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Uzsen H, Tural Buyuk E, Odabasoglu E, Koyun M. The effects of vibration and pressure interventions on children's pain, fear and anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Nurs 2024; 75:196-204. [PMID: 38171061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
AIM The effects of vibration and pressure methods on the level of fear, anxiety, and pain of pediatric patients who were admitted to the emergency department for intramuscular injection were evaluated. METHODS This was a parallel group and a randomized controlled study conducted in Turkey. The study sample consisted of 114 children aged between 5 and 10 years who presented to the emergency department to receive intramuscular ceftriaxone injection as part of their treatment. The children were randomized into three groups: Vibration Intervention Group (n = 38), Pressure Intervention Group (n = 38) and Control Group (n = 38). Before the procedure, the level of anxiety and fear of the children were evaluated, and the level of perceived pain during the procedure was immediately evaluated after the intervention. Parents and nurses also rated the level of pain. Data were analyzed with non-parametric tests using SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS According to the evaluations made by children, mothers, and nurses, there was a significant difference between pain scores of children in the vibration and pressure intervention groups during the procedure and children in the control group (p < 0.000). There was a significant difference between anxiety and fear scores of children in the vibration and pressure groups and children in the control group before and after the intervention according to the evaluations of the children, mothers, and nurses (p < 0.000). CONCLUSION Vibration and pressure interventions used during intramuscular injections administered to children in the emergency department were found to reduce pain, anxiety, and fear based on the evaluations of children, mothers, and nurses. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Vibration and pressure are effective and useful in relieving pain associated with intramuscular injections in children aged between 5 and 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Uzsen
- Nursing Department, Pediatric Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Esra Tural Buyuk
- Nursing Department, Pediatric Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emel Odabasoglu
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Koyun
- Nursing Department, Pediatric Nursing, Health Sciences Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey.
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Litwin S, Clarke L, Copeland J, Tyrrell J, Tait C, Mohabir V, Campbell F. Designing a Child-, Family-, and Healthcare Provider-Centered Procedure Room in a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2023; 16:195-209. [PMID: 37021379 PMCID: PMC10328143 DOI: 10.1177/19375867231161097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study aim was to co-design new pediatric procedure room prototypes with children, caregivers, and healthcare providers (HCPs). BACKGROUND Medical procedures can cause pain and anxiety for children and their families. If spaces are not designed for patients' needs, procedures may take longer, require sedation, and result in an inferior care experience. Involving HCPs in co-designing optimal spaces can result in more efficient and safer environments. co-designing spaces with patients and their families can inform psychologically safer and less traumatic environments. METHODS We followed human-centered design methodology. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, field observations, and two multidisciplinary design workshops with patients, caregivers, and HCPs. Themes from the data were extracted using a content analysis and used to make evidence-informed recommendations for design features. RESULTS The study took place from October 2021 to February 2022. Patients, families, and HCPs reported similar needs: (1) control over the environment, including the ability to adjust lighting, temperature, and sound; (2) space that supports patient privacy; (3) the use of evidence-based pain reduction and distraction methods; (4) attention to the sensory environment, including visual (light, color), tactile (textures of furniture and equipment), auditory, and olfactory stimuli; (5) human factors organization of the space and equipment; (6) accessible and equitable spatial design; and (7) the significance of the journey leading up to and after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to co-design procedure rooms that support evidence-based psychological, physical, and pharmacological interventions that are known to minimize pain for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Litwin
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay Clarke
- Design and Improvement, Process Improvement and Innovation Team, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Copeland
- Facilities Planning and Redevelopment Project Horizon, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Tyrrell
- Transitional Pain Clinic, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caleb Tait
- Department of Child Life, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vina Mohabir
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fiona Campbell
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Spanish Validation of Pediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain. Pain Manag Nurs 2022; 24:365-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zengin M, Yayan EH. A Comparison of Two Different Tactile Stimulus Methods on Reducing Pain of Children During Intramuscular Injection: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Emerg Nurs 2021; 48:167-180. [PMID: 34952709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jen.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric patients in the emergency department often require intramuscular injection procedures, which may lead to pain, fear, and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to test a novel nonpharmacological intervention to reduce needle-related pain in the pediatric emergency department. METHODS The study was conducted as a parallel-group, randomized controlled design. The study population consisted of 159 children aged 7 to 10 years cared for in the emergency department who received an intramuscular injection of ampicillin/sulbactam. The children were randomly assigned to Palm Stimulator, ShotBlocker, or control groups. The children's preprocedure fear levels were evaluated using the Children's Fear Scale, and their perceived pain levels during the procedure were evaluated using the Faces Pain Scale-Revised and Visual Analog Scale. Parents and observers also completed the pain level scores. RESULTS According to all raters (child, parent, and observer), the Palm Stimulator group had the lowest mean Faces Pain Scale-Revised score averages (P < .001). The Visual Analog Scale score averages of the children in the Palm Stimulator group (Visual Analog Scale: M = 27.94, standard deviation = 19.13) were statistically significantly lower than the ShotBlocker (Visual Analog Scale: M = 46.07, standard deviation = 24.96) and control group (Visual Analog Scale: M = 53.43, standard deviation = 29.01) score averages (F = 14.94, η2 = 0.16, P = .001). DISCUSSION The results of this study support the effectiveness of the Palm Stimulator to reduce perceived pain in children during intramuscular injection administration in the pediatric emergency department.
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Gholami S, Mojen LK, Rassouli M, Pahlavanzade B, Farahani AS. The Predictors of Postoperative Pain Among Children Based on the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms: A Descriptive-Correlational Study. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 55:141-146. [PMID: 32950821 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Postoperative pain (POP) is a common outcome of surgical interventions among children. Identifying POP contributing factors can help identify children who are at risk for POP and facilitate POP management. The aim of the study was to determine the predictors of POP based on the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms. DESIGN AND METHODS This descriptive-correlational study was conducted in 2018-2019 on 153 children purposively recruited. Data were collected using a personal characteristics questionnaire, the Coping Strategies Questionnaire, the Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and a Visual Analogue Scale for Pain. The SPSS software (v. 21.0) was used for data analysis. RESULTS Twelve participants were excluded and final data analysis was done on the data obtained from 141 participants. Most of participants were male (65.2%), underwent abdominal surgery (53.2%), and experienced POP (86.5%). Their age mean was 8.58±2.23. Linear regression analysis revealed that the physiological factors of heart rate, preoperative pain, and surgery duration as well as the psychological factors of anxiety and coping strategies were significant predictors of POP among children. All these factors collectively explained 34% of the total variance of POP. Situational factors (such as age, gender, and ethnicity) had no significant effects on POP. CONCLUSIONS Heart rate, preoperative pain, surgery duration, anxiety and coping as predictive factors of POP can be considered when designing effective POP management strategies. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The findings provide a better understanding about the predictors of POP and can be used to develop pain management among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gholami
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Leila Khanali Mojen
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Maryam Rassouli
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Bagher Pahlavanzade
- Departments of Biostatistics, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Azam Shirinabadi Farahani
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Variables Associated With Administration of Nurse-initiated Analgesia in Pediatric Triage. Clin J Pain 2020; 36:365-370. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bice AA, Pond RS, Lutz BJ. The Pediatric Procedural Holistic Comfort Assessment: A Feasibility Study. J Pediatr Health Care 2019; 33:509-519. [PMID: 30898499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Holistic comfort is an essential component of pediatric procedural care. However, a main gap in the literature is the ability to measure this. In this study, researchers report the feasibility of implementing a newly developed psychosocial measurement instrument in clinical practice. METHOD This mixed methods study was guided by Kolcaba's holistic comfort theory. Descriptive and inferential statistics and a qualitative descriptive approach to cognitive interviewing were used. Children aged 4 to 8 years (n = 16) experiencing a nonurgent needle procedure and registered nurses (n = 14) who administered the instrument were recruited. RESULTS Eight qualitative themes of feasibility and comprehensibility were identified. Perspectives of children and nurses were not significantly associated with any demographic variable. The Pediatric Procedural Holistic Comfort Assessment is a feasible instrument to implement but will benefit from minor revisions. DISCUSSION This study has implications for nursing practice, research methodology, and future research. The Pediatric Procedural Holistic Comfort Assessment can be successfully implemented by nurses in health care settings.
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Smith S, Hunt J. Communication skills: placement reflections of a children's nursing student. Nurs Child Young People 2018; 31:e1112. [PMID: 31468900 DOI: 10.7748/ncyp.2018.e1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reflection is a natural human activity. It is important for nursing students during practice placements when they are making sense of clinical surroundings and making decisions about care. This article uses a reflective framework to consider the placement experiences of a third-year undergraduate children's nursing student in an acute general setting, caring for an adolescent with anorexia. It focuses on the decisions made when assisting an inexperienced junior doctor during a venepuncture procedure. Reflecting on placements provides nursing students with important transferable skills to use in practice as registered nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Smith
- Salisbury District Hospital, Wiltshire, England
| | - Jane Hunt
- Children and young people's nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, England
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Mitchell AG, Belton S, Johnston V, Read C, Scrine C, Ralph AP. Aboriginal children and penicillin injections for rheumatic fever: how much of a problem is injection pain? Aust N Z J Public Health 2017; 42:46-51. [PMID: 29168304 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore young Aboriginal people's and clinicians' experiences of injection pain for the 10 years of penicillin injections children are prescribed to prevent rheumatic fever recurrences. METHODS Aboriginal children on the penicillin regimen and clinicians were purposively recruited from four remote sites in Australia. Semi-structured interviews and participant observations were conducted. Views were synthesised and thematically analysed. RESULTS A total of 29 Aboriginal children and 59 clinicians were interviewed. Sixteen participants appeared to become accustomed to the injection pain, eight did not find pain an issue, and five found injection pain difficult. A further five believed the injections made them unwell. Patients expressed varying abilities to negotiate with clinicians about the use of pain reduction measures. Clinicians revealed good knowledge of pain reduction measures, but offered them inconsistently. All clinicians found administering the injections distressing. CONCLUSION Repeated painful procedures in children necessitate well-planned and child-focused care. Current practices are not in line with guidance from the Royal Australasian College of Physicians about effects of repeated painful procedures on children. Initiating the long-term injection regimen for rheumatic fever is a special event requiring expert input. A newly reported finding of a subset of young people feeling unwell after receiving the injection requires further investigation. Implications for public health: Improvement of local and jurisdictional guidelines on use of pain reduction measures for children who have been prescribed repeated painful injections for rheumatic fever is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Mitchell
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory
| | - Suzanne Belton
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory
| | - Vanessa Johnston
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory
| | | | | | - Anna P Ralph
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory.,Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory
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Anim-Boamah O, Aziato L, Adabayeri VM. Ghanaian nurses' knowledge of invasive procedural pain and its effect on children, parents and nurses. Nurs Child Young People 2017; 29:26-31. [PMID: 29115759 DOI: 10.7748/ncyp.2017.e795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM To explore Ghanaian nurses' knowledge of invasive procedural pain in children who are in hospital and to identify the effect of unrelieved pain on children, parents and nurses. METHOD An exploratory, descriptive and qualitative design was adopted. A purposive sampling technique was used and individual face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 registered nurses from four children's units at a hospital in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Thematic and content analyses were performed. FINDINGS Four themes emerged: types of invasive procedure; pain expression; pain assessment; and effects of unrelieved pain. Participants had adequate knowledge of painful invasive procedures, however, they were not aware of the range of available validated pain assessment tools, using observations and body language instead to assess pain. CONCLUSION Ghanaian nurses require education on the use of validated rating scales to assess procedural pain in children. The inclusion of pain assessment and management in pre-registration curricula could improve knowledge.
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Bice AA, Hall J, Devereaux MJ. Exploring Holistic Comfort in Children Who Experience a Clinical Venipuncture Procedure. J Holist Nurs 2017; 36:108-122. [DOI: 10.1177/0898010117692719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Children often experience the uncomfortable effects of invasive procedures as a part of primary care and during times of illness. Holistic comfort has been well documented in adult literature but little research exists on the understanding of holistic procedural comfort from the child’s perspective. In this study, holistic comfort related to an invasive venipuncture procedure was explored in children age 5 to 7 years and their caregivers of all ages. Design: A qualitative descriptive design described by Sandelowski was used. Method: The philosophical underpinnings of naturalistic inquiry of Guba and Lincoln were used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 child and 15 caregiver participants. Children also drew pictures to help describe their perceptions. Findings: Traditional thematic content analysis described by Hsieh and Shannon yielded four overarching themes of holistic comfort related to venipuncture procedures in children: Body Comfort, Cognitive and Emotional Comfort, Comfort in the Procedure Surroundings, and Comfort Play. Conclusions: Numerous recommendations for future research are included. Implications for nursing and related health sciences, organizational and administrative policy, invasive procedures, theory, and methods were found and are discussed. Findings from this study will assist nurses in providing procedure management for children from a holistic care perspective.
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Nilsson S, Johnson E, Adolfsson M. Professionals' Perceptions about the Need for Pain Management Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy in South African School Settings. Pain Manag Nurs 2016; 17:249-61. [PMID: 27349380 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pain is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and may have negative consequences for children's success in their studies. Research has shown that pain in childhood negatively influences individuals' participation and quality of life in later years. This study investigated how professionals in South African school settings respond to children's need for pain management in an attempt to enable the children to be active participants in school activities, despite their pain. The study was descriptive and followed a qualitative design (i.e., focus group interviews with semistructured questions and a conventional content analysis). Five government schools for children with special education needs in South Africa's Gauteng province participated. Participants/Subjects: Thirty-eight professionals who represented eight professions. Professional statements on the topic were collected from five focus group sessions conducted during one week. Qualitative content analysis of the data was performed. Similar statements were combined, coded, and sorted into main categories and subcategories. The analysis identified three main categories for pain management: environmental, treatment, and support strategies. In addition, four groups of statements emerged on how contextual factors might affect pain in children with CP and their participation in school settings. It is important to train professionals in pain management and to implement structured models for pain prevention and management to ensure that best practices are adhered to for children with CP who suffer from acute or chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nilsson
- CHILD, Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Ensa Johnson
- Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Margareta Adolfsson
- CHILD, School of Education and Communication and the Swedish Institute of Disability Research, University of Jönköping, Jönköping, Sweden
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Rosenberg RE, Klejmont L, Gallen M, Fuller J, Dugan C, Budin W, Olsen-Gallagher I. Making Comfort Count: Using Quality Improvement to Promote Pediatric Procedural Pain Management. Hosp Pediatr 2016; 6:359-368. [PMID: 27173738 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2015-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric procedural pain management (PPPM) is best practice but was inconsistent in our large multisite general academic medical center. We hypothesized that quality improvement (QI) methods would improve and standardize PPPM in our health system within inpatient pediatric units. We aimed to increase topical anesthetic use from 10% to 40%, improve nursing pediatric pain knowledge, and increase parent satisfaction around procedures for children admitted to a general tertiary academic medical center. METHODS We used QI methods including needs assessment, self-identified champions, small tests of change, leadership accountability, data transparency, and a train-the-peer-trainer approach to implement PPPM. We measured inpatient use of topical anesthetic (goal of 40% of admissions), nursing pain knowledge, and parent satisfaction with child comfort during procedures. We used statistical process control and basic statistics to analyze data in this interrupted time series design. RESULTS Over 18 months, use of topical lidocaine rose from 10% to 36.5% for all inpatient admissions, resulting in a centerline shift. Nursing pain knowledge scores increased 7%. Mean parent satisfaction around procedural comfort increased from 83% to 88%. CONCLUSIONS A child-focused QI initiative around PPPM can succeed in a multisite general academic medical center. Key success factors for this effort included accountability, multidisciplinary core leadership, housewide training in a novel educational evidence-based framework, and use of data and champions to promote nurse and physician engagement. Future work will focus on sustaining and monitoring change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Rosenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York;
| | - Liana Klejmont
- Department of Pharmacy, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York
| | | | | | | | - Wendy Budin
- NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York; New York University School of Nursing, New York, New York
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Children's and parents' perceptions of care during the peri-radiographic process when the child is seen for a suspected fracture. Radiography (Lond) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Emergency Department Pain Management in Pediatric Patients With Fracture or Dislocation in a Bi-Ethnic Population. Ann Emerg Med 2016; 67:9-14.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.07.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Holding Children for Clinical Procedures: Perseverance in Spite of or Persevering to be Child-Centered. Res Nurs Health 2015; 39:30-41. [DOI: 10.1002/nur.21700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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