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Akbar S, Rahman A, Ahmad N, Imran M, Hafeez Z. Understanding the Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Development and Prevention of Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2024; 191:57-93. [PMID: 39133404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55622-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), have received much attention owing to their multifaceted effects not only in the management of diverse pathological conditions but also in the maintenance of overall health of an individual. A disproportionately high n-6 to n-3 ratio contributes to the development of various disorders including cancer, which ranks as a leading cause of death worldwide with profound social and economic burden. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials combined with the animal and cell culture models have demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs in reducing the risk of various cancer types including breast, prostate and colon cancer. The anti-cancer actions of n-3 PUFAs are mainly attributed to their role in the modulation of a wide array of cellular processes including membrane dynamics, apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, gene expression and signal transduction pathways. On the contrary, n-6 PUFAs have been shown to exert pro-tumor actions; however, the inconsistent findings and controversial data emphasize upon the need to further investigation. Nevertheless, one of the biggest challenges in future is to optimize the n-6 to n-3 ratio despite the genetic predisposition, age, gender and disease severity. Moreover, a better understanding of the potential risks and benefits as well as the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the basic actions of these PUFAs is required to explore their role as adjuvants in cancer therapy. All these aspects will be reviewed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Akbar
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Home and Food Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Hafeez
- CALBINOTOX, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
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Agarwala PK, Aneja R, Kapoor S. Lipidomic landscape in cancer: Actionable insights for membrane-based therapy and diagnoses. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:983-1018. [PMID: 34719798 DOI: 10.1002/med.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display altered cellular lipid metabolism, including disruption in endogenous lipid synthesis, storage, and exogenous uptake for membrane biogenesis and functions. Altered lipid metabolism and, consequently, lipid composition impacts cellular function by affecting membrane structure and properties, such as fluidity, rigidity, membrane dynamics, and lateral organization. Herein, we provide an overview of lipid membranes and how their properties affect cellular functions. We also detail how the rewiring of lipid metabolism impacts the lipidomic landscape of cancer cell membranes and influences the characteristics of cancer cells. Furthermore, we discuss how the altered cancer lipidome provides cues for developing lipid-inspired innovative therapeutic and diagnostic strategies while improving our limited understanding of the role of lipids in cancer initiation and progression. We also present the arcade of membrane characterization techniques to cement their relevance in cancer diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema K Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India.,Depertment of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Ferreri C, Sansone A, Ferreri R, Amézaga J, Tueros I. Fatty Acids and Membrane Lipidomics in Oncology: A Cross-Road of Nutritional, Signaling and Metabolic Pathways. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090345. [PMID: 32854444 PMCID: PMC7570129 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids are closely involved in lipid synthesis and metabolism in cancer. Their amount and composition are dependent on dietary supply and tumor microenviroment. Research in this subject highlighted the crucial event of membrane formation, which is regulated by the fatty acids' molecular properties. The growing understanding of the pathways that create the fatty acid pool needed for cell replication is the result of lipidomics studies, also envisaging novel fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid-mediated signaling. Fatty acid-driven mechanisms and biological effects in cancer onset, growth and metastasis have been elucidated, recognizing the importance of polyunsaturated molecules and the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 families. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids are biomarkers in several types of cancer, and their characterization in cell membranes and exosomes is under development for diagnostic purposes. Desaturase enzymatic activity with unprecedented de novo polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis is considered the recent breakthrough in this scenario. Together with the link between obesity and cancer, fatty acids open interesting perspectives for biomarker discovery and nutritional strategies to control cancer, also in combination with therapies. All these subjects are described using an integrated approach taking into account biochemical, biological and analytical aspects, delineating innovations in cancer prevention, diagnostics and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Sansone
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Rosaria Ferreri
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Tuscany Reference Centre for Integrated Medicine in the hospital pathway, Pitigliano Hospital, Via Nicola Ciacci, 340, 58017 Pitigliano, Italy;
| | - Javier Amézaga
- AZTI, Food and Health, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.A.); (I.T.)
| | - Itziar Tueros
- AZTI, Food and Health, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (J.A.); (I.T.)
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Survey in Men under Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: from Intake to Prostate Tissue Level. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071616. [PMID: 31315273 PMCID: PMC6683032 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids (ω3), particularly long-chain ω3 (LCω3), have protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa) in experimental studies. Observational studies are conflicting, possibly because of the biomarker used. This study aimed at evaluating associations between grade reclassification and ω3 levels assessed in prostatic tissue, red blood cells (RBC), and diet. We conducted a validation cross-sectional study nested within a phase II clinical trial. We identified 157 men diagnosed with low-risk PCa who underwent a first active surveillance repeat prostate biopsy session. Fatty acid (FA) intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and their levels measured in prostate tissue and RBC. Associations were evaluated using logistic regression. At first repeat biopsy session, 39 (25%) men had high-grade PCa (grade group ≥2). We found that high LCω3-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level in prostate tissue (odds ratio (OR) 0.25; 95% (confidence interval (CI) 0.08–0.79; p-trend = 0.03) was associated with lower odds of high-grade PCa. Similar results were observed for LCω3 dietary intake (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11-0.83; p-trend = 0.02) but no association for RBC. LCω3-EPA levels in the target prostate tissue are inversely associated with high-grade PCa in men with low-risk PCa, supporting that prostate tissue FA, but not RBC FA, is a reliable biomarker of PCa risk.
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Çelik MY, Duman MB, Sariipek M, Uzun Gören G, Kaya Öztürk D, Kocatepe D, Karayücel S. Comparison of fatty acids and some mineral matter profiles of wild and farmed snails, Cornu aspersum Müller, 1774. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2019.1596531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Yeşim Çelik
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bedrettin Duman
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Merve Sariipek
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Gülşen Uzun Gören
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Dilara Kaya Öztürk
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Demet Kocatepe
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Sedat Karayücel
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fisheries Faculty, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
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Yu L, Wang B, Ma X, Gao L. The extraction of drug-disease correlations based on module distance in incomplete human interactome. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:111. [PMID: 28155709 PMCID: PMC5260043 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracting drug-disease correlations is crucial in unveiling disease mechanisms, as well as discovering new indications of available drugs, or drug repositioning. Both the interactome and the knowledge of disease-associated and drug-associated genes remain incomplete. RESULTS We present a new method to predict the associations between drugs and diseases. Our method is based on a module distance, which is originally proposed to calculate distances between modules in incomplete human interactome. We first map all the disease genes and drug genes to a combined protein interaction network. Then based on the module distance, we calculate the distances between drug gene sets and disease gene sets, and take the distances as the relationships of drug-disease pairs. We also filter possible false positive drug-disease correlations by p-value. Finally, we validate the top-100 drug-disease associations related to six drugs in the predicted results. CONCLUSION The overlapping between our predicted correlations with those reported in Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and literatures, and their enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways demonstrate our approach can not only effectively identify new drug indications, but also provide new insight into drug-disease discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bingbo Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Ma
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gao
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, People's Republic of China
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Blood fatty acid patterns are associated with prostate cancer risk in a prospective nested case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:1153-61. [PMID: 27488836 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating fatty acids are highly correlated with each other, and analyzing fatty acid patterns could better capture their interactions and their relation to prostate cancer. We aimed to assess the associations between data-derived blood fatty acid patterns and prostate cancer risk. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study in the Physicians' Health Study. Fatty acids levels were measured in whole blood samples of 476 cases and their matched controls by age and smoking status. Fatty acid patterns were identified using principal component analysis. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Two patterns explaining 40.9 % of total variation in blood fatty acid levels were identified. Pattern 1, which mainly reflects polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism, was suggestively positively related to prostate cancer risk (ORquintile 5 vs. quintile 1 = 1.37, 95 % CI = 0.91-2.05, P trend = 0.07). Pattern 2, which largely reflects de novo lipogenesis, was significantly associated with higher prostate cancer risk (ORquintile5 vs. quintile1 = 1.63, 95 % CI = 1.04-2.55, P trend = 0.02). This association was similar across tumor stage, grade, clinical aggressiveness categories and follow-up time. CONCLUSION The two patterns of fatty acids we identified were consistent with known interactions between fatty acid intake and metabolism. A pattern suggestive of higher activity in the de novo lipogenesis pathway was related to higher risk of prostate cancer.
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Dinwiddie MT, Terry PD, Whelan J, Patzer RE. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Prostate Cancer: A Review of Exposure Measures and Results of Epidemiological Studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:452-68. [PMID: 26595854 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2015.1032444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) may play a role in the development of prostate cancer, but the results of epidemiologic studies have been equivocal. Associations in humans may vary depending on study design, measurement methodology of fatty acid intake, intake ranges, and stage of cancer development. To address this, we identified 36 published studies through PubMed (Medline) from 1993 through 2013 on long-chain n-3s and prostate cancer. Exposure measurements included dietary assessment and biomarker levels. Associations for total, early, and late stage prostate cancer were examined by subgroup of study design and exposure measure type and by using forest plots to illustrate the relative strength of associations within each subgroup. We also tested for potential threshold effects by considering studies that included measurement cut-points that met intake levels recommended by the American Heart Association. We found no consistent evidence supporting a role of n-3s in either the causation or prevention of prostate cancer at any stage or grade. Results did not vary appreciably by study design, exposure measurement, intake level, or stage of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul D Terry
- a Department of Public Health.,c University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee ; Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center , Knoxville , Tennessee
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Lovegrove C, Ahmed K, Challacombe B, Khan MS, Popert R, Dasgupta P. Systematic review of prostate cancer risk and association with consumption of fish and fish-oils: analysis of 495,321 participants. Int J Clin Pract 2015; 69:87-105. [PMID: 25495842 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fish-oils have a potential role in inflammation, carcinogenesis inhibition and favourable cancer outcomes. There has been increasing interest in the relationship of diet with cancer incidence and mortality, especially for eicosapantaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). This systematic-analysis of the literature aims to review evidence for the roles of dietary-fish and fish-oil intake in prostate-cancer (PC) risk, aggressiveness and mortality. METHODS A systematic-review, following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. PubMed, MEDLINE and Embase were searched to explore PC-risk, aggressiveness and mortality associated with dietary-fish and fish-oil intake. 37 studies were selected. RESULTS A total of 495,321 (37-studies) participants were investigated. These revealed various relationships regarding PC-risk (n = 31), aggressiveness (n = 8) and mortality (n = 3). Overall, 10 studies considering PC-risk found significant inverse trends with fish and fish-oil intake. One found a dose-response relationship whereas greater intake of long-chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids increased risk of PC when considering crude odds-ratios [OR: 1.36 (95% CI: 0.99-1.86); p = 0.014]. Three studies addressing aggressiveness identified significant positive relationships with reduced risk of aggressive cancer when considering the greatest intake of total fish [OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.37-0.86)], dark fish and shellfish-meat (p < 0.0001), EPA (p = 0.03) and DHA (p = 0.04). Three studies investigating fish consumption and PC-mortality identified a significantly reduced risk. Multivariate-OR (95% CI) were 0.9 (0.6-1.7), 0.12 (0.05-0.32) and 0.52 (0.30-0.91) at highest fish intakes. CONCLUSIONS Fish and fish-oil do not show consistent roles in reducing PC incidence, aggressiveness and mortality. Results suggest that the specific fish type and the fish-oil ratio must be considered. Findings suggest the need for large intervention randomised placebo-controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lovegrove
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's Health Partners, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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von Schacky C. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease--an uphill battle. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 92:41-7. [PMID: 24935800 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cardiology, results of recent large intervention trials with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements were neutral. In contrast, in epidemiologic studies, an inverse relation between clinical events and intake of EPA+DHA was found which was steeper for higher levels of EPA+DHA. A standardized way of determining levels is the Omega-3 Index, which is the percentage of EPA+DHA of a total of 26 fatty acids measured in erythrocytes. According to current criteria, a low Omega-3 Index is a cardiovascular risk factor. What can explain this contradiction? Trial participants were recruited irrespective of their baseline status in EPA+DHA - an important predictor of events. Levels of EPA+DHA have a statistically normal distribution; together with the large inter-individual variability of levels' responding to increased intake, this created a large overlap of EPA+DHA levels between intervention and control groups. Moreover, trial participants were advised to take EPA+DHA supplements with breakfast, frequently a low fat meal, resulting in poor bioavailability. As a result, there is an urgent need for new intervention trials in cardiology, for which participants with a low baseline omega-3 index are recruited, and then treated with individually tailored doses of EPA+DHA to a prespecified target range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens von Schacky
- Medizinische Klinik I, Department Preventive Cardiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, Germany; Omegametrix, Am Klopferspitz 19, 82152 Martinsried, Germany(1).
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Scientific Opinion on the extension of use for DHA and EPA-rich algal oil fromSchizochytriumsp. as a Novel Food ingredient. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Patel D, Thevenet-Morrison K, van Wijngaarden E. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake through fish consumption and prostate specific antigen level: results from the 2003 to 2010 National Health and Examination Survey. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:155-60. [PMID: 25108575 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of prostate cancer is uncertain, but intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may play a role. We evaluated prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels with fish consumption (the primary source of n-3 PUFAs) and calculated PUFA intake. Serum PSA concentrations were available from 6018 men who participated in the 2003-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Fish consumption was calculated via 30-day Food Frequency Questionnaire data, whereas n-3 PUFA intake was calculated from 24-h dietary recalls. We employed multivariable logistic and linear regression models to evaluate the association of these exposure variables with PSA levels while controlling for relevant covariates. PSA levels were lower in men who ate more breaded fish, but no other types of fish consumption or n-3 PUFA intake were associated with PSA levels. Our findings provide little evidence for a role of fish or n-3 PUFA consumption in influencing PSA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Patel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd. Box 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - K Thevenet-Morrison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd. Box 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - E van Wijngaarden
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 265 Crittenden Blvd. Box 420644, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
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Moreel X, Allaire J, Léger C, Caron A, Labonté MÈ, Lamarche B, Julien P, Desmeules P, Têtu B, Fradet V. Prostatic and dietary omega-3 fatty acids and prostate cancer progression during active surveillance. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:766-76. [PMID: 24824038 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The association between omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and prostate cancer has been widely studied. However, little is known about the impact of prostate tissue fatty acid content on prostate cancer progression. We hypothesized that compared with the estimated dietary ω-3 fatty acids intake and the ω-3 fatty acids levels measured in red blood cells (RBC), the prostate tissue ω-3 fatty acid content is more strongly related to prostate cancer progression. We present the initial observations from baseline data of a phase II clinical trial conducted in a cohort of 48 untreated men affected with low-risk prostate cancer, managed under active surveillance. These men underwent a first repeat biopsy session within 6 months after the initial diagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer, at which time 29% of the men had progressed from a Gleason score of 6 to a Gleason score of 7. At the first repeat biopsy session, fatty acid levels were assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire, and determined in the RBC and in the prostate tissue biopsy. We found that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer progression when measured directly in the prostate tissue. Thus, this initial interim study analysis suggests that prostate tissue ω-3 fatty acids, especially EPA, may be protective against prostate cancer progression in men with low-risk prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Moreel
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janie Allaire
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caroline Léger
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - André Caron
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Labonté
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- CHU de Quebec Research Center, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Patrice Desmeules
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Quebec-Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Têtu
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Quebec-Hôpital Saint-Sacrement, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Fradet
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Surgery (Urology), CHU de Québec-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Center, Oncology Axis, Laval University, Quebec, Canada; Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, Canada;
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Fares H, Lavie CJ, DiNicolantonio JJ, O’Keefe JH, Milani RV. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Growing Ocean of Choices. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 16:389. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Chavarro JE, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Loda M, Campos H, Sesso HD, Ma J. Blood levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids as markers of de novo lipogenesis and risk of prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1246-55. [PMID: 23989197 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis has been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, and blood levels of specific saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) could reflect activity of this pathway. We used gas chromatography to measure blood SFA and MUFA levels in prediagnostic samples from 476 incident prostate cancer cases (1982-1995) in the Physicians' Health Study and an equal number of controls matched on age and smoking status. Five tagging polymorphisms in the fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene (rs1127678, rs6502051, rs4246444, rs12949488, and rs8066956) were related to blood SFA and MUFA levels. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the rate ratios, with 95% confidence intervals, of prostate cancer across quintiles of blood fatty acid levels. The polymorphisms rs6502051 and rs4246444 were associated with lower levels of 14:1n-5, 16:1n-7, and 18:1n-9. Blood levels of 16:1n-7 were associated with higher prostate cancer incidence, with rate ratios for men in increasing quintiles of 1.00, 1.40, 1.35, 1.44, and 1.97 (95% confidence interval: 1.27-3.06; Ptrend = 0.003). Furthermore, 16:1n-7 levels were positively related to incidence of high-grade (Gleason score ≥7) tumors (rate ratioQ5-Q1 = 3.92; 95% confidence interval: 1.72-8.94) but not low-grade tumors (rate ratioQ5-Q1 = 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 0.87-2.62) (Pheterogeneity = 0.02). Higher activity of enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis, as reflected in blood levels of 16:1n-7, could be involved in the development of high-grade prostate cancer.
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Chua ME, Sio MCD, Sorongon MC, Morales ML. The relevance of serum levels of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E333-43. [PMID: 23766835 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically analyze the evidence for an association between serum level long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and prostate cancer risk from human epidemiological studies. STUDY PROCEDURES: We searched biomedical literature databases up to November 2011 and included epidemiological studies with description of long chain n-3 PUFA and incidence of prostate cancer in humans. Critical appraisal was done by two independent reviewers. Data were pooled using the general variance-based method with random-effects model; effect estimates were expressed as risk ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by Chi(2) and quantified by I(2), publication bias was also determined. RESULTS In total, 12 studies were included. Significant negative association was noted between high serum level of n-3 PUFA doc-osapentaenoic acid (DPA) and total prostate cancer risk (RR:0.756; 95% CI 0.599, 0.955; p = 0.019). Likewise, a positive association between high blood level of fish oil contents, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and high-grade prostate tumour incidence (RR:1.381; 95% CI 1.050, 1.817; p = 0.021) was noted; however, this finding was evident only after adjustment was done on interstudy variability through the removal of a lower quality study from the pool. CONCLUSIONS High serum levels of long chain n-3 PUFA DPA is associated with reduced total prostate cancer risk. While high blood level of EPA and DHA is possibly associated with increased high-grade prostate tumour risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Chua
- Institute of Urology and Research and Biotechnology Division, St. Luke's Medical Center, Philippines
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Blood level omega-3 Fatty acids as risk determinant molecular biomarker for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013; 2013:875615. [PMID: 23589776 PMCID: PMC3621295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/875615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous researches involving dietary methods have shown
conflicting findings. Authors sought to assess the association of
prostate cancer risk with blood levels of omega-3 polyunsaturated
fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) through a meta-analysis of human
epidemiological studies in available online databases (July,
2012). After critical appraisal by two independent reviewers,
Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOQAS) was used to
grade the studies. Six case control and six nested case control
studies were included. Results showed nonsignificant association
of overall effect estimates with total or advanced prostate cancer
or high-grade tumor. High blood level of alpha-linolenic acid
(ALA) had nonsignificant positive association with total prostate
cancer risk. High blood level of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) had
significant negative association with total prostate cancer risk.
Specific n-3 PUFA in fish oil, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had positive association with
high-grade prostate tumor risk only after adjustment of interstudy
variability. There is evidence that high blood level of DPA that
is linked with reduced total prostate cancer risk and elevated
blood levels of fish oils, EPA, and DHA is associated with
high-grade prostate tumor, but careful interpretation is needed
due to intricate details involved in prostate carcinogenesis and
N-3 PUFA metabolism.
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Dahm CC, Gorst-Rasmussen A, Crowe FL, Roswall N, Tjønneland A, Drogan D, Boeing H, Teucher B, Kaaks R, Adarakis G, Zylis D, Trichopoulou A, Fedirko V, Chajes V, Jenab M, Palli D, Pala V, Tumino R, Ricceri F, van Kranen H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, Luján-Barroso L, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Johansson M, Stattin P, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Wark PA, Norat T, Riboli E, Key TJ, Overvad K. Fatty acid patterns and risk of prostate cancer in a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1354-61. [PMID: 23134890 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.034157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids in blood may be related to the risk of prostate cancer, but epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent. Blood fatty acids are correlated through shared food sources and common endogenous desaturation and elongation pathways. Studies of individual fatty acids cannot take this into account, but pattern analysis can. Treelet transform (TT) is a novel method that uses data correlation structures to derive sparse factors that explain variation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to gain further insight in the association between plasma fatty acids and risk of prostate cancer by applying TT to take data correlations into account. DESIGN We reanalyzed previously published data from a case-control study of prostate cancer nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. TT was used to derive factors explaining the variation in 26 plasma phospholipid fatty acids of 962 incident prostate cancer cases matched to 1061 controls. Multiple imputation was used to deal with missing data in covariates. ORs of prostate cancer according to factor scores were determined by using multivariable conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Four simple factors explained 38% of the variation in plasma fatty acids. A high score on a factor reflecting a long-chain n-3 PUFA pattern was associated with greater risk of prostate cancer (OR for highest compared with lowest quintile: 1.36; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.86; P-trend = 0.041). CONCLUSION Pattern analyses using TT groupings of correlated fatty acids indicate that intake or metabolism of long-chain n-3 PUFAs may be relevant to prostate cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Dahm
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Omega-3 fatty acids and cancers: a systematic update review of epidemiological studies. Br J Nutr 2012; 107 Suppl 2:S228-39. [PMID: 22591896 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models showed consistently a modulation of carcinogenesis by omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA). Fish intake is often described as part of a beneficial dietary pattern. However, observational epidemiological studies on the relationship between ω3 PUFA reported conflicting results. The objective of this systematic review is to determine whether there exists any progress in the evaluation of the causal relationship between dietary ω3 PUFA and cancers since the previous FAO/OMS expert consultation and whether it is possible to propose preventive and/or adjuvant therapeutic recommendations. Prospective and case-control observational studies published since 2007 and meeting validity criteria were considered together with RCT. Experimental studies are mentioned to provide for biological plausibility. When evaluating the level of evidence, a portfolio approach was used, weighted by a hierarchy giving higher importance to prospective studies followed by RCT if any. There is a probable level of evidence that ALA per se is neither a risk factor nor a beneficial factor with regards to cancers. Observational studies on colorectal, prostate and breast cancers only provided limited evidence suggesting a possible role of LC-ω3PUFA in cancer prevention because insufficient homogeneity of the observations. Explanation for heterogeneity might be the inherent difficulties associated with epidemiology (confounding and dietary pattern context, measurement error, level of intake, genetic polymorphism). The role of LC-ω3PUFA as adjuvant, might be considered of possible use, in view of the latest RCT on lung cancers even if RCT on other cancers still need to be undertaken.
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Proximate and fatty acid composition of some commercially important fish species from the Sinop region of the Black Sea. Lipids 2012; 47:635-41. [PMID: 22322400 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The proximate and fatty acid compositions of the commercially important fish species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Alosa alosa, Belone belone, Scorpaena porcus, Pomatomus saltatrix, Mullus barbatus) from the Sinop region of the Black Sea were examined. The fat contents ranged from 1.26% (for scorpion fish) to 18.12% (for shad). The protein contents were min 14.54% (for red mullet) and maximum 20.26% (for belone). The fatty acid compositions of the fish ranged from 27.83 to 35.91% for saturated fatty acids, 19.50-33.80% for monounsaturated fatty acids and 15.25-40.02% for polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among the saturated fatty acids, palmitic acid (16:0) (17.75-22.20%) was the dominant fatty acid for all the fish species. As a second saturated fatty acid, myristic acid (14:0) was observed in four of the fish species and its content ranged from 4.72 to 7.31%. Whereas, for the other two fish species, the second saturated fatty acid was stearic acid (18:0) ranging between 4.54 and 10.64%. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, those occurring in the highest proportions were oleic acid (18:1n-9c) (11.67-22.45%) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) (4.50-9.40%). Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (5.41-28.52%), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) (4.68-11.06) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) (1.38-3.49%) were dominant polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. All the species, in particular the belone, the anchovy and the shad had high levels of the n-3 series.
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Heinze VM, Actis AB. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain n-3 fatty acids in mammary and prostate cancer protection: a review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:66-78. [PMID: 21762028 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.598849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of dietary fatty acids on cancer is still controversial. To examine the current literature on the protective role of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and marine long-chain fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and the risk of breast and prostate cancer, data from 41 case-control and cohort studies and relevant in vitro and animal experiments were included in this 2000-2010 revision. Epidemiological studies on CLA intake or its tissue concentration related to breast and prostate tumorigenesis are not conclusive; EPA and DHA intake have shown important inverse associations just in some studies. Additional research on the analysed association is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica M Heinze
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Adventista del Plata, 25 de Mayo 99, 3103 Libertador San Martín, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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