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Birreci D, De Riggi M, Costa D, Angelini L, Cannavacciuolo A, Passaretti M, Paparella G, Guerra A, Bologna M. The Role of Non-Invasive Brain Modulation in Identifying Disease Biomarkers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Purposes in Parkinsonism. Brain Sci 2024; 14:695. [PMID: 39061435 PMCID: PMC11274666 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, substantial advancements have occurred in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). These developments encompass various non-invasive techniques aimed at modulating brain function. Among the most widely utilized methods today are transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), which include direct- or alternating-current transcranial stimulation (tDCS/tACS). In addition to these established techniques, newer modalities have emerged, broadening the scope of non-invasive neuromodulation approaches available for research and clinical applications in movement disorders, particularly for Parkinson's disease (PD) and, to a lesser extent, atypical Parkinsonism (AP). All NIBS techniques offer the opportunity to explore a wide range of neurophysiological mechanisms and exert influence over distinct brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism. This paper's first aim is to provide a brief overview of the historical background and underlying physiological principles of primary NIBS techniques, focusing on their translational relevance. It aims to shed light on the potential identification of biomarkers for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, by summarising available experimental data on individuals with Parkinsonism. To date, despite promising findings indicating the potential utility of NIBS techniques in Parkinsonism, their integration into clinical routine for diagnostic or therapeutic protocols remains a subject of ongoing investigation and scientific debate. In this context, this paper addresses current unsolved issues and methodological challenges concerning the use of NIBS, focusing on the importance of future research endeavours for maximizing the efficacy and relevance of NIBS strategies for individuals with Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Birreci
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.D.R.); (M.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Martina De Riggi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.D.R.); (M.P.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Costa
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (D.C.); (L.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Luca Angelini
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (D.C.); (L.A.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Massimiliano Passaretti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.D.R.); (M.P.); (G.P.)
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giulia Paparella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.D.R.); (M.P.); (G.P.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (D.C.); (L.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Guerra
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Study Centre on Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Centre (PNC), University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell’Università, 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.B.); (M.D.R.); (M.P.); (G.P.)
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense, 18, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (D.C.); (L.A.); (A.C.)
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Correa A, Ponzi A, Calderón VM, Migliore R. Pathological cell assembly dynamics in a striatal MSN network model. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 18:1410335. [PMID: 38903730 PMCID: PMC11188713 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2024.1410335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Under normal conditions the principal cells of the striatum, medium spiny neurons (MSNs), show structured cell assembly activity patterns which alternate sequentially over exceedingly long timescales of many minutes. It is important to understand this activity since it is characteristically disrupted in multiple pathologies, such as Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia, and thought to be caused by alterations in the MSN to MSN lateral inhibitory connections and in the strength and distribution of cortical excitation to MSNs. To understand how these long timescales arise we extended a previous network model of MSN cells to include synapses with short-term plasticity, with parameters taken from a recent detailed striatal connectome study. We first confirmed the presence of sequentially switching cell clusters using the non-linear dimensionality reduction technique, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP). We found that the network could generate non-stationary activity patterns varying extremely slowly on the order of minutes under biologically realistic conditions. Next we used Simulation Based Inference (SBI) to train a deep net to map features of the MSN network generated cell assembly activity to MSN network parameters. We used the trained SBI model to estimate MSN network parameters from ex-vivo brain slice calcium imaging data. We found that best fit network parameters were very close to their physiologically observed values. On the other hand network parameters estimated from Parkinsonian, decorticated and dyskinetic ex-vivo slice preparations were different. Our work may provide a pipeline for diagnosis of basal ganglia pathology from spiking data as well as for the design pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Correa
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adam Ponzi
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Vladimir M. Calderón
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and Neurophysiology, Neurobiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Rosanna Migliore
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
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Cardinale A, de Iure A, Picconi B. Neuroinflammation and Dyskinesia: A Possible Causative Relationship? Brain Sci 2024; 14:514. [PMID: 38790492 PMCID: PMC11118841 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment represents the gold standard therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. L-DOPA therapy shows many side effects, among them, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) remain the most problematic. Several are the mechanisms underlying these processes: abnormal corticostriatal neurotransmission, pre- and post-synaptic neuronal events, changes in gene expression, and altered plasticity. In recent years, researchers have also suggested non-neuronal mechanisms as a possible cause for LIDs. We reviewed recent clinical and pre-clinical studies on neuroinflammation contribution to LIDs. Microglia and astrocytes seem to play a strategic role in LIDs phenomenon. In particular, their inflammatory response affects neuron-glia communication, synaptic activity and neuroplasticity, contributing to LIDs development. Finally, we describe possible new therapeutic interventions for dyskinesia prevention targeting glia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cardinale
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.d.I.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio de Iure
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.d.I.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Laboratory, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, 00166 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (A.d.I.)
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, Università Telematica San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Kamo H, Iwamuro H, Nakamura R, Nojiri S, Okuzumi A, Ogawa T, Nakajima A, Hattori N, Shimo Y. Antagonism of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 prevents levodopa-induced dyskinesia development in a male rat model of Parkinson's disease: Electrophysiological evidence. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25302. [PMID: 38515319 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common complication in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) undergoing treatment with levodopa. Glutamate receptor antagonists can suppress LID; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP), a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist, on dyskinesia. We recorded the neuronal activity of the entopeduncular nucleus and examined responses to cortical electric stimulation in the control group (n = 6) and three groups of rats (male PD model). Saline was intraperitoneally administered to dopamine lesioned (DL) rats (n = 6), levodopa/benserazide (L/B) was administered to LID rats (n = 8), and L/B combined with MTEP was administered to MTEP rats (n = 6) twice daily for 14 days. We administered L/B to LID and MTEP rats 48 h after the final administration of MTEP to examine the chronic effect of MTEP. The control and DL groups did not have LID. The MTEP group had less LID than the LID group (p < .01) on day 1 and day 18. The control group had a typical triphasic pattern consisting of early excitation (early-Ex), inhibition, and late excitation (late-Ex). However, the inhibition phase disappeared, was partially observed, and was fully suppressed in the DL, LID, and MTEP groups, respectively. The cortico-striato-entopeduncular pathway is important in the pathophysiology of LID. mGluR5 antagonism suppresses LID progression by preventing physiological changes in the cortico-striato-entopeduncular pathway. Future studies are required to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Kamo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Iwamuro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuko Nojiri
- Medical Technology Innovation Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayami Okuzumi
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Nakajima
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimo
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Nerima Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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van Wamelen DJ, Leta V, Chaudhuri KR, Jenner P. Future Directions for Developing Non-dopaminergic Strategies for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1606-1620. [PMID: 37526188 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230731110709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been dominated by the use of dopaminergic medication, but significant unmet need remains, much of which is related to non-motor symptoms and the involvement of non-dopaminergic transmitter systems. As such, little has changed in the past decades that has led to milestone advances in therapy and significantly improved treatment paradigms and patient outcomes, particularly in relation to symptoms unresponsive to levodopa. This review has looked at how pharmacological approaches to treatment are likely to develop in the near and distant future and will focus on two areas: 1) novel non-dopaminergic pharmacological strategies to control motor symptoms; and 2) novel non-dopaminergic approaches for the treatment of non-motor symptoms. The overall objective of this review is to use a 'crystal ball' approach to the future of drug discovery in PD and move away from the more traditional dopamine-based treatments. Here, we discuss promising non-dopaminergic and 'dirty drugs' that have the potential to become new key players in the field of Parkinson's disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J van Wamelen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Valentina Leta
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hos- pital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Basic & Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jenner
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kochoian BA, Bure C, Papa SM. Targeting Striatal Glutamate and Phosphodiesterases to Control L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Cells 2023; 12:2754. [PMID: 38067182 PMCID: PMC10706484 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of work during the past several decades has been focused on therapeutic strategies to control L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs), common motor complications of long-term L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). Yet, LIDs remain a clinical challenge for the management of patients with advanced disease. Glutamatergic dysregulation of striatal projection neurons (SPNs) appears to be a key contributor to altered motor responses to L-DOPA. Targeting striatal hyperactivity at the glutamatergic neurotransmission level led to significant preclinical and clinical trials of a variety of antiglutamatergic agents. In fact, the only FDA-approved treatment for LIDs is amantadine, a drug with NMDAR antagonistic actions. Still, novel agents with improved pharmacological profiles are needed for LID therapy. Recently other therapeutic targets to reduce dysregulated SPN activity at the signal transduction level have emerged. In particular, mechanisms regulating the levels of cyclic nucleotides play a major role in the transduction of dopamine signals in SPNs. The phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a large family of enzymes that degrade cyclic nucleotides in a specific manner, are of special interest. We will review the research for antiglutamatergic and PDE inhibition strategies in view of the future development of novel LID therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brik A. Kochoian
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.A.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Cassandra Bure
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.A.K.); (C.B.)
| | - Stella M. Papa
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (B.A.K.); (C.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Nascimento GC, Santos BM, Pedrazzi JF, Silva-Amaral D, Bortolanza M, Harris GT, Del Bel E, Branco LG. Effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100623. [PMID: 37096172 PMCID: PMC10121822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia is a side effect of Parkinson's disease treatment and it is characterized by atypical involuntary movements. A link between neuroinflammation and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia has been documented. Hydrogen gas (H2) has neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease models and has a major anti-inflammatory effect. Our objective is to test the hypothesis that H2 inhalation reduces L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. 15 days after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of dopaminergic neurons were made (microinjection into the medial forebrain bundle), chronic L-DOPA treatment (15 days) was performed. Rats were exposed to H2 (2% gas mixture, 1 h) or air (controls) before L-DOPA injection. Abnormal involuntary movements and locomotor activity were conducted. Striatal microglia and astrocyte was analyzed and striatal and plasma samples for cytokines evaluation were collected after the abnormal involuntary movements analysis. H2 inhalation attenuated L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. The gas therapy did not impair the improvement of locomotor activity achieved by L-DOPA treatment. H2 inhalation reduced activated microglia in the lesioned striatum, which is consistent with the observed reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Display of abnormal involuntary movements was positively correlated with plasma IL-1β and striatal TNF-α levels and negatively correlated with striatal IL-10 levels. Prophylactic H2 inhalation decreases abnormal involuntary movements in a preclinical L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia model. The H2 antidyskinetic effect was associated with decreased striatal and peripheral inflammation. This finding has a translational importance to L-DOPA-treated parkinsonian patients' well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauce C. Nascimento
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna M. Santos
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Josephs' Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - João F. Pedrazzi
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Silva-Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Grant T. Harris
- Thermoregulation and Systemic Inflammation Laboratory (FeverLab), St. Josephs' Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Luiz G.S. Branco
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Ribeirão Preto Dentistry Faculty, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Department of Basic and Oral Biology, Dental School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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di Biase L, Pecoraro PM, Carbone SP, Caminiti ML, Di Lazzaro V. Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease: An Overview on Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, Therapy Management Strategies and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4427. [PMID: 37445461 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first introduction, levodopa has become the cornerstone for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and remains the leading therapeutic choice for motor control therapy so far. Unfortunately, the subsequent appearance of abnormal involuntary movements, known as dyskinesias, is a frequent drawback. Despite the deep knowledge of this complication, in terms of clinical phenomenology and the temporal relationship during a levodopa regimen, less is clear about the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning it. As the disease progresses, specific oscillatory activities of both motor cortical and basal ganglia neurons and variation in levodopa metabolism, in terms of the dopamine receptor stimulation pattern and turnover rate, underlie dyskinesia onset. This review aims to provide a global overview on levodopa-induced dyskinesias, focusing on pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, therapy management strategies and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazzaro di Biase
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Brain Innovations Lab, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Maria Pecoraro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Paola Carbone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Caminiti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Roma, Italy
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psichiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Roma, Italy
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Chegão A, Vicente Miranda H. Unveiling new secrets in Parkinson's disease: The glycatome. Behav Brain Res 2023; 442:114309. [PMID: 36706808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We are witnessing a considerable increase in the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), which may be due to the general ageing of the population. While there is a plethora of therapeutic strategies for this disease, they still fail to arrest disease progression as they do not target and prevent the neurodegenerative process. The identification of disease-causing mutations allowed researchers to better dissect the underlying causes of this disease, highlighting, for example, the pathogenic role of alpha-synuclein. However, most PD cases are sporadic, which is making it hard to unveil the major causative mechanisms of this disease. In the recent years, epidemiological evidence suggest that type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) individuals have higher risk and worst outcomes of PD, allowing to raise the hypothesis that some dysregulated processes in T2DM may contribute or even trigger the neurodegenerative process in PD. One major consequence of T2DM is the unprogrammed reaction between sugars, increased in T2DM, and proteins, a reaction named glycation. Pre-clinical reports show that alpha-synuclein is a target of glycation, and glycation potentiates its pathogenicity which contributes for the neurodegenerative process. Moreover, it triggers, anticipates, or aggravates several PD-like motor and non-motor complications. A given profile of proteins are differently glycated in diseased conditions, altering the brain proteome and leading to brain dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Herein we coin the term Glycatome as the profile of glycated proteins. In this review we report on the mechanisms underlying the association between T2DM and PD, with particular focus on the impact of protein glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Chegão
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vicente Miranda
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Masood N, Jimenez-Shahed J. Effective Management of "OFF" Episodes in Parkinson's Disease: Emerging Treatment Strategies and Unmet Clinical Needs. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:247-266. [PMID: 36721795 PMCID: PMC9884436 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s273121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor complications related to the chronic administration of levodopa and failure to prevent the neurodegenerative disease process counterbalance the pivotal discovery of levodopa as the cornerstone of PD treatment. Excellent motor control is offered early during the course of treatment, but this diminishes as pathological changes in the striatum lead to synaptic dopamine levels becoming completely dependent on exogenous dopamine. This non-physiologic stimulation of dopamine receptors eventually manifests as OFF episodes. As no disease modifying therapy exists for PD that can disrupt these pathological changes, most research and treatment focuses on optimization of dopaminergic stimulation of striatal receptors so that they mimic tonic, physiologic stimulation as closely as possible. Strategies focusing on these challenges have included non-pharmacologic approaches, optimizing levodopa pharmacokinetics, using adjunctive treatments including those with non-dopaminergic mechanisms, and implementing rescue therapies. Device aided therapies, including surgery, are also available. In this review, we will focus on effective management of motor symptoms related to OFF periods, including emerging strategies. Unmet clinical needs will be discussed, including non-motor symptoms, targeted molecular therapies and disease modifying therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nbaa Masood
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joohi Jimenez-Shahed
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai West, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Oleamide Reduces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Toxicity in Rat Cortical Slices Through the Combined Action of Cannabinoid Receptors Activation and Induction of Antioxidant Activity. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:2167-2178. [PMID: 36069981 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The potential treatment of neurodegenerative disorders requires the development of novel pharmacological strategies at the experimental level, such as the endocannabinoid-based therapies. The effects of oleamide (OEA), a fatty acid primary amide with activity on cannabinoid receptors, was tested against mitochondrial toxicity induced by the electron transport chain complex II inhibitor, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), in rat cortical slices. OEA prevented the 3-NP-induced loss of mitochondrial function/cell viability at a concentration range of 5 nM-25 µM, and this protective effect was observed only when the amide was administered as pretreatment, but not as post-treatment. The preservation of mitochondrial function/cell viability induced by OEA in the toxic model induced by 3-NP was lost when the slices were pre-incubated with the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) selective inhibitor, AM281, or the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) selective inhibitor, JTE-907. The 3-NP-induced inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (mitochondrial Complex II) activity was recovered by 25 nM OEA. The amide also prevented the increased lipid peroxidation and the changes in reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio induced by 3-NP. The cell damage induced by 3-NP, assessed as incorporation of cellular propidium iodide, was mitigated by OEA. Our novel findings suggest that the neuroprotective properties displayed by OEA during the early stages of damage to cortical cells involve the converging activation of CB1R and CB2R and the increase in antioxidant activity, which combined may emerge from the preservation of the functional integrity of mitochondria.
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Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233736. [PMID: 36496996 PMCID: PMC9736114 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa during the course of the disease's progression. However, despite the fact that levodopa is the "gold standard" in PD treatments and has the ability to significantly alleviate PD symptoms, it comes with side effects in advanced PD. Levodopa replacement therapy remains the current clinical treatment of choice for Parkinson's patients, but approximately 80% of the treated PD patients develop levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the advanced stages of the disease. A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of LID and possible means of improvement would significantly improve the outcome of PD patients, reduce the complexity of medication use, and lower adverse effects, thus, improving the quality of life of patients and prolonging their life cycle. This review assesses the recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LID and the therapeutic management options available after the emergence of LID in patients. We summarized the pathogenesis and the new treatments for LID-related PD and concluded that targeting pathways other than the dopaminergic pathway to treat LID has become a new possibility, and, currently, amantadine, drugs targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, and surgery for PD can target the Parkinson's symptoms caused by LID.
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Cesaroni V, Blandini F, Cerri S. Dyskinesia and Parkinson's disease: animal model, drug targets, and agents in preclinical testing. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:837-851. [PMID: 36469635 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2153036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. PD patients exhibit a classic spectrum of motor symptoms, arising when dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta are reduced by 60%. The dopamine precursor L-DOPA represents the most effective therapy for improving PD motor dysfunctions, thus far available. Unfortunately, long-term treatment with L-DOPA is associated with the development of severe side effects, resulting in abnormal involuntary movements termed levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Amantadine is the only drug currently approved for the treatment of LID indicating that LID management is still an unmet need in PD and encouraging the search for novel anti-dyskinetic drugs or the assessment of combined therapies with different molecular targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the main preclinical models used to study LID and of the latest preclinical evidence on experimental and clinically available pharmacological approaches targeting non-dopaminergic systems. EXPERT OPINION LIDs are supported by complex molecular and neurobiological mechanisms that are still being studied today. This complexity suggests the need of developing personalized pharmacological approach to obtain an effective amelioration of LID condition and improve the quality of life of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Cesaroni
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Cerri
- Unit of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Hattori N, Kamei T, Ishida T, Suzuki I, Nomoto M, Tsuboi Y. Long-term effects of safinamide adjunct therapy on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: post-hoc analysis of a Japanese phase III study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1277-1287. [PMID: 36001147 PMCID: PMC9468087 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This post-hoc analysis investigated the long-term effects of safinamide on the course of dyskinesia and efficacy outcomes using data from a phase III, open-label 52-week study of safinamide 50 or 100 mg/day in Japanese patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) with wearing-off. Patients (N = 194) were grouped using the UPDRS Part IV item 32: with and without pre-existing dyskinesia (pre-D subgroup; item 32 > 0 at baseline [n = 81], without pre-D subgroup; item 32 = 0 at baseline [n = 113]). ON-time with troublesome dyskinesia (ON-TD) increased significantly from baseline to Week 4 in the pre-D subgroup (+ 0.25 ± 0.11 h [mean ± SE], p = 0.0355) but gradually decreased up to Week 52 (change from baseline: − 0.08 ± 0.17 h, p = 0.6224); ON-TD did not change significantly in the Without pre-D subgroup. UPDRS Part IV item 32 score increased significantly at Week 52 compared with baseline in the Without pre-D subgroup, but no UPDRS Part IV dyskinesia related-domains changed in the pre-D subgroup. Both subgroups improved in ON-time without TD, UPDRS Part III, and Part II [OFF-phase] scores. The cumulative incidence of new or worsening dyskinesia (adverse drug reaction) at Week 52 was 32.5 and 5.0% in the pre-D and Without pre-D subgroups, respectively. This study suggested that safinamide led to short-term increasing dyskinesia but may be not associated with marked dyskinesia at 1-year follow-up in patients with pre-existing dyskinesia, and that it improved motor symptoms regardless of the presence or absence of dyskinesia at baseline. Further studies are warranted to investigate this association in more details. Trial registration: JapicCTI-153057 (Registered: 2015/11/02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8431, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kamei
- Medical Headquarters, Eisai Co., Ltd., 4-6-10 Koishikawa, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishida
- Medical Headquarters, Eisai Co., Ltd., 4-6-10 Koishikawa, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
| | - Ippei Suzuki
- Medicine Development, Deep Human Biology Learning, Eisai Co., Ltd., 4-6-10 Koishikawa, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8088, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomoto
- Saiseikai Imabari Center for Health and Welfare, 7-6-1 Kitamura, Imabari, Ehime, 799-1592, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tsuboi
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
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Bologna M, Valls-Solè J, Kamble N, Pal PK, Conte A, Guerra A, Belvisi D, Berardelli A. Dystonia, chorea, hemiballismus and other dyskinesias. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:110-125. [PMID: 35785630 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperkinesias are heterogeneous involuntary movements that significantly differ in terms of clinical and semeiological manifestations, including rhythm, regularity, speed, duration, and other factors that determine their appearance or suppression. Hyperkinesias are due to complex, variable, and largely undefined pathophysiological mechanisms that may involve different brain areas. In this chapter, we specifically focus on dystonia, chorea and hemiballismus, and other dyskinesias, specifically, levodopa-induced, tardive, and cranial dyskinesia. We address the role of neurophysiological studies aimed at explaining the pathophysiology of these conditions. We mainly refer to human studies using surface and invasive in-depth recordings, as well as spinal, brainstem, and transcortical reflexology and non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. We discuss the extent to which the neurophysiological abnormalities observed in hyperkinesias may be explained by pathophysiological models. We highlight the most relevant issues that deserve future research efforts. The potential role of neurophysiological assessment in the clinical context of hyperkinesia is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Josep Valls-Solè
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer, Villarroel, 170, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | | | - Daniele Belvisi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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Cohen SR, Terry ML, Coyle M, Wheelis E, Centner A, Smith S, Glinski J, Lipari N, Budrow C, Manfredsson FP, Bishop C. The multimodal serotonin compound Vilazodone alone, but not combined with the glutamate antagonist Amantadine, reduces l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in hemiparkinsonian rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 217:173393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Glycation modulates glutamatergic signaling and exacerbates Parkinson's disease-like phenotypes. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 35468899 PMCID: PMC9038780 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a central player in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies due to its accumulation in typical protein aggregates in the brain. However, it is still unclear how it contributes to neurodegeneration. Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Interestingly, a common molecular alteration among these disorders is the age-associated increase in protein glycation. We hypothesized that glycation-induced neuronal dysfunction is a contributing factor in synucleinopathies. Here, we dissected the impact of methylglyoxal (MGO, a glycating agent) in mice overexpressing aSyn in the brain. We found that MGO-glycation potentiates motor, cognitive, olfactory, and colonic dysfunction in aSyn transgenic (Thy1-aSyn) mice that received a single dose of MGO via intracerebroventricular injection. aSyn accumulates in the midbrain, striatum, and prefrontal cortex, and protein glycation is increased in the cerebellum and midbrain. SWATH mass spectrometry analysis, used to quantify changes in the brain proteome, revealed that MGO mainly increase glutamatergic-associated proteins in the midbrain (NMDA, AMPA, glutaminase, VGLUT and EAAT1), but not in the prefrontal cortex, where it mainly affects the electron transport chain. The glycated proteins in the midbrain of MGO-injected Thy1-aSyn mice strongly correlate with PD and dopaminergic pathways. Overall, we demonstrated that MGO-induced glycation accelerates PD-like sensorimotor and cognitive alterations and suggest that the increase of glutamatergic signaling may underly these events. Our study sheds new light into the enhanced vulnerability of the midbrain in PD-related synaptic dysfunction and suggests that glycation suppressors and anti-glutamatergic drugs may hold promise as disease-modifying therapies for synucleinopathies.
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Bandopadhyay R, Mishra N, Rana R, Kaur G, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Mustafa G, Ahmad J, Alhakamy NA, Mishra A. Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease: A Perspective Through Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:805388. [PMID: 35462934 PMCID: PMC9021725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.805388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second leading neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by severe locomotor abnormalities. Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment has been considered a mainstay for the management of PD; however, its prolonged treatment is often associated with abnormal involuntary movements and results in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). Although LID is encountered after chronic administration of L-DOPA, the appearance of dyskinesia after weeks or months of the L-DOPA treatment has complicated our understanding of its pathogenesis. Pathophysiology of LID is mainly associated with alteration of direct and indirect pathways of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop, which regulates normal fine motor movements. Hypersensitivity of dopamine receptors has been involved in the development of LID; moreover, these symptoms are worsened by concurrent non-dopaminergic innervations including glutamatergic, serotonergic, and peptidergic neurotransmission. The present study is focused on discussing the recent updates in molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for the effective management of LID in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nainshi Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Ruhi Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- College of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil. A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)—Guwahati, Guwahati, India
- *Correspondence: Awanish Mishra, ,
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19
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Striatal glutamatergic hyperactivity in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Angela Cenci M, Skovgård K, Odin P. Non-dopaminergic approaches to the treatment of motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2022; 210:109027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Scarduzio M, Hess EJ, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Striatal synaptic dysfunction in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Guerra A, Asci F, Zampogna A, D'Onofrio V, Suppa A, Fabbrini G, Berardelli A. Long-term changes in short-interval intracortical facilitation modulate motor cortex plasticity and L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2021; 15:99-108. [PMID: 34823038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission in the primary motor cortex (M1) contributes to Parkinson's disease (PD) pathophysiology and is related to l-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). We previously showed that short-term treatment with safinamide, a monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitor with anti-glutamatergic properties, improves abnormally enhanced short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) in PD patients. OBJECTIVE To examine whether a long-term SICF modulation has beneficial effects on clinical measures, including LID severity, and whether these changes parallel improvement in cortical plasticity mechanisms in PD. METHODS We tested SICF in patients with and without LID before (S0) and after short- (14 days - S1) and long-term (12 months - S2) treatment with safinamide 100 mg/day. Possible changes in M1 plasticity were assessed using intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). Finally, we correlated safinamide-related neurophysiological changes with modifications in clinical scores. RESULTS SICF was enhanced at S0, and prominently in patients with LID. Safinamide normalized SICF at S1, and this effect persisted at S2. Impaired iTBS-induced plasticity was present at S0 and safinamide restored this alteration at S2. There was a significant correlation between the degree of SICF and the amount of iTBS-induced plasticity at S0 and S2. In patients with LID, the degree of SICF at S0 and S2 correlated with long-term changes in LID severity. CONCLUSIONS Altered SICF contributes to M1 plasticity impairment in PD. Both SICF and M1 plasticity improve after long-term treatment with safinamide. The abnormality in SICF-related glutamatergic circuits plays a role in LID pathophysiology, and its long-term modulation may prevent LID worsening over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Suppa
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Pottenger AE, Bartlett MJ, Sherman SJ, Falk T, Morrison HW. Evaluation of microglia in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease primed with L-DOPA after sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment. Neurosci Lett 2021; 765:136251. [PMID: 34536508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), characterized by motor dysfunction. While PD symptoms are well treated with L-DOPA, continuous use can cause L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). We have previously demonstrated that sub-anesthetic ketamine attenuated LID development in rodents, measured by abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), and reduced the density of maladaptive striatal dendritic mushroom spines. Microglia may play a role by phagocytosing maladaptive neuronal spines. In this exploratory study, we hypothesized that ketamine would prevent AIMs and change microglia ramified morphology - an indicator of a microglia response. Unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats were primed with daily injections of L-DOPA for 14 days, treated on days 0 and 7 for 10-hours with sub-anesthetic ketamine (i.p.), and we replicated that this attenuated LID development. We further extended our prior work by showing that while ketamine treatment did lead to an increase of striatal interleukin-6 in dyskinetic rats, indicating a modulation of an inflammatory response, it did not change microglia number or morphology in the dyskinetic striatum. Yet an increase of CD68 in the SNpc of 6-OHDA-lesioned hemispheres post-ketamine indicates increased microglia phagocytosis suggestive of a lingering microglial response to 6-OHDA injury in the SNpc pointing to possible anti-inflammatory action in the PD model in addition to anti-dyskinetic action. In conclusion, we provide further support for sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment of LID. The mechanisms of action for ketamine, specifically related to inflammation and microglia phagocytic functions, are emerging, and require further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi E Pottenger
- University of Arizona, College of Science, 1007 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Scott J Sherman
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Torsten Falk
- University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Neurology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 1501 N. Campbell Ave., Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Helena W Morrison
- University of Arizona, College of Nursing, 1305 N. Martin Ave, P.O. Box 210203, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Mann E, Jackson M, Lincoln L, Fisher R, Rose S, Duty S. Antiparkinsonian Effects of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 Agonist in MPTP-Treated Marmosets. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:959-967. [PMID: 32250315 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased firing across glutamatergic synapses may contribute to both the motor dysfunction and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia seen in Parkinson's disease. Given their ability to reduce glutamate release, activation of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors such as metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 may prove effective against both motor dysfunction and dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVE We hypothesised that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 by an orthosteric agonist ((2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxy(hydroxy(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)methyl)phosphoryl)butanoic acid, LSP1-2111) would produce antiparkinsonian activity and reduce expression of dyskinesia in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated marmoset model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS Common marmosets were previously treated with MPTP and pre-primed with L-DOPA for up to 28 days to express dyskinesia. LSP1-2111 (1, 3, or 6 mg/kg s.c.) or vehicle (0.9% saline s.c.) were administered immediately prior to L-DOPA (8 mg/kg + benserazide (10 mg/kg) p.o.) or vehicle (10% sucrose p.o.). Locomotor activity was measured in automated test cages and animals were scored for dyskinesia and disability. RESULTS As expected, L-DOPA reversed motor disability and induced moderate dyskinesia. By contrast, LSP1-2111 alone significantly reduced the motor disability without any accompanying expression of dyskinesia. When administered in combination with L-DOPA, LSP1-2111 did not significantly reduce the severity of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. CONCLUSION Systemic administration of LSP1-2111 reduces motor disability without causing dyskinesia in MPTP-treated marmosets, supporting a role for metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 orthosteric agonists as promising monotherapy for PD. Conversely, this study found no evidence to support their use as antidyskinetic agents within the dose range tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mann
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Jackson
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Lincoln
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ria Fisher
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rose
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Duty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Zheng C, Zhang F. New insights into pathogenesis of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:104-113. [PMID: 34331976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and self-propelling neurodegenerative disorder, which is characterized by motor symptoms, such as rigidity, tremor, slowness of movement and problems with gait. These symptoms become worse over time. To date, Dopamine (DA) replacement therapy with 3, 4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) is still the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of PD. Unfortunately, motor fluctuations consisting of wearing-off effect actions and dyskinesia tend to occur in a few years of starting l-DOPA. Currently, l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is troublesome and the pathogenesis of LID requires further investigation. Importantly, a new intervention for LID is imminent. Thus, this review mainly summarized the clinical features, risk factors and pathogenesis of LID to provide updatefor the development of therapeutic targets and new approaches for the treatment of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Zheng
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Fabbrini A, Guerra A. Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Experimental Pharmacotherapy for L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:469-485. [PMID: 33953618 PMCID: PMC8092630 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s265282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is the most frequent motor complication associated with chronic L-dopa treatment in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying LID suggest that abnormalities in multiple neurotransmitter systems, in addition to dopaminergic nigrostriatal denervation and altered dopamine release and reuptake dynamics at the synaptic level, are involved in LID development. Increased knowledge of neurobiological LID substrates has led to the development of several drug candidates to alleviate this motor complication. However, with the exception of amantadine, none of the pharmacological therapies tested in humans have demonstrated clinically relevant beneficial effects. Therefore, LID management is still one of the most challenging problems in the treatment of PD patients. In this review, we first describe the known pathophysiological mechanisms of LID. We then provide an updated report of experimental pharmacotherapies tested in clinical trials of PD patients and drugs currently under study to alleviate LID. Finally, we discuss available pharmacological LID treatment approaches and offer our opinion of possible issues to be clarified and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fabbrini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Kwan C, Frouni I, Nuara SG, Belliveau S, Kang W, Hamadjida A, Bédard D, Beaudry F, Panisset M, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Combined 5-HT 2A and mGlu 2 modulation for the treatment of dyskinesia and psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108465. [PMID: 33485945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antagonising the serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor is an efficacious way to alleviate dyskinesia and psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, previous research indicates that there might be a limit to the effects conferred by this approach. 5-HT2A receptors were shown to form hetero-dimers with metabotropic glutamate 2 (mGlu2) receptors, in which 5-HT2A blockade and mGlu2 activation elicit equivalent effects at the downstream signalling level. We have previously shown that mGlu2 activation reduces both dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs) induced by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA), in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned primate. Here, we hypothesised that concurrent 5-HT2A antagonism and mGlu2 activation would provide greater anti-dyskinetic and anti-psychotic benefits than either approach alone. We conducted 3 series of experiments in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. In the first series of experiments, the mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator LY-487,379 and the 5-HT2A antagonist EMD-281,014, either alone or in combination, were added to l-DOPA. In the second series of experiments, the mGlu2/3 orthosteric agonist LY-354,740 and EMD-281,014, either alone or in combination, were added to l-DOPA. In the last series of experiments, we investigated whether mGlu2 blockade would diminish the effects of antagonising 5-HT2A receptors. To this end, the mGlu2/3 orthosteric antagonist LY-341,495 and EMD-281,014, either alone or in combination, were added to l-DOPA. We found that the anti-dyskinetic effect of the combination LY-487,379/EMD-281,014 was greater than the ones conferred by LY-487,379 (by 35%, P < 0.05) and EMD-281,014 (by 38%, P < 0.01). The anti-dyskinetic and anti-psychotic effects of the combination LY-354,740/EMD-281,014 were also greater than the ones conferred by LY-354,740 (by 57% for dyskinesia and 54% for PLBs, both P < 0.001) and EMD-281,014 (by 61% for dyskinesia and 53% for PLBs, both P < 0.001). The anti-parkinsonian action of l-DOPA was maintained with all treatments. Lastly, the addition of LY-341,495 abolished the therapeutic effects of EMD-281,014 on dyskinesia and PLBs. Our results suggest that mGlu2 activation may enhance the anti-dyskinetic and anti-psychotic effects of 5-HT2A blockade and could provide relief to PD patients with dyskinesia and psychotic symptoms beyond what can be achieved with current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Belliveau
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de Recherche en Pharmacologie Animale Du Québec, Département de Biomédecine Vétérinaire, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Panisset
- Unité des Troubles Du Mouvement André-Barbeau, Service de Neurologie, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada; Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Dos Santos Pereira M, Abreu GHD, Rocca J, Hamadat S, Raisman-Vozari R, Michel PP, Del Bel E. Contributive Role of TNF-α to L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Lesion Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:617085. [PMID: 33510643 PMCID: PMC7836015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.617085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our present objective was to better characterize the mechanisms that regulate striatal neuroinflammation in mice developing L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). For that, we used 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mice rendered dyskinetic by repeated intraperitoneal injections of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) and quantified ensuing neuroinflammatory changes in the dopamine-denervated dorsal striatum. LID development was associated with a prominent astrocytic response, and a more moderate microglial cell reaction restricted to this striatal area. The glial response was associated with elevations in two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β. Treatment with the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) channel antagonist capsazepine diminished LID intensity and decreased TNF-α levels without impacting other inflammation markers. To possibly reproduce the neuroinflammatory component of LID, we exposed astrocyte and microglial cells in culture to candidate molecules that might operate as inflammatory cues during LID development, i.e., L-DOPA, dopamine, or glutamate. Neither L-DOPA nor dopamine produced an inflammatory response in glial cell cultures. However, glutamate enhanced TNF-α secretion and GFAP expression in astrocyte cultures and promoted Iba-1 expression in microglial cultures. Of interest, the antidyskinetic treatment with cannabidiol + capsazepine reduced TNF-α release in glutamate-activated astrocytes. TNF-α, on its own, promoted the synaptic release of glutamate in cortical neuronal cultures, whereas cannabidiol + capsazepine prevented this effect. Therefore, we may assume that the release of TNF-α by glutamate-activated astrocytes may contribute to LID by exacerbating corticostriatal glutamatergic inputs excitability and maintaining astrocytes in an activated state through a self-reinforcing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Dos Santos Pereira
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil.,Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Henrique Dias Abreu
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
| | - Jeremy Rocca
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Sabah Hamadat
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Rita Raisman-Vozari
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Pierre Michel
- Paris Brain Institute, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université UM75, Paris, France
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Brazil
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29
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Frouni I, Kwan C, Nuara SG, Belliveau S, Kang W, Hamadjida A, Bédard D, Gourdon JC, Huot P. Effect of the mGlu 2 positive allosteric modulator CBiPES on dyskinesia, psychosis-like behaviours and parkinsonism in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:73-81. [PMID: 33392826 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) is often complicated by the occurrence of dyskinesia, motor fluctuations and psychosis. To this day, few treatment options are available for each of these phenomena, and they are at times not effective or elicit adverse events, leaving some patients short of therapeutic options. We have recently shown that positive allosteric modulation of metabotropic 2 (mGlu2) receptors with the prototypical positive allosteric modulator (PAM) LY-487,379 is efficacious at alleviating both dyskinesia and psychosis-like behaviours (PLBs), while simultaneously enhancing the anti-parkinsonian action of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned marmoset. Here, we assessed the effects of CBiPES, a mGlu2 PAM derived from LY-487,379, but with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Six MPTP-lesioned marmosets with reproducible dyskinesia and PLBs were administered L-DOPA in combination with vehicle or CBiPES (0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg), after which their behaviour was rated. CBiPES 10 mg/kg reduced global dyskinesia by 60% (P < 0.0001), while peak dose dyskinesia was reduced by 66% (P < 0.001), compared to L-DOPA/vehicle. CBiPES 10 mg/kg also diminished global PLBs by 56% (P < 0.0001), while peak dose PLBs were reduced by 64% (P < 0.001), compared to L-DOPA/vehicle. Lastly, CBiPES enhanced the anti-parkinsonian action of L-DOPA, by reducing global parkinsonian disability by 43% (P < 0.01), compared to L-DOPA/vehicle. Our results provide further evidence that mGlu2 positive allosteric modulation may be an approach that could be efficacious for the treatment of dyskinesia, psychosis and motor fluctuations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen G Nuara
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Belliveau
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Woojin Kang
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jim C Gourdon
- Comparative Medicine & Animal Resource Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Movement Disorder Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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30
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Granisetron, a selective 5-HT3 antagonist, reduces L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced abnormal involuntary movements in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 32:43-53. [PMID: 33399295 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) provides Parkinson's disease patients with effective symptomatic relief. However, long-term L-DOPA therapy is often marred by complications such as dyskinesia. We have previously demonstrated that serotonin type 3 (5-HT3) receptor blockade with the clinically available and highly selective antagonist ondansetron alleviates dyskinesia in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat. Here, we sought to explore the antidyskinetic efficacy of granisetron, another clinically available 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Rats were rendered hemi-parkinsonian by 6-OHDA injection in the medial forebrain bundle. Following induction of stable abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), granisetron (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) or vehicle was acutely administered in combination with L-DOPA and the severity of AIMs, both duration and amplitude, was determined. We also assessed the effect of granisetron on L-DOPA antiparkinsonian action by performing the cylinder test. Adding granisetron (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg) to L-DOPA resulted in a significant reduction of AIMs duration and amplitude, with certain parameters being reduced by as much as 38 and 45% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). The antidyskinetic effect of granisetron was not accompanied by a reduction of L-DOPA antiparkinsonian action. These results suggest that 5-HT3 blockade may reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia without impairing the therapeutic efficacy of L-DOPA. However, a U-shaped dose-response curve obtained with certain parameters may limit the therapeutic potential of this strategy and require further investigation.
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31
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Pinna A, Serra M, Marongiu J, Morelli M. Pharmacological interactions between adenosine A 2A receptor antagonists and different neurotransmitter systems. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80 Suppl 1:S37-S44. [PMID: 33349579 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While Parkinson's disease (PD) is traditionally characterized by dopaminergic neuron degeneration, several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators besides dopamine are also involved in the onset and progression of the disease and its symptoms. The other principal neurotransmitters/neuromodulators known to control basal ganglia functions and, in particular, motor functions, are GABA, glutamate, serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, adenosine and endocannabinoids. Among these, adenosine is the most relevant, acting through its adenosine A2A receptor. Work in experimental models of PD has established the effects of A2A receptor antagonists, including the alleviation of disrupted dopamine functions and improved efficacy of dopamine replacement therapy. Moreover, positive interactions between A2A receptor antagonists and both D2 and D1 receptor agonists have been described in vitro at the receptor-receptor level or in more complex in vivo models of PD, respectively. In addition, the interactions between A2A receptor antagonists and glutamate ionotropic GluN2B-containing N-Methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors, or metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, including both mGlu5 receptor inhibitors and mGlu4 receptor activators, have been reported in both in vitro and in vivo animal models of PD, as have positive interactions between A2A and endocannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists. At the same time, a combination of A2A receptor antagonists and 5-HT1A-5-HT1B receptor agonists have been described to modulate the expression of dyskinesia induced by chronic dopamine replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute - Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jacopo Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute - Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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Liu Y, Wang S, Kan J, Zhang J, Zhou L, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Chinese Herbal Medicine Interventions in Neurological Disorder Therapeutics by Regulating Glutamate Signaling. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:260-276. [PMID: 31686629 PMCID: PMC7327939 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191101125530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its signaling is critical for excitatory synaptic transmission. The well-established glutamate system involves glutamate synthesis, presynaptic glutamate release, glutamate actions on the ionotropic glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors) and metabotropic glutamate receptors, and glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters. When the glutamate system becomes dysfunctional, it contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, epilepsy, and ischemic stroke. In this review, based on regulating glutamate signaling, we summarize the effects and underlying mechanisms of natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicines on neurological disorders. Natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicine can prevent the glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity via suppressing presynaptic glutamate release, decreasing ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors expression in the excitatory synapse, and promoting astroglial glutamate transporter expression to increase glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft. However, some natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicine have the ability to restore the collapse of excitatory synapses by promoting presynaptic glutamate release and increasing ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors expression. These regulatory processes involve various signaling pathways, which lead to different mechanistic routes of protection against neurological disorders. Hence, our review addresses the underlying mechanisms of natural constituents from Chinese herbal medicines that regulate glutamate systems and serve as promising agents for the treatment of the above-mentioned neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Biology, Center of Pain Medicine and Medical School, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Kan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jingzhi Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Lisa Zhou
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan 528300, China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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33
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Bartlett MJ, Flores AJ, Ye T, Smidt SI, Dollish HK, Stancati JA, Farrell DC, Parent KL, Doyle KP, Besselsen DG, Heien ML, Cowen SL, Steece-Collier K, Sherman SJ, Falk T. Preclinical evidence in support of repurposing sub-anesthetic ketamine as a treatment for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Exp Neurol 2020; 333:113413. [PMID: 32717354 PMCID: PMC7518549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Pharmacotherapy with L-DOPA remains the gold-standard therapy for PD, but is often limited by the development of the common side effect of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), which can become debilitating. The only effective treatment for disabling dyskinesia is surgical therapy (neuromodulation or lesioning), therefore effective pharmacological treatment of LID is a critical unmet need. Here, we show that sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine attenuate the development of LID in a rodent model, while also having acute anti-parkinsonian activity. The long-term anti-dyskinetic effect is mediated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor-release in the striatum, followed by activation of ERK1/2 and mTOR pathway signaling. This ultimately leads to morphological changes in dendritic spines on striatal medium spiny neurons that correlate with the behavioral effects, specifically a reduction in the density of mushroom spines, a dendritic spine phenotype that shows a high correlation with LID. These molecular and cellular changes match those occurring in hippocampus and cortex after effective sub-anesthetic ketamine treatment in preclinical models of depression, and point to common mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of ketamine for these two disorders. These preclinical mechanistic studies complement current ongoing clinical testing of sub-anesthetic ketamine for the treatment of LID by our group, and provide further evidence in support of repurposing ketamine to treat individuals with PD. Given its clinically proven therapeutic benefit for both treatment-resistant depression and several pain states, very common co-morbidities in PD, sub-anesthetic ketamine could provide multiple therapeutic benefits for PD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Andrew J Flores
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Tony Ye
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Saskia I Smidt
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Hannah K Dollish
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stancati
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Drew C Farrell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kate L Parent
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - David G Besselsen
- University Animal Care, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Stephen L Cowen
- Department of Psychology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Scott J Sherman
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Torsten Falk
- Department of Neurology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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34
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The Multimodal Serotonergic Agent Vilazodone Inhibits L-DOPA-Induced Gene Regulation in Striatal Projection Neurons and Associated Dyskinesia in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102265. [PMID: 33050305 PMCID: PMC7600385 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment in Parkinson's disease is limited by the emergence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Such dyskinesia is associated with aberrant gene regulation in neurons of the striatum, which is caused by abnormal dopamine release from serotonin terminals. Previous work showed that modulating the striatal serotonin innervation with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or 5-HT1A receptor agonists could attenuate L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. We investigated the effects of a novel serotonergic agent, vilazodone, which combines SSRI and 5-HT1A partial agonist properties, on L-DOPA-induced behavior and gene regulation in the striatum in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. After unilateral dopamine depletion by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), rats received repeated L-DOPA treatment (5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with vilazodone (10 mg/kg) for 3 weeks. Gene regulation was then mapped throughout the striatum using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Vilazodone suppressed the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and turning behavior but did not interfere with the prokinetic effects of L-DOPA (forelimb stepping). L-DOPA treatment drastically increased the expression of dynorphin (direct pathway), 5-HT1B, and zif268 mRNA in the striatum ipsilateral to the lesion. These effects were inhibited by vilazodone. In contrast, vilazodone had no effect on enkephalin expression (indirect pathway) or on gene expression in the intact striatum. Thus, vilazodone inhibited L-DOPA-induced gene regulation selectively in the direct pathway of the dopamine-depleted striatum, molecular changes that are considered critical for L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. These findings position vilazodone, an approved antidepressant, as a potential adjunct medication for the treatment of L-DOPA-induced motor side effects.
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Globus pallidus, but not entopeduncular nucleus, 6-OHDA-induced lesion attenuates L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in the rat model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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36
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Dopamine receptor cooperativity synergistically drives dyskinesia, motor behavior, and striatal GABA neurotransmission in hemiparkinsonian rats. Neuropharmacology 2020; 174:108138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Calabrese V, Di Maio A, Marino G, Cardinale A, Natale G, De Rosa A, Campanelli F, Mancini M, Napolitano F, Avallone L, Calabresi P, Usiello A, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B. Rapamycin, by Inhibiting mTORC1 Signaling, Prevents the Loss of Striatal Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity in a Rat Model of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:230. [PMID: 32848709 PMCID: PMC7431470 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment is the main gold-standard therapy for Parkinson disease (PD). Besides good antiparkinsonian effects, prolonged use of this drug is associated to the development of involuntary movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is linked to a sensitization of dopamine (DA) D1 receptors located on spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the dorsal striatum. Several evidences have shown that the emergence of LID can be related to striatal D1/cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) pathway overactivation associated to aberrant N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function. In addition, within striatum, ERK1/2 is also able to modulate in a D1 receptor-dependent manner the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway under DA depletion and L-DOPA therapy. Consistently, increased mTORC1 signaling appears during chronic administration of L-DOPA and shows a high correlation with the severity of dyskinesia. Furthermore, the abnormal activation of the D1/PKA/DARPP-32 cascade is paralleled by increased phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor at the PKA Ser845 site. The GluA1 promotes excitatory AMPA receptor-mediated transmission and may be implicated in the alterations found at the corticostriatal synapses of dyskinetic animals. In our study, we investigated the role of mTORC1 pathway activation in modulating bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-treated parkinsonian rats. Inhibition of mTORC1 by coadministration of rapamycin to L-DOPA was able to limit the magnitude of LID expression, accounting for a therapeutic effect of this drug. In particular, behavioral data showed that, in L-DOPA-treated rats, rapamycin administration induced a selective decrease of distinct components of abnormal involuntary movements (i.e., axial and orolingual dyskinesia). Furthermore, ex vivo patch clamp and intracellular recordings of SPNs revealed that pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 also resulted associated with a physiological bidirectional plasticity, when compared to dyskinetic rats treated with L-DOPA alone. This study uncovers the important role of mTORC1 inhibition to prevent the loss of striatal bidirectional plasticity under chronic L-DOPA treatment in rodent models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calabrese
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gioia Marino
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Natale
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mancini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Università Telematica San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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Li W, Gao H, Li W. Effects of Combined Bushen Zhichan Recipe and Levodopa in a Rodent Model of Parkinson Disease: Potential Mechanisms. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e922345. [PMID: 32555131 PMCID: PMC7325557 DOI: 10.12659/msm.922345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson disease is characterized by the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra, and under pathological conditions, glutamate can produce excitotoxic effects on nerve cells. The astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 1 can be functionally upregulated and targeted to functional compartments, resulting in reduced excitotoxicity. levodopa is the gold standard for the treatment of Parkinson disease, but prolonged levodopa treatment often leads to the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Numerous studies suggest the potential beneficial effects of traditional Chinese medicine on Parkinson disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS We validated the efficacy of a Bushen Zhichan recipe combined with levodopa in a rodent Parkinson disease model and explored its possible mechanisms. RESULTS Rats in the combined levodopa and Bushen Zhichan recipe group performed significantly better than the control group in the open field and forelimb function experiments. The number of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in rats in the levodopa and Bushen Zhichan recipe group was greater compared to controls. The levodopa and Bushen Zhichan recipe group exhibited decreased glutamate receptors and increased γ-aminobutyric acid receptors in the striatum. At the same time, EAAT1 was increased and EAAT2 was synchronized with the number of glutamate receptors. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that levodopa combined with Bushen Zhichan recipe significantly improves behavior and protects dopaminergic neurons in a rodent Parkinson disease model, and suggest that the mechanism involves the decrease of excitatory amino acid toxicity and the increase in the expression of EAAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Li
- Encephalopathy Department, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Han Gao
- Encephalopathy Department, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Wentao Li
- Encephalopathy Department, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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The role of glutamate receptors and their interactions with dopamine and other neurotransmitters in the development of tardive dyskinesia: preclinical and clinical results. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 31:511-523. [PMID: 32459694 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia is a serious, disabling, movement disorder associated with the ongoing use of antipsychotic medication. Current evidence regarding the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia is mainly based on preclinical animal models and is still not completely understood. The leading preclinical hypothesis of tardive dyskinesia development includes dopaminergic imbalance in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia, cholinergic deficiency, serotonin receptor disturbances, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and changes in synaptic plasticity. Although, the role of the glutamatergic system has been confirmed in preclinical tardive dyskinesia models it seems to have been neglected in recent reviews. This review focuses on the role and interactions of glutamate receptors with dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin in the neuropathology of tardive dyskinesia development. Moreover, preclinical and clinical results of the differentiated effectiveness of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are discussed with a special focus on antagonists that bind with the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors. This review also presents new combinations of drugs that are worth considering in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
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Pisanò CA, Brugnoli A, Novello S, Caccia C, Keywood C, Melloni E, Vailati S, Padoani G, Morari M. Safinamide inhibits in vivo glutamate release in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 167:108006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Sid-Otmane L, Hamadjida A, Nuara SG, Bédard D, Gaudette F, Gourdon JC, Michaud V, Beaudry F, Panisset M, Huot P. Selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 positive allosteric modulation alleviates L-DOPA-induced psychosis-like behaviours and dyskinesia in the MPTP-lesioned marmoset. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 873:172957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Schintu N, Zhang X, Stroth N, Mathé AA, Andrén PE, Svenningsson P. Non-dopaminergic Alterations in Depression-Like FSL Rats in Experimental Parkinsonism and L-DOPA Responses. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:304. [PMID: 32265703 PMCID: PMC7099513 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common comorbid condition in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Patients with depression have a two-fold increased risk to develop PD. Further, depression symptoms often precede motor symptoms in PD and are frequent at all stages of the disease. However, the influence of a depressive state on the responses to antiparkinson treatments is largely unknown. In this study, the genetically inbred depression-like flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats and control flinders resistant line (FRL) rats were studied in models of experimental parkinsonism. FSL rats showed a potentiated tremorgenic response to tacrine, a cholinesterase inhibitor used experimentally to induce 6 Hz resting tremor reminiscent of parkinsonian tremor. We also studied rats lesioned with 6-OHDA to induce hemiparkinsonism. No baseline differences in dopaminergic response to acute apomorphine or L-DOPA was found. However, following chronic treatment with L-DOPA, FRL rats developed sensitization of turning and abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs); these effects were counteracted by the anti-dyskinetic 5-HT1A agonist/D2 partial agonist sarizotan. In contrast, FSL rats did not develop sensitization of turning and only minor AIMs in response to L-DOPA treatment. The roles of several non-dopamine systems underlying this discrepancy were studied. Unexpectedly, no differences of opioid neuropeptides or serotonin markers were found between FRL and FSL rats. The marked behavioral difference between the FRL and FSL rats was paralleled with the striatal expression of the established marker, c-fos, but also the GABAergic transporter (vGAT), and a hitherto unknown marker, tamalin, that is known to regulate mGluR5 receptor function and postsynaptic organization. This study demonstrates that behavioral and transcriptional responses of non-dopaminergic systems to experimental parkinsonism and L-DOPA are modified in a genetic rat model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Schintu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nikolas Stroth
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksander A Mathé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per E Andrén
- Medical Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hamadjida A, Sid‐Otmane L, Kwan C, Frouni I, Nafade V, Bédard D, Gagnon D, Wallman M, Rouillard C, Parent A, Parent M, Huot P. The highly selective mGlu
2
receptor positive allosteric modulator LY‐487,379 alleviates
l
‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in the 6‐OHDA‐lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:2412-2422. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adjia Hamadjida
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Lamia Sid‐Otmane
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
| | - Cynthia Kwan
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Imane Frouni
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
| | - Vaidehi Nafade
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dominique Bédard
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
| | - Dave Gagnon
- Centre de Recherche CERVO Quebec City QC Canada
| | | | - Claude Rouillard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec Quebec City QC Canada
| | | | | | - Philippe Huot
- Neurodegenerative Disease Group Montreal Neurological Institute Montreal QC Canada
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University Montreal QC Canada
- Movement Disorder Clinic Division of Neurology Department of Neuroscience McGill University Health Centre Montreal QC Canada
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44
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Modified Glutamatergic Postsynapse in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuroscience 2019; 454:116-139. [PMID: 31887357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a complex subcellular domain important for postsynaptic signaling, function, and plasticity. The PSD is present at excitatory synapses and specialized to allow for precise neuron-to-neuron transmission of information. The PSD is localized immediately underneath the postsynaptic membrane forming a major protein network that regulates postsynaptic signaling and synaptic plasticity. Glutamatergic synaptic dysfunction affecting PSD morphology and signaling events have been described in many neurodegenerative disorders, either sporadic or familial forms. Thus, in this review we describe the main protein players forming the PSD and their activity, as well as relevant modifications in key components of the postsynaptic architecture occurring in Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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45
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Calabresi P, Standaert DG. Dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: Is there a connection? Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104579. [PMID: 31445160 PMCID: PMC6834901 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are both hyperkinetic movement disorders. Dystonia arises most often spontaneously, although it may be seen after stroke, injury, or as a result of genetic causes. LID is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), emerging as a consequence of chronic therapy with levodopa, and may be either dystonic or choreiform. LID and dystonia share important phenomenological properties and mechanisms. Both LID and dystonia are generated by an integrated circuit involving the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum. They also share dysregulation of striatal cholinergic signaling and abnormalities of striatal synaptic plasticity. The long duration nature of both LID and dystonia suggests that there may be underlying epigenetic dysregulation as a proximate cause. While both may improve after interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), neither currently has a satisfactory medical therapy, and many people are disabled by the symptoms of dystonia and LID. Further study of the fundamental mechanisms connecting these two disorders may lead to novel approaches to treatment or prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabresi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - David G Standaert
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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46
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Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors, a novel therapeutic approach to alleviate dyskinesia and psychosis in experimental parkinsonism. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Junior NCF, Dos-Santos-Pereira M, Guimarães FS, Del Bel E. Cannabidiol and Cannabinoid Compounds as Potential Strategies for Treating Parkinson's Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:12-29. [PMID: 31637586 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) are motor disorders with significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Unfortunately, pharmacological treatments that improve these disorders without causing severe side effects are not yet available. Delay in initiating L-DOPA is no longer recommended as LID development is a function of disease duration rather than cumulative L-DOPA exposure. Manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a promising therapy to control PD and LID symptoms. In this way, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids, such as cannabidiol (CBD), the principal non-psychotomimetic constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, have received considerable attention in the last decade. In this review, we present clinical and preclinical evidence suggesting CBD and other cannabinoids have therapeutic effects in PD and LID. Here, we discuss CBD pharmacology, as well as its neuroprotective effects and those of other cannabinoids. Finally, we discuss the modulation of several pro- or anti-inflammatory factors as possible mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic/neuroprotective potential of Cannabis-derived/cannabinoid synthetic compounds in motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson Carlos Ferreira Junior
- Department of Pharmacology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 13400, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Dos-Santos-Pereira
- USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silveira Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 13400, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Department of Pharmacology, FMRP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 13400, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil. .,USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Basic and Oral Biology, FORP, Campus USP, University of São Paulo, Av. Café, s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
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Wang XG, Zhu DD, Li N, Huang YL, Wang YZ, Zhang T, Wang CM, Wang B, Peng Y, Ge BY, Li S, Zhao J. Scorpion Venom Heat-Resistant Peptide is Neuroprotective against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Association with the NMDA-MAPK Pathway. Neurosci Bull 2019; 36:243-253. [PMID: 31502213 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom. Our previous studies have shown that SVHRP is neuroprotective in models of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The present study aimed to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of SVHRP on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, using a mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) and a cellular model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Our results showed that SVHRP treatment decreased the neurological deficit scores, edema formation, infarct volume and neuronal loss in the MCAO/R mice, and protected primary neurons against OGD/R insult. SVHRP pretreatment suppressed the alterations in protein levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and phosphorylated p38 MAPK as well as some proinflammatory factors in both the animal and cellular models. These results suggest that SVHRP has neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury, which might be associated with inhibition of the NMDA-MAPK-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Gang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.,The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Na Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China
| | - Yue-Lin Huang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ying-Zi Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.,The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Chen-Mei Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Yan Peng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Bi-Ying Ge
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Shao Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China. .,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China. .,National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116000, China.
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The levels of the NMDA receptor co-agonist D-serine are reduced in the substantia nigra of MPTP-lesioned macaques and in the cerebrospinal fluid of Parkinson's disease patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8898. [PMID: 31222058 PMCID: PMC6586824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated transmission is supposed to contribute to the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), and to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Besides the main agonist L-glutamate, two other amino acids in the atypical D-configuration, D-serine and D-aspartate, activate NMDARs. In the present work, we investigated the effect of dopamine depletion on D-amino acids metabolism in the brain of MPTP-lesioned Macaca mulatta, and in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of PD patients. We found that MPTP treatment increases D-aspartate and D-serine in the monkey putamen while L-DOPA rescues both D-amino acids levels. Conversely, dopaminergic denervation is associated with selective D-serine reduction in the substantia nigra. Such decrease suggests that the beneficial effect of D-serine adjuvant therapy previously reported in PD patients may derive from the normalization of endogenous D-serine levels and consequent improvement of nigrostriatal hypoglutamatergic transmission at glycine binding site. We also found reduced D-serine concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of L-DOPA-free PD patients. These results further confirm the existence of deep interaction between dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in PD and disclose a possible direct influence of D-amino acids variations in the changes of NMDAR transmission occurring under dopamine denervation and L-DOPA therapy.
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Mercatelli D, Bolognesi P, Frassineti M, Pisanò CA, Longo F, Shimshek DR, Morari M. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors differentially modulate glutamate release and Serine935 LRRK2 phosphorylation in striatal and cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00484. [PMID: 31149340 PMCID: PMC6536420 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been pathogenically linked to Parkinson's disease, and pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 is being pursued to tackle nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors may have manifold actions, affecting not only pathological mechanisms in dopaminergic neurons but also physiological functions in nondopaminergic neurons. Therefore, we investigated whether LRRK2 kinase inhibitors differentially modulate dopamine and glutamate release from the mouse striatum and cerebral cortex. Spontaneous and KCl-evoked [3H]-dopamine and glutamate release from superfused synaptosomes obtained from wild-type and LRRK2 knock-out, kinase-dead or G2019S knock-in mice was measured. Two structurally unrelated inhibitors, LRRK2-IN-1 and GSK2578215A, were tested. LRRK2, phosphoSerine1292 and phosphoSerine935 LRRK2 levels were measured in all genotypes, and target engagement was evaluated by monitoring phosphoSerine935 LRRK2. LRRK2-IN-1 inhibited striatal glutamate but not dopamine release; GSK2578215A inhibited striatal dopamine and cortical glutamate but enhanced striatal glutamate release. LRRK2-IN-1 reduced striatal and cortical phosphoSerine935 levels whereas GSK2578215A inhibited only the former. Neither LRRK2 inhibitor affected neurotransmitter release in LRRK2 knock-out and kinase-dead mice; however, they facilitated dopamine without affecting striatal glutamate in G2019S knock-in mice. GSK2578215A inhibited cortical glutamate release in G2019S knock-in mice. We conclude that LRRK2-IN-1 and GSK2578215A modulate exocytosis by blocking LRRK2 kinase activity, although their effects vary depending on the nerve terminal examined. The G2019S mutation unravels a dopamine-promoting action of LRRK2 inhibitors while blunting their effects on glutamate release, which highlights their positive potential for the treatment of PD, especially of LRRK2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Paolo Bolognesi
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Martina Frassineti
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Clarissa A. Pisanò
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
| | - Francesco Longo
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Present address:
Center for Neural ScienceNew York University4 Washington PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Derya R. Shimshek
- Department of NeuroscienceNovartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchNovartis Pharma AGBaselSwitzerland
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical SciencesSection of PharmacologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Neuroscience Center and National Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
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