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Costa RG, Conceição A, Matos CA, Nóbrega C. The polyglutamine protein ATXN2: from its molecular functions to its involvement in disease. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:415. [PMID: 38877004 PMCID: PMC11178924 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
A CAG repeat sequence in the ATXN2 gene encodes a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within the ataxin-2 (ATXN2) protein, showcasing a complex landscape of functions that have been progressively unveiled over recent decades. Despite significant progresses in the field, a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms governed by ATXN2 remains elusive. This multifaceted protein emerges as a key player in RNA metabolism, stress granules dynamics, endocytosis, calcium signaling, and the regulation of the circadian rhythm. The CAG overexpansion within the ATXN2 gene produces a protein with an extended poly(Q) tract, inducing consequential alterations in conformational dynamics which confer a toxic gain and/or partial loss of function. Although overexpanded ATXN2 is predominantly linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), intermediate expansions are also implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism. While the molecular intricacies await full elucidation, SCA2 presents ATXN2-associated pathological features, encompassing autophagy impairment, RNA-mediated toxicity, heightened oxidative stress, and disruption of calcium homeostasis. Presently, SCA2 remains incurable, with patients reliant on symptomatic and supportive treatments. In the pursuit of therapeutic solutions, various studies have explored avenues ranging from pharmacological drugs to advanced therapies, including cell or gene-based approaches. These endeavours aim to address the root causes or counteract distinct pathological features of SCA2. This review is intended to provide an updated compendium of ATXN2 functions, delineate the associated pathological mechanisms, and present current perspectives on the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Costa
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro, Portugal.
- PhD program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Faro, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Faro, Portugal.
| | - André Conceição
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro, Portugal
- PhD program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Faro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Champalimaud Research Program, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos A Matos
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Faro, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), Faro, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina e Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Faro, Portugal.
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Berthouzoz E, Lazarevic V, Zekeridou A, Castro M, Debove I, Aybek S, Schrenzel J, Burkhard PR, Fleury V. Oral and intestinal dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:937-946. [PMID: 36934020 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The suspicion of an origin of Parkinson's disease (PD) at the periphery of the body and the involvement of environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of PD have directed the attention of the scientific community towards the microbiota. The microbiota represents all the microorganisms residing both in and on a host. It plays an essential role in the physiological functioning of the host. In this article, we review the dysbiosis repeatedly demonstrated in PD and how it influences PD symptoms. Dysbiosis is associated with both motor and non-motor PD symptoms. In animal models, dysbiosis only promotes symptoms in individuals genetically susceptible to Parkinson's disease, suggesting that dysbiosis is a risk factor but not a cause of Parkinson's disease. We also review how dysbiosis contributes to the pathophysiology of PD. Dysbiosis induces numerous and complex metabolic changes, resulting in increased intestinal permeability, local and systemic inflammation, production of bacterial amyloid proteins that promote α-synuclein aggregation, as well as a decrease in short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria that have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential. In addition, we review how dysbiosis decreases the efficacy of dopaminergic treatments. We then discuss the interest of dysbiosis analysis as a biomarker of Parkinson's disease. Finally, we give an overview of how interventions modulating the gut microbiota such as dietary interventions, pro-biotics, intestinal decontamination and fecal microbiota transplantation could influence the course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Berthouzoz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - V Lazarevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - A Zekeridou
- Division of Regenerative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - M Castro
- Movement disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - I Debove
- Movement disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Aybek
- Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Schrenzel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - P R Burkhard
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Movement disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - V Fleury
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Movement disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Liu Z, Lemus J, Smirnova IV, Liu W. Rehabilitation for non-motor symptoms for patients with Parkinson's disease from an α-synuclein perspective: a narrative review. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2023; 3:235-257. [PMID: 37920444 PMCID: PMC10621781 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2023.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder affecting aged population around the world. PD is characterized by neuronal Lewy bodies present in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and the loss of dopaminergic neurons with various motor and non-motor symptoms associated with the disease. The protein α-synuclein has been extensively studied for its contribution to PD pathology, as α-synuclein aggregates form the major component of Lewy bodies, a hallmark of PD. In this narrative review, the authors first focus on a brief explanation of α-synuclein aggregation and circumstances under which aggregation can occur, then present a hypothesis for PD pathogenesis in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and how PD can spread to the central nervous system from the PNS via the transport of α-synuclein aggregates. This article presents arguments both for and against this hypothesis. It also presents various non-pharmacological rehabilitation approaches and management techniques for both motor and non-motor symptoms of PD and the related pathology. This review seeks to examine a possible hypothesis of PD pathogenesis and points to a new research direction focus on rehabilitation therapy for patients with PD. As various non-motor symptoms of PD appear to occur earlier than motor symptoms, more focus on the treatment of non-motor symptoms as well as a better understanding of the biochemical mechanisms behind those non-motor symptoms may lead to better long-term outcomes for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jessica Lemus
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Irina V. Smirnova
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rehabilitation Science, and Athletic Training, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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4
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Martin-Lopez E, Vidyadhara DJ, Liberia T, Meller SJ, Harmon LE, Hsu RM, Spence N, Brennan B, Han K, Yücel B, Chandra SS, Greer CA. α-Synuclein Pathology and Reduced Neurogenesis in the Olfactory System Affect Olfaction in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1051-1071. [PMID: 36596700 PMCID: PMC9908323 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1526-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by multiple symptoms including olfactory dysfunction, whose underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored pathologic changes in the olfactory pathway of transgenic (Tg) mice of both sexes expressing the human A30P mutant α-synuclein (α-syn; α-syn-Tg mice) at 6-7 and 12-14 months of age, representing early and late-stages of motor progression, respectively. α-Syn-Tg mice at late stages exhibited olfactory behavioral deficits, which correlated with severe α-syn pathology in projection neurons (PNs) of the olfactory pathway. In parallel, olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis in α-syn-Tg mice was reduced in the OB granule cells at six to seven months and OB periglomerular cells at 12-14 months, respectively, both of which could contribute to olfactory dysfunction. Proteomic analyses showed a disruption in endocytic and exocytic pathways in the OB during the early stages which appeared exacerbated at the synaptic terminals when the mice developed olfactory deficits at 12-14 months. Our data suggest that (1) the α-syn-Tg mice recapitulate the olfactory functional deficits seen in PD; (2) olfactory structures exhibit spatiotemporal disparities for vulnerability to α-syn pathology; (3) α-syn pathology is restricted to projection neurons in the olfactory pathway; (4) neurogenesis in adult α-syn-Tg mice is reduced in the OB; and (5) synaptic endocytosis and exocytosis defects in the OB may further explain olfactory deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Olfactory dysfunction is a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Using the human A30P mutant α-synuclein (α-syn)-expressing mouse model, we demonstrated the appearance of olfactory deficits at late stages of the disease, which was accompanied by the accumulation of α-syn pathology in projection neurons (PNs) of the olfactory system. This dysfunction included a reduction in olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis as well as changes in synaptic vesicular transport affecting synaptic function, both of which are likely contributing to olfactory behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martin-Lopez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Teresa Liberia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Sarah J Meller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Leah E Harmon
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Ryan M Hsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Natalie Spence
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Bowen Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Kimberly Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Betül Yücel
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Sreeganga S Chandra
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Charles A Greer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Fridolf S, Pham QD, Pallbo J, Bernfur K, Linse S, Topgaard D, Sparr E. Ganglioside GM3 stimulates lipid-protein co-assembly in α-synuclein amyloid formation. Biophys Chem 2023; 293:106934. [PMID: 36493587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the aggregation of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (αSyn), and its co-assembly with lipids and other cellular matter in the brain. Here we investigated lipid-protein co-assembly in a system composed of αSyn and model membranes containing the glycolipid ganglioside GM3. We quantified the uptake of lipids into the co-assembled aggregates and investigated how lipid molecular dynamics is altered by being present in the co-assemblies using solution 1H- and solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Aggregate morphology was studied using cryo-TEM. The overall lipid uptake in the co-assembled aggregates was found to increase with the molar ratio of GM3 in the vesicles. The lipids present in the co-assembled aggregates have reduced acyl chain and headgroup dynamics compared to the protein-free bilayer system. These findings may improve our understanding of how different types of lipids can influence the composition of αSyn aggregates, which may have consequences for amyloid formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fridolf
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Quoc Dat Pham
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jon Pallbo
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Katja Bernfur
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Conformational change of α-synuclein fibrils in cerebrospinal fluid from different clinical phases of Parkinson's disease. Structure 2023; 31:78-87.e5. [PMID: 36513068 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) has been shown to form various conformational fibrils associated with different synucleinopathies. But whether the conformation of α-syn fibrils changes during disease progression is unclear. Here, we amplified α-syn aggregates from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) staged in preclinical PD (pre-PD), middle- to late-stage PD (mid-PD), and late-stage PD (late-PD). Our results show that α-syn fibrils derived from the late-PD patient are most potent in inducing endogenous α-syn aggregation in primary neurons, followed by the mid-PD and pre-PD fibrils. By using cryo-electron microscopy, we further determined the high-resolution structures of the CSF-amplified fibrils. The structures exhibit remarkable differences in a minor but significant population of conformational species in different staged samples. Our work demonstrates structural and pathological differences between α-syn fibrils derived from PD patients at a spectrum of clinical stages, which suggests potential conformational transition of α-syn fibrils during the progression of PD.
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7
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Yan M, Xiong M, Dai L, Zhang X, Zha Y, Deng X, Yu Z, Zhang Z. Cofilin 1 promotes the pathogenicity and transmission of pathological α-synuclein in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:1. [PMID: 35013321 PMCID: PMC8748615 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00272-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) with aggregated α-synuclein being the major component. The abnormal α-synuclein aggregates transfer between cells, recruit endogenous α-synuclein into toxic LBs, and finally trigger neuronal injury. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the aggregation and transmission of pathological α-synuclein remain unknown. Previously we found that cofilin 1, a member of the actin-binding protein, promotes the aggregation and pathogenicity of α-synuclein in vitro. Here we further investigated the effect of cofilin 1 in mouse models of PD. We found that the mixed fibrils composed of cofilin 1 and α-synuclein are more pathogenic to mice and more prone to propagation than pure α-synuclein fibrils. Overexpression of cofilin 1 enhances the seeding and spreading of α-synuclein aggregates, and induces PD-like behavioral impairments in mice. Together, these results illustrate the important role of cofilin 1 in the pathogenicity and transmission of α-synuclein during the onset and progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurology, Hubei NO. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yunhong Zha
- The People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, the First People's Hospital of Yichang, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Xiaorong Deng
- Department of Neurology, Hubei NO. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhui Yu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Chang W, Xiao D, Fang X, Wang J. Phospholipids in small extracellular vesicles: emerging regulators of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Cytotherapy 2021; 24:93-100. [PMID: 34742629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are generated by almost all cell types. They have a bilayer membrane structure that is similar to cell membranes. Thus, the phospholipids contained in sEVs are the main components of cell membranes and function as structural support elements. However, as in-depth research on sEV membrane components is conducted, some phospholipids have been found to participate in cellular biological processes and function as targets for cell-cell communication. Currently, sEVs are being developed as part of drug delivery systems and diagnostic factors for various diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. An understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of sEV phospholipids in cellular processes is essential for their future medical application. In this review, the authors discuss phospholipid components in sEVs of different origins and summarize the roles of phospholipids in sEV biogenesis. The authors further collect the current knowledge on the functional roles of sEV phospholipids in cell-cell communication and bioactivities as signals regulating neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and the possibility of using sEV phospholipids as biomarkers or in drug delivery systems for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of sEV phospholipids is important to help us identify directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Fang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Fleury V, Zekeridou A, Lazarevic V, Gaïa N, Giannopoulou C, Genton L, Cancela J, Girard M, Goldstein R, Bally JF, Mombelli A, Schrenzel J, Burkhard PR. Oral Dysbiosis and Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:619-631. [PMID: 33646178 PMCID: PMC8150470 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oral microbiota has largely escaped attention in Parkinson’s disease (PD), despite its pivotal role in maintaining oral and systemic health. Objective: The aim of our study was to examine the composition of the oral microbiota and the degree of oral inflammation in PD. Methods: Twenty PD patients were compared to 20 healthy controls. Neurological, periodontal and dental examinations were performed as well as dental scaling and gingival crevicular fluid sampling for cytokines measurement (interleukine (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist (RA), interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α). Two months later, oral microbiota was sampled from saliva and subgingival dental plaque. A 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to assess bacterial communities. Results: PD patients were in the early and mid-stage phases of their disease (Hoehn & Yahr 2–2.5). Dental and periodontal parameters did not differ between groups. The levels of IL-1β and IL-1RA were significantly increased in patients compared to controls with a trend for an increased level of TNF-α in patients. Both saliva and subgingival dental plaque microbiota differed between patients and controls. Streptococcus mutans, Kingella oralis, Actinomyces AFQC_s, Veillonella AFUJ_s, Scardovia, Lactobacillaceae, Negativicutes and Firmicutes were more abundant in patients, whereas Treponema KE332528_s, Lachnospiraceae AM420052_s, and phylum SR1 were less abundant. Conclusion: Our findings show that the oral microbiome is altered in early and mid-stage PD. Although PD patients had good dental and periodontal status, local inflammation was already present in the oral cavity. The relationship between oral dysbiosis, inflammation and the pathogenesis of PD requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fleury
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alkisti Zekeridou
- University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir Lazarevic
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Gaïa
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Giannopoulou
- University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Genton
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José Cancela
- University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Girard
- Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Goldstein
- Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien F Bally
- Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mombelli
- University Clinic of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland.,Genomic Research Laboratory, Service of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre R Burkhard
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Zhang Z, Peng L, Fu Y, Wang W, Wang P, Zhou F. Ginnalin A Binds to the Subpockets of Keap1 Kelch Domain To Activate the Nrf2-Regulated Antioxidant Defense System in SH-SY5Y Cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:872-882. [PMID: 33571414 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginnalin A (GA), a polyphenol from the red maple, was reported to be a potential ROS scavenger or an activator of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cancer cells. However, whether GA could activate Nrf2 in neuronal cells and the exact mode of action are unknown. We performed molecular docking calculations, which revealed that GA fits well into the five subpockets of the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1 (Keap1) Kelch domain via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. Our cytotoxicity assays demonstrate that pretreating SH-SY5Y cells with 20 μM GA effectively prevents cells from oxidative assault by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Fluorescence imaging indicates that upon the GA pretreatment, Nrf2 dissociates from the Keap1-Nrf2 complex and translocates into nucleus to activate the cellular antixodant system. Real-time qPCR quantification and Western blotting verified that the GA pretreatment elevates NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) by more than 4.6-fold, heme oxygenase (HO-1) by about 1.2-fold, and the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit by 0.7-fold. The higher antixidant protein levels, along with increased glutathione concentration, decrease intracellular reactive oxygen species and alleviate the 6-OHDA-induced oxidative damage. Silence of Nrf2 abrogates the cytoprotection of the GA pretreatment, confirming that the Keap1/Nrf2-ARE (antioxidant response element) pathway is solely responsible for the GA's biological effects. GA is a promising natural compound for sensitizing neuronal cells' antioxidative defense system to offset oxidative stress, a condition closely linked to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Fu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
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Gaspar R, Idini I, Carlström G, Linse S, Sparr E. Transient Lipid-Protein Structures and Selective Ganglioside Uptake During α-Synuclein-Lipid Co-aggregation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:622764. [PMID: 33681202 PMCID: PMC7930334 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.622764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a membrane-interacting protein involved in Parkinson's disease. Here we have investigated the co-association of α-synuclein and lipids from ganglioside-containing model membranes. Our study relies on the reported importance of ganglioside lipids, which are found in high amounts in neurons and exosomes, on cell-to-cell prion-like transmission of misfolded α-synuclein. Samples taken along various stages of the aggregation process were imaged using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and the composition of samples corresponding to the final state analyzed using NMR spectroscopy. The combined data shows that α-synuclein co-assembles with lipids from the ganglioside (GM1)-containing model membranes. The lipid-protein samples observed during the aggregation process contain non-vesicular objects not present at the final stage, thus capturing the co-existence of species under non-equilibrium conditions. A range of different lipid-protein co-assemblies are observed during the time course of the reaction and some of these appear to be transient assemblies that evolve into other co-aggregates over time. At the end of the aggregation reaction, the samples become more homogeneous, showing thin fibrillar structures heavily decorated with small vesicles. From the NMR analysis, we conclude that the ratio of GM1 to phosphatidyl choline (PC) in the supernatant of the co-aggregated samples is significantly reduced compared to the GM1/PC ratio of the lipid dispersion from which these samples were derived. Taken together, this indicates a selective uptake of GM1 into the fibrillar aggregates and removal of GM1-rich objects from the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gaspar
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilaria Idini
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Carlström
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Ubeda-Bañon I, Saiz-Sanchez D, Flores-Cuadrado A, Rioja-Corroto E, Gonzalez-Rodriguez M, Villar-Conde S, Astillero-Lopez V, Cabello-de la Rosa JP, Gallardo-Alcañiz MJ, Vaamonde-Gamo J, Relea-Calatayud F, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Mohedano-Moriano A, Rabano A, Martinez-Marcos A. The human olfactory system in two proteinopathies: Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:22. [PMID: 32493457 PMCID: PMC7271529 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. Their etiologies are idiopathic, and treatments are symptomatic and orientated towards cognitive or motor deficits. Neuropathologically, both are proteinopathies with pathological aggregates (plaques of amyloid-β peptide and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy bodies mostly composed of α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease). These deposits appear in the nervous system in a predictable and accumulative sequence with six neuropathological stages. Both disorders present a long prodromal period, characterized by preclinical signs including hyposmia. Interestingly, the olfactory system, particularly the anterior olfactory nucleus, is initially and preferentially affected by the pathology. Cerebral atrophy revealed by magnetic resonance imaging must be complemented by histological analyses to ascertain whether neuronal and/or glial loss or neuropil remodeling are responsible for volumetric changes. It has been proposed that these proteinopathies could act in a prion-like manner in which a misfolded protein would be able to force native proteins into pathogenic folding (seeding), which then propagates through neurons and glia (spreading). Existing data have been examined to establish why some neuronal populations are vulnerable while others are resistant to pathology and to what extent glia prevent and/or facilitate proteinopathy spreading. Connectomic approaches reveal a number of hubs in the olfactory system (anterior olfactory nucleus, olfactory entorhinal cortex and cortical amygdala) that are key interconnectors with the main hubs (the entorhinal-hippocampal-cortical and amygdala-dorsal motor vagal nucleus) of network dysfunction in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ubeda-Bañon
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Daniel Saiz-Sanchez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alicia Flores-Cuadrado
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ernesto Rioja-Corroto
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Melania Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sandra Villar-Conde
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Veronica Astillero-Lopez
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Julia Vaamonde-Gamo
- Neurology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Lucia Gonzalez-Lopez
- Pathology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Rabano
- Neuropathology Department and Tissue Bank, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alino Martinez-Marcos
- Neuroplasticity and Neurodegeneration Laboratory, Ciudad Real Medical School, CRIB, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
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13
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McAllister BB, Lacoursiere SG, Sutherland RJ, Mohajerani MH. Intracerebral seeding of amyloid-β and tau pathology in mice: Factors underlying prion-like spreading and comparisons with α-synuclein. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:1-27. [PMID: 31996301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized neuropathologically by progressive neurodegeneration and by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These plaques and tangles are composed, respectively, of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau proteins. While long recognized as hallmarks of AD, it remains unclear what causes the formation of these insoluble deposits. One theory holds that prion-like templated misfolding of Aβ and tau induces these proteins to form pathological aggregates, and propagation of this misfolding causes the stereotyped progression of pathology commonly seen in AD. Supporting this theory, numerous studies have been conducted in which aggregated Aβ, tau, or α-synuclein is injected intracerebrally into pathology-free host animals, resulting in robust formation of pathology. Here, we review this literature, focusing on in vivo intracerebral seeding of Aβ and tau in mice. We compare the results of these experiments to what is known about the seeding and spread of α-synuclein pathology, and we discuss how this research informs our understanding of the factors underlying the onset, progression, and outcomes of proteinaceous pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B McAllister
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Sean G Lacoursiere
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Robert J Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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14
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Bernal-Conde LD, Ramos-Acevedo R, Reyes-Hernández MA, Balbuena-Olvera AJ, Morales-Moreno ID, Argüero-Sánchez R, Schüle B, Guerra-Crespo M. Alpha-Synuclein Physiology and Pathology: A Perspective on Cellular Structures and Organelles. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1399. [PMID: 32038126 PMCID: PMC6989544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is localized in cellular organelles of most neurons, but many of its physiological functions are only partially understood. α-syn accumulation is associated with Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy as well as other synucleinopathies; however, the exact pathomechanisms that underlie these neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. In this review, we describe what is known about α-syn function and pathophysiological changes in different cellular structures and organelles, including what is known about its behavior as a prion-like protein. We summarize current knowledge of α-syn and its pathological forms, covering its effect on each organelle, including aggregation and toxicity in different model systems, with special interest on the mitochondria due to its relevance during the apoptotic process of dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, we explore the effect that α-syn exerts by interacting with chromatin remodeling proteins that add or remove histone marks, up-regulate its own expression, and resume the impairment that α-syn induces in vesicular traffic by interacting with the endoplasmic reticulum. We then recapitulate the events that lead to Golgi apparatus fragmentation, caused by the presence of α-syn. Finally, we report the recent findings about the accumulation of α-syn, indirectly produced by the endolysosomal system. In conclusion, many important steps into the understanding of α-syn have been made using in vivo and in vitro models; however, the time is right to start integrating observational studies with mechanistic models of α-syn interactions, in order to look at a more complete picture of the pathophysiological processes underlying α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis D. Bernal-Conde
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Ramos-Acevedo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario A. Reyes-Hernández
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea J. Balbuena-Olvera
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ishbelt D. Morales-Moreno
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubén Argüero-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Cirugía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Meng L, Yuan X, Cao X, Zhang Z. The gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2096595820902566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Its pathological markers include Lewy bodies and Lewy neuritis, which primarily affect the substantia nigra. However, in recent years, mounting evidence suggests that PD is a multifocal neurodegenerative process that influences several neuronal structures aside from the substantia nigra, one of which is the enteric nervous system. Many clinical studies have reported that patients with PD experience gastrointestinal dysfunction for many years before the onset of motor symptoms. Emerging evidence indicates that α-synuclein deposition may start in the enteric nervous system and then propagate to the central nervous system. The gut-brain axis plays an important role in PD pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that these interactions may be primarily affected by the intestinal microbiota. In this review, the authors discuss recent research, and illustrate how changes in the composition of the gut microbiota may trigger inflammation, thus contributing to neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xuebing Cao
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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16
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Di Santo S, Seiler S, Ducray AD, Widmer HR. Conditioned medium from Endothelial Progenitor Cells promotes number of dopaminergic neurons and exerts neuroprotection in cultured ventral mesencephalic neuronal progenitor cells. Brain Res 2019; 1720:146330. [PMID: 31299185 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem and progenitor cells offers a promising tool for brain repair in the context of neuropathological disorders including Parkinson's disease. There is growing proof that the capacity of adult stem and progenitor cells for tissue regeneration relies rather on the release of paracrine factors than on their cell replacement properties. In line with this notion, we have previously reported that conditioned medium (CM) collected from cultured Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) stimulated survival of striatal neurons. In the present study we investigated whether EPC-CM promotes survival of cultured midbrain progenitor cells. For that purpose primary cultures from fetal rat embryonic ventral mesencephalon (VM) were prepared and grown for 7 days in vitro (DIV). EPC-CM was administered from DIV5-7. First, we found that EPC-CM treatment resulted in significantly increased cell densities of TH-ir neurons. Interestingly, this effect was no longer seen after proteolytic digestion of the EPC-CM. EPC-CM also significantly increased densities of beta-III-tubulin positive neurons and lba-1-ir microglial cells. The effect on dopaminergic neurons was not due to higher cell proliferation as no incorporation of EdU was observed in TH-ir cells. Importantly, EPC-CM exerted neuroprotection against MPP+ induced toxicity as in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. Taken together, our findings identified EPC-CM as a powerful tool to promote survival of cultured VM neurons and further support the importance of paracrine factors in the actions of stem and progenitor cells for brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Di Santo
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefanie Seiler
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angélique D Ducray
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Rudolf Widmer
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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17
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Ma J, Gao J, Wang J, Xie A. Prion-Like Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:552. [PMID: 31275093 PMCID: PMC6591488 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key hallmark of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases share key biophysical and biochemical characteristics with prion diseases. It is believed that PD is characterized by abnormal protein aggregation, mainly that of α-synuclein (α-syn). Of particular importance, there is growing evidence indicating that abnormal α-syn can spread to neighboring brain regions and cause aggregation of endogenous α-syn in these regions as seeds, in a “prion-like” manner. Abundant studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that α-syn goes through a templated conformational change, propagates from the original region to neighboring regions, and eventually cause neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra and striatum. The objective of this review is to summarize the mechanisms involved in the aggregation of abnormal intracellular α-syn and its subsequent cell-to-cell transmission. According to these findings, we look forward to effective therapeutic perspectives that can block the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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18
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Meng L, Yuan X, Cao X, Zhang Z. The gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. BRAIN SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019. [DOI: 10.26599/bsa.2019.9050009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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19
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Gaspar R, Pallbo J, Weininger U, Linse S, Sparr E. Reprint of “Ganglioside lipids accelerate α-synuclein amyloid formation”. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:508-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Flores-Cuadrado A, Saiz-Sanchez D, Mohedano-Moriano A, Martinez-Marcos A, Ubeda-Bañon I. Neurodegeneration and contralateral α-synuclein induction after intracerebral α-synuclein injections in the anterior olfactory nucleus of a Parkinson's disease A53T mouse model. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:56. [PMID: 30987677 PMCID: PMC6463651 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is characterized by a proteinopathy that includes aggregates of α-synuclein. A recent hypothesis proposes a prion-like spreading mechanism for this α-synucleinopathy. Early neuropathological deposits occur, among others, in the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON). This study investigates the anterograde and/or retrograde transmissibility of exogenous α-synuclein inoculated in the right AON of the A53T model of Parkinson’s disease and wild-type mice as well as neuronal and glial involvement. Seven experimental groups were established: wild-type injected with tracers; A53T mice injected with either α-synuclein or saline 2 months beforehand; wild-type injected with either α-synuclein or saline 2 months beforehand; and wild-type injected with either α-synuclein or saline 4 months beforehand. Weight and behavioral changes were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry against α-synuclein, NeuN, Iba-1 and GFAP was performed. Volume and marker distributions in the olfactory bulb (OB), AON and piriform cortex were analyzed using unbiased stereology. The behavioral analyses reveal higher levels of hyperactivity in transgenic as compared to wild-type mice. Tract-tracing experiments show that the main contralateral afferent projections to the dorsal AON come from the AON and secondarily from the OB. In saline-injected transgenic animals, α-synuclein expression in the OB and the AON is higher in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere, which could be due to basal interhemispheric differences. α-synuclein injection could provoke a significant increase in the left hemisphere of the transgenic mice’s OB, compared to saline-injected animals. Neuronal loss was observed in saline-injected transgenic mice relative to the saline-injected wild-type group. There were no overall differences in neuron number following injection of α-synuclein into either wild-type or transgenic mice, however some neuron loss was apparent in specific regions of α-synuclein injected wild-types. Microglia labeling appeared to be correlated with surgery-induced inflammation. Astroglial labeling was higher in transgenic animals, which could be due to endogenous α-synucleinopathy. This study suggests α-synucleinopathy induction, via retrograde and contralateral projections, within the olfactory system of transgenic animals.
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21
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Widmer HR. Combination of cell transplantation and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-secreting encapsulated cells in Parkinson's disease. Brain Circ 2018; 4:114-117. [PMID: 30450417 PMCID: PMC6187948 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_19_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limitation of cell transplantation for Parkinson's disease (PD) is the mediocre survival of the grafted cells. Facilitating graft survival may improve the functional outcomes of the transplanted cells. Here, we discuss our observations that combination of rat fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) tissue and encapsulated cells that secrete glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) enhanced graft function in an animal model of PD. We described significant 2-fold increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells per graft, as well as 1.7-fold and 9-fold increments in TH-ir fiber outgrowth into the host brain and toward the capsule with combined transplants and GDNF capsules as opposed to the VM transplants and mock-capsule group. These findings demonstrate that encapsulated GDNF-secreting cells improve graft survival that may optimize functional benefits for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Widmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Inselspital, University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Reduced retromer function results in the accumulation of amyloid-beta oligomers. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 93:18-26. [PMID: 30257187 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of multiple cognitive functions. Accumulation of amyloid beta oligomers (oAβ) play a major role in the neurotoxicity associated with the disease process. One of the early affected brain regions is the hippocampus, wherein a reduction of the vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 35 (VPS35), the core protein comprising the retromer complex involved in cellular cargo sorting, has been identified. To investigate the role of the retromer function on the accumulation and clearance of oAβ, we reduced retromer function by selectively inhibiting VPS35 gene expression using siRNA in differentiated neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. As cell-to-cell transfer of oAβ to new brain regions is believed to be important for disease progression we investigated the effect of VPS35 reduction both in cells with direct uptake of oAβ and in cells receiving oAβ from donor cells. We demonstrate that reduced retromer function increases oAβ accumulation in both cell systems, both the number of cells containing intracellular oAβ and the amount within them. This effect was shown at different time points and regardless if the oAβ originated from the extracellular milieu or via a direct neuronal cell-to-cell transfer. Interestingly, not only did reduced VPS35 cause oAβ accumulation, but oAβ treatment alone also lead to a reduction of VPS35 protein content. The accumulated oAβ seems to co-localize with VPS35 and early endosome markers. Together, these findings provide evidence that reduced retromer function decreases the ability for neurons to transport and clear neurotoxic oAβ received through different routes resulting in the accumulation of oAβ. Thus, enhancing retromer function may be a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down the pathophysiology associated with the progression of AD.
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Gaspar R, Pallbo J, Weininger U, Linse S, Sparr E. Ganglioside lipids accelerate α-synuclein amyloid formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:S1570-9639(18)30116-X. [PMID: 30077783 PMCID: PMC6121081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of α-synuclein fibrils is one hallmark of Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigate how ganglioside lipids, present in high amounts in neurons and exosomes, influence the aggregation kinetics of α-synuclein. Gangliosides, as well as, other anionic lipid species with small or large headgroups were found to induce conformational changes of α-synuclein monomers and catalyse their aggregation at mildly acidic conditions. Although the extent of this catalytic effect was slightly higher for gangliosides, the results imply that charge interactions are more important than headgroup chemistry in triggering aggregation. In support of this idea, uncharged lipids with large headgroups were not found to induce any conformational change and only weakly catalyse aggregation. Intriguingly, aggregation was also triggered by free ganglioside headgroups, while these caused no conformational change of α-synuclein monomers. Our data reveal that partially folded α-synuclein helical intermediates are not required species in triggering of α-synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gaspar
- Departments of Physical-Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden; Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jon Pallbo
- Departments of Physical-Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Weininger
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Emma Sparr
- Departments of Physical-Chemistry, Lund University, Sweden.
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Perez-Bouza A, Di Santo S, Seiler S, Meyer M, Andereggen L, Huber A, Guzman R, Widmer HR. Simultaneous Transplantation of Fetal Ventral Mesencephalic Tissue and Encapsulated Genetically Modified Cells Releasing GDNF in a Hemi-Parkinsonian Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1572-1581. [PMID: 29113462 PMCID: PMC5680950 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717721202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of fetal ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons for Parkinson’s disease (PD) is limited by poor survival and suboptimal integration of grafted tissue into the host brain. In a 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of PD, we investigated the feasibility of simultaneous transplantation of rat fetal VM tissue and polymer-encapsulated C2C12 myoblasts genetically modified to produce glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or mock-transfected myoblasts on graft function. Amphetamine-induced rotations were assessed prior to transplantation and 2, 4, 6 and 9 wk posttransplantation. We found that rats grafted with VM transplants and GDNF capsules showed a significant functional recovery 4 wk after implantation. In contrast, rats from the VM transplant and mock-capsule group did not improve at any time point analyzed. Moreover, we detected a significantly higher number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells per graft (2-fold), a tendency for a larger graft volume and an overall higher TH-ir fiber outgrowth into the host brain (1.7-fold) in the group with VM transplants and GDNF capsules as compared to the VM transplant and mock-capsule group. Most prominent was the TH-ir fiber outgrowth toward the capsule (9-fold). Grafting of GDNF-pretreated VM transplants in combination with the implantation of GDNF capsules resulted in a tendency for a higher TH-ir fiber outgrowth into the host brain (1.7-fold) as compared to the group transplanted with untreated VM transplants and GDNF capsules. No differences between groups were observed for the number of surviving TH-ir neurons or graft volume. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that simultaneous transplantation of fetal VM tissue and encapsulated GDNF-releasing cells is feasible and support the graft survival and function. Pretreatment of donor tissue with GDNF may offer a way to further improve cell transplantation approaches for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perez-Bouza
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Di Santo
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Seiler
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Morten Meyer
- 2 Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lukas Andereggen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Huber
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guzman
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,3 Present address: Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans R Widmer
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Neurocenter and Regenerative Neuroscience Cluster, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tong H, Zhang X, Meng X, Lu L, Mai D, Qu S. Simvastatin Inhibits Activation of NADPH Oxidase/p38 MAPK Pathway and Enhances Expression of Antioxidant Protein in Parkinson Disease Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:165. [PMID: 29872377 PMCID: PMC5972184 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). Simvastatin has been suggested to protect against oxidative stress in several diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which simvastatin protects against neuropathology and oxidative damage in PD are poorly elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of simvastatin owing to its anti-oxidative properties in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and mice. The results of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence and CCK-8 assay demonstrated that simvastatin reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and reversed apoptosis in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that 6-OHDA-induced activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was inhibited and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) nuclear transcription decreased in SH-SY5Y cells after simvastatin treatment. Enhanced expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) were observed after simvastatin treatment in 6-OHDA-treated SH-SY5Y cells. In vivo studies revealed that administration of simvastatin by gavage decreased limb-use asymmetry and apomorphine-induced rotations in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. Simvastatin increased dopaminergic neurons and reduced protein tyrosine nitration and gliosis in the midbrain of PD mice. An inhibitory effect on activation of the NADPH oxidase/p38 MAPK was observed, and increased antioxidant protein expression in the midbrain were seen in the simvastatin plus 6-OHDA group compared with the 6-OHDA-lesioned group. Taken together, these results demonstrate that simvastatin might inhibit the activation of NADPH oxidase/p38 MAPK pathway, enhance antioxidant protein expression and protect against oxidative stress, thereby providing a novel antioxidant mechanism that has therapeutic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Tong
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Teaching Center of Experimental Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingjun Meng
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Lingli Lu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Dongmei Mai
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
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Fardell C, Zettergren A, Ran C, Carmine Belin A, Ekman A, Sydow O, Bäckman L, Holmberg B, Dizdar N, Söderkvist P, Nissbrandt H. S100B polymorphisms are associated with age of onset of Parkinson's disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018. [PMID: 29529989 PMCID: PMC5848451 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study we investigated the association between SNPs in the S100B gene and Parkinson’s disease (PD) in two independent Swedish cohorts. The SNP rs9722 has previously been shown to be associated with higher S100B concentrations in serum and frontal cortex in humans. S100B is widely expressed in the central nervous system and has many functions such as regulating calcium homeostasis, inflammatory processes, cytoskeleton assembly/disassembly, protein phosphorylation and degradation, and cell proliferation and differentiation. Several of these functions have been suggested to be of importance for the pathophysiology of PD. Methods The SNPs rs9722, rs2239574, rs881827, rs9984765, and rs1051169 of the S100B gene were genotyped using the KASPar® PCR SNP genotyping system in a case-control study of two populations (431 PD patients and 465 controls, 195 PD patients and 378 controls, respectively). The association between the genotype and allelic distributions and PD risk was evaluated using Chi-Square and Cox proportional hazards test, as well as logistic regression. Linear regression and Cox proportional hazards tests were applied to assess the effect of the rs9722 genotypes on age of disease onset. Results The S100B SNPs tested were not associated with the risk of PD. However, in both cohorts, the T allele of rs9722 was significantly more common in early onset PD patients compared to late onset PD patients. The SNP rs9722 was significantly related to age of onset, and each T allele lowered disease onset with 4.9 years. In addition, allelic variants of rs881827, rs9984765, and rs1051169, were significantly more common in early-onset PD compared to late-onset PD in the pooled population. Conclusions rs9722, a functional SNP in the 3’-UTR of the S100B gene, was strongly associated with age of onset of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Fardell
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 431, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 431, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Agneta Ekman
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 431, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Sydow
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Bäckman
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nil Dizdar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Söderkvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 431, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wischik CM, Schelter BO, Wischik DJ, Storey JMD, Harrington CR. Modeling Prion-Like Processing of Tau Protein in Alzheimer's Disease for Pharmaceutical Development. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:1287-1303. [PMID: 29226873 PMCID: PMC5870021 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following our discovery of a fragment from the repeat domain of tau protein as a structural constituent of the PHF-core in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we developed an assay that captured several key features of the aggregation process. Tau-tau binding through the core tau fragment could be blocked by the same diaminophenothiazines found to dissolve proteolytically stable PHFs isolated from AD brain. We found that the PHF-core tau fragment is inherently capable of auto-catalytic self-propagation in vitro, or "prion-like processing", that has now been demonstrated for several neurodegenerative disorders. Here we review the findings that led to the first clinical trials to test tau aggregation inhibitor therapy in AD as a way to block this cascade. Although further trials are still needed, the results to date suggest that a treatment targeting the prion-like processing of tau protein may have a role in both prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude M. Wischik
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Björn O. Schelter
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore
- Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Damon J. Wischik
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John M. D. Storey
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Charles R. Harrington
- TauRx Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Parkinson’s Disease: Contemporary Concepts and Clinical Management. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Masilamoni GJ, Smith Y. Chronic MPTP administration regimen in monkeys: a model of dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cell loss in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:337-363. [PMID: 28861737 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by cardinal motor deficits including bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and postural instability. Over the past decades, it has become clear that PD symptoms extend far beyond motor signs to include cognitive, autonomic and psychiatric impairments, most likely resulting from cortical and subcortical lesions of non-dopaminergic systems. In addition to nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, pathological examination of PD brains, indeed, reveals widespread distribution of intracytoplasmic inclusions (Lewy bodies) and death of non-dopaminergic neurons in the brainstem and thalamus. For that past three decades, the MPTP-treated monkey has been recognized as the gold standard PD model because it displays some of the key behavioral and pathophysiological changes seen in PD patients. However, a common criticism raised by some authors about this model, and other neurotoxin-based models of PD, is the lack of neuronal loss beyond the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. In this review, we argue that this assumption is largely incorrect and solely based on data from monkeys intoxicated with acute administration of MPTP. Work achieved in our laboratory and others strongly suggest that long-term chronic administration of MPTP leads to brain pathology beyond the dopaminergic system that displays close similarities to that seen in PD patients. This review critically examines these data and suggests that the chronically MPTP-treated nonhuman primate model may be suitable to study the pathophysiology and therapeutics of some non-motor features of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh J Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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Braak H, Del Tredici K. Neuropathological Staging of Brain Pathology in Sporadic Parkinson's disease: Separating the Wheat from the Chaff. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2017; 7:S71-S85. [PMID: 28282810 PMCID: PMC5345633 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-179001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A relatively small number of especially susceptible nerve cell types within multiple neurotransmitter systems of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems (CNS, PNS, ENS) become involved in the degenerative process underlying sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD). The six-stage model we proposed for brain pathology related to sPD (Neurobiol Aging 2003) was a retrospective study of incidental and clinically diagnosed cases performed on unconventionally thick tissue sections (100 μm) from a large number of brain regions.The staging model emphasized what we perceived to be a sequential development of increasing degrees of Lewy pathology in anatomically interconnected regions together with the loss of aminergic projection neurons in, but not limited to, the locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. The same weight was assigned to axonal and somatodendritic Lewy pathology, and the olfactory bulb was included for the first time in a sPD staging system. After years of research, it now appears that the earliest lesions could develop at nonnigral (dopamine agonist nonresponsive) sites, where the surrounding environment is potentially hostile: the olfactory bulb and, possibly, the ENS. The current lack of knowledge regarding the development of Lewy pathology within the peripheral autonomic nervous system, however, means that alternative extra-CNS sites of origin cannot be disregarded as possible candidates. The PD staging system not only caused controversy but contributed a framework for (1) assessing pathology in the spinal cord, ENS, and PNS in relationship to that evolving in the brain, (2) defining prodromal disease and cohorts of at-risk individuals, (3) developing potential prognostic biomarkers for very early disease, (4) testing novel hypotheses and experimental models of α-synuclein propagation and disease progression, and (5) finding causally-oriented therapies that intervene before the substantia nigra becomes involved. The identification of new disease mechanisms at the molecular and cellular levels indicates that physical contacts (transsynaptic) and transneuronal transmission between vulnerable nerve cells are somehow crucial to the pathogenesis of sPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Correspondence to: Prof. Heiko Braak, M.D., Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany. Tel.: +49 731 500 63111; Fax: +49 731 500 63133; E-mail:
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Belchior LD, Tomaz BS, Abdon APV, Frota NAF, Mont’Alverne DGB, Gaspar DM. Treadmill in Parkinson’s: influence on gait, balance, BDNF and Reduced Glutathione. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.030.s01.ao09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by nigrostriatal degeneration, with dopaminergic depletion, and inflammatory and oxidative changes in the brain, leading to movement and coordination disorders. Recent studies have shown that treadmill training can be beneficial for these patients, but there is little evidence assessing the related blood parameters, such as oxidative stress and neurotrophin levels. Objective: Assess the influence of treadmill training for patients with Parkinson’s on gait, balance, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and reduced glutathione. Methods: Twenty-two patients with PD (Hoehn and Yahr II and III), older than 40 years, were randomly allocated to two groups: CG (n = 12) - drug treatment and IG (n = 10) - treadmill. Assessments related to functional capacity (quality of life, static and dynamic analysis of gait) and blood parameters such as GSH and BDNF were conducted before and after the eight-week intervention. Results: The demographic data of the groups were homogeneous in terms of age, sex, height, weight, time since disease onset, mini mental examination and the geriatric depression scale. Significant intergroup differences were found for the mental component summary, surface variation, latero-lateral oscillation, antero-posterior oscillation and mean velocity in the post-intervention period. The IG exhibited a strong association between BDNF and GSH, with statistically significant values. Conclusion: It was concluded that controlled treadmill walking improves static balance, quality of life and plasma BDNF and GSH levels in patients with PD.
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Del Tredici K, Braak H. Review: Sporadic Parkinson's disease: development and distribution of α-synuclein pathology. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:33-50. [PMID: 26662475 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of α-synuclein immunoreactive aggregates in selectively vulnerable neuronal types of the human central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems is crucial for the pathogenesis of sporadic Parkinson's disease. The presence of these lesions persists into the end phase of the disease, a process that is not subject to remission. The initial induction of α-synuclein misfolding and subsequent aggregation probably occurs in the olfactory bulb and/or the enteric nervous system. Each of these sites is exposed to potentially hostile environmental factors. Once formed, the aggregates appear to be capable of propagating trans-synaptically from nerve cell to nerve cell in a virtually self-promoting pathological process. A regional distribution pattern of aggregated α-synuclein emerges that entails the involvement of only a few types of susceptible and axonally interconnected projection neurons within the human nervous system. One major route of disease progression may originate in the enteric nervous system and retrogradely reach the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve in the lower brainstem. From there, the disease process proceeds chiefly in a caudo-rostral direction through visceromotor and somatomotor brainstem centres to the midbrain, forebrain, and cerebral cortex. Spinal cord centres may become involved by means of descending projections from involved lower brainstem nuclei as well as by sympathetic projections connecting the enteric nervous system with postganglionic peripheral ganglia and preganglionic nuclei of the spinal cord. The development of experimental cellular and animal models is helping to explain the mechanisms of how abnormal α-synuclein can undergo aggregation and how transmission along axonal connectivities can occur, thereby encouraging the initiation of potential disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for sporadic Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section, Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Rey NL, George S, Brundin P. Review: Spreading the word: precise animal models and validated methods are vital when evaluating prion-like behaviour of alpha-synuclein. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 42:51-76. [PMID: 26666838 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are characterized by abnormal proteinaceous aggregates, mainly composed of fibrillar α-synuclein (α-syn). It is now believed that α-syn can form small aggregates in a restricted number of cells, that propagate to neighbouring cells and seed aggregation of endogenous α-syn, in a 'prion-like manner'. This process could underlie the stereotypical progression of Lewy bodies described by Braak and colleagues across different stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). This prion-like behaviour of α-syn has been recently investigated in animal models of PD or multiple system atrophy (MSA). These models investigate the cell-to-cell transfer of α-syn seeds, or the induction and spreading of α-syn pathology in transgenic or wild-type rodent brain. In this review, we first outline the involvement of α-syn in Lewy body diseases and MSA, and discuss how 'prion-like' mechanisms can contribute to disease. Thereon, we debate the relevance of animal models used to study prion-like propagation. Finally, we review current main histological methods used to assess α-syn pathology both in animal models and in human samples and their relevance to the disease. Specifically, we discuss using α-syn phosphorylated at serine 129 as a marker of pathology, and the novel methods available that allow for more sensitive detection of early pathology, which has relevance for modelling synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Rey
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - S George
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - P Brundin
- Van Andel Research Institute, Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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Prymaczok NC, Riek R, Gerez J. More than a Rumor Spreads in Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:608. [PMID: 27994545 PMCID: PMC5133249 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As Parkinson's disease progresses, a massive loss of dopaminergic neurons is accompanied by accumulation of alpha-Synuclein (αSyn) neuronal inclusions called Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Inclusions first appear in olfactory bulb and enteric neurons then in ascendant neuroanatomical interconnected areas, and finally, in late stages of the disease, Lewy bodies are observed in a substantia nigra pars compacta with clear signs of neuronal loss. It is believed that the spreading of Lewy bodies through the nervous system is a consequence of the cell-to-cell propagation of αSyn, that can occur via sequential steps of secretion and uptake. Certain pathological forms of transmitted αSyn are able to seed endogenous counterparts in healthy recipient cells, thus promoting the self-sustained cycle of inclusion formation, amplification and spreading, that ultimately underlies disease progression. Here we review the cell-to-cell propagation of αSyn focusing on its role in the progression of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia C Prymaczok
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Argentine Research Council (CONICET), National University of La Plata and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA) La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Gerez
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, D-CHAB, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Braak H, Del Tredici K. Potential Pathways of Abnormal Tau and α-Synuclein Dissemination in Sporadic Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:a023630. [PMID: 27580631 PMCID: PMC5088528 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that transneuronal propagation of abnormal protein aggregates in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), is capable of a self-propagating process that leads to a progression of neurodegeneration and accumulation of prion-like particles. The mechanisms by which misfolded tau and α-synuclein possibly spread from one involved nerve cell to the next in the neuronal chain to induce abnormal aggregation are still unknown. Based on findings from studies of human autopsy cases, we review potential pathways and mechanisms related to axonal and transneuronal dissemination of tau (sporadic AD) and α-synuclein (sporadic PD) aggregates between anatomically interconnected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Tyson T, Steiner JA, Brundin P. Sorting out release, uptake and processing of alpha-synuclein during prion-like spread of pathology. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:275-289. [PMID: 26617280 PMCID: PMC4958606 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that is characterized by the formation of intracellular protein inclusion bodies composed primarily of a misfolded and aggregated form of the protein α-synuclein. There is growing evidence that supports the prion-like hypothesis of α-synuclein progression. This hypothesis postulates that α-synuclein is a prion-like pathological agent and is responsible for the progression of Parkinson pathology in the brain. Potential misfolding or aggregation of α-synuclein that might occur in the peripheral nervous system as a result of some insult, environmental or genetic (or more likely a combination of both) that might spread into the midbrain, eventually causing degeneration of the neurons in the substantia nigra. As the disease progresses further, it is likely that α-synuclein pathology continues to spread throughout the brain, including the cortex, leading to deterioration of cognition and higher brain functions. While it is unknown why α-synuclein initially misfolds and aggregates, a great deal has been learned about how the cell handles aberrant α-synuclein assemblies. In this review, we focus on these mechanisms and discuss them in an attempt to define the role that they might play in the propagation of misfolded α-synuclein from cell-to-cell. The prion-like hypothesis of α-synuclein pathology suggests a method for the transmission of misfolded α-synuclein from one neuron to another. This hypothesis postulates that misfolded α-synuclein becomes aggregation prone and when released and taken up by neighboring cells, seeds further misfolding and aggregation. In this review we examine the cellular mechanisms that are involved in the processing of α-synuclein and how these may contribute to the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein pathology. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Tyson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.
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Rey NL, Steiner JA, Maroof N, Luk KC, Madaj Z, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Brundin P. Widespread transneuronal propagation of α-synucleinopathy triggered in olfactory bulb mimics prodromal Parkinson's disease. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1759-78. [PMID: 27503075 PMCID: PMC4995088 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rey et al. generate a mouse model for the spatial propagation of α-synuclein pathology that mimics prodromal Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the progressive appearance of intraneuronal Lewy aggregates, which are primarily composed of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn). The aggregates are believed to propagate via neural pathways following a stereotypical pattern, starting in the olfactory bulb (OB) and gut. We hypothesized that injection of fibrillar α-syn into the OB of wild-type mice would recreate the sequential progression of Lewy-like pathology, while triggering olfactory deficits. We demonstrate that injected α-syn fibrils recruit endogenous α-syn into pathological aggregates that spread transneuronally over several months, initially in the olfactory network and later in distant brain regions. The seeded inclusions contain posttranslationally modified α-syn that is Thioflavin S positive, indicative of amyloid fibrils. The spreading α-syn pathology induces progressive and specific olfactory deficits. Thus, we demonstrate that propagating α-syn pathology triggered in the OB is functionally detrimental. Collectively, we have created a mouse model of prodromal PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwen L Rey
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Nazia Maroof
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Neuroscience Discovery, Roche Innovation Center, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelvin C Luk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
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Levin J, Hillmer AS, Högen T, McLean PJ, Giese A. Intracellular formation of α-synuclein oligomers and the effect of heat shock protein 70 characterized by confocal single particle spectroscopy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:76-82. [PMID: 27286709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synucleinopathies such as dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson's disease are characterized by intracellular deposition of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein. The details of the molecular pathogenesis of PD and especially the conditions that lead to intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein and the role of these aggregates in cell death remain unknown. In cell free in vitro systems considerable knowledge about the aggregation processes has been gathered. In comparison, the knowledge about these aggregation processes in cells is far behind. In cells α-synuclein aggregates can be toxic. However, the crucial particle species responsible for decisive steps in pathogenesis such as seeding a continuing aggregation process and triggering cell death remain to be identified. In order to understand the complex nature of intracellular α-synuclein aggregate formation, we analyzed fluorescent particles formed by venus and α-synuclein-venus fusion proteins and α-synuclein-hemi-venus fusion proteins derived from gently lyzed cells. With these techniques we were able to identify and characterize α-synuclein oligomers formed in cells. Especially the use of α-synuclein-hemi-venus fusion proteins enabled us to identify very small α-synuclein oligomers with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we were able to study the molecular effect of heat shock protein 70, which is known to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in cells. Heat shock protein 70 does not only influence the size of α-synuclein oligomers, but also their quantity. In summary, this approach based on fluorescence single particle spectroscopy, that is suited for high throughput measurements, can be used to detect and characterize intracellularly formed α-synuclein aggregates and characterize the effect of molecules that interfere with α-synuclein aggregate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - DZNE, Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas S Hillmer
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Högen
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Heusinkveld HJ, van den Berg M, Westerink RHS. In vitro dopaminergic neurotoxicity of pesticides: a link with neurodegeneration? Vet Q 2015; 34:120-31. [PMID: 25506807 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.980934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Around the globe, chemical compounds are used to treat or repel pests and plagues that pose a threat to food and feed production. From epidemiological studies, it is known that there is a link between exposure to certain chemical classes of these so-called pesticides and the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease in humans. However, which particular compound(s) account for this link or what underlying mechanisms are involved is still largely unresolved. The degenerative process in Parkinson's disease is largely limited to the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Cellular mechanisms that are implicated in parkinsonian neurodegeneration include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. A major characteristic that distinguishes the dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia from other dopaminergic neurons is a particular reliance on intracellular calcium for spontaneous activity. Considering the energy consuming nature of maintenance of the intracellular calcium homeostasis and its involvement in life and death of a neuron, this may explain the specific vulnerability of this neuronal population. Despite a large variation in primary mechanism of action it has been demonstrated that pesticides from different classes disturb intracellular calcium homeostasis, thus interfering with intracellular calcium signalling. This relates to altered dopaminergic signalling, disturbed protein homeostasis and increased oxidative stress. Therefore, effects of (mixtures of) pesticides on the intracellular calcium homeostasis may play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease in humans. Although human exposure to pesticides via e.g. food often occurs in complex mixtures, (human) risk assessment is largely based on the assessment of single compounds. The discovery of common modes of action across different classes of pesticides therefore underpins the urgency of development of new models and approaches in risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm J Heusinkveld
- a Neurotoxicology Research Group, Division of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , 3508 TD Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Sisakhtnezhad S, Khosravi L. Emerging physiological and pathological implications of tunneling nanotubes formation between cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:429-43. [PMID: 26164368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is a critical requirement to coordinate behaviors of the cells in a community and thereby achieve tissue homeostasis and conservation of the multicellular organisms. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), as a cell-to-cell communication over long distance, allow for bi- or uni-directional transfer of cellular components between cells. Identification of inducing agents and the cell and molecular mechanism underling the formation of TNTs and their structural and functional features may lead to finding new important roles for these intercellular bridges in vivo and in vitro. During the last decade, research has shown TNTs have different structural and functional properties, varying between and within cell systems. In this review, we will focus on TNTs and their cell and molecular mechanism of formation. Moreover, the latest findings into their functional roles in physiological and pathological processes, such as signal transduction, micro and nano-particles delivery, immune responses, embryogenesis, cellular reprogramming, apoptosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases initiation and progression and pathogens transfer, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leila Khosravi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Nuzzo D, Picone P, Caruana L, Vasto S, Barera A, Caruso C, Di Carlo M. Inflammatory mediators as biomarkers in brain disorders. Inflammation 2015; 37:639-48. [PMID: 24292800 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive death of the neurons. The definite diagnosis of a neurodegenerative disorder is disadvantaged by the difficulty in obtaining biopsies and thereby to validate the clinical diagnosis with pathological results. Biomarkers are valuable indicators for detecting different phases of a disease such as prevention, early onset, treatment, progression, and monitoring the effect of pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Inflammation occurs in neurodegenerative diseases, and identification and validation of molecules involved in this process could be a strategy for finding new biomarkers. The ideal inflammatory biomarker needs to be easily measurable, must be reproducible, not subject to wide variation in the population, and unaffected by external factors. Our review summarizes the most important inflammation biomarkers currently available, whose specificity could be utilized for identifying and monitoring distinctive phases of different neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine ed Molecular Immunology, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
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Fernández-Borges N, Eraña H, Venegas V, Elezgarai SR, Harrathi C, Castilla J. Animal models for prion-like diseases. Virus Res 2015; 207:5-24. [PMID: 25907990 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases or Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting several mammalian species being Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) the most representative in human beings, scrapie in ovine, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in bovine and Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in cervids. As stated by the "protein-only hypothesis", the causal agent of TSEs is a self-propagating aberrant form of the prion protein (PrP) that through a misfolding event acquires a β-sheet rich conformation known as PrP(Sc) (from scrapie). This isoform is neurotoxic, aggregation prone and induces misfolding of native cellular PrP. Compelling evidence indicates that disease-specific protein misfolding in amyloid deposits could be shared by other disorders showing aberrant protein aggregates such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and systemic Amyloid A amyloidosis (AA amyloidosis). Evidences of shared mechanisms of the proteins related to each disease with prions will be reviewed through the available in vivo models. Taking prion research as reference, typical prion-like features such as seeding and propagation ability, neurotoxic species causing disease, infectivity, transmission barrier and strain evidences will be analyzed for other protein-related diseases. Thus, prion-like features of amyloid β peptide and tau present in AD, α-synuclein in PD, SOD-1, TDP-43 and others in ALS and serum α-amyloid (SAA) in systemic AA amyloidosis will be reviewed through models available for each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasier Eraña
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Saioa R Elezgarai
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Chafik Harrathi
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- CIC bioGUNE, Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio 48160, Bizkaia, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Bizkaia, Spain.
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43
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Liu AKL, Chang RCC, Pearce RKB, Gentleman SM. Nucleus basalis of Meynert revisited: anatomy, history and differential involvement in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:527-40. [PMID: 25633602 PMCID: PMC4366544 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established that neuronal loss within the cholinergic nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM) correlates with cognitive decline in dementing disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Friedrich Lewy first observed his eponymous inclusion bodies in the nbM of postmortem brain tissue from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and cell loss in this area can be at least as extensive as that seen in AD. There has been confusion with regard to the terminology and exact localisation of the nbM within the human basal forebrain for decades due to the diffuse and broad structure of this "nucleus". Also, while topographical projections from the nbM have been mapped out in subhuman primates, no direct clinicopathological correlations between subregional nbM and cortical pathology and specific cognitive profile decline have been performed in human tissue. Here, we review the evolution of the term nbM and the importance of standardised nbM sampling for neuropathological studies. Extensive review of the literature suggests that there is a caudorostral pattern of neuronal loss within the nbM in AD brains. However, the findings in PD are less clear due to the limited number of studies performed. Given the differing neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits in Lewy body-associated dementias (PD dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies) as compared to AD, we hypothesise that a different pattern of neuronal loss will be found in the nbM of Lewy body disease brains. Understanding the functional significance of the subregions of the nbM could prove important in elucidating the pathogenesis of dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan King Lun Liu
- Neuropathology Unit, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK,
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Corradini BR, Iamashita P, Tampellini E, Farfel JM, Grinberg LT, Moreira-Filho CA. Complex network-driven view of genomic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease: analyses in dorsal motor vagal nucleus, locus coeruleus, and substantia nigra. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:543673. [PMID: 25525598 PMCID: PMC4261556 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD)—classically characterized by severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta—has a caudal-rostral progression, beginning in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus and, in a less extent, in the olfactory system, progressing to the midbrain and eventually to the basal forebrain and the neocortex. About 90% of the cases are idiopathic. To study the molecular mechanisms involved in idiopathic PD we conducted a comparative study of transcriptional interaction networks in the dorsal motor vagal nucleus (VA), locus coeruleus (LC), and substantia nigra (SN) of idiopathic PD in Braak stages 4-5 (PD) and disease-free controls (CT) using postmortem samples. Gene coexpression networks (GCNs) for each brain region (patients and controls) were obtained to identify highly connected relevant genes (hubs) and densely interconnected gene sets (modules). GCN analyses showed differences in topology and module composition between CT and PD networks for each anatomic region. In CT networks, VA, LC, and SN hub modules are predominantly associated with neuroprotection and homeostasis in the ageing brain, whereas in the patient's group, for the three brain regions, hub modules are mostly related to stress response and neuron survival/degeneration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Raposo Corradini
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Iamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edilaine Tampellini
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Marcelo Farfel
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, 05652-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Division of Geriatrics, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Tenenholz Grinberg
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group (BEHEEC), LIM 22, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, FMUSP, 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos Alberto Moreira-Filho
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP), Avenida Dr. Enéas Carvalho Aguiar 647, 5 Andar, 05403-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Grey M, Dunning CJ, Gaspar R, Grey C, Brundin P, Sparr E, Linse S. Acceleration of α-synuclein aggregation by exosomes. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2969-82. [PMID: 25425650 PMCID: PMC4317028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles released from cells into extracellular space. We have isolated exosomes from neuroblastoma cells and investigated their influence on the aggregation of α-synuclein, a protein associated with Parkinson disease pathology. Using cryo-transmission electron microscopy of exosomes, we found spherical unilamellar vesicles with a significant protein content, and Western blot analysis revealed that they contain, as expected, the proteins Flotillin-1 and Alix. Using thioflavin T fluorescence to monitor aggregation kinetics, we found that exosomes catalyze the process in a similar manner as a low concentration of preformed α-synuclein fibrils. The exosomes reduce the lag time indicating that they provide catalytic environments for nucleation. The catalytic effects of exosomes derived from naive cells and cells that overexpress α-synuclein do not differ. Vesicles prepared from extracted exosome lipids accelerate aggregation, suggesting that the lipids in exosomes are sufficient for the catalytic effect to arise. Using mass spectrometry, we found several phospholipid classes in the exosomes, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and the gangliosides GM2 and GM3. Within each class, several species with different acyl chains were identified. We then prepared vesicles from corresponding pure lipids or defined mixtures, most of which were found to retard α-synuclein aggregation. As a striking exception, vesicles containing ganglioside lipids GM1 or GM3 accelerate the process. Understanding how α-synuclein interacts with biological membranes to promote neurological disease might lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Grey
- From the Departments of Physical Chemistry
| | - Christopher J Dunning
- the Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden and the Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
| | - Ricardo Gaspar
- From the Departments of Physical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
| | | | - Patrik Brundin
- the Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden and the Center for Neurodegenerative Science, The Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Emma Sparr
- From the Departments of Physical Chemistry,
| | - Sara Linse
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology, and
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Ranzinger J, Rustom A, Schwenger V. Membrane nanotubes between peritoneal mesothelial cells: functional connectivity and crucial participation during inflammatory reactions. Front Physiol 2014; 5:412. [PMID: 25386144 PMCID: PMC4208614 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has attained increased relevance as continuous renal replacement therapy over the past years. During this treatment, the peritoneum functions as dialysis membrane to eliminate diffusible waste products from the blood-stream. Success and efficacy of this treatment is dependent on the integrity of the peritoneal membrane. Chronic inflammatory conditions within the peritoneal cavity coincide with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines leading to the impairment of tissue integrity. High glucose concentrations and glucose metabolites in PD solutions contribute to structural and functional reorganization processes of the peritoneal membrane during long-term PD. The subsequent loss of ultrafiltration is causal for the treatment failure over time. It was shown that peritoneal mesothelial cells are functionally connected via Nanotubes (NTs) and that a correlation of NT-occurrence and defined pathophysiological conditions exists. Additionally, an important participation of NTs during inflammatory reactions was shown. Here, we will summarize recent developments of NT-related research and provide new insights into NT-mediated cellular interactions under physiological as well as pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ranzinger
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amin Rustom
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vedat Schwenger
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
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Carmo-Gonçalves P, Pinheiro AS, Romão L, Cortines J, Follmer C. UV-induced selective oxidation of Met5 to Met-sulfoxide leads to the formation of neurotoxic fibril-incompetent α-synuclein oligomers. Amyloid 2014; 21:163-74. [PMID: 24784227 DOI: 10.3109/13506129.2014.912208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and the formation of cytotoxic aggregates of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (AS) are two important events associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and several other neurodegenerative diseases. In this context, extensive efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular basis of the cytotoxic synergy between oxidative stress and AS aggregation. In this study, we demonstrate that the exposure of AS to oxidative stress induced by UV radiation (ASUV) blocks the protein fibrillation, leading to the formation of highly toxic fibril-incompetent oligomers. In addition, ASUV exhibited stronger anti-fibrillogenic properties than H2O2-treated AS, inhibiting the fibrillation of unmodified AS at notably low concentrations. Mass spectrometry indicated that Met5 oxidation to Met-sulfoxide was the only modification promoted by UV exposure, which is reinforced by NMR data indicating that Met5 is the only residue whose amide resonance completely disappeared from the (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectrum after UV exposure. This result is supported by previous data that indicate that C-terminal Met residues (Met116 and Met127) and N-terminal Met1 are less susceptible to oxidation than Met5 because of the residual structure of the disordered AS monomer. Overall, our findings suggest that specific oxidation of Met5 might be sufficient to promote the formation of highly neurotoxic oligomers of AS.
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48
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Sato H, Kato T, Arawaka S. Potential of Cellular and Animal Models Based on a Prion-Like Propagation of α-Synuclein for Assessing Antiparkinson Agents. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:226-35. [PMID: 25143237 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs). LBs are intracellular inclusions typically found in these neurons and in noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus in patients with PD. However, LBs can be found more widely in neurons of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, and spinal cord. Additionally, LBs appear in neurons of the cardiac, cutaneous, and intestinal autonomic nervous systems. LBs are composed of fibrillar aggregates of α-synuclein (α-syn). The widespread distribution of LBs indicates that α-syn aggregation occurs in neurons in various areas, supporting the concept that PD is not only a simple movement disorder but also a complex one with nonmotor impairments. However, it is unclear how α-syn pathology spreads in the nervous system. Postmortem analyses of patients with PD who received transplants of fetal mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons revealed LB formation in surviving grafts, providing a crucial clue regarding the host-to-graft disease propagation. Recent experiments demonstrated that fibrillar α-syn is transferred from neurons to neurons in cellular and animal models, suggesting that fibrillar α-syn is repeatedly generated in cells by triggering the continuous conversion of normal soluble species into fibrillar ones. These findings suggest a "prion-like" mechanism for α-syn propagation in the pathogenesis of PD. This review summarizes the experimental findings on the prion-like propagation of α-syn and discusses the potential of cellular and animal models for testing the protective effects of chemical agents against neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sato
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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49
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Bellani S, Mescola A, Ronzitti G, Tsushima H, Tilve S, Canale C, Valtorta F, Chieregatti E. GRP78 clustering at the cell surface of neurons transduces the action of exogenous alpha-synuclein. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1971-83. [PMID: 25124556 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation or multiplication of the alpha-synuclein (Syn)-encoding gene is frequent cause of early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidences point to the pathogenic role of excess Syn also in sporadic PD. Syn is a cytosolic protein, which has been shown to be released from neurons. Here we provide evidence that extracellular Syn induces an increase in surface-exposed glucose-related protein of 78 kDa (GRP78), which becomes clustered in microdomains of the neuronal plasma membrane. Upon interacting with Syn, GRP78 activates a signaling cascade leading to cofilin 1 inactivation and stabilization of microfilaments, thus affecting morphology and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton in cultured neurons. Downregulation of GRP78 abolishes the activity of exogenous Syn, indicating that it is the primary target of Syn. Inactivation of cofilin 1 and stabilization of actin cytoskeleton are present also in fibroblasts derived from genetic PD patients, which show a dramatic increase in stress fibers. Similar changes are displayed by control cells incubated with the medium of PD fibroblasts, only when Syn is present. The accumulation of Syn in the extracellular milieu, its interaction with the plasma membrane and Syn-driven clustering of GRP78 appear, therefore, responsible for the dysregulation of actin turnover, leading to early deficits in synaptic function that precede neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bellani
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - A Mescola
- Department of Nanophysics and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - G Ronzitti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - H Tsushima
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - S Tilve
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - C Canale
- Department of Nanophysics and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
| | - F Valtorta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - E Chieregatti
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, Italy
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Ridder K, Keller S, Dams M, Rupp AK, Schlaudraff J, Del Turco D, Starmann J, Macas J, Karpova D, Devraj K, Depboylu C, Landfried B, Arnold B, Plate KH, Höglinger G, Sültmann H, Altevogt P, Momma S. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of genetic information between the hematopoietic system and the brain in response to inflammation. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001874. [PMID: 24893313 PMCID: PMC4043485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When stimulated by inflammation, peripheral blood cells signal directly to neurons in the brain via the transfer of functional RNA enclosed in extracellular vesicles. Mechanisms behind how the immune system signals to the brain in response to systemic inflammation are not fully understood. Transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase specifically in the hematopoietic lineage in a Cre reporter background display recombination and marker gene expression in Purkinje neurons. Here we show that reportergene expression in neurons is caused by intercellular transfer of functional Cre recombinase messenger RNA from immune cells into neurons in the absence of cell fusion. In vitro purified secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) from blood cells contain Cre mRNA, which induces recombination in neurons when injected into the brain. Although Cre-mediated recombination events in the brain occur very rarely in healthy animals, their number increases considerably in different injury models, particularly under inflammatory conditions, and extend beyond Purkinje neurons to other neuronal populations in cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra. Recombined Purkinje neurons differ in their miRNA profile from their nonrecombined counterparts, indicating physiological significance. These observations reveal the existence of a previously unrecognized mechanism to communicate RNA-based signals between the hematopoietic system and various organs, including the brain, in response to inflammation. Peripheral infections leading to an inflammatory response can initiate signaling from the hematopoietic system to various organs including the brain. The traditional view of this communication between blood and brain is that individual factors are released by immune cells that in turn bind to neuronal or nonneuronal target cells in the brain where they exert their effects. By using a genetic tracing system, we now show that extracellular vesicles, small membrane structures that can contain a multitude of different molecules, can transfer functional RNA directly from blood cells to neurons. Although this type of signaling is highly restricted in the healthy animal, inflammatory injuries increase both the frequency of transfer and the range of the neuronal target populations in the brain. By showing altered miRNA profiles in neurons receiving extracellular vesicle cargo, we predict a complex regulation of gene expression in neural cells in response to peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Ridder
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Keller
- Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Dams
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathleen Rupp
- Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Schlaudraff
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Domenico Del Turco
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Starmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jadranka Macas
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darja Karpova
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen and Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Candan Depboylu
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Britta Landfried
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd Arnold
- Division Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl H. Plate
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department for Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases e.V. (DZNE), Technical University Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Sültmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Unit Cancer Genome Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Momma
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Frankfurt University Medical School Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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