2
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Sitbon J, Nestvogel D, Kappeler C, Nicolas A, Maciuba S, Henrion A, Troudet R, Courtois E, Grannec G, Latapie V, Barau C, Le Corvoisier P, Pietrancosta N, Henry C, Leboyer M, Etain B, Nosten-Bertrand M, Martin TFJ, Rhee J, Jamain S. CADPS functional mutations in patients with bipolar disorder increase the sensitivity to stress. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1145-1157. [PMID: 35169262 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a severe and chronic psychiatric disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Here, we identified a significant higher mutation rate in a gene encoding the calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion (CADPS) in 132 individuals with bipolar disorder, when compared to 184 unaffected controls or to 21,070 non-psychiatric and non-Finnish European subjects from the Exome Aggregation Consortium. We found that most of these variants resulted either in a lower abundance or a partial impairment in one of the basic functions of CADPS in regulating neuronal exocytosis, synaptic plasticity and vesicular transporter-dependent uptake of catecholamines. Heterozygous mutant mice for Cadps+/- revealed that a decreased level of CADPS leads to manic-like behaviours, changes in BDNF level and a hypersensitivity to stress. This was consistent with more childhood trauma reported in families with mutation in CADPS, and more specifically in mutated individuals. Furthermore, hyperactivity observed in mutant animals was rescued by the mood-stabilizing drug lithium. Overall, our results suggest that dysfunction in calcium-dependent vesicular exocytosis may increase the sensitivity to environmental stressors enhancing the risk of developing bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Sitbon
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Dennis Nestvogel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Kappeler
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Aude Nicolas
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Stephanie Maciuba
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Annabelle Henrion
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Réjane Troudet
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Elisa Courtois
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Gaël Grannec
- INSERM U1270, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Violaine Latapie
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Caroline Barau
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques, Créteil, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Sorbonne University, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des biomolécules (LBM), Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS) INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Henry
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H. Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires H. Mondor, DMU IMPACT, Créteil, France
| | - Bruno Etain
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | | | - Thomas F J Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - JeongSeop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stéphane Jamain
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Créteil, France. .,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
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4
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Rovira P, Demontis D, Sánchez-Mora C, Zayats T, Klein M, Mota NR, Weber H, Garcia-Martínez I, Pagerols M, Vilar-Ribó L, Arribas L, Richarte V, Corrales M, Fadeuilhe C, Bosch R, Martin GE, Almos P, Doyle AE, Grevet EH, Grimm O, Halmøy A, Hoogman M, Hutz M, Jacob CP, Kittel-Schneider S, Knappskog PM, Lundervold AJ, Rivero O, Rovaris DL, Salatino-Oliveira A, da Silva BS, Svirin E, Sprooten E, Strekalova T, Arias-Vasquez A, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Asherson P, Bau CHD, Buitelaar JK, Cormand B, Faraone SV, Haavik J, Johansson SE, Kuntsi J, Larsson H, Lesch KP, Reif A, Rohde LA, Casas M, Børglum AD, Franke B, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Soler Artigas M, Ribasés M. Shared genetic background between children and adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1617-1626. [PMID: 32279069 PMCID: PMC7419307 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by age-inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that persist into adulthood in the majority of the diagnosed children. Despite several risk factors during childhood predicting the persistence of ADHD symptoms into adulthood, the genetic architecture underlying the trajectory of ADHD over time is still unclear. We set out to study the contribution of common genetic variants to the risk for ADHD across the lifespan by conducting meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies on persistent ADHD in adults and ADHD in childhood separately and jointly, and by comparing the genetic background between them in a total sample of 17,149 cases and 32,411 controls. Our results show nine new independent loci and support a shared contribution of common genetic variants to ADHD in children and adults. No subgroup heterogeneity was observed among children, while this group consists of future remitting and persistent individuals. We report similar patterns of genetic correlation of ADHD with other ADHD-related datasets and different traits and disorders among adults, children, and when combining both groups. These findings confirm that persistent ADHD in adults is a neurodevelopmental disorder and extend the existing hypothesis of a shared genetic architecture underlying ADHD and different traits to a lifespan perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rovira
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Ditte Demontis
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.34Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Marieke Klein
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.7692.a0000000090126352University Medical Center Utrecht, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Weber
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Iris Garcia-Martínez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.438280.5Banc de Sang i Teixits (BST), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Grup de Medicina Transfusional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Vilar-Ribó
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Lorena Arribas
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Montserrat Corrales
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Christian Fadeuilhe
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Rosa Bosch
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Gemma Español Martin
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.430994.30000 0004 1763 0287Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Peter Almos
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alysa E. Doyle
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Oliver Grimm
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne Halmøy
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martine Hoogman
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mara Hutz
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Christian P. Jacob
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Per M. Knappskog
- grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J. Lundervold
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olga Rivero
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diego Luiz Rovaris
- grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,grid.11899.380000 0004 1937 0722Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angelica Salatino-Oliveira
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos da Silva
- grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Evgeniy Svirin
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emma Sprooten
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alejandro Arias-Vasquez
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK ,grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philip Asherson
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- grid.414449.80000 0001 0125 3761ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil ,grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.461871.d0000 0004 0624 8031Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bru Cormand
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.452372.50000 0004 1791 1185Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Catalonia Spain
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Departments of Psychiatry, of Neuroscience, and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Jan Haavik
- grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway ,grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan E. Johansson
- grid.412008.f0000 0000 9753 1393Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway ,grid.7914.b0000 0004 1936 7443Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Henrik Larsson
- grid.15895.300000 0001 0738 8966School of medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- grid.8379.50000 0001 1958 8658Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany ,grid.448878.f0000 0001 2288 8774Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia ,grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- grid.8532.c0000 0001 2200 7498Division of Child Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Miquel Casas
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Anders D. Børglum
- grid.7048.b0000 0001 1956 2722Department of Biomedicine (Human Genetics), and Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark ,grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Aarhus, Denmark ,Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Barbara Franke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health, and Addiction, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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