1
|
Lands B, Bibus D, Stark KD. Dynamic interactions of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid nutrients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:15-21. [PMID: 28189338 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Careful handling of data on fatty acid composition is needed when interpreting evidence for the influence of dietary n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids on brain function and health conditions. The relative dietary supplies of competing n-3 and n-6 nutrients determine the balance of 20- and 22-carbon n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) which accumulate competitively at the 2-position of tissue phospholipids. In turn, the HUFA balance expressed as the %n-6 in HUFA affects the likely intensity of n-6 eicosanoid actions in diverse health conditions. As a result, measures of HUFA balance are important, valid biomarkers for designing and monitoring successful preventive nutrition interventions. Successful interventions must also consider the ability of fatty acid ligands to saturate binding sites of enzymes and receptors and give paradoxical dose-response results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Lands
- American Society for Nutrition, 6100 Westchester Park Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
| | - D Bibus
- Lipid Technologies, LLC and The Center for Spirituality and Healing, The University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - K D Stark
- Department of Kinesiology, University ofWaterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu JHY, Lemaitre RN, King IB, Song X, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS, Mozaffarian D. Circulating omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and total and cause-specific mortality: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation 2014; 130:1245-53. [PMID: 25124495 PMCID: PMC4189990 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.011590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) have been recommended to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD), controversy remains about benefits versus harms, including concerns over theorized proinflammatory effects of n-6 PUFA. We investigated associations of circulating n-6 PUFA including linoleic acid (the major dietary PUFA), γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, with total and cause-specific mortality in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a community-based U.S. cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS Among 2792 participants(aged ≥65 years) free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, plasma phospholipid n-6 PUFA were measured at baseline using standardized methods. All-cause and cause-specific mortality, and total incident CHD and stroke, were assessed and adjudicated centrally. Associations of PUFA with risk were assessed by Cox regression. During 34 291 person-years of follow-up (1992-2010), 1994 deaths occurred (678 cardiovascular deaths), with 427 fatal and 418 nonfatal CHD, and 154 fatal and 399 nonfatal strokes. In multivariable models, higher linoleic acid was associated with lower total mortality, with extreme-quintile hazard ratio =0.87 (P trend=0.005). Lower death was largely attributable to cardiovascular disease causes, especially nonarrhythmic CHD mortality (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-0.82; P trend=0.001). Circulating γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid were not significantly associated with total or cause-specific mortality (eg, for arachidonic acid and CHD death, the extreme-quintile hazard ratio was 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-1.34; P trend=0.87). Evaluated semiparametrically, linoleic acid showed graded inverse associations with total mortality (P=0.005). There was little evidence that associations of n-6 PUFA with total mortality varied by age, sex, race, or plasma n-3 PUFA. Evaluating both n-6 and n-3 PUFA, lowest risk was evident with highest levels of both. CONCLUSIONS High circulating linoleic acid, but not other n-6 PUFA, was inversely associated with total and CHD mortality in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Y Wu
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.).
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| | - Irena B King
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| | - Xiaoling Song
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| | - David S Siscovick
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- From The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (J.H.Y.W.); Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (R.N.L., B.M.P.); the Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (I.B.K.); Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA (X.S.); the Department of Epidemiology and Health Service, University of Washington, Seattle (B.M.P.); Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA (B.M.P.); New York Academy of Medicine, New York (D.S.S.); and Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|