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Tian Y, Ding B, Ma ZR, Yang JT, Ding GT, Liu HN. Study on physicochemical properties, fatty acids, texture, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of ghee from different regions. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7419-7431. [PMID: 37641279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to the lack of basic information on Chinese ghee and the increasing demand of consumers for natural oils, this study aims to explore and distinguish the quality characteristics of ghee in different regions of China. Ghee samples from 16 regions of Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and Tibet Autonomous Region were selected and their physicochemical properties, fatty acids, texture, antioxidant and antibacterial activities were determined. The results showed that: (1) The physicochemical properties of ghee were different from different regions, but the freshness and fat content are generally high. The results of iodine value and saponification value suggest that the fatty acid composition is good; (2) The unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid content of ghee in Tibet and Xinjiang ranges from 63.05% to 79.13%, which is better than that in other regions; (3) Gansu Diebu ghee has the highest hardness (40.69 N); (4) Ghee from different regions has good antioxidant activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity is 30.45% to 58.06%, ABTS free radical scavenging activity is 41.14% to 65.53%, and has varying degrees of inhibition on gram-positive bacteria. In addition, yak ghee, cattle-yak ghee and cow ghee have better fatty acid composition and antibacterial ability than scalper ghee. The results of this study distinguish the differences in the quality characteristics of yak ghee in different geographical regions. Therefore, it can provide a theoretical basis for the origin tracing and quality-oriented improvement of yak ghee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tian
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - B Ding
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Z R Ma
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - J T Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - G T Ding
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - H N Liu
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Gansu Lanzhou 730030, China.
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Oxidative Stress and Emergence of Psychosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101870. [PMID: 36290593 PMCID: PMC9598314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and prevention strategies for schizophrenia require knowledge about the mechanisms involved in the psychotic transition. Increasing evidence suggests a redox imbalance in schizophrenia patients. This narrative review presents an overview of the scientific literature regarding blood oxidative stress markers’ evolution in the early stages of psychosis and chronic patients. Studies investigating peripheral levels of oxidative stress in schizophrenia patients, first episode of psychosis or UHR individuals were considered. A total of 76 peer-reviewed articles published from 1991 to 2022 on PubMed and EMBASE were included. Schizophrenia patients present with increased levels of oxidative damage to lipids in the blood, and decreased levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Genetic studies provide evidence for altered antioxidant functions in patients. Antioxidant blood levels are decreased before psychosis onset and blood levels of oxidative stress correlate with symptoms severity in patients. Finally, adjunct treatment of antipsychotics with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine appears to be effective in schizophrenia patients. Further studies are required to assess its efficacy as a prevention strategy. Redox imbalance might contribute to the pathophysiology of emerging psychosis and could serve as a therapeutic target for preventive or adjunctive therapies, as well as biomarkers of disease progression.
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Shared Biological Pathways between Antipsychotics and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: A Key Feature for Schizophrenia Preventive Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136881. [PMID: 34206945 PMCID: PMC8269187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia typically emerges during adolescence, with progression from an ultra-high risk state (UHR) to the first episode of psychosis (FEP) followed by a chronic phase. The detailed pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the factors leading to progression across these stages remain relatively unknown. The current treatment relies on antipsychotics, which are effective for FEP and chronic schizophrenia but ineffective for UHR patients. Antipsychotics modulate dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, inflammation, oxidative stress, and membrane lipids pathways. Many of these biological pathways intercommunicate and play a role in schizophrenia pathophysiology. In this context, research of preventive treatment in early stages has explored the antipsychotic effects of omega-3 supplementation in UHR and FEP patients. This review summarizes the action of omega-3 in various biological systems involved in schizophrenia. Similar to antipsychotics, omega-3 supplementation reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, improves myelination, modifies the properties of cell membranes, and influences dopamine and glutamate pathways. Omega-3 supplementation also modulates one-carbon metabolism, the endocannabinoid system, and appears to present neuroprotective properties. Omega-3 has little side effects compared to antipsychotics and may be safely prescribed for UHR patients and as an add-on for FEP patients. This could to lead to more efficacious individualised treatments, thus contributing to precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Shabani Z, Mohammad Nejad D, Ghadiri T, Karimipour M. Evaluation of the neuroprotective effects of Vitamin E on the rat substantia nigra neural cells exposed to electromagnetic field: An ultrastructural study. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:428-437. [PMID: 33794719 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2021.1907404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) could induce oxidative stress (OS) in human tissues. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is the main hallmark of OS that harms neural cell components, primarily lipids in the myelin sheaths and membranes. Vitamin E is a lipophilic antioxidant that protects cells from OS-related damages and inhibits the LPO process. In this study, male rats were assigned into three groups of Control, EMF, and EMF+ Vitamin E. The EMF producer equipment produced an alternate current of 50 Hz, 3 Mili Tesla (mT). At the end of the experiment, half of the substantia nigra in every sample was used for measurement of the malondialdehyde (MDA) level as the end-product of the LPO and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme. The next half of the tissue was prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the EMF group, MDA level was enhanced and SOD value decreased significantly compared to the control group, but Vitamin E could restore these changes. In rats undergone EMF, heterochromatic nucleus and destruction in some portions of the nuclear membrane were detected. The segmental separation or destruction of myelin sheath lamellae was observed in nerve fibers. In treated animals, the nucleus was round, less heterochromatic, with a regular membrane. Separation of myelin sheath lamellae in some nerve fibers was slighter than the radiation group. Considering the results, EMF exposure induces LPO and triggers ultrastructural changes in the cell membranes, nucleus, and myelin sheath of substantia nigra cells, but Vitamin E consumption weakens these neuropathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shabani
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Mohammad Nejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Ghadiri
- Department of Neurosciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurosciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Gutiérrez-Pliego LE, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Valdés-Ramos R. Effect on Adipose Tissue of Diabetic Mice Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids Extracted from Microalgae. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:728-735. [PMID: 32053089 PMCID: PMC7360907 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200213111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is considered a chronic noncommunicable disease in which oxidative stress is expected as a result of hyperglycaemia. One of the most recent approaches is the study of microalgae fatty acids and their possible antioxidant effect. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyse the effect of supplementation with n-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation of adipose tissue and plasma from diabetic (db/db) and healthy (CD1) mice. METHODS Mice were supplemented with lyophilized n-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae or added to the diet, from week 8 to 16. TAC assay and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances assay (TBARS) were performed on adipose tissue and plasma samples. RESULTS The supplementation of lyophilized n-3 fatty acids from microalgae increased the total antioxidant capacity in adipose tissue of diabetic mice (615.67μM Trolox equivalents vs 405.02μM Trolox equivalents from control mice, p<0.01) and in the plasma of healthy mice (1132.97±85.75μM Trolox equivalents vs 930.64±32μM Trolox equivalents from modified diet mice, p<0.01). There was no significant effect on lipid peroxidation on both strains. CONCLUSION The use of n-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae could be a useful strategy to improve total antioxidant capacity in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, Toluca, Edo. Mex, 50180, Mexico; Tel/Fax: +52-722-217-4831; E-mails:
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Adamowicz K, Mazur A, Mak M, Samochowiec J, Kucharska-Mazur J. Metabolic Syndrome and Cognitive Functions in Schizophrenia-Implementation of Dietary Intervention. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:359. [PMID: 32425834 PMCID: PMC7203414 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The co-existence of schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome is a widely described phenomenon that contributes to the worse functioning of patients in everyday life. A relatively new area of research is the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the study was to verify the relationship between the presence of metabolic syndrome and cognitive function of patients with schizophrenia and to assess the possibility of changing cognitive function by introducing appropriate dietary intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved 87 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia according to ICD-10 criteria, aged 19 to 67 years (M = 41.67; SD = 11.87). Patients were in the remission phase of schizophrenia, all using antipsychotics for pharmacological treatment. From a group of 83 patients with schizophrenia and diagnosed metabolic syndrome (according to IDF criteria) 30 patients were randomly assigned to an experimental group-with dietary intervention, 29 patients-to group without dietary intervention, 24 patients with schizophrenia without metabolic syndrome was a comparison group. All groups were evaluated for cognitive function using Stroop Test, Trail Making Test (TMT), Verbal Fluency Test, Digit Span Backwards Test. In the experimental group a dietary intervention was applied, which was to provide the examined person with a 7-day dietary plan with reduced calorie content, in compliance with the Mediterranean diet. RESULTS After the dietary intervention there was a significant improvement in the number of errors made in the third Stroop Test (p <0.001), the time taken to complete the Point Linking Test was shortened (Test B; p = 0.005), there was an improvement in Verbal Fluency Test in "animals" category (p = 0.006) "sharp objects" category (p = 0.009), the number of repeated digits has increased in Digit Span Test in "forward" category (p = 0.001) and overall completion of the test (p = 0.021). In the group of patients with MS without dietary intervention, the results of cognitive tests remained mostly unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Change of eating habits may be a significant element of a holistic approach to the problems of treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Adamowicz
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mazur
- Department of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Robertson OD, Coronado NG, Sethi R, Berk M, Dodd S. Putative neuroprotective pharmacotherapies to target the staged progression of mental illness. Early Interv Psychiatry 2019; 13:1032-1049. [PMID: 30690898 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, bipolar and schizophrenia frequently exhibit a neuroprogressive course from prodrome to chronicity. There are a range of agents exhibiting capacity to attenuate biological mechanisms associated with neuroprogression. This review will update the evidence for putative neuroprotective agents including clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action and limitations in current assessment tools, and identify novel agents with neuroprotective potential. METHOD Data for this review were sourced from online databases PUBMED, Embase and Web of Science. Only data published since 2012 were included in this review, no data were excluded based on language or publication origin. RESULTS Each of the agents reviewed inhibit one or multiple pathways of neuroprogression including: inflammatory gene expression and cytokine release, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurotrophin dysregulation and apoptotic signalling. Some demonstrate clinical efficacy in preventing neural damage or loss, relapse or cognitive/functional decline. Agents include: the psychotropic medications lithium, second generation antipsychotics and antidepressants; other pharmacological agents such as minocycline, aspirin, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, statins, ketamine and alpha-2-delta ligands; and others such as erythropoietin, oestrogen, leptin, N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, melatonin and ebselen. CONCLUSIONS Signals of evidence of clinical neuroprotection are evident for a number of candidate agents. Adjunctive use of multiple agents may present a viable avenue to clinical realization of neuroprotection. Definitive prospective studies of neuroprotection with multimodal assessment tools are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D Robertson
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Mental Health, Drugs and Alcohol Services, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nieves G Coronado
- Unidad de Gestión Clinica Salud Mental, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rickinder Sethi
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Mental Health, Drugs and Alcohol Services, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Mood Disorders Research Program, Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Mental Health, Drugs and Alcohol Services, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Mood Disorders Research Program, Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Peripheral levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in youths in ultra-high risk for psychosis: a pilot study. CNS Spectr 2019; 24:333-337. [PMID: 29248027 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852917000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IntroductionOxidative stress has been documented in chronic schizophrenia and in the first episode of psychosis, but there are very little data on oxidative stress prior to the disease onset. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to compare serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in young individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis with a comparison healthy control group (HC). METHODS Thirteen UHR subjects and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Clinical assessment included the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis-I (SCID-I) or the Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Activities of SOD and GPx were measured in serum by the spectrophotometric method using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS After adjusting for age and years of education, there was a significant lower activity of SOD and lower GPX activity in the UHR group compared to the healthy control group (rate ratio [RR]=0.330, 95% CI 0.187; 0.584, p<0.001 and RR=0.509, 95% CI 0.323; 0.803, p=0.004, respectively). There were also positive correlations between GAF functioning scores and GPx and SOD activities. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that oxidative imbalances could be present prior to the onset of full-blown psychosis, including in at-risk stages. Future studies should replicate and expand these results.
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The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on apelin distribution of nervous system in the experimental mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Tissue Cell 2019; 56:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Langbein K, Hesse J, Gussew A, Milleit B, Lavoie S, Amminger GP, Gaser C, Wagner G, Reichenbach JR, Hipler UC, Winter D, Smesny S. Disturbed glutathione antioxidative defense is associated with structural brain changes in neuroleptic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:103-110. [PMID: 29111383 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense are reported in schizophrenia and are thought to be associated with disturbed neurodevelopment, brain structural alterations, glutamatergic imbalance, negative symptomatology, and cognitive impairment. To test some of these assumptions we investigated the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant defense system (AODS) and brain structural abnormalities in drug-naïve individuals with first acute episode of psychosis (FEP). METHOD The study involved 27 drug-naïve FEP patients and 31 healthy controls (HC). GSH AODS markers and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured in blood plasma and erythrocytes. High-resolution T1-weighted 3T MRI were acquired from all subjects. To investigate brain structural abnormalities and effects of illness on interactions between GSH metabolites or enzyme activities and local grey matter density, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with the computational anatomy toolbox (CAT12) was used. Symptomatology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Symptom Checklist 1990 revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS (i) In FEP patients, glutathione reductase activity (GSR) was lower than in the HC group. GSR activity in plasma was inversely correlated with SCL-90-R scores of depression and PANSS scores of the negative symptom subscale. (ii) A reduction of GM was observed in left inferior frontal, bilateral temporal, as well as parietal cortices of FEP patients. (iii) Interaction analyses revealed an influence of illness on GSR/GM associations in the left orbitofrontal cortex (BA 47). CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion of altered GSH antioxidative defense in untreated acute psychosis as a potential pathomechanism for localized brain structural abnormalities. This pathology relates to a key brain region of social cognition, affective motivation control and decision making, and is clinically accompanied by depressive and negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - J Hesse
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - A Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - B Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Lavoie
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - G P Amminger
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - C Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - G Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - J R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - U-C Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - D Winter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Biochemical and cognitive effects of docosahexaenoic acid differ in a developmental and SorLA dependent manner. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:90-100. [PMID: 29660442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid intake on cognition are under debate as some studies show beneficial effects while others show no effects of omega-3 supplementation. These inconsistencies may be a result of inter-individual response variations, potentially caused by gene and diet interactions. SorLA is a multifunctional receptor involved in ligand trafficking including lipoprotein lipase and amyloid precursor protein. Decreased SorLA levels have been correlated to Alzheimer's disease, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is known to increase SorLA expression in neuronal cell lines and mouse models. We therefore addressed potential correlations between Sorl1 and dietary omega-3 in SorLA deficient mice (Sorl1-/-) and controls exposed to diets supplemented with or deprived of omega-3 during their entire development and lifespan (lifelong) or solely from the time of weaning (post weaning). Observed diet-induced effects were only evident when exposed to lifelong omega-3 supplementation or deprivation as opposed to post weaning exposure only. Lifelong exposure to omega-3 supplementation resulted in impaired spatial learning in Sorl1-/- mice. The vitamin C antioxidant capacity in the brains of Sorl1-/- mice was reduced, but reduced glutathione and vitamin E levels were increased, leaving the overall antioxidant capacity of the brain inconclusive. No gross morphological differences of hippocampal neurons were found to account for the altered behavior. We found a significant adverse effect in cognitive performance by combining SorLA deficiency with lifelong exposure to omega-3. Our results stress the need for investigations of the underlying molecular mechanisms to clarify the precise circumstances under which omega-3 supplementation may be beneficial.
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12
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Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may prevent loss of gray matter thickness in the left parieto-occipital cortex in first episode schizophrenia: A secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized controlled study. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:168-175. [PMID: 29079060 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess changes in cortical thickness related to the use of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as add-on therapy in patients with first episode schizophrenia. A double-blind randomized controlled study was conducted using a 26-week intervention composed of concentrated fish oil containing 2.2g/d of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or placebo (olive oil). Participants underwent MRI scanning twice to assess changes in cortical thickness: at the beginning and at the end of intervention. Data of suitable quality was obtained from 29 participants. The T1-weighted images for each participant were analyzed using FreeSurfer methodology for longitudinal pipeline. Significant differences in cortical thickness loss were observed between the groups in the parieto-occipital regions of Brodmann areas 7 and 19 of the left hemisphere, dysfunctions in which may be involved in schizophrenia symptomatology. The results of the study support the previous observations carried out in older individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment, indicating that n-3 PUFA may have neuroprotective properties, especially at early stages of neurodegenerative diseases, such as schizophrenia. If replicated, the results of the present study may encourage clinicians to consider n-3 PUFA as a promising addition to antipsychotics for long-term treatment of schizophrenia.
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Schiavone S, Trabace L. The use of antioxidant compounds in the treatment of first psychotic episode: Highlights from preclinical studies. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018. [PMID: 29542255 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence highlighted a pathogenetic link between redox dysregulation and the early stages of psychosis. Indeed, an increasing number of studies have pointed toward an association between oxidative stress, both at central and peripheral levels, and first psychotic episode. Moreover, basal low antioxidant capacity has been shown to directly correlate with cognitive impairment in the early onset of psychosis. In this context, the possibility to use antioxidant compounds in first psychotic episode, especially as supplementation to antipsychotic therapy, has become the focus of numerous investigations on rodents with the aim to translate data on the possible effects of antioxidant therapies to large populations of patients, with a diagnosis of the first psychotic episode. In this review, we will discuss studies, published from January 1st, 2007 to July 31st, 2017, investigating the effects of antioxidant compounds on neuropathological alterations observed in different rodent models characterized by a cluster of psychotic-like symptoms reminiscent of what observed in human first psychotic episode. A final focus on the effective possibility to directly translate data obtained on rodents to humans will be also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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14
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Demro C, Rowland L, Wijtenburg SA, Waltz J, Gold J, Kline E, Thompson E, Reeves G, Hong LE, Schiffman J. Glutamatergic metabolites among adolescents at risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:179-185. [PMID: 28772136 PMCID: PMC8970349 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Proton-Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) may serve as an important tool for identifying biomarkers that aid the understanding of early psychosis, as development of this condition may be associated with metabolite concentration changes that reflect an alteration in glutamatergic mechanisms. The current study explored 1H-MRS metabolite concentrations in the striatum and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as potential biomarkers of psychosis-risk symptom severity. In a sample of 12 adolescents at clinical high-risk for psychosis, the subclinical symptom of grandiosity significantly correlated with glutamate in the ACC. Striatal glutathione, a marker of oxidative stress linked to the glutamatergic system, significantly correlated with grandiosity. Anterior cingulate glutathione significantly correlated with grandiosity and disorganized communication. These findings suggest that within a small sample of young people at clinical high-risk, glutamatergic metabolites are correlated with symptomatology generally predictive of conversion to psychosis. These mechanisms may serve as relevant biomarkers for facilitating prediction of symptom severity and providing insight into the etiology of early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Demro
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Psychology, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Laura Rowland
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry of Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - S. Andrea Wijtenburg
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry of Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - James Waltz
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry of Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - James Gold
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry of Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - Emily Kline
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Mental Health Center Department of Psychiatry of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 75 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Thompson
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Psychology, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Gloria Reeves
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, 701 W. Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - L. Elliot Hong
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry of Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, 55 Wade Avenue, Catonsville, MD 21228, USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Department of Psychology, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Effects of omega-3 PUFA on immune markers in adolescent individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis - Results of the randomized controlled Vienna omega-3 study. Schizophr Res 2017; 188:110-117. [PMID: 28126360 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of immune function have been reported in ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis patients causing expectations in terms of predictive meaningfulness and benefits of anti-inflammatory agents. According to a RCT in UHR-patients supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was effective in reducing transition to psychosis risk and to improve symptomatology. Based on preclinical findings, we now investigated state marker properties of and the influence of PUFA on immune markers in a RCT (clinical trials.gov Identifier: NCT00396643). In a longitudinal design we measured plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 (IL-6), the soluble alpha (Tac) subunit of the interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2r), and the circulating soluble form of the intercellular adhesion molecule one (sICAM-1), in 79 help-seeking UHR individuals (13-25years of age). Using linear mixed model (LMM) analysis, we investigated the effects of 12weeks supplementation of either 1.2g/d PUFA (n=38) or Placebo (n=41). At baseline, inflammatory markers were not altered in patients who later suffered transition to psychosis within one year (n=12; 11 PUFA-group, 1 PL-group). IL-6 was weakly inverse associated with omega-6 PUFA, and highly increased in nicotine users. In univariate tests of the LMM omega-3 PUFA caused a significant increase of sICAM-1 (p=0.022). PUFA did not significantly influence IL-6 or sIL-2r. The enhancement of sICAM-1 in the PUFA condition is suggestive for supportive effects on vascular immune response and immediate Th1 helper cell mediated immune answer, which was found disturbed in manifest schizophrenia, e.g. by facilitating the leukocyte adhesion and migration across the endothelium.
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Sarris J. Clinical use of nutraceuticals in the adjunctive treatment of depression in mood disorders. Australas Psychiatry 2017; 25:369-372. [PMID: 28135835 DOI: 10.1177/1039856216689533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this paper is to detail a summary of the current evidence in this area, to better inform clinical practice. Our recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of nutrient pharmacotherapies in the treatment unipolar depression revealed primarily positive results for replicated studies testing S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe), methylfolate, omega-3 (EPA or ethyl-EPA), and Vitamin D; with supportive isolated studies found for creatine and an amino acid combination. Mixed results were found for zinc, folic acid, Vitamin C, and tryptophan; and non-significant study results for inositol. In bipolar depression, omega-3 and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were found to have supportive evidence, with an isolated study using a chelated mineral formula also displaying efficacy. No major adverse effects were noted in the studies (aside from occasional minor digestive disturbances with omega-3 and NAC). CONCLUSIONS Several clinical considerations are needed when psychiatrists are considering prescribing nutrients, including knowledge of drug interactions, supplement safety and quality issues, individual psychological and biochemical individualities, in addition to cost factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Sarris
- Professor of Integrative Mental Health, NICM, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, and; Principal Research Fellow, The University of Melbourne, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, Professorial Unit, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Pawełczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Trafalska E, Szemraj J, Pawełczyk A. Oxidative stress reduction related to the efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia: Secondary outcome analysis of the OFFER randomized trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 121:7-13. [PMID: 28651701 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intervention studies of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) as add-on therapy in patients with schizophrenia have not examined changes in oxidative stress. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of a 26-week intervention composed of 2.2g/day of n-3 PUFA was found to reduce symptom severity in first-episode schizophrenia patients. The present study is an extension of our previous report, whose secondary aim was to assess the association between the clinical effect of n-3 PUFA and changes in oxidative stress indices. Seventy-one patients aged 16-35 were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the study arms. Total plasma antioxidant capacity and 8-epi-isoprostane F2α content were assessed at baseline and at weeks 8 and 26 of the study as secondary outcome measures. Significant changes in oxidative stress indices favouring the intervention group were observed: decreases in 8-isoprostane F2α (p<0.001) and increases in total plasma antioxidant capacity (p<0.001). Significant correlations between changes in clinical scores relevant to symptom severity and changes in oxidative indices were observed. The results of the present study hence suggest that the efficacy of a six-month intervention with n-3 PUFA observed in first-episode schizophrenia may be related to improvement in oxidative stress indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - M Grancow-Grabka
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Central Teaching Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - E Trafalska
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Jaracza 63, 90-251 Lodz, Poland.
| | - J Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
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18
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Maurya PK, Rizzo LB, Xavier G, Tempaku PF, Zeni-Graiff M, Santoro ML, Mazzotti DR, Zugman A, Pan P, Noto C, Maes M, Asevedo E, Mansur RB, Cunha GR, Gadelha A, Bressan RA, Belangero SI, Brietzke E. Shorter leukocyte telomere length in patients at ultra high risk for psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:538-542. [PMID: 28274506 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length attrition has been demonstrated in schizophrenia but not in individuals in ultra high risk (UHR) for psychosis. The present study aimed to compare the leukocyte telomere length (TL) between patients at UHR for psychosis and healthy controls (HC). Twenty-two participants with UHR and 88 HC were enrolled in this study. Telomere lengths were determined using a multiplex qPCR assay. After adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, and education, patients in UHR, compared with HC groups, had shorter telomere length (RR: 0.929, p=0.031). Shorter leukocyte telomere length in UHR could represent early signs of accelerated aging in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Lucas Bortolotto Rizzo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Xavier
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Farias Tempaku
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Zeni-Graiff
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Santoro
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Robles Mazzotti
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Zugman
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Pan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Maes
- Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elson Asevedo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil; Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Graccielle R Cunha
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia Iole Belangero
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Research Group on Behavioral and Molecular Neuroscience of Bipolar Disorder, São Paulo, Brazil; Program for Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in At-Risk Mental States (PRISMA), São Paulo, Brazil.
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19
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Srivastava S, Singh D, Patel S, Singh MR. Role of enzymatic free radical scavengers in management of oxidative stress in autoimmune disorders. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:502-517. [PMID: 28342757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders are distinct with over production and accumulation of free radicals due to its undisclosed genesis. The cause of numerous disorders as cancer, arthritis, psoriasis, diabetes, alzheimer's, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's, respiratory distress syndrome, colitis, crohn's, pulmonary fibrosis, obesity and ageing have been associated with immune dysfunction and oxidative stress. In an oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species generally provoke the series of oxidation at cellular level. The buildup of free radicals in turn triggers various inflammatory cells causing release of various inflammatory interleukins, cytokines, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factors which mediate signal transduction and transcription pathways as nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2). The imbalance could only be combat by supplementing natural defensive antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. The efficiency of these enzymes is enhanced by use of colloidal carriers which include cellular carriers, vesicular and particulate systems like erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, liposomes, transferosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, microspheres, emulsions. Thus this review provides a platform for understanding importance of antioxidant enzymes and its therapeutic applications in treatment of various autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Srivastava
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattissgarh, 492010, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattissgarh, 492010, India
| | - Satish Patel
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattissgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manju R Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chattissgarh, 492010, India.
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20
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Erythrocyte glutathione levels as long-term predictor of transition to psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1064. [PMID: 28323286 PMCID: PMC5416673 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high proportion of individuals deemed at elevated risk for psychosis will actually never progress to develop the illness. Pharmaceutical intervention may not be necessary in these cases, and may in fact be damaging depending on the invasiveness of the treatment strategy. This highlights the need for biomarkers that are better able to reliably differentiate between at-risk individuals who will subsequently transition to psychosis and those who will not. Low glutathione (GSH) levels have been observed in schizophrenia and in patients with first-episode psychosis. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of erythrocyte GSH levels on the transition to psychosis in individuals at risk of developing the illness. Erythrocyte GSH levels were measured in 36 at-risk individuals, 15 of whom had transitioned to psychosis at the 7-year follow-up. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that transition to psychosis at the 7-year time point was significantly associated with low GSH levels at baseline. The area under the receiving operating characteristic curve was 0.819, indicating that GSH can be considered a good predictor of outcome. Although these results need to be replicated, adding the criterion 'low erythrocyte GSH' to the set of criteria used to identify individuals at risk of psychosis may be indicated.
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21
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Clark SR, Baune BT, Schubert KO, Lavoie S, Smesny S, Rice SM, Schäfer MR, Benninger F, Feucht M, Klier CM, McGorry PD, Amminger GP. Prediction of transition from ultra-high risk to first-episode psychosis using a probabilistic model combining history, clinical assessment and fatty-acid biomarkers. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e897. [PMID: 27648919 PMCID: PMC5048208 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Current criteria identifying patients with ultra-high risk of psychosis (UHR) have low specificity, and less than one-third of UHR cases experience transition to psychosis within 3 years of initial assessment. We explored whether a Bayesian probabilistic multimodal model, combining baseline historical and clinical risk factors with biomarkers (oxidative stress, cell membrane fatty acids, resting quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG)), could improve this specificity. We analyzed data of a UHR cohort (n=40) with a 1-year transition rate of 28%. Positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for predictor variables with statistically significant receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs), which excluded oxidative stress markers and qEEG parameters as significant predictors of transition. We clustered significant variables into historical (history of drug use), clinical (Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale positive, negative and general scores and Global Assessment of Function) and biomarker (total omega-3, nervonic acid) groups, and calculated the post-test probability of transition for each group and for group combinations using the odds ratio form of Bayes' rule. Combination of the three variable groups vastly improved the specificity of prediction (area under ROC=0.919, sensitivity=72.73%, specificity=96.43%). In this sample, our model identified over 70% of UHR patients who transitioned within 1 year, compared with 28% identified by standard UHR criteria. The model classified 77% of cases as very high or low risk (P>0.9, <0.1) based on history and clinical assessment, suggesting that a staged approach could be most efficient, reserving fatty-acid markers for 23% of cases remaining at intermediate probability following bedside interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Clark
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B T Baune
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - K O Schubert
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Lavoie
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S M Rice
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - M R Schäfer
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - F Benninger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C M Klier
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - P D McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - G P Amminger
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Berger G. Comments on Bozzatello et al. Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. J. Clin. Med. 2016, 5, 67. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5080069. [PMID: 27527228 PMCID: PMC4999789 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5080069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Outpatient Clinics and Specialized Care, Emergency Services, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Neumünsterallee 3, P.O. Box 1482, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Pawełczyk T, Trafalska E, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Pawełczyk A. The association between polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption and the transition to psychosis in ultra-high risk individuals. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 108:30-7. [PMID: 27154362 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PUFA deficiencies in cellular membranes have been observed in ultra-high risk (HR) individuals and in early schizophrenia. It is uncertain whether dietary PUFA consumption can be associated with the risk of transition to psychosis in HR individuals. The aim of the study was to assess PUFA consumption and confirm whether dietary habits are related to the risk of transition to full-threshold psychosis in HR individuals during a 12-month follow-up. PUFA consumption during the previous year was analyzed in 62 h individuals and 33 healthy controls (HC) at the beginning of the follow-up period using a validated Food-Frequency Questionnaire and the Polish Food Composition Tables. Fifteen HR individuals converted into psychosis (C-HR) during the 12-month follow-up. C-HR individuals reported significantly higher consumption of n-6 fatty acids (linoleic acid, LA and arachidonic acid, AA) in comparison with individuals who did not develop psychosis (NC-HR). The C-HR group reported a significantly higher AA/(EPA+DHA) consumption ratio than the NC-HR group. HC reported significantly higher consumption of most n-3 PUFA and lower consumption of all n-6 PUFA than both groups of HR individuals. The results suggest that dietary patterns of PUFA consumption may play a role in the conversion to psychosis of HR individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - E Trafalska
- Department of Nutrition Hygiene and Epidemiology Medical University of Lodz, Jaracza 63, 90-251 Lodz, Poland.
| | - M Kotlicka-Antczak
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Pawełczyk
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders Medical University of Lodz, Czechoslowacka 8/10, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD) encompasses several domains, including but not limited to executive function, verbal memory, and attention. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction is a frequent residual manifestation in depression and may persist during the remitted phase. Cognitive deficits may also impede functional recovery, including workforce performance, in patients with MDD. The overarching aims of this opinion article are to critically evaluate the effects of available antidepressants as well as novel therapeutic targets on neurocognitive dysfunction in MDD. DISCUSSION Conventional antidepressant drugs mitigate cognitive dysfunction in some people with MDD. However, a significant proportion of MDD patients continue to experience significant cognitive impairment. Two multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported that vortioxetine, a multimodal antidepressant, has significant precognitive effects in MDD unrelated to mood improvement. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate was shown to alleviate executive dysfunction in an RCT of adults after full or partial remission of MDD. Preliminary evidence also indicates that erythropoietin may alleviate cognitive dysfunction in MDD. Several other novel agents may be repurposed as cognitive enhancers for MDD treatment, including minocycline, insulin, antidiabetic agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, S-adenosyl methionine, acetyl-L-carnitine, alpha lipoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, melatonin, modafinil, galantamine, scopolamine, N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, statins, and coenzyme Q10. The management of cognitive dysfunction remains an unmet need in the treatment of MDD. However, it is hoped that the development of novel therapeutic targets will contribute to 'cognitive remission', which may aid functional recovery in MDD.
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