflora, exist in the fecal matter between an ASD mouse model population and controls. METHODS Pairs of fecal samples were collected from two mouse groups, an ASD model group with Timothy syndrome 2 (TS2-NEO) and a gender-matched control group. After centrifugation, supernatant was spiked with an 18O-labeled stercobilin isotopomer and subjected to solid phase extraction for processing. Extracted samples were spotted on a stainless steel plate and subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry using dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix (n = 5). Peak areas for bilins and 18O-stercobilin isotopomers were determined in each fecal sample. RESULTS A 40-45% depletion in stercobilin in TS2-NEO fecal samples compared with controls was observed with p < 0.05; a less dramatic depletion was observed for stercobilinogen. CONCLUSIONS The results show that stercobilin depletion in feces is observed for an ASD mouse model vs. controls. This may help to explain recent observations of a less diverse microbiome in humans with ASD and may prove helpful in developing a clinical ASD biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Sekera
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Heather L. Rudolph
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Stephen D. Carro
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Michael J. Morales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Glenna C. L. Bett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Randall L. Rasmusson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Troy D. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Natural Sciences Complex, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Saghazadeh A, Ahangari N, Hendi K, Saleh F, Rezaei N. Status of essential elements in autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:783-809. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that imposes heavy financial burden on governments and families of affected children. It is considered a multifactorial condition, where trace elements are among environmental factors that may contribute to ASD. Meanwhile, the between-study variance is high. The present systematic review was designed to investigate the difference in trace element measures between patients with ASD and control subjects. Meta-analyses showed that the hair concentrations of chromium (p=0.024), cobalt (p=0.012), iodine (p=0.000), iron (p=0.017), and magnesium (p=0.007) in ASD patients were significantly lower than those of control subjects, while there were higher magnesium levels in the hair of ASD patients compared to that of controls (p=0.010). Patients with ASD had higher blood levels of copper (p=0.000) and lower levels of zinc compared to controls (p=0.021). Further urinary iodine levels in patients with ASD were decreased in comparison with controls (p=0.026). Sensitivity analyses showed that ASD patients in non-Asian but not in Asian countries had lower hair concentrations of chromium compared to controls. Also, such analyses indicated that ASD patients in Asian countries had lower hair zinc concentrations, whereas ASD patients in non-Asian countries had higher hair zinc concentrations in comparison with control subjects. This study found significant differences in the content of trace elements between patients with ASD compared to controls. The findings help highlighting the role of trace elements as environmental factors in the etiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran 14194, Iran
- MetaCognition Interest Group (MCIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Narges Ahangari
- NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Kasra Hendi
- NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saleh
- NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 14194, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran 14194, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14194, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide a brief description of the complex etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), with special emphasis on the recent findings of impaired redox control in ASD, and to suggest a possible model of oxidative stress-specific gene-environment interaction in this group of disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings point out to the significance of environmental, prenatal, and perinatal factors in ASD but, at the same time, are in favor of the potentially significant oxidative stress-specific gene-environment interaction in ASD. Available evidence suggests an association between both the identified environmental factors and genetic susceptibility related to the increased risk of ASD and the oxidative stress pathway. There might be a potentially significant specific gene-environment interaction in ASD, which is associated with oxidative stress. Revealing novel susceptibility genes (including those encoding for antioxidant enzymes), or environmental factors that might increase susceptibility to ASD in carriers of a specific genotype, might enable the stratification of individuals more prone to developing ASD and, eventually, the possibility of applying preventive therapeutic actions.
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Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Links, Genetic-Based Associations, and Non-Energy-Related Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28630658 PMCID: PMC5467355 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4314025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the fastest growing developmental disability in the United States, represents a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication as well as restricted and repetitive behavior. The underlying cause of autism is unknown and therapy is currently limited to targeting behavioral abnormalities. Emerging studies suggest a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and ASD. Here, we review the evidence demonstrating this potential connection. We focus specifically on biochemical links, genetic-based associations, non-energy related mechanisms, and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Yui K, Tanuma N, Yamada H, Kawasaki Y. Decreased total antioxidant capacity has a larger effect size than increased oxidant levels in urine in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9635-9644. [PMID: 28247276 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance may contribute to the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We assayed urinary levels of oxidative stress related biomarkers, hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), the DNA methylation biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and plasma levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is major antioxidant enzyme. We examined the relationship between these four biomarkers and social responsiveness in 20 individuals with ASD and in 11 healthy controls. The sex (ASD group, 7/13 vs. control group, 4/7) and age distributions (ASD group, 10.7 ± 5.0 years vs. control group, 14.7 ± 6.3 years) were not significantly different between the groups. Social responsiveness was assessed using the social responsiveness scale (SRS). We used standardized regression coefficients to measure the effect size. The ASD group exhibited significantly lower urinary TAOC levels and significantly elevated urinary HEL levels than the control group. Urinary 8-OHdG levels and plasma SOD levels were not significantly different between the groups. The ASD group showed significantly higher SRS scores than the control group. Plasma SOD levels correlated significantly with urinary TAOC levels. Standardized regression coefficients revealed that TAOC levels had a larger effect size than HEL levels in urine. This study firstly reveals that an imbalance between urinary HEL and TAOC levels in favor of urinary TAOC levels may contribute to impaired social responsiveness in individuals with ASD. Plasma SOD levels may also affect urinary TAOC levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Yui
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan.
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Nasoyuki Tanuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Fuchu Medical Center for the Disabled, Tokyo, 183-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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van 't Erve TJ, Kadiiska MB, London SJ, Mason RP. Classifying oxidative stress by F 2-isoprostane levels across human diseases: A meta-analysis. Redox Biol 2017; 12:582-599. [PMID: 28391180 PMCID: PMC5384299 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion that oxidative stress plays a role in virtually every human disease and environmental exposure has become ingrained in everyday knowledge. However, mounting evidence regarding the lack of specificity of biomarkers traditionally used as indicators of oxidative stress in human disease and exposures now necessitates re-evaluation. To prioritize these re-evaluations, published literature was comprehensively analyzed in a meta-analysis to quantitatively classify the levels of systemic oxidative damage across human disease and in response to environmental exposures. In this meta-analysis, the F2-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF2α, was specifically chosen as the representative marker of oxidative damage. To combine published values across measurement methods and specimens, the standardized mean differences (Hedges’ g) in 8-iso-PGF2α levels between affected and control populations were calculated. The meta-analysis resulted in a classification of oxidative damage levels as measured by 8-iso-PGF2α across 50 human health outcomes and exposures from 242 distinct publications. Relatively small increases in 8-iso-PGF2α levels (g<0.8) were found in the following conditions: hypertension (g=0.4), metabolic syndrome (g=0.5), asthma (g=0.4), and tobacco smoking (g=0.7). In contrast, large increases in 8-iso-PGF2α levels were observed in pathologies of the kidney, e.g., chronic renal insufficiency (g=1.9), obstructive sleep apnoea (g=1.1), and pre-eclampsia (g=1.1), as well as respiratory tract disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis (g=2.3). In conclusion, we have established a quantitative classification for the level of 8-iso-PGF2α generation in different human pathologies and exposures based on a comprehensive meta-analysis of published data. This analysis provides knowledge on the true involvement of oxidative damage across human health outcomes as well as utilizes past research to prioritize those conditions requiring further scrutiny on the mechanisms of biomarker generation. Oxidative damage is highly variable in human conditions as measured by F2-isoprostanes. Respiratory tract and urogenital diseases have the highest F2-isoprostanes. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases have surprisingly low F2-isoprostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J van 't Erve
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA.
| | - Maria B Kadiiska
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J London
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
| | - Ronald P Mason
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, 27709 NC, USA
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Knowles EEM, Huynh K, Meikle PJ, Göring HHH, Olvera RL, Mathias SR, Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J, Curran JE, Glahn DC. The lipidome in major depressive disorder: Shared genetic influence for ether-phosphatidylcholines, a plasma-based phenotype related to inflammation, and disease risk. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 43:44-50. [PMID: 28365467 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lipidome is rapidly garnering interest in the field of psychiatry. Recent studies have implicated lipidomic changes across numerous psychiatric disorders. In particular, there is growing evidence that the concentrations of several classes of lipids are altered in those diagnosed with MDD. However, for lipidomic abnormalities to be considered potential treatment targets for MDD (rather than secondary manifestations of the disease), a shared etiology between lipid concentrations and MDD should be demonstrated. METHODS In a sample of 567 individuals from 37 extended pedigrees (average size 13.57 people, range=3-80), we used mass spectrometry lipidomic measures to evaluate the genetic overlap between twenty-three biologically distinct lipid classes and a dimensional scale of MDD. RESULTS We found that the lipid class with the largest endophenotype ranking value (ERV, a standardized parametric measure of pleiotropy) were ether-phosphodatidylcholines (alkylphosphatidylcholine, PC(O) and alkenylphosphatidylcholine, PC(P) subclasses). Furthermore, we examined the cluster structure of the twenty-five species within the top-ranked lipid class, and the relationship of those clusters with MDD. This analysis revealed that species containing arachidonic acid generally exhibited the greatest degree of genetic overlap with MDD. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate a shared genetic etiology between MDD and ether-phosphatidylcholine species containing arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that is a precursor to inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins. The study highlights the potential utility of the well-characterized linoleic/arachidonic acid inflammation pathway as a diagnostic marker and/or treatment target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E M Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - K Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - R L Olvera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - L Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - J Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - J E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-González A. Systematic review of the association between particulate matter exposure and autism spectrum disorders. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 153:150-160. [PMID: 27984759 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) as an environmental pollutant is suspected to be associated with autism spectrum disorders. The aim of the present study was to review the epidemiological literature currently available on the relation between PM exposure and diagnosis of ASD. The PubMed database was searched from November 2015 up to January 2016 by one of the authors. We included observational studies (cohort and case-control studies) published in English carried out in children within the last 10 years, measuring PM exposure and health outcomes related to ASD. 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four of the studies found no association between PM exposure and ASD. The other 8 studies show positive associations restricted to specific exposure windows which however do not reach statistical significance at times. To conclude, the evidence from the studies allows us to conclude that there is an association between PM exposure and ASD whose strength varies according to the particle size studied with the association with PM2.5 and diesel PM being stronger. Given the potential importance for public health, cohort studies with proper adjustment for confounding variables and identification of critical windows of exposure are urgently needed to further improve knowledge about potential causal links between PM exposure and the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Morales-Suárez-Varela
- Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health (CSISP-FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Isabel Peraita-Costa
- Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Llopis-González
- Unit of Public Health, Hygiene and Environmental Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Center for Advanced Research in Public Health (CSISP-FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Tordjman S, Cohen D, Coulon N, Anderson GM, Botbol M, Canitano R, Roubertoux PL. Reframing autism as a behavioral syndrome and not a specific mental disorder: Implications of genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:210. [PMID: 28153685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and molecular genetics have advanced current knowledge on genetic disorders associated with autism. A review of diverse genetic disorders associated with autism is presented and for the first time discussed extensively with regard to possible common underlying mechanisms leading to a similar cognitive-behavioral phenotype of autism. The possible role of interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including epigenetic mechanisms, is in particular examined. Finally, the pertinence of distinguishing non-syndromic autism (isolated autism) from syndromic autism (autism associated with genetic disorders) will be reconsidered. Given the high genetic and etiological heterogeneity of autism, autism can be viewed as a behavioral syndrome related to known genetic disorders (syndromic autism) or currently unknown disorders (apparent non-syndromic autism), rather than a specific categorical mental disorder. It highlights the need to study autism phenotype and developmental trajectory through a multidimensional, non-categorical approach with multivariate analyses within autism spectrum disorder but also across mental disorders, and to conduct systematically clinical genetic examination searching for genetic disorders in all individuals (children but also adults) with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tordjman
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Rennes 1 and Centre Hospitalier Guillaume Régnier, 154 rue de Châtillon, 35200 Rennes, France; Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France.
| | - D Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, AP-HP, GH Pitié-Salpétrière, CNRS FRE 2987, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - N Coulon
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | - G M Anderson
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Botbol
- Departement Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - R Canitano
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - P L Roubertoux
- Aix Marseille Université, GMGF, Inserm, UMR_S 910, 13385, Marseille, France
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49
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Yui K, Tanuma N, Yamada H, Kawasaki Y. Reduced endogenous urinary total antioxidant power and its relation of plasma antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 60:70-77. [PMID: 27554135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have impaired detoxification capacity. Investigating the neurobiological bases of impaired antioxidant capacity is thus a research priority in the pathophysiology of ASD. We measured the urinary levels of hexanoyl-lysine (HEL) which is a new oxidative stress biomarker, total antioxidant power (TAP) and DNA methylation biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the plasma levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is a major antioxidant enzyme. We examined whether the urinary levels of these enzymes and biomarkers may be related to symptoms of social impairment in 20 individuals with ASD (meanage,11.1±5.2years) and 12 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (meanage,14.3±6.2years). Symptoms of social impairment were assessed using the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). The dietary TAP of the fruit juice, chocolate, cookies, biscuits, jam and marmalade were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group, although the intake of nutrients was not significantly different between the groups. The urinary TAP levels were significantly lower in the ASD group than in the control group. There were no significantly differences in urinary HEL and 8-OHdG levels between the ASD and control groups. The SRS scores were significantly higher in the ASD group than in the control group. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that urinary TAP levels and plasma SOD levels can differences in the biomarkers and the SRS scores between the ASD group and the control group. The endogenous antioxidant capacity may be deficient without altered urinary HEL and 8-OHdG levels in individuals with ASD. The plasma SOD levels may be related to reduced endogenous antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Yui
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu 321-0293, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Nasoyuki Tanuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Fuchu Medical Center for the Disabled, Tokyo 183-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- Department of Drug Evaluation and Informatics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Qasem H, Al-Ayadhi L, El-Ansary A. Cysteinyl leukotriene correlated with 8-isoprostane levels as predictive biomarkers for sensory dysfunction in autism. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:130. [PMID: 27530350 PMCID: PMC4988023 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that clinically presented as cognitive deficits, social impairments and sensory dysfunction. An increasing body of evidence has shown that oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of autism. Recording biomarkers as measure of the severity of autistic features might help in understanding the pathophysiology of autism. Methods This study investigates the plasma levels of 8-isoprostane and Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in 44 autistic children and 40 healthy controls. The recruited autistic patients were assessed for behavior, cognitive and sensory deficits by using different autism severity rating scales, including the Childhood Autism Rating Scales (CARS), Social responsiveness scale (SRS) and Short Sensory Profile (SSP). Receiver Operating Characteristics analysis (ROC) of the obtained data was performed to measure the predictive value of 8-isoprostane and Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) as oxidative stress- related parameters. Pearson’s correlations between the measured parameters was also performed. Results The concentrations of 8-isoprostane and CysLTs in autistic patients were significantly higher than those in controls. While cognitive and social impairments did not show any significant differences, the SSP results were strongly correlated with the levels of both of the biomarkers assessed. However, autistic children showed improvements in oxidative stress status (as determined by 8-isoprostane levels) at increasing ages. Conclusion This study indicates that 8-isoprostane and CysLTs can be used as markers for the early recognition of autistic patients through sensory deficits phenotypes which might help early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasem
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila Al-Ayadhi
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, Female Center for Medical Studies and Scientific Section, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA, Saudi Arabia. .,Autism Research and Treatment Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Shaik AL-Amodi Autism Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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