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Leavy A, Phelan J, Jimenez-Mateos EM. Contribution of microglia to the epileptiform activity that results from neonatal hypoxia. Neuropharmacology 2024; 253:109968. [PMID: 38692453 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are described as the immune cells of the brain, their immune properties have been extensively studied since first described, however, their neural functions have only been explored over the last decade. Microglia have an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system by surveying their surroundings to detect pathogens or damage cells. While these are the classical functions described for microglia, more recently their neural functions have been defined; they are critical to the maturation of neurons during embryonic and postnatal development, phagocytic microglia remove excess synapses during development, a process called synaptic pruning, which is important to overall neural maturation. Furthermore, microglia can respond to neuronal activity and, together with astrocytes, can regulate neural activity, contributing to the equilibrium between excitation and inhibition through a feedback loop. Hypoxia at birth is a serious neurological condition that disrupts normal brain function resulting in seizures and epilepsy later in life. Evidence has shown that microglia may contribute to this hyperexcitability after neonatal hypoxia. This review will summarize the existing data on the role of microglia in the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxia and the plausible mechanisms that contribute to the development of hyperexcitability after hypoxia in neonates. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Microglia".
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Leavy
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jessie Phelan
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Su S, Li L, Zhang Y, Yan J, Cui X, Sun Y, Zhao J, Han X, Cao J. An explanation of the role of pyroptosis playing in epilepsy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112386. [PMID: 38850794 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe central nervous system disorder characterized by an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, resulting in heightened neuronal excitability, particularly within the hippocampus. About one-third of individuals with epilepsy experience difficult-to-manage seizures, known as refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy is closely linked to inflammatory immune response, with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators observed in individuals with this condition. This inflammation of the brain can lead to seizures of various types and is further exacerbated by the release of inflammatory factors, which heighten the excitability of peripheral neurons and worsen the progression of epilepsy. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory programmed cell death which has been shown to be involved in the pathological process of epilepsy. Inflammatory factors released during pyroptosis increase neuronal excitability and promote abnormal discharge in epilepsy, increasing susceptibility to epilepsy. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on cell pyroptosis and its potential mechanisms, including both canonical and noncanonical pathways. Additionally, we discuss the potential mechanisms of pyroptosis occurrence in epilepsy and the potential therapeutic drugs targeting pyroptosis as a treatment strategy. In summary, this review highlights the promising potential of pyroptosis as a target for developing innovative therapies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yubing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiong Han
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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3
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Baltos JA, Casillas-Espinosa PM, Rollo B, Gregory KJ, White PJ, Christopoulos A, Kwan P, O'Brien TJ, May LT. The role of the adenosine system in epilepsy and its comorbidities. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2143-2157. [PMID: 37076128 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most serious and common chronic neurological conditions, characterised by recurrent hypersynchronous electrical activity in the brain that lead to seizures. Despite over 50 million people being affected worldwide, only ~70% of people with epilepsy have their seizures successfully controlled with current pharmacotherapy, and many experience significant psychiatric and physical comorbidities. Adenosine, a ubiquitous purine metabolite, is a potent endogenous anti-epileptic substance that can abolish seizure activity via the adenosine A1 G protein-coupled receptor. Activation of A1 receptors decreases seizure activity in animal models, including models of drug-resistant epilepsy. Recent advances have increased our understanding of epilepsy comorbidities, highlighting the potential for adenosine receptors to modulate epilepsy-associated comorbidities, including cardiovascular dysfunction, sleep and cognition. This review provides an accessible resource of the current advances in understanding the adenosine system as a therapeutic target for epilepsy and epilepsy-associated comorbidities. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Anne Baltos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pablo M Casillas-Espinosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Rollo
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Thakku Sivakumar D, Jain K, Alfehaid N, Wang Y, Teng X, Fischer W, Engel T. The Purinergic P2X7 Receptor as a Target for Adjunctive Treatment for Drug-Refractory Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6894. [PMID: 39000004 PMCID: PMC11241490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases worldwide. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) with anticonvulsants remain the mainstay of epilepsy treatment. Currently used ASMs are, however, ineffective to suppress seizures in about one third of all patients. Moreover, ASMs show no significant impact on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in epilepsy development or disease progression and may cause serious side-effects, highlighting the need for the identification of new drug targets for a more causal therapy. Compelling evidence has demonstrated a role for purinergic signalling, including the nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) during the generation of seizures and epilepsy. Consequently, drugs targeting specific ATP-gated purinergic receptors have been suggested as promising treatment options for epilepsy including the cationic P2X7 receptor (P27XR). P2X7R protein levels have been shown to be increased in the brain of experimental models of epilepsy and in the resected brain tissue of patients with epilepsy. Animal studies have provided evidence that P2X7R blocking can reduce the severity of acute seizures and the epileptic phenotype. The current review will provide a brief summary of recent key findings on P2X7R signalling during seizures and epilepsy focusing on the potential clinical use of treatments based on the P2X7R as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for drug-refractory seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyeshz Thakku Sivakumar
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Krishi Jain
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noura Alfehaid
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- International College of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinchen Teng
- International College of Pharmaceutical Innovation, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | | | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Nasrallah K, Berthoux C, Hashimotodani Y, Chávez AE, Gulfo MC, Luján R, Castillo PE. Retrograde adenosine/A 2A receptor signaling facilitates excitatory synaptic transmission and seizures. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114382. [PMID: 38905101 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Retrograde signaling at the synapse is a fundamental way by which neurons communicate and neuronal circuit function is fine-tuned upon activity. While long-term changes in neurotransmitter release commonly rely on retrograde signaling, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identified adenosine/A2A receptor (A2AR) as a retrograde signaling pathway underlying presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) at a hippocampal excitatory circuit critically involved in memory and epilepsy. Transient burst activity of a single dentate granule cell induced LTP of mossy cell synaptic inputs, a BDNF/TrkB-dependent form of plasticity that facilitates seizures. Postsynaptic TrkB activation released adenosine from granule cells, uncovering a non-conventional BDNF/TrkB signaling mechanism. Moreover, presynaptic A2ARs were necessary and sufficient for LTP. Lastly, seizure induction released adenosine in a TrkB-dependent manner, while removing A2ARs or TrkB from the dentate gyrus had anti-convulsant effects. By mediating presynaptic LTP, adenosine/A2AR retrograde signaling may modulate dentate gyrus-dependent learning and promote epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoutsar Nasrallah
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Coralie Berthoux
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yuki Hashimotodani
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrés E Chávez
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michelle C Gulfo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rafael Luján
- Instituto de Biomedicina de la UCLM (IB-UCLM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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6
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Wikarska A, Roszak K, Roszek K. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Purinergic Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Bridging the Gap between Cell-Based Strategies and Neuro-Immune Modulation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1310. [PMID: 38927517 PMCID: PMC11201695 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still increasing, which means that this neurodevelopmental lifelong pathology requires special scientific attention and efforts focused on developing novel therapeutic approaches. It has become increasingly evident that neuroinflammation and dysregulation of neuro-immune cross-talk are specific hallmarks of ASD, offering the possibility to treat these disorders by factors modulating neuro-immunological interactions. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy has already been postulated as one of the therapeutic approaches for ASD; however, less is known about the molecular mechanisms of stem cell influence. One of the possibilities, although still underestimated, is the paracrine purinergic activity of MSCs, by which stem cells ameliorate inflammatory reactions. Modulation of adenosine signaling may help restore neurotransmitter balance, reduce neuroinflammation, and improve overall brain function in individuals with ASD. In our review article, we present a novel insight into purinergic signaling, including but not limited to the adenosinergic pathway and its role in neuroinflammation and neuro-immune cross-talk modulation. We anticipate that by achieving a greater understanding of the purinergic signaling contribution to ASD and related disorders, novel therapeutic strategies may be devised for patients with autism in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.W.); (K.R.)
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Alves M, Gil B, Villegas-Salmerón J, Salari V, Martins-Ferreira R, Arribas Blázquez M, Menéndez Méndez A, Da Rosa Gerbatin R, Smith J, de Diego-Garcia L, Conte G, Sierra-Marquez J, Merino Serrais P, Mitra M, Fernandez Martin A, Wang Y, Kesavan J, Melia C, Parras A, Beamer E, Zimmer B, Heiland M, Cavanagh B, Parcianello Cipolat R, Morgan J, Teng X, Prehn JHM, Fabene PF, Bertini G, Artalejo AR, Ballestar E, Nicke A, Olivos-Oré LA, Connolly NMC, Henshall DC, Engel T. Opposing effects of the purinergic P2X7 receptor on seizures in neurons and microglia in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:121-140. [PMID: 38777288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purinergic ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is increasingly recognized to contribute to pathological neuroinflammation and brain hyperexcitability. P2X7R expression has been shown to be increased in the brain, including both microglia and neurons, in experimental models of epilepsy and patients. To date, the cell type-specific downstream effects of P2X7Rs during seizures remain, however, incompletely understood. METHODS Effects of P2X7R signaling on seizures and epilepsy were analyzed in induced seizure models using male mice including the kainic acid model of status epilepticus and pentylenetetrazole model and in male and female mice in a genetic model of Dravet syndrome. RNA sequencing was used to analyze P2X7R downstream signaling during seizures. To investigate the cell type-specific role of the P2X7R during seizures and epilepsy, we generated mice lacking exon 2 of the P2rx7 gene in either microglia (P2rx7:Cx3cr1-Cre) or neurons (P2rx7:Thy-1-Cre). To investigate the protective potential of overexpressing P2X7R in GABAergic interneurons, P2X7Rs were overexpressed using adeno-associated virus transduction under the mDlx promoter. RESULTS RNA sequencing of hippocampal tissue from wild-type and P2X7R knock-out mice identified both glial and neuronal genes, in particular genes involved in GABAergic signaling, under the control of the P2X7R following seizures. Mice with deleted P2rx7 in microglia displayed less severe acute seizures and developed a milder form of epilepsy, and microglia displayed an anti-inflammatory molecular profile. In contrast, mice lacking P2rx7 in neurons showed a more severe seizure phenotype when compared to epileptic wild-type mice. Analysis of single-cell expression data revealed that human P2RX7 expression is elevated in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Functional studies determined that GABAergic interneurons display increased responses to P2X7R activation in experimental epilepsy. Finally, we show that viral transduction of P2X7R in GABAergic interneurons protects against evoked and spontaneous seizures in experimental temporal lobe epilepsy and in mice lacking Scn1a, a model of Dravet syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a dual and opposing action of P2X7R in epilepsy and suggest P2X7R overexpression in GABAergic interneurons as a novel therapeutic strategy for acquired and, possibly, genetic forms of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Gil
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Javier Villegas-Salmerón
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; The SFI Centre for Research Training in Genomics Data Science, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Valentina Salari
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ricardo Martins-Ferreira
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar - Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Autoimmunity and Neuroscience Group, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Arribas Blázquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Rogerio Da Rosa Gerbatin
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Laura de Diego-Garcia
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; Ocupharm Research Group, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Arcos de Jalon, 118 (28037), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Juan Sierra-Marquez
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo S/N, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - Paula Merino Serrais
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo S/N, Pozuelo de Alarcon, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Meghma Mitra
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Ana Fernandez Martin
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Yitao Wang
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jaideep Kesavan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Ciara Melia
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; VivoArchitect, Route de la Corniche 5, 1066 Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Parras
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mona Heiland
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Brenton Cavanagh
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging Core, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rafael Parcianello Cipolat
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Xinchen Teng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Paolo F Fabene
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Section of Innovation Biomedicine, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio R Artalejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Epigenetics and Immune Disease Group, Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Epigenetics in Inflammatory and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, Health Science Center (HSC), East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis A Olivos-Oré
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Niamh M C Connolly
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland.
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8
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Chen L, Yang W, Yang F, Xu T, Yu Y, Wu Q, Han Y. Astrocyte mitochondria: Potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29950. [PMID: 38756598 PMCID: PMC11096718 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic, relapsing neurological disorder, and current treatments focus primarily on neurons, yet one-third of patients still develop drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic targets. Interestingly, astrocytes can transfer their healthy mitochondria into neighboring neurons, thus preventing neuronal damage. Astrocyte mitochondria have been shown to have a therapeutic role in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. However, their therapeutic effect in epilepsy and its related mechanisms have been less studied. In this review, we mainly summarize the regulatory role of astrocyte mitochondria in glutamate, calcium ion, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) homeostasis and outline the protective role of astrocyte mitochondria in nervous system diseases, revealing a new target for epilepsy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fei Yang
- First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xi Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, PR China
| | - Tingwan Xu
- First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xi Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, PR China
| | - Yanying Yu
- First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xi Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xi Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, PR China
| | - Yanbing Han
- First Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 295 Xi Chang Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, PR China
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9
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Witkin JM, Shafique H, Smith JL, Cerne R. Is there a biochemical basis for purinergic P2X3 and P2X4 receptor antagonists to be considered as anti-seizure medications? Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116046. [PMID: 38341001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy require improved medications. Purinergic receptors were identified as late as 1976 and are slowly emerging as potential drug targets for the discovery of antiseizure medications. While compounds interacting with these receptors have been approved for use as medicines (e.g., gefapixant for cough) and continue to be explored for a number of diseases (e.g., pain, cancer), there have been no purinergic receptor antagonists that have been advanced for epilepsy. There are very few studies on the channel conducting receptors, P2X3 and P2X4, that suggest their possible role in seizure generation or control. However, the limited data available provides some compelling reasons to believe that they could be valuable antiseizure medication drug targets. The data implicating P2X3 and P2X4 receptors in epilepsy includes the role played by ATP in neuronal excitability and seizures, receptor localization, increased receptor expression in epileptic brain, the involvement of these receptors in seizure-associated inflammation, crosstalk between these purinergic receptors and neuronal processes involved in seizures (GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission), and the significant attenuation of seizures and seizure-like activity with P2X receptor blockade. The discovery of new and selective antagonists for P2X3 and P2X4 receptors is ongoing, armed with new structural data to guide rational design. The availability of safe, brain-penetrant compounds will likely encourage the clinical exploration of epilepsy as a disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Trauma Research, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | | | - Jodi L Smith
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rok Cerne
- Laboratory of Antiepileptic Drug Discovery, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University/Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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10
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Smith J, Lopez-Avila BG, Engel T, Mateos EMJ, Alves M. Differently expression of the metabotropic P2Y receptor family after hypoxia-induced seizures in neonates and seizure suppression via P2Y 1 receptor agonism. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:157-162. [PMID: 36792817 PMCID: PMC10997557 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Gil Lopez-Avila
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.
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11
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Su Y, Cao N, Zhang D, Wang M. The effect of ferroptosis-related mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102248. [PMID: 38408490 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of epileptic syndrome. It has been established that due to its complex pathogenesis, a considerable proportion of TLE patients often progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. Ferroptosis has emerged as an important neuronal death mechanism in TLE, which is primarily influenced by lipid accumulation and oxidative stress. In previous studies of ferroptosis, more attention has been focused on the impact of changes in the levels of proteins related to the redox equilibrium and signaling pathways on epileptic seizures. However, it is worth noting that the oxidative-reduction changes in different organelles may have different pathophysiological significance in the process of ferroptosis-related diseases. Mitochondria, as a key organelle involved in ferroptosis, its structural damage and functional impairment can lead to energy metabolism disorders and disruption of the excitatory inhibitory balance, significantly increasing the susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Therefore, secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in the process of ferroptosis could play a crucial role in TLE pathogenesis. This review focuses on ferroptosis and mitochondria, discussing the pathogenic role of ferroptosis-related mitochondrial dysfunction in TLE, thus aiming to provide novel insights and potential implications of ferroptosis-related secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in epileptic seizures and to offer new insights for the precise exploration of ferroptosis-related therapeutic targets for TLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China
| | - Ningrui Cao
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minjin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China; Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, China.
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12
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Guo Y, Mao T, Fang Y, Wang H, Yu J, Zhu Y, Shen S, Zhou M, Li H, Hu Q. Comprehensive insights into potential roles of purinergic P2 receptors on diseases: Signaling pathways involved and potential therapeutics. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00123-1. [PMID: 38565403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purinergic P2 receptors, which can be divided into ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic P2Y receptors, mediate cellular signal transduction of purine or pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphate. Based on the wide expression of purinergic P2 receptors in tissues and organs, their significance in homeostatic maintenance, metabolism, nociceptive transmission, and other physiological processes is becoming increasingly evident, suggesting that targeting purinergic P2 receptors to regulate biological functions and signal transmission holds significant promise for disease treatment. AIM OF REVIEW This review highlights the detailed mechanisms by which purinergic P2 receptors engage in physiological and pathological progress, as well as providing prospective strategies for discovering clinical drug candidates. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purinergic P2 receptors regulate complex signaling and molecular mechanisms in nervous system, digestive system, immune system and as a result, controlling physical health states and disease progression. There has been a significant rise in research and development focused on purinergic P2 receptors, contributing to an increased number of drug candidates in clinical trials. A few influential pioneers have laid the foundation for advancements in the evaluation, development, and of novel purinergic P2 receptors modulators, including agonists, antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions and combination strategies, despite the different scaffolds of these drug candidates. These advancements hold great potential for improving therapeutic outcomes by specifically targeting purinergic P2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tianqi Mao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yafei Fang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiayue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shige Shen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Mengze Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Huanqiu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Qinghua Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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13
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Zhou Q, Zhang N, Wang M, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Kang H. Adenosine kinase gene modified mesenchymal stem cell transplantation retards seizure severity and associated cognitive impairment in a temporal lobe epilepsy rat model. Epilepsy Res 2024; 200:107303. [PMID: 38306957 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has a high risk of developing drug resistant and cognitive comorbidities. Adenosine has potential anticonvulsant effects as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, but drugs targeting its receptors and metabolic enzyme has inevitable side effects. Therefore, we investigated adenosine augmentation therapy for seizure control and cognitive comorbidities in TLE animals. METHODS Using lentiviral vectors coexpressing miRNA inhibiting the expression of adenosine kinase (ADK), we produced ADK--rMSC (ADK knockdown rat mesenchymal stem cell). ADK--rMSC and LV-con-rMSC (rMSC transduced by randomized scrambled control sequence) were transplanted into the hippocampus of TLE rat respectively. ADK-+DPCPX group was transplanted with ADK--rMSC and intraperitoneally injected with DPCPX (adenosine A1 receptor antagonist). Seizure behavior, EEG, CA1 pyramidal neuron apoptosis, and behavior in Morris water maze and novel object recognition test were studied RESULTS: Adenosine concentration in the supernatants of 105 ADK--rMSCs was 13.8 ng/ml but not detectable in LV-con-rMSCs. ADK--rMSC (n = 11) transplantation decreased spontaneous recurrent seizure (SRS) duration compared to LV-con-rMSC (n = 11, P < 0.05). CA1 neuron apoptosis was decreased in ADK--rMSC (n = 3, P < 0.05). ADK--rMSC (n = 11) improved the Morris water maze performance of TLE rats compared to LV-con-rMSC (n = 11, escape latency, P < 0.01; entries in target quadrant, P < 0.05). The effect of ADK--rMSC on neuron apoptosis and spatial memory were counteracted by DPCPX. However, ADK--rMSC didn't improve the performance in novel object recognition test. CONCLUSION Adenosine augmentation-based ADK--rMSC transplantation is a promising therapeutic candidate for TLE and related cognitive comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Suiqiang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Huicong Kang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Shigetomi E, Sakai K, Koizumi S. Extracellular ATP/adenosine dynamics in the brain and its role in health and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1343653. [PMID: 38304611 PMCID: PMC10830686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1343653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and adenosine are neuromodulators that regulate numerous neuronal functions in the brain. Neuronal activity and brain insults such as ischemic and traumatic injury upregulate these neuromodulators, which exert their effects by activating purinergic receptors. In addition, extracellular ATP/adenosine signaling plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Virtually every cell type in the brain contributes to the elevation of ATP/adenosine, and various mechanisms underlying this increase have been proposed. Extracellular adenosine is thought to be mainly produced via the degradation of extracellular ATP. However, adenosine is also released from neurons and glia in the brain. Therefore, the regulation of extracellular ATP/adenosine in physiological and pathophysiological conditions is likely far more complex than previously thought. To elucidate the complex mechanisms that regulate extracellular ATP/adenosine levels, accurate methods of assessing their spatiotemporal dynamics are needed. Several novel techniques for acquiring spatiotemporal information on extracellular ATP/adenosine, including fluorescent sensors, have been developed and have started to reveal the mechanisms underlying the release, uptake and degradation of ATP/adenosine. Here, we review methods for analyzing extracellular ATP/adenosine dynamics as well as the current state of knowledge on the spatiotemporal dynamics of ATP/adenosine in the brain. We focus on the mechanisms used by neurons and glia to cooperatively produce the activity-dependent increase in ATP/adenosine and its physiological and pathophysiological significance in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Kent Sakai
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
- Yamanashi GLIA Center, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
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15
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Smith J, Richerson G, Kouchi H, Duprat F, Mantegazza M, Bezin L, Rheims S. Are we there yet? A critical evaluation of sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy models. Epilepsia 2024; 65:9-25. [PMID: 37914406 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Although animal models have helped to elaborate meaningful hypotheses about the pathophysiology of sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), specific prevention strategies are still lacking, potentially reflecting the limitations of these models and the intrinsic difficulties of investigating SUDEP. The interpretation of preclinical data and their translation to diagnostic and therapeutic developments in patients thus require a high level of confidence in their relevance to model the human situation. Preclinical models of SUDEP are heterogeneous and include rodent and nonrodent species. A critical aspect is whether the animals have isolated seizures exclusively induced by a specific trigger, such as models where seizures are elicited by electrical stimulation, pharmacological intervention, or DBA mouse strains, or whether they suffer from epilepsy with spontaneous seizures, with or without spontaneous SUDEP, either of nongenetic epilepsy etiology or from genetically based developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. All these models have advantages and potential disadvantages, but it is important to be aware of these limitations to interpret data appropriately in a translational perspective. The majority of models with spontaneous seizures are of a genetic basis, whereas SUDEP cases with a genetic basis represent only a small proportion of the total number. In almost all models, cardiorespiratory arrest occurs during the course of the seizure, contrary to that in patients observed at the time of death, potentially raising the issue of whether we are studying models of SUDEP or models of periseizure death. However, some of these limitations are impossible to avoid and can in part be dependent on specific features of SUDEP, which may be difficult to model. Several preclinical tools are available to address certain gaps in SUDEP pathophysiology, which can be used to further validate current preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Smith
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon 1 University), Lyon, France
| | - George Richerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hayet Kouchi
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon 1 University), Lyon, France
| | - Fabrice Duprat
- University Cote d'Azur, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
- Inserm, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- University Cote d'Azur, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
- CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
- Inserm, Valbonne-Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon 1 University), Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL, INSERM U1028/CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon 1 University), Lyon, France
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
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Daniels SD, Boison D. Bipolar mania and epilepsy pathophysiology and treatment may converge in purine metabolism: A new perspective on available evidence. Neuropharmacology 2023; 241:109756. [PMID: 37820933 PMCID: PMC10841508 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Decreased ATPergic signaling is an increasingly recognized pathophysiology in bipolar mania disease models. In parallel, adenosine deficit is increasingly recognized in epilepsy pathophysiology. Under-recognized ATP and/or adenosine-increasing mechanisms of several antimanic and antiseizure therapies including lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and ECT suggest a fundamental pathogenic role of adenosine deficit in bipolar mania to match the established role of adenosine deficit in epilepsy. The depletion of adenosine-derivatives within the purine cycle is expected to result in a compensatory increase in oxopurines (uric acid precursors) and secondarily increased uric acid, observed in both bipolar mania and epilepsy. Cortisol-based inhibition of purine conversion to adenosine-derivatives may be reflected in observed uric acid increases and the well-established contribution of cortisol to both bipolar mania and epilepsy pathology. Cortisol-inhibited conversion from IMP to AMP as precursor of both ATP and adenosine may represent a mechanism for treatment resistance common in both bipolar mania and epilepsy. Anti-cortisol therapies may therefore augment other treatments both in bipolar mania and epilepsy. Evidence linking (i) adenosine deficit with a decreased need for sleep, (ii) IMP/cGMP excess with compulsive hypersexuality, and (iii) guanosine excess with grandiose delusions may converge to suggest a novel theory of bipolar mania as a condition characterized by disrupted purine metabolism. The potential for disease-modification and prevention related to adenosine-mediated epigenetic changes in epilepsy may be mirrored in mania. Evaluating the purinergic effects of existing agents and validating purine dysregulation may improve diagnosis and treatment in bipolar mania and epilepsy and provide specific targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Daniels
- Hutchings Psychiatric Center, New York State Office of Mental Health, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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17
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Wendlandt M, Kürten AJ, Beiersdorfer A, Schubert C, Samad-Yazdtchi K, Sauer J, Pinto MC, Schulz K, Friese MA, Gee CE, Hirnet D, Lohr C. A 2A adenosine receptor-driven cAMP signaling in olfactory bulb astrocytes is unaffected in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1273837. [PMID: 38077336 PMCID: PMC10701430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1273837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cyclic nucleotide cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger, which is known to play an important anti-inflammatory role. Astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) can modulate inflammation but little is known about the significance of cAMP in their function. Methods We investigated cAMP dynamics in mouse olfactory bulb astrocytes in brain slices prepared from healthy and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. Results The purinergic receptor ligands adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) both induced transient increases in cAMP in astrocytes expressing the genetically encoded cAMP sensor Flamindo2. The A2A receptor antagonist ZM241385 inhibited the responses. Similar transient increases in astrocytic cAMP occurred when olfactory receptor neurons were stimulated electrically, resulting in ATP release from the stimulated axons that increased cAMP, again via A2A receptors. Notably, A2A-mediated responses to ATP and adenosine were not different in EAE mice as compared to healthy mice. Discussion Our results indicate that ATP, synaptically released by afferent axons in the olfactory bulb, is degraded to adenosine that acts on A2A receptors in astrocytes, thereby increasing the cytosolic cAMP concentration. However, this pathway is not altered in the olfactory bulb of EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wendlandt
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alina J. Kürten
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Schubert
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Sauer
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Carolina Pinto
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schulz
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A. Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christine E. Gee
- Institute of Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Hirnet
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Division of Neurophysiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Garcia-Durillo M, Frenguelli BG. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors enhances lorazepam action in delaying seizure onset in an in vitro model of status epilepticus. Neuropharmacology 2023; 239:109647. [PMID: 37459909 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of patients with status epilepticus (SE) become refractory to two or more antiseizure medications (ASMs). There is thus a real need to identify novel targets against which to develop new ASMs for treating this clinical emergency. Among purinergic receptors, the ionotropic ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has received attention as a potential ASM target. This study evaluated the effect of the selective P2X7R antagonist A740003 on acute seizures in the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampal brain slices, where P2X7Rs are highly expressed, with a view to establishing the potential of P2X7R antagonists as a therapy or adjunct with lorazepam (LZP) in refractory SE. Extracellular electrophysiological recordings were made from the DG of male mouse hippocampal slices. Spontaneous seizure-like events (SLEs) were induced by removing extracellular Mg2+ and sequentially adding the K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine and the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyltheophylline, during which the early and late application of A740003 and/or lorazepam was evaluated. Our study revealed that, in the absence of changes in mRNA for P2X7Rs or inflammatory markers, P2X7R antagonism did not reduce the frequency of SLEs. However, A740003 in conjunction with LZP delayed the onset of seizures. Furthermore, our results support the need for employing LZP before seizures become refractory during SE as delayed application of LZP increased seizure frequency. These studies reveal possible sites of intervention that could have a positive impact in patients with high risk of suffering SE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno G Frenguelli
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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19
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Liang Y, Zhao L, Dai C, Liu G, Zhong Y, Liu H, Mo L, Tan C, Liu X, Chen L. Epileptiform Discharges Reduce Neuronal ATP Production by Inhibiting F0F1-ATP Synthase Activity via A Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein-Dependent Mechanism. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6627-6641. [PMID: 37468739 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal energy metabolism dysfunction, especially adenosine triphosphate (ATP) supply decrease, is observed in epilepsy and associated with epileptogenesis and prognosis. Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is known as an important modulator of energy metabolism and involved in neuronal glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and ketogenesis impairment in seizures, but its effect on neuronal ATP synthesis in seizures and the specific mechanism are unclear. In this study, we verified the localization of ZAG in primary cultured neuronal mitochondria by using double-labeling immunofluorescence, immune electron microscopy, and western blot. ZAG level in neuronal mitochondria was modulated by lentiviruses and detected by western blot. The F0F1-ATP synthase activity, ATP level, and acetyl-CoA level were measured. The binding between ZAG and F0F1-ATP synthase was determined by coimmunoprecipitation. We found that both ZAG and F0F1-ATP synthase existed in neuronal mitochondria, and there was mutual binding between them. Epileptiform discharge-induced decrease of mitochondrial ZAG level was reversed by ZAG overexpression. Epileptiform discharge or ZAG knockdown decreased F0F1-ATP synthase activity and ATP level in neurons, which were reversed by ZAG overexpression, while overexpression of ZAG along only increased F0F1-ATP synthase activity but not increased ATP level. Meanwhile, neither epileptiform discharges nor changes of ZAG level can alter the acetyl-CoA level. Moreover, epileptiform discharge did not alter F0F1-ATP synthase level. In conclusion, epileptiform discharge-induced ZAG decrease in neuronal mitochondria is correlated to F0F1-ATP synthase activity inhibition, which may possibly lead to ATP supply impairments. ZAG may be a potential therapeutic target for treating neuronal energy metabolism dysfunction in seizures with further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Chengcheng Dai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yuke Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Changhong Tan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 74 Linjiang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Berg SZ, Berg J. Melanin: a unifying theory of disease as exemplified by Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Lewy body dementia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228530. [PMID: 37841274 PMCID: PMC10570809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin, a ubiquitous dark pigment, plays important roles in the immune system, including scavenging reactive oxygen species formed in response to ultraviolet radiation absorption, absorbing metals, thermal regulation, drug uptake, innate immune system functions, redox, and energy transduction. Many tissue types, including brain, heart, arteries, ovaries, and others, contain melanin. Almost all cells contain precursors to melanin. A growing number of diseases in which there is a loss of melanin and/or neuromelanin are increasingly thought to have infectious etiologies, for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and vitiligo. AD, PD, LBD, and vitiligo have been linked with herpesvirus, which enters melanosomes and causes apoptosis, and with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. Herpesvirus is also linked with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. We theorize that under normal healthy states, melanin retains some of the energy it absorbs from electromagnetic radiation, which is then used to fuel cells, and energy from ATP is used to compliment that energy supply. We further theorize that loss of melanin reduces the energy supply of cells, which in the case of AD, PD, and LBD results in an inability to sustain immune system defenses and remove the plaques associated with the disease, which appear to be part of the immune system's attempt to eradicate the pathogens seen in these neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, in an attempt to explain why removing these plaques does not result in improvements in cognition and mood and why cognitions and moods in these individuals have ebbs and flows, we postulate that it is not the plaques that cause the cognitive symptoms but, rather, inflammation in the brain resulting from the immune system's response to pathogens. Our theory that energy retained in melanin fuels cells in an inverse relationship with ATP is supported by studies showing alterations in ATP production in relationship to melanin levels in melanomas, vitiligo, and healthy cells. Therefore, alteration of melanin levels may be at the core of many diseases. We propose regulating melanin levels may offer new avenues for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Z. Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Vincenzi F, Pasquini S, Contri C, Cappello M, Nigro M, Travagli A, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA, Varani K. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: Recent Advancements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1387. [PMID: 37759787 PMCID: PMC10527030 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are widely acknowledged pharmacological targets yet are still underutilized in clinical practice. Their ubiquitous distribution in almost all cells and tissues of the body makes them, on the one hand, excellent candidates for numerous diseases, and on the other hand, intrinsically challenging to exploit selectively and in a site-specific manner. This review endeavors to comprehensively depict the substantial advancements witnessed in recent years concerning the development of drugs that modulate ARs. Through preclinical and clinical research, it has become evident that the modulation of ARs holds promise for the treatment of numerous diseases, including central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The latest studies discussed herein shed light on novel mechanisms through which ARs exert control over pathophysiological states. They also introduce new ligands and innovative strategies for receptor activation, presenting compelling evidence of efficacy along with the implicated signaling pathways. Collectively, these emerging insights underscore a promising trajectory toward harnessing the therapeutic potential of these multifaceted targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | - Martina Cappello
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | - Manuela Nigro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | - Alessia Travagli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.); (M.N.); (A.T.); (S.M.); (S.G.); (K.V.)
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Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Sampani K, Steliou K, Vavvas DG. Epilepsy: Mitochondrial connections to the 'Sacred' disease. Mitochondrion 2023; 72:84-101. [PMID: 37582467 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Over 65 million people suffer from recurrent, unprovoked seizures. The lack of validated biomarkers specific for myriad forms of epilepsy makes diagnosis challenging. Diagnosis and monitoring of childhood epilepsy add to the need for non-invasive biomarkers, especially when evaluating antiseizure medications. Although underlying mechanisms of epileptogenesis are not fully understood, evidence for mitochondrial involvement is substantial. Seizures affect 35%-60% of patients diagnosed with mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is pathophysiological in various epilepsies, including those of non-mitochondrial origin. Decreased ATP production caused by malfunctioning brain cell mitochondria leads to altered neuronal bioenergetics, metabolism and neurological complications, including seizures. Iron-dependent lipid peroxidation initiates ferroptosis, a cell death pathway that aligns with altered mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism and morphology found in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Studies in mouse genetic models with seizure phenotypes where the function of an essential selenoprotein (GPX4) is targeted suggest roles for ferroptosis in epilepsy. GPX4 is pivotal in NDDs, where selenium protects interneurons from ferroptosis. Selenium is an essential central nervous system micronutrient and trace element. Low serum concentrations of selenium and other trace elements and minerals, including iron, are noted in diagnosing childhood epilepsy. Selenium supplements alleviate intractable seizures in children with reduced GPX activity. Copper and cuproptosis, like iron and ferroptosis, link to mitochondria and NDDs. Connecting these mechanistic pathways to selenoproteins provides new insights into treating seizures, pointing to using medicines including prodrugs of lipoic acid to treat epilepsy and to potential alternative therapeutic approaches including transcranial magnetic stimulation (transcranial), photobiomodulation and vagus nerve stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Smith J, Menéndez Méndez A, Alves M, Parras A, Conte G, Bhattacharya A, Ceusters M, Nicke A, Henshall DC, Jimenez-Mateos EM, Engel T. The P2X7 receptor contributes to seizures and inflammation-driven long-lasting brain hyperexcitability following hypoxia in neonatal mice. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1710-1729. [PMID: 36637008 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neonatal seizures represent a clinical emergency. However, current anti-seizure medications fail to resolve seizures in ~50% of infants. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an important driver of inflammation, and evidence suggests that P2X7R contributes to seizures and epilepsy in adults. However, no genetic proof has yet been provided to determine what contribution P2X7R makes to neonatal seizures, its effects on inflammatory signalling during neonatal seizures, and the therapeutic potential of P2X7R-based treatments on long-lasting brain excitability. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Neonatal seizures were induced by global hypoxia in 7-day-old mouse pups (P7). The role of P2X7Rs during seizures was analysed in P2X7R-overexpressing and knockout mice. Treatment of wild-type mice after hypoxia with the P2X7R antagonist JNJ-47965567 was used to determine the effects of the P2X7R on long-lasting brain hyperexcitability. Cell type-specific P2X7R expression was analysed in P2X7R-EGFP reporter mice. RNA sequencing was used to monitor P2X7R-dependent hippocampal downstream signalling. KEY RESULTS P2X7R deletion reduced seizure severity, whereas P2X7R overexpression exacerbated seizure severity and reduced responsiveness to anti-seizure medication. P2X7R deficiency led to an anti-inflammatory phenotype in microglia, and treatment of mice with a P2X7R antagonist reduced long-lasting brain hyperexcitability. RNA sequencing identified several pathways altered in P2X7R knockout mice after neonatal hypoxia, including a down-regulation of genes implicated in inflammation and glutamatergic signalling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Treatments based on targeting the P2X7R may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for neonatal seizures with P2X7Rs contributing to the generation of neonatal seizures, driving inflammatory processes and long-term hyperexcitability states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alberto Parras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Marc Ceusters
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
- The Marc Ceusters Company BV, Diest, Belgium
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez-Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Zhu J, Qiu W, Wei F, Wang Y, Wang Q, Ma W, Xiong H, Cui Y, Li X, Xu R, Lin Y. Reactive A1 Astrocyte-Targeted Nucleic Acid Nanoantiepileptic Drug Downregulating Adenosine Kinase to Rescue Endogenous Antiepileptic Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37334941 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to traditional antiepileptic drugs is a major challenge in chronic epilepsy treatment. MicroRNA-based gene therapy is a promising alternative but has demonstrated limited efficacy due to poor blood-brain barrier permeability, cellular uptake, and targeting efficiency. Adenosine is an endogenous antiseizure agent deficient in the epileptic brain due to elevated adenosine kinase (ADK) activity in reactive A1 astrocytes. We designed a nucleic acid nanoantiepileptic drug (tFNA-ADKASO@AS1) based on a tetrahedral framework nucleic acid (tFNA), carrying an antisense oligonucleotide targeting ADK (ADKASO) and A1 astrocyte-targeted peptide (AS1). This tFNA-ADKASO@AS1 construct effectively reduced brain ADK, increased brain adenosine, mitigated aberrant mossy fiber sprouting, and reduced the recurrent spontaneous epileptic spike frequency in a mouse model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Further, the treatment did not induce any neurotoxicity or major organ damage. This work provides proof-of-concept for a novel antiepileptic drug delivery strategy and for endogenous adenosine as a promising target for gene-based modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Wenqiao Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Qiguang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Huan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xinda Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ruxiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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25
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Korczowska-Łącka I, Hurła M, Banaszek N, Kobylarek D, Szymanowicz O, Kozubski W, Dorszewska J. Selected Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism Disorders in Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4132-4149. [PMID: 37039942 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases can be broadly divided according to causal factors into circulatory system disorders leading to ischemic stroke; degeneration of the nerve cells leading to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases, and immune system disorders; bioelectric activity (epileptic) problems; and genetically determined conditions as well as viral and bacterial infections developing inflammation. Regardless of the cause of neurological diseases, they are usually accompanied by disturbances of the central energy in a completely unexplained mechanism. The brain makes up only 2% of the human body's weight; however, while working, it uses as much as 20% of the energy obtained by the body. The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and regulatory mechanisms in the brain operate to ensure adequate neuronal activity. Therefore, an understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a "neurocentric" view to a more integrated picture involving cooperativity between structural and molecular factors in the central nervous system. This article reviewed selected molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and energy metabolism disorders such as homocysteine, DNA damage such as 8-oxo2dG, genetic variants, and antioxidants such as glutathione in selected neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, AD, PD, and epilepsy. This review summarizes our and others' recent research on oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the future, the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases may be substantially improved by identifying specific early markers of metabolic and energy disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Korczowska-Łącka
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Hurła
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Natalia Banaszek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Dominik Kobylarek
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Oliwia Szymanowicz
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Chair and Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Dorszewska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49, Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland.
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26
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Henning L, Unichenko P, Bedner P, Steinhäuser C, Henneberger C. Overview Article Astrocytes as Initiators of Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1091-1099. [PMID: 36244037 PMCID: PMC10030460 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a dual role in the brain. On the one hand, they are active signaling partners of neurons and can for instance control synaptic transmission and its plasticity. On the other hand, they fulfill various homeostatic functions such as clearance of glutamate and K+ released from neurons. The latter is for instance important for limiting neuronal excitability. Therefore, an impairment or failure of glutamate and K+ clearance will lead to increased neuronal excitability, which could trigger or aggravate brain diseases such as epilepsy, in which neuronal hyperexcitability plays a role. Experimental data indicate that astrocytes could have such a causal role in epilepsy, but the role of astrocytes as initiators of epilepsy and the relevant mechanisms are under debate. In this overview, we will discuss the potential mechanisms with focus on K+ clearance, glutamate uptake and homoeostasis and related mechanisms, and the evidence for their causative role in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Henning
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian Henneberger
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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27
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Purnell BS, Alves M, Boison D. Astrocyte-neuron circuits in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106058. [PMID: 36868484 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are a diverse spectrum of disease states characterized by spontaneous seizures and associated comorbidities. Neuron-focused perspectives have yielded an array of widely used anti-seizure medications and are able to explain some, but not all, of the imbalance of excitation and inhibition which manifests itself as spontaneous seizures. Furthermore, the rate of pharmacoresistant epilepsy remains high despite the regular approval of novel anti-seizure medications. Gaining a more complete understanding of the processes that turn a healthy brain into an epileptic brain (epileptogenesis) as well as the processes which generate individual seizures (ictogenesis) may necessitate broadening our focus to other cell types. As will be detailed in this review, astrocytes augment neuronal activity at the level of individual neurons in the form of gliotransmission and the tripartite synapse. Under normal conditions, astrocytes are essential to the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity and remediation of inflammation and oxidative stress, but in epilepsy these functions are impaired. Epilepsy results in disruptions in the way astrocytes relate to each other by gap junctions which has important implications for ion and water homeostasis. In their activated state, astrocytes contribute to imbalances in neuronal excitability due to their decreased capacity to take up and metabolize glutamate and an increased capacity to metabolize adenosine. Furthermore, due to their increased adenosine metabolism, activated astrocytes may contribute to DNA hypermethylation and other epigenetic changes that underly epileptogenesis. Lastly, we will explore the potential explanatory power of these changes in astrocyte function in detail in the specific context of the comorbid occurrence of epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease and the disruption in sleep-wake regulation associated with both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton S Purnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America.
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Shi NR, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhang JZ, Deng BL, Hu XM, Yang J, Wang X, Chen X, Zuo YQ, Liu TT, Zheng JL, Yang X, Illes P, Tang Y. Association of the ADORA2A receptor and CD73 polymorphisms with epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1152667. [PMID: 37063258 PMCID: PMC10090369 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms are connected with the risk of epilepsy on occurrence, progress, and the individual response to drugs. Progress in genomic technology is exposing the complex genetic architecture of epilepsy. Compelling evidence has demonstrated that purines and adenosine are key mediators in the epileptic process. Our previous study found the interconnection of P2Y12 receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms and epilepsy. However, little is known about the interaction between the purine nucleoside A2A receptor and rate-limiting enzyme ecto-5′-nucleotidase/CD73 and epilepsy from the genetic polymorphism aspect. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of A2AR and CD73 polymorphisms on epilepsy cases. The study group encompassed 181 patients with epilepsy and 55 healthy volunteers. A significant correlation was confirmed between CD73 rs4431401 and epilepsy (p < 0.001), with TT genotype frequency being higher and C allele being lower among epilepsy patients in comparison with healthy individuals, indicating that the presence of the TT genotype is related to an increased risk of epilepsy (OR = 2.742, p = 0.006) while carriers of the C allele demonstrated a decreased risk of epilepsy (OR = 0.304, p < 0.001). According to analysis based on gender, the allele and genotype of rs4431401 in CD73 were associated with both male and female cases (p < 0.0001, p = 0.026, respectively). Of note, we found that A2AR genetic variants rs2267076 T>C (p = 0.031), rs2298383 C>T (p = 0.045), rs4822492 T>G (p = 0.034), and rs4822489 T>G (p = 0.029) were only associated with epilepsy in female subjects instead of male. It is evident that the TT genotype and T allele of rs4431401 in CD73 were genetic risk factors for epilepsy, whereas rs2267076, rs2298383, rs4822492, and rs4822489 polymorphisms of the A2AR were mainly associated with female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Rui Shi
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji-Zhou Zhang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin-Lu Deng
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiu-Min Hu
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Qin Zuo
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Ling Zheng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yang, ; Peter Illes, ; Yong Tang,
| | - Peter Illes
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Xin Yang, ; Peter Illes, ; Yong Tang,
| | - Yong Tang
- International Joint Research Centre on Purinergic Signalling, School of Acupuncture and Tuina/ School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yang, ; Peter Illes, ; Yong Tang,
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The P2X7 Receptor as a Mechanistic Biomarker for Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065410. [PMID: 36982485 PMCID: PMC10049244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy, characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures, is a heterogeneous group of brain diseases affecting over 70 million people worldwide. Major challenges in the management of epilepsy include its diagnosis and treatment. To date, video electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring is the gold-standard diagnostic method, with no molecular biomarker in routine clinical use. Moreover, treatment based on anti-seizure medications (ASMs) remains ineffective in 30% of patients, and, even if seizure-suppressive, lacks disease-modifying potential. Current epilepsy research is, therefore, mainly focussed on the identification of new drugs with a different mechanism of action effective in patients not responding to current ASMs. The vast heterogeneity of epilepsy syndromes, including differences in underlying pathology, comorbidities and disease progression, represents, however, a particular challenge in drug discovery. Optimal treatment most likely requires the identification of new drug targets combined with diagnostic methods to identify patients in need of a specific treatment. Purinergic signalling via extracellularly released ATP is increasingly recognized to contribute to brain hyperexcitability and, consequently, drugs targeting this signalling system have been proposed as a new therapeutic strategy for epilepsy. Among the purinergic ATP receptors, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) has attracted particular attention as a novel target for epilepsy treatment, with P2X7Rs contributing to unresponsiveness to ASMs and drugs targeting the P2X7R modulating acute seizure severity and suppressing seizures during epilepsy. In addition, P2X7R expression has been reported to be altered in the brain and circulation in experimental models of epilepsy and patients, making it both a potential therapeutic and diagnostic target. The present review provides an update on the newest findings regarding P2X7R-based treatments for epilepsy and discusses the potential of P2X7R as a mechanistic biomarker.
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Wang Q, Shi NR, Lv P, Liu J, Zhang JZ, Deng BL, Zuo YQ, Yang J, Wang X, Chen X, Hu XM, Liu TT, Liu J. P2Y12 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with epilepsy. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:155-162. [PMID: 35175489 PMCID: PMC9984642 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic research indicated that microglial P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12Rs) are involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy through regulated microglial-neuronal interactions, aberrant neurogenesis, or immature neuronal projections. However, whether the clinic case of epilepsy would be associated with P2Y12 receptor gene polymorphisms is presented with few data. In our study, a total of 176 patients with epilepsy and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, namely rs1491974 and rs6798347, were selected for analysis. The results revealed that carriers of the G allele of rs1491974 G>A or rs6798347 G>A may be associated with an increased risk of epilepsy (OR = 0.576, 95% CI = 0.368-0.901, p = 0.015; OR = 0.603, 95% CI = 0.367-0.988, p = 0.043). Interestingly, we found that the rs1491974 G>A genotype and allele frequencies have only a significant difference in female instead of male case (p = 0.004 for genotype; p = 0.001 for allele). The subgroup analysis demonstrated that individuals with the rs1491974 G>A genotype might have more frequent seizure (OR = 0.476, 95% CI = 0.255-0.890; p = 0.019). These data implied that both rs1491974 and rs6798347 polymorphisms of P2Y12R would be able to play import roles in epilepsy susceptibility, whereas the rs1491974 polymorphism may be specifically related to seizure frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Nan-Rui Shi
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Peng Lv
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ji-Zhou Zhang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Bin-Lu Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qin Zuo
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Min Hu
- School of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, 646000, Luzhou, China. .,Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China. .,Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences &, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Vezzani A, Di Sapia R, Kebede V, Balosso S, Ravizza T. Neuroimmunology of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 140:109095. [PMID: 36753859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a very heterogeneous clinical condition often refractory to available treatment options. Evidence in animal models shows that neuroinflammation arises in the brain during SE due to the activation of innate immune mechanisms in brain parenchyma cells. Intervention studies in animal models support the involvement of neuroinflammation in SE onset, duration, and severity, refractoriness to treatments, and long-term neurological consequences. Clinical evidence shows that neuroinflammation occurs in patients with SE of diverse etiologies likely representing a common phenomenon, thus broadening the involvement of the immune system beyond the infective and autoimmune etiologies. There is urgent need for novel therapies for refractory SE that rely upon a better understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying this clinical condition. Preclinical and clinical evidence encourage consideration of specific anti-inflammatory treatments for controlling SE and its consequences in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Acute Brain Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy.
| | - Rossella Di Sapia
- Department of Acute Brain Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Valentina Kebede
- Department of Acute Brain Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Silvia Balosso
- Department of Acute Brain Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Acute Brain Injury, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Italy
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32
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Bertoncello KT, Bonan CD. The Effect of Adenosine Signaling on Memory Impairment Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in Zebrafish. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1889-1899. [PMID: 36729312 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by the manifestation of spontaneous and recurrent seizures. The high prevalence of comorbidities associated with epilepsy, such as cognitive dysfunction, affects the patients quality of life. Adenosine signaling modulation might be an effective alternative to control seizures and epilepsy-associated comorbidities. This study aimed to verify the role of adenosine modulation on the seizure development and cognitive impairment induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in zebrafish. At first, animals were submitted to a training session in the inhibitory avoidance test and, after 10 min, they received an intraperitoneal injection of valproate, adenosine A1 receptor agonist cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), adenosine A2A receptor antagonist ZM 241385, adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nony1)-adenine hydrochloride (EHNA) or the nucleoside transporter inhibitor dipyridamole. Thirty min after the intraperitoneal injection, the animals were exposed to 7.5 mM PTZ for 10 min, where they were evaluated for latency to reach the seizure stages (I, II, and III). Finally, 24 h after the training session, the animals were submitted to the inhibitory avoidance test to verify their cognitive performance during the test session. Valproate, CPA, and EHNA showed antiseizure effects and prevented the memory impairment induced by PTZ exposure. DPCPX, ZM 241385, and dipyridamole pretreatments caused no changes in seizure development; however, these drugs prevented memory impairment without altering locomotion. Our results reinforce the antiseizure effects of adenosine signaling and support the idea that the involvement of adenosine in memory processes may be a target for preventive strategies against cognitive impairment associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanandra Taisa Bertoncello
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Denise Bonan
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Psicofarmacologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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33
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Morgan J, Moreno O, Alves M, Baz Z, Menéndez Méndez A, Leister H, Melia C, Smith J, Visekruna A, Nicke A, Bhattacharya A, Ceusters M, Henshall DC, Gómez-Vallejo V, Llop J, Engel T. Increased uptake of the P2X7 receptor radiotracer 18 F-JNJ-64413739 in the brain and peripheral organs according to the severity of status epilepticus in male mice. Epilepsia 2023; 64:511-523. [PMID: 36507708 PMCID: PMC10108015 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an important contributor to neuroinflammation, responding to extracellularly released adenosine triphosphate. Expression of the P2X7R is increased in the brain in experimental and human epilepsy, and genetic or pharmacologic targeting of the receptor can reduce seizure frequency and severity in preclinical models. Experimentally induced seizures also increase levels of the P2X7R in blood. Here, we tested 18 F-JNJ-64413739, a positron emission tomography (PET) P2X7R antagonist, as a potential noninvasive biomarker of seizure-damage and epileptogenesis. METHODS Status epilepticus was induced via an intra-amygdala microinjection of kainic acid. Static PET studies (30 min duration, initiated 30 min after tracer administration) were conducted 48 h after status epilepticus via an intravenous injection of 18 F-JNJ-64413739. PET images were coregistered with a brain magnetic resonance imaging atlas, tracer uptake was determined in the different brain regions and peripheral organs, and values were correlated to seizure severity during status epilepticus. 18 F-JNJ-64413739 was also applied to ex vivo human brain slices obtained following surgical resection for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. RESULTS P2X7R radiotracer uptake correlated strongly with seizure severity during status epilepticus in brain structures including the cerebellum and ipsi- and contralateral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. In addition, a correlation between radiotracer uptake and seizure severity was also evident in peripheral organs such as the heart and the liver. Finally, P2X7R radiotracer uptake was found elevated in brain sections from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy when compared to control. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, our data suggest that P2X7R-based PET imaging may help to identify seizure-induced neuropathology and temporal lobe epilepsy patients with increased P2X7R levels possibly benefitting from P2X7R-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Morgan
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Oscar Moreno
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zuriñe Baz
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hanna Leister
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ciara Melia
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Visekruna
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anindya Bhattacharya
- Neuroimmunology Discover, Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Marc Ceusters
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
- Marc Ceusters Company, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jordi Llop
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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Walker MC. Reactive oxygen species in status epilepticus. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8 Suppl 1:S66-S72. [PMID: 36648377 PMCID: PMC10173846 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that status epilepticus can cause considerable neuronal damage, and this has become one of its defining features. The mechanisms underlying this damage are less clear. Excessive activation of NMDA receptors results in large rises in internal calcium, which eventually lead to neuronal death. Between NMDA receptor activation and neuronal death are a number of intermediary steps, key among which is the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Although it has long been thought that mitochondria are the primary source for reactive oxygen species, more recent evidence has pointed to a prominent role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, an enzyme localized in cell membranes. There is burgeoning in vivo and in vitro evidence that therapies that target the production or removal of reactive oxygen species are not only effective neuroprotectants following status epilepticus, but also potently antiepileptogenic. Moreover, combining therapies targeted at inhibiting NADPH oxidase and at increasing endogenous antioxidants seems to offer the greatest benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Walker
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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35
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Arida RM. Physical Exercise as a Strategy to Reduce Seizure Susceptibility. PHARMACORESISTANCE IN EPILEPSY 2023:453-477. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-36526-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Wong ZW, Engel T. More than a drug target: Purinergic signalling as a source for diagnostic tools in epilepsy. Neuropharmacology 2023; 222:109303. [PMID: 36309046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common and disabling chronic neurological diseases affecting people of all ages. Major challenges of epilepsy management include the persistently high percentage of drug-refractoriness among patients, the absence of disease-modifying treatments, and its diagnosis and prognosis. To date, long-term video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings remain the gold standard for an epilepsy diagnosis. However, this is very costly, has low throughput, and in some instances has very limited availability. Therefore, much effort is put into the search for non-invasive diagnostic tests. Purinergic signalling, via extracellularly released adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is gaining increasing traction as a therapeutic strategy for epilepsy treatment which is supported by evidence from both experimental models and patients. This includes in particular the ionotropic P2X7 receptor. Besides that, other components from the ATPergic signalling cascade such as the metabotropic P2Y receptors (e.g., P2Y1 receptor) and ATP-release channels (e.g., pannexin-1), have also been shown to contribute to seizures and epilepsy. In addition to the therapeutic potential of purinergic signalling, emerging evidence has also shown its potential as a diagnostic tool. Following seizures and epilepsy, the concentration of purines in the blood and the expression of different compounds of the purinergic signalling cascade are significantly altered. Herein, this review will provide a detailed discussion of recent findings on the diagnostic potential of purinergic signalling for epilepsy management and the prospect of translating it for clinical application. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Purinergic Signaling: 50 years'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wei Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland; FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.
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Mikkelsen JD, Aripaka SS, Kaad S, Pazarlar BA, Pinborg L, Finsen B, Varrone A, Bang-Andersen B, Bastlund JF. Characterization of the Novel P2X7 Receptor Radioligand [ 3H]JNJ-64413739 in Human Brain Tissue. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 14:111-118. [PMID: 36535632 PMCID: PMC9817075 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioligands targeting microglia cells have been developed to identify and determine neuroinflammation in the living brain. One recently discovered ligand is JNJ-64413739 that binds selectively to the purinergic receptor P2X7R. The expression of P2X7R is increased under inflammation; hence, the ligand is considered useful in the detection of neuroinflammation in the brain. [18F]JNJ-64413739 has been evaluated in healthy subjects with positron emission tomography; however, the in vitro binding properties of the ligand in human brain tissue have not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure Bmax and Kd of [3H]JNJ-64413739 using autoradiography on human cortical tissue sections resected from a total of 48 patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy. Correlations between the specific binding of [3H]JNJ-64413739 with age, sex, and duration of disease were explored. Finally, to examine the relationship between P2X7R and TSPO availability, specific binding of [3H]JNJ-64413739 and [123I]CLINDE was examined in the same tissue. The binding was measured in both cortical gray and subcortical white matter. Saturation revealed a Kd (5 nM) value similar between gray and white matter but a larger Bmax in the white than in the gray matter. The binding was completely displaced by the cold ligand and structurally different P2X7R ligands. The variability in saturable binding among the samples was found to be 38% in gray and white matter but was not correlated to either age, sex, or the duration of the disease. Interestingly, there was no significant correlation between [3H]JNJ-64413739 and [123I]CLINDE binding. These data demonstrate that [3H]JNJ-64413739 is a suitable radioligand for evaluating the distribution and expression of the P2X7R in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens D. Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology
Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark,Institute
of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark,Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern
Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark,. Tel.: +45 3545 6701
| | - Sanjay S. Aripaka
- Neurobiology
Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Sif Kaad
- Neurobiology
Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Burcu A. Pazarlar
- Neurobiology
Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark,Physiology
Department, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip
Celebi University, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Lars Pinborg
- Neurobiology
Research Unit, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark,Epilepsy
Clinic, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen
University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern
Denmark, Odense 5000, Denmark
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Mozel S, Arciszewski MB. Immunodetection of P2X2 Receptor in Enteric Nervous System Neurons of the Small Intestine of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243576. [PMID: 36552495 PMCID: PMC9774495 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is one of the best-known and frequently studied neurotransmitters. Its broad spectrum of biological activity is conditioned by the activation of purinergic receptors, including the P2X2 receptor. The P2X2 receptor is present in the central and peripheral nervous system of many species, including laboratory animals, domestic animals, and primates. However, the distribution of the P2X2 receptor in the nervous system of the domestic pig, a species increasingly used as an experimental model, is as yet unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of the P2X2 receptor in the neurons of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the pig small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) by the immunofluorescence method. In addition, the chemical code of P2X2-immunoreactive (IR) ENS neurons of the porcine small intestine was analysed by determining the coexistence of selected neuropeptides, i.e., vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (sP), and galanin. P2X2-IR neurons were present in the myenteric plexus (MP), outer submucosal plexus (OSP), and inner submucosal plexus (ISP) of all sections of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). From 44.78 ± 2.24% (duodenum) to 63.74 ± 2.67% (ileum) of MP neurons were P2X2-IR. The corresponding ranges in the OSP ranged from 44.84 ± 1.43% (in the duodenum) to 53.53 ± 1.21% (in the jejunum), and in the ISP, from 53.10 ± 0.97% (duodenum) to 60.57 ± 2.24% (ileum). Immunofluorescence staining revealed the presence of P2X2-IR/galanin-IR and P2X2-IR/VIP-IR neurons in the MP, OSP, and ISP of the sections of the small intestine. The presence of sP was not detected in the P2X2-IR neurons of any ganglia tested in the ENS. Our results indicate for the first time that the P2X2 receptor is present in the MP, ISP, and OSP neurons of all small intestinal segments in pigs, which may suggest that its activation influences the action of the small intestine. Moreover, there is a likely functional interaction between P2X2 receptors and galanin or VIP, but not sP, in the ENS of the porcine small intestine.
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Potschka H, Bhatti SFM, Tipold A, McGrath S. Cannabidiol in canine epilepsy. Vet J 2022; 290:105913. [PMID: 36209995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol (CBD), which has been confirmed by findings from animal models and human trials, has attracted the interest of veterinary practitioners and dog owners. Moreover, social media and public pressure has sparked a renewed awareness of cannabinoids, which have been used for epilepsy since ancient times. Unfortunately, at this moment veterinarians and veterinary neurologists have difficulty prescribing cannabinoids because of the paucity of sound scientific studies. Pharmacokinetic studies in dogs have demonstrated a low oral bioavailability of CBD and a high first-pass effect through the liver. Administering CBD in oil-based formulations and/or with food has been shown to enhance the bioavailability in dogs, rats and humans. Tolerability studies in healthy dogs and dogs with epilepsy have demonstrated that CBD was safe and well tolerated with only mild to moderate adverse effects. In this context, it should be noted that the quality of available CBD varies widely, underscoring the importance of pharmaceutical quality and its control. One clinical trial in dogs with drug-resistant idiopathic epilepsy failed to confirm a difference in response rates between the CBD group and the placebo group, while in another cross-over trial a ≥ 50 % reduction in epileptic seizure frequency was found in six of 14 dogs in the treatment phase, a reduction that was not observed during the placebo phase. Based on the current state of knowledge it is not possible to provide clear-cut recommendations for the use of CBD in canine epilepsy. Randomized controlled canine trials with large sample sizes are needed to determine the range of therapeutic plasma concentrations, develop evidence-based dosing regimens, determine the efficacy of cannabidiol in drug-refractory epilepsy, and explore potential associations between treatment effects and different etiologies, epilepsy types, and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Small Animal Department, Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie McGrath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA
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Vezzani A, Ravizza T, Bedner P, Aronica E, Steinhäuser C, Boison D. Astrocytes in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:707-722. [PMID: 36280704 PMCID: PMC10368155 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-022-00727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy affects ~65 million people worldwide. First-line treatment options include >20 antiseizure medications, but seizure control is not achieved in approximately one-third of patients. Antiseizure medications act primarily on neurons and can provide symptomatic control of seizures, but do not alter the onset and progression of epilepsy and can cause serious adverse effects. Therefore, medications with new cellular and molecular targets and mechanisms of action are needed. Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes are crucial to the pathophysiological mechanisms of epilepsy, raising the possibility that these cells could be novel therapeutic targets. In this Review, we discuss how dysregulation of key astrocyte functions - gliotransmission, cell metabolism and immune function - contribute to the development and progression of hyperexcitability in epilepsy. We consider strategies to mitigate astrocyte dysfunction in each of these areas, and provide an overview of how astrocyte activation states can be monitored in vivo not only to assess their contribution to disease but also to identify markers of disease processes and treatment effects. Improved understanding of the roles of astrocytes in epilepsy has the potential to lead to novel therapies to prevent the initiation and progression of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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P2X7 receptor activation mediates superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) release from murine NSC-34 motor neurons. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:451-467. [PMID: 35478453 PMCID: PMC9832181 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) can be constitutively released from motor neurons and transmitted to naïve motor neurons to promote the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the biological impacts of this process and the precise mechanisms of SOD1 release remain to be fully resolved. Using biochemical and fluorescent techniques, this study aimed to determine if P2X7 receptor activation could induce mutant SOD1 release from motor neurons and whether this released SOD1 could be transmitted to motor neurons or microglia to mediate effects associated with neurodegeneration in ALS. Aggregated SOD1G93A, released from murine NSC-34 motor neurons transiently transfected with SOD1G93A, could be transmitted to naïve NSC-34 cells and murine EOC13 microglia to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) release, respectively. Immunoblotting revealed NSC-34 cells expressed P2X7. Extracellular ATP induced cation dye uptake into these cells, which was blocked by the P2X7 antagonist AZ10606120, demonstrating these cells express functional P2X7. Moreover, ATP induced the rapid release of aggregated SOD1G93A from NSC-34 cells transiently transfected with SOD1G93A, a process blocked by AZ10606120 and revealing a role for P2X7 in this process. ATP-induced SOD1G93A release coincided with membrane blebbing. Finally, aggregated SOD1G93A released via P2X7 activation could also be transmitted to NSC-34 and EOC13 cells to induce ER stress and TNFα release, respectively. Collectively, these results identify a novel role for P2X7 in the prion-like propagation of SOD1 in ALS and provide a possible explanation for the therapeutic benefits of P2X7 antagonism previously observed in ALS SOD1G93A mice.
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Kapur J, Long L, Dixon-Salazar T. Consequences: Bench to home. Epilepsia 2022; 63 Suppl 1:S14-S24. [PMID: 35999173 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Seizure clusters (also referred to as acute repetitive seizures) consist of several seizures interspersed with brief interictal periods. Seizure clusters can break down γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) inhibition of dentate granule cells, leading to hyperactivation. Functional changes to GABAA receptors, which play a vital neuroinhibitory role, can include altered GABAA receptor subunit trafficking and cellular localization, intracellular chloride accumulation, and dysregulation of proteins critical to chloride homeostasis. A reduction in neuroinhibition and potentiation of excitatory neurotransmission in CA1 pyramidal neurons represent pathological mechanisms that underlie seizure clusters. Benzodiazepines are well-established treatments for seizure clusters; however, there remain barriers to appropriate care. At the clinical level, there is variability in seizure cluster definitions, such as the number and/or type of seizures associated with a cluster as well as the interictal duration between seizures. This can lead to delays in diagnosis and timely treatment. There are gaps in understanding between clinicians, their patients, and caregivers regarding acute treatment for seizure clusters, such as the use of rescue medications and emergency services. This lack of consensus to define seizure clusters in addition to a lack of education for appropriate treatment can affect quality of life for patients and place a greater burden on patient families and caregivers. For patients with seizure clusters, the sense of unpredictability can lead to continuous traumatic stress, during which patients and families live with a heightened level of anxiety. Clinicians can affect patient quality of life and clinical outcomes through improved seizure cluster education and treatment, such as the development and implementation of a personalized seizure action plan as well as prescriptions for suitable rescue medications indicated for seizure clusters and instructions for their proper use. In all, the combination of targeted therapy along with patient education and support can improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Kapur
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lucretia Long
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Adenosine A 2A receptors control synaptic remodeling in the adult brain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14690. [PMID: 36038626 PMCID: PMC9424208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying circuit re-wiring in the mature brain remains ill-defined. An eloquent example of adult circuit remodelling is the hippocampal mossy fiber (MF) sprouting found in diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy. The molecular determinants underlying this retrograde re-wiring remain unclear. This may involve signaling system(s) controlling axon specification/growth during neurodevelopment reactivated during epileptogenesis. Since adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) control axon formation/outgrowth and synapse stabilization during development, we now examined the contribution of A2AR to MF sprouting. A2AR blockade significantly attenuated status epilepticus(SE)-induced MF sprouting in a rat pilocarpine model. This involves A2AR located in dentate granule cells since their knockdown selectively in dentate granule cells reduced MF sprouting, most likely through the ability of A2AR to induce the formation/outgrowth of abnormal secondary axons found in rat hippocampal neurons. These A2AR should be activated by extracellular ATP-derived adenosine since a similar prevention/attenuation of SE-induced hippocampal MF sprouting was observed in CD73 knockout mice. These findings demonstrate that A2AR contribute to epilepsy-related MF sprouting, most likely through the reactivation of the ability of A2AR to control axon formation/outgrowth observed during neurodevelopment. These results frame the CD73-A2AR axis as a regulator of circuit remodeling in the mature brain.
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Velankar KY, Mou M, Hartmeier PR, Clegg B, Gawalt ES, Jiang M, Meng WS. Recrystallization of Adenosine for Localized Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3394-3404. [PMID: 36001090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous metabolite with immense potential to be repurposed as an immunomodulatory therapeutic, as preclinical studies have demonstrated in models of epilepsy, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and traumatic brain injury, among others. The currently licensed products Adenocard and Adenoscan are formulated at 3 mg/mL of ADO for rapid bolus intravenous injection, but the systemic administration of the saline formulations for anti-inflammatory purposes is limited by the nucleoside's profound hemodynamic effects. Moreover, concentrations that can be attained in the airway or the brain through direct instillation or injection are limited by the volumes that can be accommodated in the anatomical space (<5 mL in humans) and the rapid elimination by enzymatic and transport mechanisms in the interstitium (half-life <5 s). As such, highly concentrated formulations of ADO are needed to attain pharmacologically relevant concentrations at sites of tissue injury. Herein, we report a previously uncharacterized crystalline form of ADO (rcADO) in which 6.7 mg/mL of the nucleoside is suspended in water. Importantly, the crystallinity is not diminished in a protein-rich environment, as evidenced by resuspending the crystals in albumin (15% w/v). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of crystalline ADO generated using a facile and organic solvent-free method aimed at localized drug delivery. The crystalline suspension may be suitable for developing ADO into injectable formulations for attaining high concentrations of the endogenous nucleoside in inflammatory locales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Y Velankar
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Mingyao Mou
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Paul R Hartmeier
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Benjamin Clegg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
| | - Mo Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States.,Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, United States
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45
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Zalpoor H, Akbari A, Nabi-Afjadi M, Forghaniesfidvajani R, Tavakol C, Barzegar Z, Iravanpour F, Hosseini M, Mousavi SR, Farrokhi MR. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) stimulated and P2X7 receptor activated by COVID-19, as a potential therapeutic target and risk factor for epilepsy. Hum Cell 2022; 35:1338-1345. [PMID: 35831562 PMCID: PMC9281298 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Based on available evidence, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a neuroinvasive virus. According to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may cause epilepsy. In this line, COVID-19 can stimulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and activate P2X7 receptor. Both HIF-1α and P2X7 receptors are linked to epileptogenesis and seizures. Therefore, in the current study, we suggested that COVID-19 may have a role in epileptogenesis and seizure through HIF-1α stimulation and P2X7 receptor activation. Consequently, pharmacological targeting of these factors could be a promising therapeutic approach for such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdullatif Akbari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Forghaniesfidvajani
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Chanour Tavakol
- Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Barzegar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Iravanpour
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hosseini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mousavi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Reza Farrokhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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46
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Beyond Seizure Control: Treating Comorbidities in Epilepsy via Targeting of the P2X7 Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042380. [PMID: 35216493 PMCID: PMC8875404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Treatment of epilepsy remains, however, a clinical challenge with over 30% of patients not responding to current pharmacological interventions. Complicating management of treatment, epilepsy comes with multiple comorbidities, thereby further reducing the quality of life of patients. Increasing evidence suggests purinergic signalling via extracellularly released ATP as shared pathological mechanisms across numerous brain diseases. Once released, ATP activates specific purinergic receptors, including the ionotropic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R). Among brain diseases, the P2X7R has attracted particular attention as a therapeutic target. The P2X7R is an important driver of inflammation, and its activation requires high levels of extracellular ATP to be reached under pathological conditions. Suggesting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the P2X7R for epilepsy, P2X7R expression increases following status epilepticus and during epilepsy, and P2X7R antagonism modulates seizure severity and epilepsy development. P2X7R antagonism has, however, also been shown to be effective in treating conditions most commonly associated with epilepsy such as psychiatric disorders and cognitive deficits, which suggests that P2X7R antagonisms may provide benefits beyond seizure control. This review summarizes the evidence suggesting drugs targeting the P2X7R as a novel treatment strategy for epilepsy with a particular focus of its potential impact on epilepsy-associated comorbidities.
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47
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Liang C, Huang M, Li T, Li L, Sussman H, Dai Y, Siemann DW, Xie M, Tang X. Towards an integrative understanding of cancer mechanobiology: calcium, YAP, and microRNA under biophysical forces. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:1112-1148. [PMID: 35089300 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the significant roles of the interplay between microenvironmental mechanics in tissues and biochemical-genetic activities in resident tumor cells at different stages of tumor progression. Mediated by molecular mechano-sensors or -transducers, biomechanical cues in tissue microenvironments are transmitted into the tumor cells and regulate biochemical responses and gene expression through mechanotransduction processes. However, the molecular interplay between the mechanotransduction processes and intracellular biochemical signaling pathways remains elusive. This paper reviews the recent advances in understanding the crosstalk between biomechanical cues and three critical biochemical effectors during tumor progression: calcium ions (Ca2+), yes-associated protein (YAP), and microRNAs (miRNAs). We address the molecular mechanisms underpinning the interplay between the mechanotransduction pathways and each of the three effectors. Furthermore, we discuss the functional interactions among the three effectors in the context of soft matter and mechanobiology. We conclude by proposing future directions on studying the tumor mechanobiology that can employ Ca2+, YAP, and miRNAs as novel strategies for cancer mechanotheraputics. This framework has the potential to bring insights into the development of novel next-generation cancer therapies to suppress and treat tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Liang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (HWCOE), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Miao Huang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (HWCOE), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tianqi Li
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (COM), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Lu Li
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (COM), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Hayley Sussman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, COM, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yao Dai
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- UF Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dietmar W Siemann
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- UF Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Mingyi Xie
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine (COM), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering (COE), University of Delaware (UD), Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering (HWCOE), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center (UFHCC), Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Beamer E, Morgan J, Alves M, Méndez AM, Morris G, Zimmer B, Conte G, de Diego-Garcia L, Alarcón-Vila C, Ng NKY, Madden S, Calzaferri F, de Los Rios C, Garcia AG, Hamacher M, Dinkel K, Pelegrin P, Henshall DC, Nicke A, Engel T. Increased expression of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor reduces responsiveness to anti-convulsants during status epilepticus in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2986-3006. [PMID: 34962289 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Refractory status epilepticus is a clinical emergency associated with high mortality and morbidity. Increasing evidence suggests neuroinflammation contributes to the development of drug-refractoriness during status epilepticus. The aim of the present study was to determine the contribution of the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), previously linked to both inflammation and increased hyperexcitability, to drug-refractory status epilepticus and its therapeutic potential. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Status epilepticus was induced via a unilateral microinjection of kainic acid into the amygdala in adult mice. Severity of status epilepticus was compared in animals with overexpressing or knock-out of the P2X7R, after inflammatory priming by the pre-injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and in mice treated with P2X7R-targeting and anti-inflammatory drugs. KEY RESULTS P2X7R overexpressing mice were unresponsive to several anticonvulsants (lorazepam, midazolam, phenytoin and carbamazepine) during status epilepticus. P2X7R expression was increased in microglia during status epilepticus, at a time-point when responses to anticonvulsant are reduced. P2X7R overexpression led to a pro-inflammatory phenotype in microglia during status epilepticus and the anti-inflammatory drug minocycline restored normal responsiveness to anticonvulsants in P2X7R overexpressing mice. Pre-treatment of wildtype mice with LPS increased P2X7R levels in the brain and reduced responsiveness to anticonvulsants during status epilepticus, which was overcome by either a genetic deletion of the P2X7R or the administration of the P2X7R antagonists AFC-5128 or ITH15004. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that P2X7R-induced pro-inflammatory effects contribute to resistance to pharmacotherapy during status epilepticus and suggest therapies targeting the P2X7R as novel adjunctive treatments for drug-refractory status epilepticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Beamer
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Morgan
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aida Menéndez Méndez
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Morris
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Béla Zimmer
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura de Diego-Garcia
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cristina Alarcón-Vila
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nico Ka Yiu Ng
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Madden
- Data Science Centre, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Calzaferri
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal de Los Rios
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/Diego de Leon, 62, 1a Planta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio G Garcia
- Instituto-Fundación Teofilo Hernando and Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, C/Diego de Leon, 62, 1a Planta, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Hamacher
- Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Klaus Dinkel
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pablo Pelegrin
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Carretera Buenavista s/n. 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David C Henshall
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, RCSI University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland.,FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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49
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Conte G, Menéndez-Méndez A, Bauer S, El-Naggar H, Alves M, Nicke A, Delanty N, Rosenow F, Henshall DC, Engel T. Circulating P2X7 Receptor Signaling Components as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092444. [PMID: 34572093 PMCID: PMC8467140 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating molecules have potential as biomarkers to support the diagnosis of epilepsy and to assist with differential diagnosis, for example, in conditions resembling epilepsy, such as in psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an important regulator of inflammation and mounting evidence supports its activation in the brain during epilepsy. Whether the P2X7R or P2X7R-dependent signaling molecules can be used as biomarkers of epilepsy has not been reported. P2X7R levels were analyzed by quantitative ELISA using plasma samples from controls and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) or PNES. Moreover, blood cell P2X7R expression and P2X7R-dependent cytokine signature was measured following status epilepticus in P2X7R-EGFP reporter, wildtype, and P2X7R-knockout mice. P2X7R plasma levels were higher in TLE patients when compared with controls and patients with PNES. Plasma levels of the broad inflammatory marker protein C-Reactive protein (CRP) were similar between the three groups. Using P2X7R-EGFP reporter mice, we identified monocytes as the main blood cell type expressing P2X7R after experimentally evoked seizures. Finally, cytokine array analysis in P2X7R-deficient mice identified KC/GRO as a potential P2X7R-dependent plasma biomarker following status epilepticus and during epilepsy. Our data suggest that P2X7R signaling components may be a promising subclass of circulating biomarkers to support the diagnosis of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Conte
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.M.-M.); (M.A.); (D.C.H.)
| | - Aida Menéndez-Méndez
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.M.-M.); (M.A.); (D.C.H.)
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.B.); (F.R.)
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hany El-Naggar
- Neurological Services, Beaumont Hospital, D09 V2N0 Dublin, Ireland; (H.E.-N.); (N.D.)
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.M.-M.); (M.A.); (D.C.H.)
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Norman Delanty
- Neurological Services, Beaumont Hospital, D09 V2N0 Dublin, Ireland; (H.E.-N.); (N.D.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Hessen, Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Baldingerstr, 35043 Marburg, Germany; (S.B.); (F.R.)
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16 (Haus 95), 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David C. Henshall
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.M.-M.); (M.A.); (D.C.H.)
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (G.C.); (A.M.-M.); (M.A.); (D.C.H.)
- FutureNeuro, Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
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