1
|
Salem SH, El-Maraghy SS, Abdel-Mallek AY, Abdel-Rahman MAA, Hassanein EHM, Al-Bedak OA, El-Aziz FEZAA. The antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and wound healing properties of ethyl acetate crude extract of an endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp. (AUMC 15510) in earthworm model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19239. [PMID: 36357560 PMCID: PMC9649741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Paecilomyces sp. (AUMC 15510) was isolated from healthy stem samples of the Egyptian medicinal plant Cornulaca monacantha. We used GC-MS and HPLC analysis to identify the bioactive constituents of ethyl acetate crude extract of Paecilomyces sp. (PsEAE). Six human microbial pathogens have been selected to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of PsEAE. Our data showed that the extract has significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens. However, the best inhibitory effect was observed against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 90274 with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.9 μg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 15.6 μg/ml, for both pathogens. Also, PsEAE exerts a significant inhibition on the biofilm formation of the previously mentioned pathogenic strains. In addition, we evaluated the wound healing efficiency of PsEAE on earthworms (Lumbricus castaneus) as a feasible and plausible model that mimics human skin. Interestingly, PsEAE exhibited a promising wound healing activity and enhanced wound closure. In conclusion, Paecilomyces sp. (AUMC 15510) could be a sustainable source of antimicrobial agents and a potential therapeutic target for wound management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa H. Salem
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XFungal Physiology Laboratory, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saad S. El-Maraghy
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XFungal Physiology Laboratory, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Y. Abdel-Mallek
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XMycology Laboratory, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. A. Abdel-Rahman
- grid.418376.f0000 0004 1800 7673Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza Egypt
| | - Emad H. M. Hassanein
- grid.411303.40000 0001 2155 6022Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University-Assiut Branch, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Osama A. Al-Bedak
- grid.252487.e0000 0000 8632 679XAssiut University Mycological Centre (AUMC), Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bioactive compounds, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Tamarindus indica Linn. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9432. [PMID: 35676439 PMCID: PMC9178027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTamarindus indica is one of the tropical medicinal plants that has been attributed curative potential of numerous diseases by many rural dwellers. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial activities and also to determine the various chemical constituents responsible for its pharmacological activities. The methanol extract of Tamarindus indica fruit pulp was analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometer to determine the volatile compounds present. The antioxidant activities were performed using DPPH and FRAP method and the antibacterial activity was tested against some common pathogens by macro broth dilution method. The GCMS analysis shows the presence of 37 compounds, out of which 14 had their peak area percentages ≥ 1% and only two compounds had no reported pharmacological activities. Most of the bioactive compounds including 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (31.06%)-3-O-Methyl-d-glucose (16.31%), 1,6-anhydro-β-D-Glucopyranose (9.95%), 5-methyl-Furancarboxaldehyde (3.2%), Triethylenediamine (1.17%), 1-(2-furanyl)-1-Propcanone (2.18%), Methyl 2-furoate (3.14%), Levoglucosenone (3.21%), methyl ester-Hepta-2,4-dienoic acid, (8.85%), 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydrox-4H-Pyran-4-one (3.4%), O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.3)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (2.18%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1.38%), 2-Heptanol, acetate (1.29%), 5-[(5-methyl-2-fur-2-Furancarboxaldehyde (1.08%), 3-Methyl-2-furoic acid (1.05%) and cis-Vaccenic acid (2.85%)have been reported with different activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, anticancer, antioxidant and other prophylactic activities. The extract demonstrated inhibitory potential against all tested pathogen. However, Plesiomonas shigellosis ATCC 15903 and Bacillus pumillus ATCC 14884 are more sensitive with the MIC of 0.22 and 0.44 mg/ml respectively. The antioxidant activity was relatively low due to the low phenolic content of the extract. This shows that there is a strong correlation between antioxidant activities and phenolic content. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents with various biological activities and this justifies the rationale behind its usage as a curative therapy by many local dwellers.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dat TTH, Oanh PTT, Cuong LCV, Anh LT, Minh LTH, Ha H, Lam LT, Cuong PV, Anh HLT. Pharmacological Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Genome Sequences of Bacterial Endophytes from the Mangrove Plant Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121491. [PMID: 34943703 PMCID: PMC8698355 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove plant endophytic bacteria are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the present study, twenty-three endophytic bacteria were isolated from the fresh roots of the mangrove plant Rhizophora apiculata. The identification of isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolated endophytic bacteria belonged to nine genera, including Streptomyces, Bacillus, Pseudovibrio, Microbacterium, Brevibacterium, Microbulbifer, Micrococcus, Rossellomorea, and Paracoccus. The ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic bacteria’s pharmacological properties were evaluated in vitro, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and cytotoxic activities. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of three high bioactive strains Bacillus sp. RAR_GA_16, Rossellomorea vietnamensis RAR_WA_32, and Bacillus sp. RAR_M1_44 identified major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their ethyl acetate extracts. Genome analyses identified biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites of the bacterial endophytes. The obtained results reveal that the endophytic bacteria from R. apiculata may be a potential source of pharmacological secondary metabolites, and further investigations of the high bioactive strains—such as fermentation and isolation of pure bioactive compounds, and heterologous expression of novel BGCs in appropriate expression hosts—may allow exploring and exploiting the promising bioactive compounds for future drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ton That Huu Dat
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Hue City 49117, Vietnam; (P.T.T.O.); (L.C.V.C.); (L.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.H.D.); (P.V.C.); (H.L.T.A.); Tel.: +84-949-492-778 (T.T.H.D.); +84-913-219-187 (P.V.C.); +84-948-151-838 (H.L.T.A.)
| | - Phung Thi Thuy Oanh
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Hue City 49117, Vietnam; (P.T.T.O.); (L.C.V.C.); (L.T.A.)
| | - Le Canh Viet Cuong
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Hue City 49117, Vietnam; (P.T.T.O.); (L.C.V.C.); (L.T.A.)
| | - Le Tuan Anh
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Hue City 49117, Vietnam; (P.T.T.O.); (L.C.V.C.); (L.T.A.)
| | - Le Thi Hong Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam;
| | - Hoang Ha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (H.H.); (L.T.L.)
| | - Le Tung Lam
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam; (H.H.); (L.T.L.)
| | - Pham Viet Cuong
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 321 Huynh Thuc Khang, Hue City 49117, Vietnam; (P.T.T.O.); (L.C.V.C.); (L.T.A.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.H.D.); (P.V.C.); (H.L.T.A.); Tel.: +84-949-492-778 (T.T.H.D.); +84-913-219-187 (P.V.C.); +84-948-151-838 (H.L.T.A.)
| | - Hoang Le Tuan Anh
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 10072, Vietnam
- Correspondence: (T.T.H.D.); (P.V.C.); (H.L.T.A.); Tel.: +84-949-492-778 (T.T.H.D.); +84-913-219-187 (P.V.C.); +84-948-151-838 (H.L.T.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barzilay JI, Buzkova P, Djoussé L, Ix J, Kizer J, Cauley J, Matthan N, Lichtenstein AH, Mukamal KJ. Serum non-esterified fatty acid levels and hip fracture risk: The Cardiovascular Health Study. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:1745-1751. [PMID: 33651122 PMCID: PMC8572549 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-05897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Among elderly participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we found that non-esterified trans fatty acid levels had a significant prospective association with hip fracture risk. Other non-esterified fatty acid classes were not associated with hip fracture risk. INTRODUCTION Serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) are bioactive metabolic intermediates that can be taken up by bone tissue. Their associations with hip fracture risk have not been previously examined. METHODS Thirty-five individual NEFAs in five classes (saturated [SFA], mono-un-saturated [MUFA], poly-unsaturated n-6 and n-3 [PUFA], and trans-FA) were measured in Cardiovascular Health Study participants (n = 2139, mean age 77.8 years) without known diabetes. The multivariable associations of NEFA levels with hip fracture risk were evaluated in Cox hazards models. RESULTS We documented 303 incident hip fractures during 11.1 years of follow-up. Among the five NEFA classes, total trans FA levels were positively associated with higher hip fracture risk (HR 1.17 [95% CI, 1.04, 1.31; p = 0.01] per one standard deviation higher level). The SFA lignoceric acid (24:0) was positively associated with higher risk (HR 1.09 [1.04, 1.1]; p < 0.001), while behenic (22:0) and docosatetraenoic (22:4 n6) acids were associated with lower risk (HR 0.76 [0.61, 0.94]; p = 0.01; 0.84 [0.70, 1.00]; p = 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION Total plasma trans NEFA levels are related to hip fracture risk, suggesting an unrecognized benefit of their systematic removal from food. Novel associations of individual NEFAs with hip fracture risk require confirmation in other cohort studies.
Collapse
Grants
- This research was supported by contracts HHSN268201200036C, HHSN268200800007C, HHSN268201800001C, N01HC55222, N01HC85079, N01HC85080, N01HC85081, N01HC85082, N01HC85083, N01HC85086, and grants U01HL080295 and U01HL130114 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), with additional contribution from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Additional support was provided by R01AG023629 from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). NHLBI NIH HHS
- U01 HL080295 NHLBI NIH HHS
- U01 HL130114 NHLBI NIH HHS
- HHSN268200800007C NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC55222 NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC85086 NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC85082 NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC85083 NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC85080 NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC85081 NHLBI NIH HHS
- HHSN268201200036C NHLBI NIH HHS
- HHSN268201800001C NHLBI NIH HHS
- N01HC85079 NHLBI NIH HHS
- R01 AG023629 NIA NIH HHS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J I Barzilay
- Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente of Georgia, 3650 Steve Reynolds Blvd, Duluth, GA, 30096, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - P Buzkova
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Djoussé
- Department of Medicine, Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Ix
- Division of Nephrology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Kizer
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - N Matthan
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A H Lichtenstein
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K J Mukamal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Brookline, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qadir A, Aqil M, Ali A, Ahmad FJ, Ahmad S, Arif M, Khan N. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extracts of Smilax china and Salix alba and their antioxidant activity. Turk J Chem 2021; 44:352-363. [PMID: 33488162 PMCID: PMC7671229 DOI: 10.3906/kim-1907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Smilax china
L. (family Smilacaceae) and
Salix alba
L. (family Salicaceae) are plants that have been traditionally used to treat various ailments in Indian and Chinese medicine. A quantitative estimation of the methanolic extracts of these plants was performed by GC-MS analysis to obtain insight into its phytoconstituents responsible for therapeutic action. The antioxidant potential of the methanol extracts of
Smilax china
(MESC) and
Salix alba
(MESA) were assessed with DPPH by using a UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 517 nm. The prevailing compounds found in MESC were lactam sugars including 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-3(2H)-furanon (1.40%), 1,5-anhydro-6-deoxyhexo-2,3-diulose (4.33%), and alpha-methyl-1-sorboside (1.80%); the two alkaloids found were 1,4-methane-4,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-10,10-dimethyl cyclohepta[d] pyridazine (0.87%) and 1,3,7-trimethyl-2,6-dioxopurine(0.54%); terpenes included deltacadinene (0.39%), terpineol, (+)-cedrol (22.13%), 3-thujanol (0.77%), and 9,10-dehydro-cycloisolongifolene (0.34%); fatty acids included cis-vaccenic acid (4.98%) and telfairic acid (1.10%); esters included 1,2,3-propanetriol diacetate (7.56%), 7-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester (1.77%), eicosanoic acid, and methyl ester (0.95%); and glycerol included 1,2,3-propanetriol (28.75%). The interesting compounds found in MESA were reducing sugars like D-allose (4.40%) and pyrogallol (10.48%), alkaloids like caffeine (63.49%), and esters like methyl octadecanoate (0.53%). Both fractions revealed considerable antioxidant activity. The reported existing phenolic compounds and terpenes are responsible for the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Athar Ali
- Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi India
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow India
| | - Nausheen Khan
- Transformative Learning Solution Private Limited, New Delhi India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Semwal P, Painuli S, Badoni H, Bacheti RK. Screening of phytoconstituents and antibacterial activity of leaves and bark of Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus from Uttarakhand Himalaya. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-018-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
7
|
Tazaki Y, Sugitani K, Ogai K, Kobayashi I, Kawasaki H, Aoyama T, Suzuki N, Tabuchi Y, Hattori A, Kitamura KI. RANKL, Ephrin-Eph and Wnt10b are key intercellular communication molecules regulating bone remodeling in autologous transplanted goldfish scales. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 225:46-58. [PMID: 29886255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the precise data of gene expression, functions, and chronological relationships amongst communication molecules involved in the bone remodeling process with an in vivo model using autologous transplanted scales of goldfish. Autotransplantation of methanol-fixed cell-free scales triggers scale resorption and regeneration, as well as helps elucidate the process of bone remodeling. We investigated osteoclastic markers, osteoblastic markers, and gene expressions of communicating molecules (RANKL, ephrinB2, EphB4, EphA4, Wnt10b) by qPCR, in situ hybridization for Wnt10b, and immunohistochemistry for EphrinB2 and EphA4 proteins to elucidate the bone remodeling process. Furthermore, functional inhibition experiments for the signaling of ephrinB2/Eph, ephrin/EphA4, and Wnt10b using specific antibodies, revealed that these proteins are involved in key signaling pathways promoting normal bone remodeling. Our data suggests that the remodeling process comprises of two successive phases. In the first absorption phase, differentiation of osteoclast progenitors by RANKL is followed by the bone absorption by mature, active osteoclasts, with the simultaneous induction of osteoblast progenitors by multinucleated osteoclast-derived Wnt10b, and proliferation of osteoblast precursors by ehprinB2/EphB4 signaling. Subsequently, during the second formation phase, termination of bone resorption by synergistic cooperation occurs, with downregulation of RANKL expression in activated osteoblasts and Ephrin/EphA4-mediated mutual inhibition between neighboring multinucleated osteoclasts, along with simultaneous activation of osteoblasts via forward and reverse EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling between neighboring osteoblasts. In addition, the present study shows that autologous transplantation of methanol-fixed cell-free scale is an ideal in vivo model to study bone remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tazaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan; Clinical Laboratory, Kanazawa University Hospital, Takara-machi Kanazawa Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kayo Sugitani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ogai
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakumamachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Haruki Kawasaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Takafumi Aoyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|