1
|
Trus M, Atlas D. Non-ionotropic voltage-gated calcium channel signaling. Channels (Austin) 2024; 18:2341077. [PMID: 38601983 PMCID: PMC11017947 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2024.2341077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are the major conduits for calcium ions (Ca2+) within excitable cells. Recent studies have highlighted the non-ionotropic functionality of VGCCs, revealing their capacity to activate intracellular pathways independently of ion flow. This non-ionotropic signaling mode plays a pivotal role in excitation-coupling processes, including gene transcription through excitation-transcription (ET), synaptic transmission via excitation-secretion (ES), and cardiac contraction through excitation-contraction (EC). However, it is noteworthy that these excitation-coupling processes require extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+ occupancy of the channel ion pore. Analogous to the "non-canonical" characterization of the non-ionotropic signaling exhibited by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA), which requires extracellular Ca2+ without the influx of ions, VGCC activation requires depolarization-triggered conformational change(s) concomitant with Ca2+ binding to the open channel. Here, we discuss the contributions of VGCCs to ES, ET, and EC coupling as Ca2+ binding macromolecules that transduces external stimuli to intracellular input prior to elevating intracellular Ca2+. We emphasize the recognition of calcium ion occupancy within the open ion-pore and its contribution to the excitation coupling processes that precede the influx of calcium. The non-ionotropic activation of VGCCs, triggered by the upstroke of an action potential, provides a conceptual framework to elucidate the mechanistic aspects underlying the microseconds nature of synaptic transmission, cardiac contractility, and the rapid induction of first-wave genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Trus
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daphne Atlas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gabriel GC, Yagi H, Tan T, Bais AS, Glennon BJ, Stapleton MC, Huang L, Reynolds WT, Shaffer MG, Ganapathiraju M, Simon D, Panigrahy A, Wu YL, Lo CW. Mitotic Block and Epigenetic Repression Underlie Neurodevelopmental Defects and Neurobehavioral Deficits in Congenital Heart Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.05.565716. [PMID: 38464057 PMCID: PMC10925221 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.05.565716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Poor neurodevelopment is often observed with congenital heart disease (CHD), especially with mutations in chromatin modifiers. Here analysis of mice with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) arising from mutations in Sin3A associated chromatin modifier Sap130 , and adhesion protein Pcdha9, revealed neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral deficits reminiscent of those in HLHS patients. Microcephaly was associated with impaired cortical neurogenesis, mitotic block, and increased apoptosis. Transcriptional profiling indicated dysregulated neurogenesis by REST, altered CREB signaling regulating memory and synaptic plasticity, and impaired neurovascular coupling modulating cerebral blood flow. Many neurodevelopmental/neurobehavioral disease pathways were recovered, including autism and cognitive impairment. These same pathways emerged from genome-wide DNA methylation and Sap130 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analyses, suggesting epigenetic perturbation. Mice with Pcdha9 mutation or forebrain-specific Sap130 deletion without CHD showed learning/memory deficits and autism-like behavior. These novel findings provide mechanistic insights indicating the adverse neurodevelopment in HLHS may involve cell autonomous/nonautonomous defects and epigenetic dysregulation and suggest new avenues for therapy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang C, Zhang Y. Current updates on arrhythmia within Timothy syndrome: genetics, mechanisms and therapeutics. Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 25:e17. [PMID: 37132248 PMCID: PMC10407238 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Timothy syndrome (TS), characterised by multiple system malfunction especially the prolonged corrected QT interval and synchronised appearance of hand/foot syndactyly, is an extremely rare disease affecting early life with devastating arrhythmia. In this work, firstly, the various mutations in causative gene CACNA1C encoding cardiac L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC), regard with the genetic pathogeny and nomenclature of TS are reviewed. Secondly, the expression profile and function of CACNA1C gene encoding Cav1.2 proteins, and its gain-of-function mutation in TS leading to multiple organ disease phenotypes especially arrhythmia are discussed. More importantly, we focus on the altered molecular mechanism underlying arrhythmia in TS, and discuss about how LTCC malfunction in TS can cause disorganised calcium handling with excessive intracellular calcium and its triggered dysregulated excitation-transcription coupling. In addition, current therapeutics for TS cardiac phenotypes including LTCC blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, sodium channel blocker, multichannel inhibitors and pacemakers are summarised. Eventually, the research strategy using patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells is recommended as one of the promising future directions for developing therapeutic approaches. This review updates our understanding on the research progress and future avenues to study the genetics and molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of devastating arrhythmia within TS, and provides novel insights for developing therapeutic measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Jiang
- National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- National Regional Children's Medical Centre (Northwest), Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine to Pediatric Diseases of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Children's Health and Diseases, Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhen W, Zhen H, Wang Y, Chen L, Niu X, Zhang B, Yang Z, Peng D. Mechanism of ERK/CREB pathway in pain and analgesia. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1156674. [PMID: 37008781 PMCID: PMC10060514 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1156674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research has long centered on the pathophysiology of pain. The Transient Receiver Potential (TRP) protein family is well known for its function in the pathophysiology of pain, and extensive study has been done in this area. One of the significant mechanisms of pain etiology and analgesia that lacks a systematic synthesis and review is the ERK/CREB (Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase/CAMP Response Element Binding Protein) pathway. The ERK/CREB pathway-targeting analgesics may also cause a variety of adverse effects that call for specialized medical care. In this review, we systematically compiled the mechanism of the ERK/CREB pathway in the process of pain and analgesia, as well as the potential adverse effects on the nervous system brought on by the inhibition of the ERK/CREB pathway in analgesic drugs, and we suggested the corresponding solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhen
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjun Zhen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Handan Chinese Medicine Hospital, Handan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuye Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Leian Chen
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Niu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dantao Peng
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dantao Peng,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ortner NJ. CACNA1D-Related Channelopathies: From Hypertension to Autism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023. [PMID: 36592224 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tightly controlled Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (Cavs) is indispensable for proper physiological function. Thus, it is not surprising that Cav loss and/or gain of function have been implicated in human pathology. Deficiency of Cav1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) causes deafness and bradycardia, whereas several genetic variants of CACNA1D, the gene encoding the pore-forming α1 subunit of Cav1.3, have been linked to various disease phenotypes, such as hypertension, congenital hypoglycemia, or autism. These variants include not only common polymorphisms associated with an increased disease risk, but also rare de novo missense variants conferring high risk. This review provides a concise summary of disease-associated CACNA1D variants, whereas the main focus lies on de novo germline variants found in individuals with a neurodevelopmental disorder of variable severity. Electrophysiological recordings revealed activity-enhancing gating changes induced by these de novo variants, and tools to predict their pathogenicity and to study the resulting pathophysiological consequences will be discussed. Despite the low number of affected patients, potential phenotype-genotype correlations and factors that could impact the severity of symptoms will be covered. Since increased channel activity is assumed as the disease-underlying mechanism, pharmacological inhibition could be a treatment option. In the absence of Cav1.3-selective blockers, dihydropyridine LTCC inhibitors clinically approved for the treatment of hypertension may be used for personalized off-label trials. Findings from in vitro studies and treatment attempts in some of the patients seem promising as outlined. Taken together, due to advances in diagnostic sequencing techniques the number of reported CACNA1D variants in human diseases is constantly rising. Evidence from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo disease models can help to predict the pathogenic potential of such variants and to guide diagnosis and treatment in the clinical practice when confronted with patients harboring CACNA1D variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine J Ortner
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sanderson JL, Freund RK, Castano AM, Benke TA, Dell'Acqua ML. The Ca V1.2 G406R mutation decreases synaptic inhibition and alters L-type Ca 2+ channel-dependent LTP at hippocampal synapses in a mouse model of Timothy Syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2022; 220:109271. [PMID: 36162529 PMCID: PMC9644825 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) frequently disrupt balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition and alter plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region. Individuals with Timothy Syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder caused by CaV1.2 L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC) gain-of function mutations, such as G406R, exhibit social deficits, repetitive behaviors, and cognitive impairments characteristic of ASD that are phenocopied in TS2-neo mice expressing G406R. Here, we characterized hippocampal CA1 synaptic function in male TS2-neo mice and found basal excitatory transmission was slightly increased and inhibitory transmission strongly decreased. We also found distinct impacts on two LTCC-dependent forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) synaptic plasticity that were not readily consistent with LTCC gain-of-function. LTP induced by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) was strongly impaired in TS2-neo mice, suggesting decreased LTCC function. Yet, CaV1.2 expression, basal phosphorylation, and current density were similar for WT and TS2-neo. However, this HFS-LTP also required GABAA receptor activity, and thus may be impaired in TS2-neo due to decreased inhibitory transmission. In contrast, LTP induced in WT mice by prolonged theta-train (PTT) stimulation in the presence of a β-adrenergic receptor agonist to increase CaV1.2 phosphorylation was partially induced in TS2-neo mice by PTT stimulation alone, consistent with increased LTCC function. Overall, our findings provide insights regarding how altered CaV1.2 channel function disrupts basal transmission and plasticity that could be relevant for neurobehavioral alterations in ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ronald K Freund
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna M Castano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Timothy A Benke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E. 19th Ave, Mail Stop 8303, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Autism associated mutations in β 2 subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels constitutively activate gene expression. Cell Calcium 2022; 108:102672. [PMID: 36427431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Membrane depolarization triggers gene expression through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) in a process called Excitation-transcription (ET) coupling. Mutations in the channel subunits α11.2, or β2d, are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD. Here, we found that two mutations S143F and G113S within the rat Cavβ2a corresponding to autistic related mutations Cavβ2dS197F and Cavβ2dG167S in the human Cavβ2d, activate ET-coupling via the RAS/ERK/CREB pathway. Membrane depolarization of HEK293 cells co-expressing α11.2 and α2δ with Cavβ2aS143F or Cavβ2aG113S triggers constitutive transcriptional activation, which is correlated with facilitated channel activity. Similar to the Timothy-associated autistic mutation α11.2G406R, constitutive gene activation is attributed to a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation kinetics of Cav1.2. Pulldown of RasGRF2 and RhoGEF by wt and the Cavβ2a autistic mutants is consistent with Cavβ2/Ras activation in ET coupling and implicates Rho signaling as yet another molecular pathway activated by Cavα11.2/Cavβ2 . Facilitated spontaneous channel activity preceding enhanced gene activation via the Ras/ERK/CREB pathway, appears a general molecular mechanism for Ca2+ channel mediated ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bamgboye MA, Herold KG, Vieira DC, Traficante MK, Rogers PJ, Ben-Johny M, Dick IE. CaV1.2 channelopathic mutations evoke diverse pathophysiological mechanisms. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:e202213209. [PMID: 36167061 PMCID: PMC9524202 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202213209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The first pathogenic mutation in CaV1.2 was identified in 2004 and was shown to cause a severe multisystem disorder known as Timothy syndrome (TS). The mutation was localized to the distal S6 region of the channel, a region known to play a major role in channel activation. TS patients suffer from life-threatening cardiac symptoms as well as significant neurodevelopmental deficits, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Since this discovery, the number and variety of mutations identified in CaV1.2 have grown tremendously, and the distal S6 regions remain a frequent locus for many of these mutations. While the majority of patients harboring these mutations exhibit cardiac symptoms that can be well explained by known pathogenic mechanisms, the same cannot be said for the ASD or neurodevelopmental phenotypes seen in some patients, indicating a gap in our understanding of the pathogenesis of CaV1.2 channelopathies. Here, we use whole-cell patch clamp, quantitative Ca2+ imaging, and single channel recordings to expand the known mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CaV1.2 channelopathies. Specifically, we find that mutations within the S6 region can exert independent and separable effects on activation, voltage-dependent inactivation (VDI), and Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI). Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the CDI effects of these mutations are varied and include altered channel opening and possible disruption of CDI transduction. Overall, these results provide a structure-function framework to conceptualize the role of S6 mutations in pathophysiology and offer insight into the biophysical defects associated with distinct clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moradeke A. Bamgboye
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kevin G. Herold
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daiana C.O. Vieira
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Maria K. Traficante
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Philippa J. Rogers
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Manu Ben-Johny
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ivy E. Dick
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Atlas D. Revisiting the molecular basis of synaptic transmission. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102312. [PMID: 35760141 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of the time elapsed during synaptic transmission has shown that synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion lags behind Ca2+-influx by approximately 60 microseconds (µsec). The conventional model cannot explain this extreme rapidity of the release event. Synaptic transmission occurs at the active zone (AZ), which comprises of two pools of SV, non-releasable "tethered" vesicles, and a readily-releasable pool of channel-associated Ca2+-primed vesicles, "RRP". A recent TIRF study at cerebellar-mossy fiber-terminal, showed that subsequent to an action potential, newly "tethered" vesicles, became fusion-competent in a Ca2+-dependent manner, 300-400 milliseconds after tethering, but were not fused. This time resolution may correspond to priming of tethered vesicles through Ca2+-binding to Syt1/Munc13-1/complexin. It confirms that Ca2+-priming and Ca2+-influx-independent fusion, are two distinct events. Notably, we have established that Ca2+ channel signals evoked-release in an ion flux-independent manner, demonstrated by Ca2+-impermeable channel, or a Ca2+ channel in which Ca2+ is replaced by impermeable La3+. Thus, conformational changes in a channel coupled to RRP appear to directly activate the release machinery and account for a µsec Ca2+-influx-independent vesicle fusion. Rapid vesicle fusion driven by non-ionotropic channel signaling strengthens a conformational-coupling mechanism of synaptic transmission, and contributes to better understanding of neuronal communication vital for brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Atlas
- Dept. of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904 Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Birey F, Li MY, Gordon A, Thete MV, Valencia AM, Revah O, Paşca AM, Geschwind DH, Paşca SP. Dissecting the molecular basis of human interneuron migration in forebrain assembloids from Timothy syndrome. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:248-264.e7. [PMID: 34990580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defects in interneuron migration can disrupt the assembly of cortical circuits and lead to neuropsychiatric disease. Using forebrain assembloids derived by integration of cortical and ventral forebrain organoids, we have previously discovered a cortical interneuron migration defect in Timothy syndrome (TS), a severe neurodevelopmental disease caused by a mutation in the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) Cav1.2. Here, we find that acute pharmacological modulation of Cav1.2 can regulate the saltation length, but not the frequency, of interneuron migration in TS. Interestingly, the defect in saltation length is related to aberrant actomyosin and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, while the defect in saltation frequency is driven by enhanced γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) sensitivity and can be restored by GABA-A receptor antagonism. Finally, we describe hypersynchronous hCS network activity in TS that is exacerbated by interneuron migration. Taken together, these studies reveal a complex role of LTCC function in human cortical interneuron migration and strategies to restore deficits in the context of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Birey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Min-Yin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Gordon
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mayuri V Thete
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alfredo M Valencia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Omer Revah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anca M Paşca
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment, Semel Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sergiu P Paşca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Brain Organogenesis, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nakagawa-Tamagawa N, Kirino E, Sugao K, Nagata H, Tagawa Y. Involvement of Calcium-Dependent Pathway and β Subunit-Interaction in Neuronal Migration and Callosal Projection Deficits Caused by the Cav1.2 I1166T Mutation in Developing Mouse Neocortex. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:747951. [PMID: 34955712 PMCID: PMC8692569 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.747951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gain-of-function mutations in the L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.2 cause Timothy syndrome (TS), a multisystem disorder associated with neurologic symptoms, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), seizures, and intellectual disability. Cav1.2 plays key roles in neural development, and its mutation can affect brain development and connectivity through Ca2+-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Recently, a gain-of-function mutation, I1166T, in Cav1.2 was identified in patients with TS-like disorder. Its channel properties have been analyzed in vitro but in vivo effects of this mutation on brain development remain unexplored. Methods:In utero electroporation was performed on ICR mice at embryonic day 15 to express GFP, wild-type, and mutant Cav1.2 channels into cortical layer 2/3 excitatory neurons in the primary somatosensory area. The brain was fixed at postnatal days 14–16, sliced, and scanned using confocal microscopy. Neuronal migration of electroporated neurons was examined in the cortex of the electroporated hemisphere, and callosal projection was examined in the white matter and contralateral hemisphere. Results: Expression of the I1166T mutant in layer 2/3 neurons caused migration deficits in approximately 20% of electroporated neurons and almost completely diminished axonal arborization in the contralateral hemisphere. Axonal projection in the white matter was not affected. We introduced second mutations onto Cav1.2 I1166T; L745P mutation blocks Ca2+ influx through Cav1.2 channels and inhibits the Ca2+-dependent pathway, and the W440A mutation blocks the interaction of the Cav1.2 α1 subunit to the β subunit. Both second mutations recovered migration and projection. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the Cav1.2 I1166T mutation could affect two critical steps during cerebrocortical development, migration and axonal projection, in the mouse brain. This is mediated through Ca2+-dependent pathway downstream of Cav1.2 and β subunit-interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nakagawa-Tamagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Molecular Analysis of Higher Brain Function, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Emi Kirino
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kohtaroh Sugao
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nagata
- Platform Technology Research Unit, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marcantoni A, Calorio C, Hidisoglu E, Chiantia G, Carbone E. Cav1.2 channelopathies causing autism: new hallmarks on Timothy syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:775-789. [PMID: 32621084 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels play key roles in long-term synaptic plasticity, sensory transduction, muscle contraction, and hormone release. De novo mutations in the gene encoding Cav1.2 (CACNA1C) causes two forms of Timothy syndrome (TS1, TS2), characterized by a multisystem disorder inclusive of cardiac arrhythmias, long QT, autism, and adrenal gland dysfunction. In both TS1 and TS2, the missense mutation G406R is on the alternatively spliced exon 8 and 8A coding for the IS6-helix of Cav1.2 and is responsible for the penetrant form of autism in most TS individuals. The mutation causes specific gain-of-function changes to Cav1.2 channel gating: a "leftward shift" of voltage-dependent activation, reduced voltage-dependent inactivation, and a "leftward shift" of steady-state inactivation. How this occurs and how Cav1.2 gating changes alter neuronal firing and synaptic plasticity is still largely unexplained. Trying to better understanding the molecular basis of Cav1.2 gating dysfunctions leading to autism, here, we will present and discuss the properties of recently reported typical and atypical TS phenotypes and the effective gating changes exhibited by missense mutations associated with long QTs without extracardiac symptoms, unrelated to TS. We will also discuss new emerging views achieved from using iPSCs-derived neurons and the newly available autistic TS2-neo mouse model, both appearing promising for understanding neuronal mistuning in autistic TS patients. We will also analyze and describe recent proposals of molecular pathways that might explain mistuned Ca2+-mediated and Ca2+-independent excitation-transcription signals to the nucleus. Briefly, we will also discuss possible pharmacological approaches to treat autism associated with L-type channelopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Calorio
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Enis Hidisoglu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Giuseppe Chiantia
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|