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Duailibe JBB, Viau CM, Saffi J, Fernandes SA, Porawski M. Protective effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on hepatorenal syndrome in rats. World J Nephrol 2024; 13:95627. [DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v13.i3.95627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the most prevalent form of acute kidney injury in cirrhotic patients. It is characterized by reduced renal blood flow and represents the most severe complication in cirrhotic patients with advanced disease. Previous research has indicated that antioxidants can delay the onset of a hyperdynamic circulatory state in cirrhosis and improve renal function in HRS patients. Regular omega-3 supplementation has significantly reduced the risk of liver disease. This supplementation could represent an additional therapy for individuals with HRS.
AIM To evaluated the antioxidant effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on the kidneys of cirrhotic rats.
METHODS Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced in rats by biliary duct ligation (BDL) for 28 d. We used 24 male Wistar rats divided into the following groups: I (control); II (treated with omega-3, 1 g/kg of body weight); III (BDL treated with omega-3, 1 g/kg of body weight); and IV (BDL without treatment). The animals were killed by overdose of anesthetic; the kidneys were dissected, removed, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored in a freezer at -80℃ for later analysis. We evaluated oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, DNA damage by the comet assay, cell viability test, and apoptosis in the kidneys. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, and means were compared using the Tukey test, with P ≤ 0.05.
RESULTS Omega-3 significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (P < 0.001) and lipoperoxidation in the kidneys of cirrhotic rats treated with omega-3 (P < 0.001). The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in the BDL+omega-3 group compared to the BDL group (P < 0.01). NO production, DNA damage, and caspase-9 cleavage decreased significantly in the omega-3-treated BDL group. There was an increase in mitochondrial electrochemical potential (P < 0.001) in BDL treated with omega-3 compared to BDL. No changes in the cell survival index in HRS with omega-3 compared to the control group (P > 0.05) were observed.
CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that omega-3 can protect cellular integrity and function by increasing antioxidant enzymes, inhibiting the formation of free radicals, and reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Bruno Beretta Duailibe
- Department of Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Macagnan Viau
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Alves Fernandes
- Department of Hepatology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Marilene Porawski
- Department of Hepatology and Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
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Lamarre J, Wilson DR. Short-term dietary changes are reflected in the cerebral content of adult ring-billed gulls. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240616. [PMID: 39113770 PMCID: PMC11303033 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LCPUFAs) are produced primarily in aquatic ecosystems and are considered essential nutrients for predators given their structural role in vertebrates' cerebral tissues. Alarmingly, with urbanization, many aquatic animals now rely on anthropogenic foods lacking n3-LCPUFAs. In this study undertaken in Newfoundland (Canada), we tested whether recent or longer term diet explains the cerebral fatty acid composition of ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis), a seabird that now thrives in cities. During the breeding season, cerebral levels of n3-LCPUFAs were significantly higher for gulls nesting in a natural habitat and foraging on marine food (mean ± s.d.: 32 ± 1% of total identified fatty acids) than for urban nesters exploiting rubbish (27 ± 1%). Stable isotope analysis of blood and feathers showed that urban and natural nesters shared similar diets in autumn and winter, suggesting that the difference in cerebral n3-LCPUFAs during the breeding season was owing to concomitant and transient differences in diet. We also experimentally manipulated gulls' diets throughout incubation by supplementing them with fish oil rich in n3-LCPUFAs, a caloric control lacking n3-LCPUFAs, or nothing, and found evidence that fish oil increased urban nesters' cerebral n3-LCPUFAs. These complementary analyses provide evidence that the brain of this seabird remains plastic during adulthood and responds to short-term dietary changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Lamarre
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland and LabradorA1B 3X9, Canada
| | - David R. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, Newfoundland and LabradorA1B 3X9, Canada
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3
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Hou Z, Lu X, Tiziani S, Fuiman LA. Nutritional programming by maternal diet alters offspring lipid metabolism in a marine teleost. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:535-553. [PMID: 35399145 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional programming - the association between the early nutritional environment and long-term consequences for an animal - is an emerging area of research in fish biology. Previous studies reported correlations between maternal provisioning of essential fatty acids to eggs and the whole-body fatty acid composition of larvae reared under uniform conditions for red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. This study aimed to further investigate the nutritional stimulus and the consequences of nutritional programming by feeding adult red drum several distinct diets and rearing larvae under uniform conditions until 21 days post-hatching when larval lipid and fatty acid compositions were assessed. Different maternal diets produced eggs with distinctive lipid and fatty acid compositions, and despite receiving the same larval diet for almost 3 weeks, larvae showed differences in total fatty acid accumulation and in retention of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Specifically, larvae reared from a maternal diet of shrimp generally showed elevated levels of fatty acids in the initial steps of the n-3 and n-6 HUFA biosynthetic pathways and reduced levels of fatty acid products of the same pathways, especially in triglyceride. Furthermore, the variations in larval fatty acid accumulation induced by maternal diet varied among females. Lipid metabolism altered by parental diet may have consequences for larval physiological processes and behavioral performance, which may ultimately influence larval survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxin Hou
- The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd., Austin, TX, 78723, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lee A Fuiman
- The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
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4
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Perinatal exposure to diets with different n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios affects olfactory tissue fatty acid composition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10785. [PMID: 32612195 PMCID: PMC7329853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory mucosa (OM) and the olfactory bulb (OB) are responsible for the detection and processing of olfactory signals. Like the brain and retina, they contain high levels of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for the structure and function of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Since the influence of the maternal diet on olfactory lipid profiles of the offspring has been poorly explored, we examined the effects of feeding mice during the perinatal period with diets containing an adequate linoleic acid level but either deficient in α-linolenic acid (ALA) or supplemented in n-3 long-chain PUFAs on the lipid composition of dams and weaning offspring olfactory tissues. In both the OM and OB, the low n-3 ALA diet led to a marked reduction in n-3 PUFAs with a concomitant increase in n-6 PUFAs, whereas consumption of the high n-3 PUFA diet reduced n-6 PUFAs and increased n-3 PUFAs. Structural analysis showed that the molecular species profiles of the main phospholipid classes of olfactory tissues from weaning pups were markedly affected by the maternal diets. This study demonstrates that the PUFA status of olfactory tissues is sensitive to diet composition from the early stages of development.
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5
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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6
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Duttaroy AK, Basak S. Maternal dietary fatty acids and their roles in human placental development. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 155:102080. [PMID: 32120190 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential for feto-placental growth and development. Maternal fatty acids and their metabolites are involved in every stage of pregnancy by supporting cell growth and development, cell signaling, and modulating other critical aspects of structural and functional processes. Early placentation process is critical for placental growth and function. Several fatty acids modulate angiogenesis as observed by increased tube formation and secretion of angiogenic growth factors in first-trimester human placental trophoblasts. Long-chain fatty acids stimulate angiogenesis in these cells via vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), or eicosanoids. Inadequate placental angiogenesis and trophoblast invasion of the maternal decidua and uterine spiral arterioles leads to structural and functional deficiency of placenta, which contributes to preeclampsia, pre-term intrauterine growth restriction, and spontaneous abortion and also affects overall fetal growth and development. During the third trimester of pregnancy, placental preferential transport of maternal plasma long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is of critical importance for fetal growth and development. Fatty acids cross the placental microvillous and basal membranes by mainly via plasma membrane fatty acid transport system (FAT, FATP, p-FABPpm, & FFARs) and cytoplasmic FABPs. Besides, a member of the major facilitator superfamily-MFSD2a, present in the placenta is involved in the supply of DHA to the fetus. Maternal factors such as diet, obesity, endocrine, inflammation can modulate the expression and activity of the placental fatty acid transport activity and thereby impact feto-placental growth and development. In this review, we discuss the maternal dietary fatty acids, and placental transport and metabolism, and their roles in placental growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
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Shrestha N, Sleep SL, Cuffe JSM, Holland OJ, Perkins AV, Yau SY, McAinch AJ, Hryciw DH. Role of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in fetal programming. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2020; 47:907-915. [PMID: 31883131 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition plays a critical role in fetal development and can influence adult onset of disease. Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) are major omega-6 (n-6) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively, that are essential in our diet. LA and ALA are critical for the development of the fetal neurological and immune systems. However, in recent years, the consumption of n-6 PUFA has increased gradually worldwide, and elevated n-6 PUFA consumption may be harmful to human health. Consumption of diets with high levels of n-6 PUFA before or during pregnancy may have detrimental effects on fetal development and may influence overall health of offspring in adulthood. This review discusses the role of n-6 PUFA in fetal programming, the importance of a balance between n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the maternal diet, and the need of further animal models and human studies that critically evaluate both n-6 and n-3 PUFA contents in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Simone L Sleep
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - James S M Cuffe
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Olivia J Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Anthony V Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld, Australia
| | - Suk Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,University Research Facility in Behavioural and Systems Neuroscience, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew J McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, Vic., Australia
| | - Deanne H Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia
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8
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Sun C, Zou M, Wang X, Xia W, Ma Y, Liang S, Hao Y, Wu L, Fu S. FADS1-FADS2 and ELOVL2 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to autism spectrum disorders in Chinese children. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:283. [PMID: 30180836 PMCID: PMC6122697 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a complex group of neurodevelopmental disorders with a genetic basis. The role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and the occurrence of autism has been the focus of many recent studies. The present study investigates whether genetic variants of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1/2 and elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein (ELOVL) 2 genes, which are involved in LC-PUFA metabolism, are associated with ASD risk. METHODS A cohort of 243 ASD patients and 243 unrelated healthy controls were enrolled in this case control study. Sixteen tag single nucleotide polymorphisms from the FADS1-2 and ELOVL2 genes were genotyped using the Sequenom Mass Array. RESULTS There were significant differences in allelic distribution of FADS2 rs526126 (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.42-0.72, pFDR < 0.05) between autistic children and controls. FADS2 rs526126 and ELOVL2 rs10498676 were associated with decreased ASD risk in recessive model (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.02-0.22, pFDR < 0.01; OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.35-0.89, pFDR = 0.042), while ELOVL2 rs17606561, rs3756963, and rs9468304 were associated with increased ASD risk in overdominant model (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.12-2.36, pFDR = 0.036; OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.14-2.37, pFDR = 0.039; OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.22-2.50, pFDR = 0.017). The A/A genotype of rs10498676 was correlated with a decline in the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised communication (verbal and nonverbal) domain. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of an association between FADS2 and ELOVL2 polymorphisms and ASD susceptibility in Chinese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Sun
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Children’s and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Mingyang Zou
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Children’s and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Xuelai Wang
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Children’s and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Wei Xia
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Children’s and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Yongjuan Ma
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Children’s and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Shuang Liang
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Children’s and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Yanqiu Hao
- 0000 0001 2204 9268grid.410736.7Department of Pediatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081 China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Songbin Fu
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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9
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Shaikh SR, Shaver PR, Shewchuk BM. High Fat Diet Dysregulates Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis Gene Expression Levels which are Differentially Rescued by EPA and DHA Ethyl Esters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800219. [PMID: 29738112 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary fat composition can modulate gene expression in peripheral tissues in obesity. Observations of the dysregulation of growth hormone (GH) in obesity indicate that these effects extend to the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis. The authors thus determine whether specific high fat (HF) diets influence the levels of Gh and other key gene transcripts in the H-P axis. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice are fed a lean control diet or a HF diet in the absence or presence of OA, EPA, or DHA ethyl esters. Comparative studies are conducted with menhaden fish oil. The HF diet lowered pituitary Gh mRNA and protein levels, and cell culture studies reveal that elevated insulin and glucose can reduce Gh transcripts. Supplementation of the HF diet with OA, EPA, DHA, or menhaden fish oil do not improve pituitary Gh levels. The HF diet also impaired the levels of additional genes in the pituitary and hypothalamus, which are selectively rescued with EPA or DHA ethyl esters. The effects of EPA and DHA are more robust relative to fish oil. CONCLUSION A HF diet can affect H-P axis transcription, which can be mitigated in some genes by EPA and DHA, but not fish oil in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina University Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7461, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599
| | - Patti R Shaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina University Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834
| | - Brian M Shewchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the East Carolina University Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834
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10
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Al-Harbi AN, Khan KM, Rahman A. Developmental Vitamin D Deficiency Affects Spatial Learning in Wistar Rats. J Nutr 2017; 147:1795-1805. [PMID: 28747485 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.249953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a global problem. Recent evidence suggests that vitamin D is involved in brain development and function. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with poor cognitive function in adults, but the effect of developmental vitamin D deficiency (DVDD) on cognitive function and brain development in children has not been well established.Objective: We explored the effects of DVDD on cognitive functions and brain morphology of rat pups.Methods: Wistar rat pups born to control and vitamin D-deficient dams were divided into 4 groups: control (C), deficient during gestation (dG), deficient during lactation (dL), and deficient during gestation and lactation (dGL). Spatial learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test at postnatal day (PND) 24 and PND 45. Cortical thickness at the level of the hippocampus was measured at PND 63, and synapses were counted in specified areas of the hippocampus at PND 32 and PND 63.Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that at PND 24, learning (escape latency) was impaired (by 42%) in the dGL group, whereas at PND 45, both the dL and the dGL groups showed learning impairment (by 47% and 45%, respectively) compared with their respective C groups (P < 0.05). Short-term or long-term memory was largely unaffected by DVDD either at PND 24 or PND 45. Compared with the C group, all the DVDD groups had fewer synapses in the molecular layer of the hippocampus (P < 0.001). The synapse number decreased by 54% in the dGL group at PND 33 and by 70% in the dL and dGL groups at PND 63. All the DVDD groups at PND 63 showed a reduced cortical thickness (by 22%) compared with the C group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: These results suggest that a combined prenatal and postnatal DVDD for ≥6 wk in rat pups affects learning but not memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar N Al-Harbi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, and
| | - Khalid M Khan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Life Sciences, and
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11
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Lozada LE, Desai A, Kevala K, Lee JW, Kim HY. Perinatal Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Concentration Has a Lasting Impact on Cognition in Mice. J Nutr 2017; 147:1624-1630. [PMID: 28768838 PMCID: PMC5572498 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.254607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Premature infants are deprived of prenatal accumulation of brain docosahexaenoic acid [DHA (22:6n-3)], an omega-3 fatty acid [ω-3 FA (n-3 FA)] important for proper development of cognitive function. The resulting brain DHA deficit can be reversed by ω-3 FA supplementation.Objective: The objective was to test whether there is a critical period for providing ω-3 FA to correct cognitive deficits caused by developmental ω-3 FA deprivation in mice.Methods: Twelve timed-pregnant mice [embryonic day 14 (E14), C57/BL6NCr] were fed an ω-3 FA-deficient diet containing 0.04% α-linolenic acid [ALA (18:3n-3)], and their offspring were fed the same deficient diet (Def group) or changed to an ω-3 FA-adequate diet containing 3.1% ALA at 3 wk, 2 mo, or 4 mo of age. In parallel, 3 E14 pregnant mice were fed the adequate diet and their offspring were fed the same diet (Adeq group) throughout the experiment. Brain FA composition, learning and memory, and hippocampal synaptic protein expression were evaluated at 6 mo by gas chromatography, the Morris water maze test, and western blot analysis, respectively.Results: Maternal dietary ω-3 FA deprivation decreased DHA by >50% in the brain of their offspring at 3 wk of age. The Def group showed significantly worse learning and memory at 6 mo than those groups fed the adequate diet. These pups also had decreased hippocampal expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (43% of Adeq group), Homer protein homolog 1 (21% of Adeq group), and synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (64% of Adeq group). Changing mice to the adequate diet at 3 wk, 2 mo, or 4 mo of age restored brain DHA to the age-matched adequate concentration. However, deficits in hippocampal synaptic protein expression and spatial learning and memory were normalized only when the diet was changed at 3 wk.Conclusion: Developmental deprivation of brain DHA by dietary ω-3 FA depletion in mice may have a lasting impact on cognitive function if not corrected at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Lozada
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD; and,Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Abhishek Desai
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Karl Kevala
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ji-Won Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hee-Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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12
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Combined Supplementation of Choline and Docosahexaenoic Acid during Pregnancy Enhances Neurodevelopment of Fetal Hippocampus. Neurol Res Int 2017; 2017:8748706. [PMID: 28210506 PMCID: PMC5292192 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8748706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient for humans which plays an important role in structural integrity and signaling functions. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, highly enriched in cell membranes of the brain. Dietary intake of choline or DHA alone by pregnant mothers directly affects fetal brain development and function. But no studies show the efficacy of combined supplementation of choline and DHA on fetal neurodevelopment. The aim of the present study was to analyze fetal neurodevelopment on combined supplementation of pregnant dams with choline and DHA. Pregnant dams were divided into five groups: normal control [NC], saline control [SC], choline [C], DHA, and C + DHA. Saline, choline, and DHA were given as supplements to appropriate groups of dams. NC dams were undisturbed during entire gestation. On postnatal day (PND) 40, brains were processed for Cresyl staining. Pups from choline or DHA supplemented group showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in number of neurons in hippocampus when compared to the same in NC and SC groups. Moreover, pups from C + DHA supplemented group showed significantly higher number of neurons (p < 0.001) in hippocampus when compared to the same in NC and SC groups. Thus combined supplementation of choline and DHA during normal pregnancy enhances fetal hippocampal neurodevelopment better than supplementation of choline or DHA alone.
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Sheppard KW, Cheatham CL. Executive functions and the ω-6-to-ω-3 fatty acid ratio: a cross-sectional study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:32-41. [PMID: 27852615 PMCID: PMC5183732 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.141390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ω-6 (n-6) to ω-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) ratio (n-6:n-3 ratio) was previously shown to be a predictor of executive function performance in children aged 7-9 y. OBJECTIVE We aimed to replicate and extend previous findings by exploring the role of the n-6:n-3 ratio in executive function performance. We hypothesized that there would be an interaction between n-3 and the n-6:n-3 ratio, with children with low n-3 performing best with a low ratio, and those with high n-3 performing best with a high ratio. DESIGN Children were recruited on the basis of their consumption of n-6 and n-3 FAs. The executive function performance of 78 children aged 7-12 y was tested with the use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and a planning task. Participants provided blood for plasma FA quantification, and the caregiver completed demographic and activity questionnaires. We investigated the role of the n-6:n-3 ratio in the entire sample and separately in children aged 7-9 y (n = 41) and 10-12 y (n = 37). RESULTS Dietary and plasma n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicted performance on working memory and planning tasks in children 7-12 y old. The interaction between dietary n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicted the number of moves required to solve the most difficult planning problems in children aged 7-9 y and those aged 10-12 y, similar to results from the previous study. There was also an interaction between the plasma n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicting time spent thinking through the difficult 5-move planning problems. The n-6:n-3 ratio and n-3 predicted executive function performance differently in children aged 7-9 y and in those aged 10-12 y, indicating different optimal FA balances across development. CONCLUSIONS The n-6:n-3 ratio is an important consideration in the role of FAs in cognitive function, and the optimal balance of n-6 and n-3 FAs depends on the cognitive function and developmental period studied. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02199808.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly W Sheppard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;,Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH; and
| | - Carol L Cheatham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; .,Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC
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Fuiman LA, Perez KO. Metabolic programming mediated by an essential fatty acid alters body composition and survival skills of a marine fish. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1414. [PMID: 26582018 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic programming occurs when variations in nutrition during a specific developmental window result in long-term metabolic effects. It has been studied almost exclusively in humans and other mammals but never in an ecological context. Here, we report metabolic programming and its functional consequences in a marine fish, red drum. We demonstrate that maternal provisioning of eggs with an essential fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), varies with DHA content of the maternal diet. When offspring are reared on a DHA-replete diet, whole-body DHA content of offspring depends upon the amount of DHA that was in the egg. We further demonstrate that whole-body DHA content is correlated with traits related to offspring fitness (escape responses, routine swimming, growth, and survival). DHA content of red drum eggs produced in nature is in the range where the effects of metabolic programming are most pronounced. Our findings indicate that during a brief developmental window, DHA plays a role in establishing the metabolic capacity for its own uptake or storage, with protracted and possibly permanent effects on ecologically important survival skills of individuals and important implications for dynamics of populations and food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Fuiman
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Kestrel O Perez
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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15
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Arnoldussen IA, Zerbi V, Wiesmann M, Noordman RH, Bolijn S, Mutsaers MP, Dederen PJ, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, van Tol EA, Gross G, Schoemaker MH, Heerschap A, Wielinga PY, Kiliaan AJ. Early intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids preserves brain structure and function in diet-induced obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 30:177-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Sherry CL, Oliver JS, Marriage BJ. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in lactating women increases breast milk and plasma docosahexaenoic acid concentrations and alters infant omega 6:3 fatty acid ratio. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 95:63-9. [PMID: 25701002 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on the fatty acid composition of breast milk and plasma concentrations in lactating women and their infants. Eighty-nine lactating women 4-6 weeks post-partum received placebo, 200 mg or 400 mg DHA for 6 weeks with usual diets. Breast milk fatty acids and maternal plasma fatty acids were measured at the beginning and end of the study and infant plasma at the end of the study. Breast milk and maternal plasma DHA were significantly greater with 200 mg and 400 mg DHA compared with placebo (50% and 123% breast milk p<0.05; 71% and 101% plasma, p<0.0001), respectively. Infant plasma omega 6:3 and arachidonic acid (AA):DHA were significantly greater in the placebo group compared to both supplement groups (67% and 106%; 71% and 116%, respectively, p<0.05). DHA supplementation impacts infant fatty acids important for brain development and breast milk fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Sherry
- Abbott Nutrition, Scientific and Medical Affairs, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus OH 43219, United States.
| | - J S Oliver
- Abbott Nutrition, Scientific and Medical Affairs, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus OH 43219, United States
| | - B J Marriage
- Abbott Nutrition, Scientific and Medical Affairs, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus OH 43219, United States
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17
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Perez KO, Fuiman LA. Maternal diet and larval diet influence survival skills of larval red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1286-1304. [PMID: 25740661 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Larval red drum Sciaenops ocellatus survival, turning rate, routine swimming speed, escape response latency and escape response distance were significantly correlated with essential fatty-acid (EFA) concentrations in eggs. Of the five traits that varied with egg EFA content, two (escape response latency and routine swimming speed) were significantly different when larvae were fed enriched diets compared with the low fatty-acid diet, indicating that the larval diet can compensate for some imbalances in egg composition. Turning rate during routine swimming and escape response distance, however, did not change when larvae predicted to have low performance (based on egg composition) were fed an enriched diet, indicating that these effects of egg composition may be irreversible. Escape response distances and survival rates of larvae predicted to perform well (based on egg composition) and fed highly enriched diets were lower than expected, suggesting that high levels of EFA intake can be detrimental. Altogether, these results suggest that both maternal diet, which is responsible for egg EFA composition, and larval diet may play a role in larval survivorship and recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Perez
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, U.S.A
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18
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Shewchuk BM. Prostaglandins and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:277-87. [PMID: 25287609 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis integrates complex physiological and environmental signals and responds to these cues by modulating the synthesis and secretion of multiple pituitary hormones to regulate peripheral tissues. Prostaglandins are a component of this regulatory system, affecting multiple hormone synthesis and secretion pathways in the H-P axis. The implications of these actions are that physiological processes or disease states that alter prostaglandin levels in the hypothalamus or pituitary can impinge on H-P axis function. Considering the role of prostaglandins in mediating inflammation, the potential for neuroinflammation to affect H-P axis function in this manner may be significant. In addition, the mitigating effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on the inflammation-associated synthesis of prostaglandins and their role as substrates for pro-resolving lipid mediators may also include effects in the H-P axis. One context in which neuroinflammation may play a role is in the etiology of diet-induced obesity, which also correlates with altered pituitary hormone levels. This review will survey evidence for the actions of prostaglandins and other lipid mediators in the H-P axis, and will address the potential for obesity-associated inflammation and n-3 PUFA to impinge on these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Shewchuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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19
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Das >UN. Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, and their clinical implications with specific reference to diabetes mellitus and other diseases: part II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Wood-Bradley RJ, Henry SL, Vrselja A, Newman V, Armitage JA. Maternal dietary intake during pregnancy has longstanding consequences for the health of her offspring. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:412-20. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 100 years, advances in pharmaceutical and medical technology have reduced the burden of communicable disease, and our appreciation of the mechanisms underlying the development of noncommunicable disease has broadened. During this time, a number of studies, both in humans and animal models, have highlighted the importance of maintaining an optimal diet during pregnancy. In particular, a number of studies support the hypothesis that suboptimal maternal protein and fat intake during pregnancy can have long-term effects on the growing fetus, and increase the likelihood of these offspring developing cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic diseases in adulthood. More recently, it has been shown that dietary intake of a number of micronutrients may offset or reverse the deleterious effects of macronutrient imbalance. Furthermore, maternal fat intake has also been identified as a major contributor to a healthy fetal environment, with a beneficial role for unsaturated fats during development as well as a beneficial impact on cell membrane physiology. Together these studies indicate that attempts to optimise maternal nutrition may prove to be an efficient and cost-effective strategy for preventing the development of cardiovascular, renal, or metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan James Wood-Bradley
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sarah Louise Henry
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Amanda Vrselja
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria Newman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - James Andrew Armitage
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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21
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Henry SL, Barzel B, Wood-Bradley RJ, Burke SL, Head GA, Armitage JA. Developmental origins of obesity-related hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:799-806. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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22
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Sabel KG, Strandvik B, Petzold M, Lundqvist-Persson C. Motor, mental and behavioral developments in infancy are associated with fatty acid pattern in breast milk and plasma of premature infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:183-8. [PMID: 22440244 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate any association between infants' early development and PUFA concentrations in early breast milk and infants' plasma phospholipids at 44 weeks gestational age. Fifty-one premature infants were included. The quality of general movement was assessed at 3 months, and motor, mental and behavioral development at 3, 6, 10 and 18 months corrected age using Bayley's Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). Linoleic acid, the major n-6/n-3 FA ratios, Mead acid and the EFA deficiency index in early breast milk were negatively associated with development up to 18 months of age. DHA and AA, respectively, in infants' plasma phospholipids was positively, but the AA/DHA ratio negatively, associated with development from 6 to 18 months of age. Our data suggest that the commonly found high n-6 concentration in breast milk is associated with less favorable motor, mental and behavioral development up to 18 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-G Sabel
- Borås Children's Hospital, Borås KGS, Sweden
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23
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Das UN. Pre(peri)-natal ω-3 PUFA deficiency-induced hypertension and its broader implications. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:375-9. [PMID: 22258029 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, 13800 Fairhill Road #321, Shaker Heights, OH 44120, USA.
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24
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Begg DP, Puskás LG, Kitajka K, Ménesi D, Allen AM, Li D, Mathai ML, Shi JR, Sinclair AJ, Weisinger RS. Hypothalamic gene expression in ω-3 PUFA-deficient male rats before, and following, development of hypertension. Hypertens Res 2011; 35:381-7. [PMID: 22072108 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary deficiency of ω-3 fatty acids (ω-3 DEF) produces hypertension in later life. This study examined the effect of ω-3 DEF on blood pressure and hypothalamic gene expression in young rats, before the development of hypertension, and in older rats following the onset of hypertension. Animals were fed experimental diets that were deficient in ω-3 fatty acids, sufficient in short-chain ω-3 fatty acids or sufficient in short- and long-chain ω-3 fatty acids, from the prenatal period until 10 or 36 weeks-of-age. There was no difference in blood pressure between groups at 10 weeks-of-age; however, at 36 weeks-of-age ω-3 DEF animals were hypertensive in relation to sufficient groups. At 10 weeks, expression of angiotensin-II(1A) receptors and dopamine D(3) receptors were significantly increased in the hypothalamic tissue of ω-3 DEF animals. In contrast, at 36 weeks, α(2a) and β(1) adrenergic receptor expression was significantly reduced in the ω-3 DEF group. Brain docosahexaenoic acid was significantly lower in ω-3 DEF group compared with sufficient groups. This study demonstrates that dietary ω-3 DEF causes changes both in the expression of key genes involved in central blood pressure regulation and in blood pressure. The data may indicate that hypertension resulting from ω-3 DEF is mediated by the central adrenergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denovan P Begg
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Niculescu MD, Lupu DS, Craciunescu CN. Maternal α-linolenic acid availability during gestation and lactation alters the postnatal hippocampal development in the mouse offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:795-802. [PMID: 21964326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is essential for perinatal brain development. While the roles of docosahexaenoic acid (the most abundant ω-3 species) were extensively described, less is known about the role of α-linolenic acid (ALA), which is the initial molecular species undergoing elongation and desaturation within the ω-3 pathways. This study describes the association between maternal ALA availability during gestation and lactation, and alterations in hippocampal development (dentate gyrus) in the mouse male offspring, at the end of lactation (postnatal day 19, P19). Postnatal ALA supplementation increased cell proliferation (36% more proliferating cells compared to a control group) and early neuronal differentiation, while postnatal ALA deficiency increased cellular apoptosis within the dentate gyrus of suckling pups (61% more apoptotic cells compared to a control group). However, maternal ALA deficiency during gestation prevented the increased neurogenesis induced by postnatal supplementation. Fatty acid analysis revealed that ALA supplementation increased the concentration of the ω-3 species in the maternal liver and serum, but not in the brain of the offspring, excepting for ALA itself. Interestingly, ALA supplementation also increased the concentration of dihomo γ-linolenic acid (a ω-6 species) in the P19 brains, but not in maternal livers or serum. In conclusion, postnatal ALA supplementation enhances neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the offspring at postnatal day 19, but its beneficial effects are offset by maternal ALA deficiency during gestation. These results suggest that ALA is required in both fetal and postnatal stages of brain development.
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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): an ancient nutrient for the modern human brain. Nutrients 2011; 3:529-54. [PMID: 22254110 PMCID: PMC3257695 DOI: 10.3390/nu3050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern humans have evolved with a staple source of preformed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diet. An important turning point in human evolution was the discovery of high-quality, easily digested nutrients from coastal seafood and inland freshwater sources. Multi-generational exploitation of seafood by shore-based dwellers coincided with the rapid expansion of grey matter in the cerebral cortex, which characterizes the modern human brain. The DHA molecule has unique structural properties that appear to provide optimal conditions for a wide range of cell membrane functions. This has particular implications for grey matter, which is membrane-rich tissue. An important metabolic role for DHA has recently been identified as the precursor for resolvins and protectins. The rudimentary source of DHA is marine algae; therefore it is found concentrated in fish and marine oils. Unlike the photosynthetic cells in algae and higher plants, mammalian cells lack the specific enzymes required for the de novo synthesis of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the precursor for all omega-3 fatty acid syntheses. Endogenous synthesis of DHA from ALA in humans is much lower and more limited than previously assumed. The excessive consumption of omega-6 fatty acids in the modern Western diet further displaces DHA from membrane phospholipids. An emerging body of research is exploring a unique role for DHA in neurodevelopment and the prevention of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. DHA is increasingly being added back into the food supply as fish oil or algal oil supplementation.
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Hypertension induced by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency is alleviated by alpha-linolenic acid regardless of dietary source. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:808-13. [PMID: 20520615 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency, particularly during the prenatal period, can cause hypertension in later life. This study examined the effect of different sources of alpha-linolenic acid (canola oil or flaxseed oil) in the prevention of hypertension and other metabolic symptoms induced by an omega-3 fatty acid-deficient diet. Dams were provided one of three experimental diets from 1 week before mating. Diets were either deficient (10% safflower oil-DEF) or sufficient (7% safflower oil+3% flaxseed oil-SUF-F; or 10% canola oil-SUF-C) in omega-3 fatty acids. The male offspring were continued on the maternal diet from weaning for the duration of the study. Body weight, ingestive behaviors, blood pressure, body composition, metabolic rate, plasma leptin and brain fatty acids were all assessed. The DEF animals were hypertensive at 24 weeks of age compared with SUF-F or SUF-C animals; this was not evident at 12 weeks. These results suggest that different sources of ALA are effective in preventing hypertension related to omega-3 fatty acid deficiency. However, there were other marked differences between the DEF and, in particular, the SUF-C phenotype including lowered body weight, adiposity, leptin and food intake in SUF-C animals. SUF-F animals also had lower, but less marked reductions in adiposity and leptin compared with DEF animals. The differences observed between DEF, SUF-F and SUF-C phenotypes indicate that body fat and leptin may be involved in omega-3 fatty acid deficiency hypertension.
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29
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Impact of maternal dietary fatty acid composition on glucose and lipid metabolism in male rat offspring aged 105 d. Br J Nutr 2009; 102:233-41. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508198993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the intake ofn-6 PUFA andtrans-fatty acids (TFA) has increased, whereasn-3 PUFA intake has decreased. The present study investigated the effects of maternal diet high inn-6 PUFA,n-3 PUFA or TFA on glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and fatty acid profile in male offspring. Female weanling Wistar/NIN rats were randomly assigned to receive either a diet high in linoleic acid (LA), or α-linolenic acid (ALA), or long-chainn-3 PUFA (fish oil; FO), or TFA, for 90 d, and mated. Upon weaning, pups were randomly divided into seven groups (mother's diet-pup's diet): LA-LA, LA-ALA, LA-FO, ALA-ALA, FO-FO, TFA-TFA and TFA-LA. At the age of 105 d, an oral glucose tolerance test, adipocyte glucose transport and muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition were measured in the pups. All animals displayed normal insulin sensitivity as evidenced by similar plasma insulin and area under the curve of insulin after an oral glucose load. Maternal intake ofn-3 PUFA (ALA or FO) resulted in highern-3 PUFA in the offspring. Plasma cholesterol and NEFA were significantly higher in the TFA-TFA group compared with the other groups. Adipocyte insulin-stimulated glucose transport and adiponectin mRNA expression were lower in TFA-TFA and TFA-LA offspring compared with the other groups. While most mother-pup fatty acid combinations did not influence the measured variables in the pups, these results indicate that maternal intake of TFA led to an unfavourable profile in the pups through to the age of 105 d, whether the pups consumed TFA, or not.
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Armitage JA, Gupta S, Wood C, Jensen RI, Samuelsson AM, Fuller W, Shattock MJ, Poston L, Taylor PD. Maternal dietary supplementation with saturated, but not monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids, leads to tissue-specific inhibition of offspring Na+,K+-ATPase. J Physiol 2008; 586:5013-22. [PMID: 18718984 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.157818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In rats, a maternal diet rich in lard is associated with reduced Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in adult offspring kidney. We have addressed the role of different fatty acids by evaluating Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in offspring of dams fed diets rich in saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed, during pregnancy and suckling, a control diet (4% w/w corn oil) or a fatty acid supplemented diet (24% w/w). Offspring were reared on chow (4% PUFA) and studied at 6 months. mRNA expression (real-time PCR) of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase alpha subunit and protein expression of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase subunits (Western blot) were assessed in kidney and brain. Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was reduced in kidney (P < 0.05 versus all groups) and brain (P < 0.05 versus control and MUFA offspring) of the SFA group. Neither Na(+),K(+)-ATPase alpha1 subunit mRNA expression, nor protein expression of total alpha, alpha1, alpha2, alpha3 or beta1 subunits were significantly altered in kidney in any dietary group. In brains of SFA offspring alpha1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) was reduced compared with MUFA and PUFA offspring, but not controls. Also in brain, SFA offspring demonstrated reduced (P < 0.05) alpha1 subunit protein and increased phosphorylation (P < 0.05) of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase modulating protein phospholemman at serine residue 63 (S63 PLM). Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was similar to controls in heart and liver. In utero and neonatal exposure to a maternal diet rich in saturated fatty acids is associated with altered activity and expression of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in adulthood, but mechanisms appear tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Armitage
- Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King's College London, London, UK
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Zhou Y, Nijland M, Miller M, Ford S, Nathanielsz PW, Brenna JT. The Influence of Maternal Early to Mid-Gestation Nutrient Restriction on Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Fetal Sheep. Lipids 2008; 43:525-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Armitage JA, Ishibashi A, Balachandran AA, Jensen RI, Poston L, Taylor PD. Programmed aortic dysfunction and reduced Na+,K+-ATPase activity present in first generation offspring of lard-fed rats does not persist to the second generation. Exp Physiol 2007; 92:583-9. [PMID: 17255173 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2006.036202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that male and female offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats fed a diet rich (approximately 50% of caloric intake from fat) in animal fat (lard) during pregnancy and suckling (OHF) demonstrate cardiovascular dysfunction, including blunted endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in the aorta as well as reduced renal Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity. Cardiovascular dysfunction has been reported in other models of developmental programming and some researchers describe transmission from F(1) to F(2) generations. Here we report a study of vascular function, as assessed in isolated rings of aorta mounted in an organ bath, and renal Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in 6-month-old male and female F(2) offspring of lard-fed and control-fed (OC) dams (n = 13 per diet group). An increase in brain (OC 0.61 +/- 0.01% versus OHF 0.66 +/- 0.02% of bodyweight) and kidney weights (OC 0.32 +/- 0.01% versus OHF 0.37 +/- 0.01% of bodyweight) was observed in female F(2) offspring of lard-fed dams compared with F(2) controls (P < 0.03). Constrictor responses to phenylephrine in the aorta were not different from F(2) controls (repeated measures ANOVA, P = 0.85). Also, endothelium-dependent dilator function, as assessed by responses to acetylcholine (repeated measures ANOVA, P = 0.96) and passive distensibility in the absence of extracellular calcium (repeated measures ANOVA, P = 0.68), was similar. Additionally, renal Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity was not statistically different from that observed in control animals (ANOVA, P = 0.89). Although a maternal diet rich in animal fat has deleterious effects on parameters of cardiovascular risk in F(1) animals, it does not appear that disorders previously reported in the F(1) generation are transmitted to the F(2) generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Armitage
- Maternal and Fetal Research Unit, Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, King's College London, 10th Floor North Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Busch
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA.
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