1
|
Razavi SM, Arab ZN, Niknejad A, Hosseini Y, Fouladi A, Khales SD, Shahali M, Momtaz S, Butler AE, Sukhorukov VN, Jamialahmadi T, Abdolghaffari AH, Sahebkar A. Therapeutic effects of anti-diabetic drugs on traumatic brain injury. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:102949. [PMID: 38308863 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
AIMS In this narrative review, we have analyzed and synthesized current studies relating to the effects of anti-diabetic drugs on traumatic brain injury (TBI) complications. METHODS Eligible studies were collected from Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Cochrane Library for clinical, in-vivo, and in-vitro studies published on the impact of anti-diabetic drugs on TBI. RESULTS Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious brain disease that is caused by any type of trauma. The pathophysiology of TBI is not yet fully understood, though physical injury and inflammatory events have been implicated in TBI progression. Several signaling pathways are known to play pivotal roles in TBI injuries, including Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), High mobility group box 1 protein/Nuclear factor kappa B (HMGB1/NF-κB), Adiponectin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), Toll-Like Receptor (TLR), Wnt/β-catenin, Janus Kinase/Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (JAK/STAT), Nod-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, Phosphoglycerate kinase 1/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (PGK1/KEAP1)/Nrf2, and Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) . Recent studies suggest that oral anti-diabetic drugs such as biguanides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), sulfonylureas (SUs), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPPIs), meglitinides, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) could have beneficial effects in the management of TBI complications. These drugs may downregulate the inflammatory pathways and induce antioxidant signaling pathways, thus alleviating complications of TBI. CONCLUSION Based on this comprehensive literature review, antidiabetic medications might be considered in the TBI treatment protocol. However, evidence from clinical trials in patients with TBI is still warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehrad Razavi
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Najafi Arab
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Niknejad
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abtin Fouladi
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Darban Khales
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shahali
- School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, and Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Vasily N Sukhorukov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Experimental Cardiology Named after Academician V.N. Smirnov, Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Li M, Chen L, Xu Q, Yan T, Zhang C, Hu P, He J, Zhu X, Zhu X, Wang Y. Pioglitazone in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: study protocol of a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial (PSSH). Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1323292. [PMID: 38249343 PMCID: PMC10796591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1323292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is a disorder that may be fatal and is primarily caused by a ruptured brain aneurysm. Despite significant leaps forward in the methods to produce aneurysms, the long-term outcomes did not much improve. Pioglitazone is a medication that has been authorized by the FDA as an agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Pioglitazone or PPARγ has neuroprotective benefits in animal experiments both during and after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and SAH. Nevertheless, the treatment impact of Pioglitazone on humans is still unknown at this time. As a result, we will conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to explore the impact of pioglitazone on SAH. Methods/Design: This trial will recruit 400 patients with SAH from four Chinese hospitals. These patients will be equally and randomly assigned to Pioglitazone and placebo control groups for up to 30 days. Scores on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) are the primary outcomes. The secondary outcomes are a 30-day all-cause mortality rate, 6 months of Montreal cognitive assessment (Mo-CA), delayed cerebral ischemia, the requirement for intensive care, the incidence of sepsis, etc. All serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded during the hospital. Every primary and safety analysis was conducted based on the intention-to-treat technique. The participants were given either a matching placebo or 15 mg of pioglitazone, with dose titrated to a target of 45 mg daily. Data on the therapeutic use of pioglitazone after SAH will be provided as a consequence of the findings of this experiment. In addition, this pilot trial is the first to prospectively investigate the effectiveness and safety of pioglitazone in patients with SAH. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics approval was obtained from the Medical Ethics Committee of 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA (Wuxi Taihu Hospital, approval No. 20220701). The findings of the trial will be presented at conferences, discussed in relevant patient groups, and published in peer-reviewed journals. Clinical Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier ChiCTR2200062954.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mingchang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Huishan Peoples Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinyi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi Huishan Peoples Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tengfeng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianqing He
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, 904 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hong Y, Jiang L, Tang F, Zhang M, Cui L, Zhong H, Xu F, Li M, Chen C, Chen L. PPAR-γ promotes the polarization of rat retinal microglia to M2 phenotype by regulating the expression of CD200-CD200R1 under hypoxia. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:10277-10285. [PMID: 37971567 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) could promote microglial M2 polarization to inhibit inflammation. However, the specific molecular mechanisms that trigger PPAR-γ's anti-inflammatory ability in microglia are yet to be expounded. Thus, in this study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR-γ in hypoxia-stimulated rat retinal microglial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We used shRNA expressing lentivirus to knock down PPAR-γ and CD200 genes, and we assessed hypoxia-induced polarization markers release - M1 (iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and M2 (Arg-1, YM1, IL-4, and IL-10) by RT-PCR. We also monitored PPAR-γ-related signals (PPAR-γ, PPAR-γ in cytoplasm or nucleus, CD200, and CD200Rs) by Western blot and RT-PCR. Our results showed that hypoxia enhanced PPAR-γ and CD200 expressions in microglial cells. Moreover, PPAR-γ agonist 15d-PGJ2 elevated CD200 and CD200R1 expressions, whereas sh-PPAR-γ had the opposite effect. Following hypoxia, expressions of M1 markers increased significantly, while those of M2 markers decreased, and the above effects were attenuated by 15d-PGJ2. Conversely, knocking down PPAR-γ or CD200 inhibited the polarization of microglial cells to M2 phenotype. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that PPAR-γ performed an anti-inflammatory function in hypoxia-stimulated microglial cells by promoting their polarization to M2 phenotype via the CD200-CD200R1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Hong
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Fen Tang
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ling Cui
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Haibin Zhong
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Min Li
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Changzheng Chen
- Eye Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Lifei Chen
- Research center of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology & Department of Ophthalmology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Q, Li H, Li H, Zhang J. Research progress on pleiotropic neuroprotective drugs for traumatic brain injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1185533. [PMID: 37475717 PMCID: PMC10354289 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1185533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become one of the most important causes of death and disability worldwide. A series of neuroinflammatory responses induced after TBI are key factors for persistent neuronal damage, but at the same time, such inflammatory responses can also promote debris removal and tissue repair after TBI. The concept of pleiotropic neuroprotection delves beyond the single-target treatment approach, considering the multifaceted impacts following TBI. This notion embarks deeper into the research-oriented treatment paradigm, focusing on multi-target interventions that inhibit post-TBI neuroinflammation with enhanced therapeutic efficacy. With an enriched comprehension of TBI's physiological mechanisms, this review dissects the advancements in developing pleiotropic neuroprotective pharmaceuticals to mitigate TBI. The aim is to provide insights that may contribute to the early clinical management of the condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Zhao
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Huige Li
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute of Physical Culture, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elgamal MA, Khodeer DM, Abdel-Wahab BA, Ibrahim IAA, Alzahrani AR, Moustafa YM, Ali AA, El-Sayed NM. Canagliflozin alleviates valproic acid-induced autism in rat pups: Role of PTEN/PDK/PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1113966. [PMID: 36909191 PMCID: PMC9992196 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1113966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism is complex and multifactorial, and is one of the fastest growing neurodevelopmental disorders. Canagliflozin (Cana) is an antidiabetic drug that exhibits neuroprotective properties in various neurodegenerative syndromes. This study investigated the possible protective effect of Cana against the valproic acid (VPA)-induced model of autism. VPA was injected subcutaneously (SC) into rat pups at a dose of 300 mg/kg, twice daily on postnatal day-2 (PD-2) and PD-3, and once on PD-4 to induce an autism-like syndrome. Graded doses of Cana were administered (5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg, P.O.) starting from the first day of VPA injections and continued for 21 days. At the end of the experiment, behavioral tests and histopathological alterations were assessed. In addition, the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), cellular myeloctomatosis (c-Myc) with protein expression of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and level of acetylcholine (ACh) were determined. Treatment with Cana significantly counteracted histopathological changes in the cerebellum tissues of the brain induced by VPA. Cana (5 mg/kg, 7.5 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg) improved sociability and social preference, enhanced stereotypic behaviors, and decreased hyperlocomotion activity, in addition to its significant effect on the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway via the downregulation of gene expression of LDHA (22%, 64%, and 73% in cerebellum tissues with 51%, 60%, and 75% in cerebrum tissues), PDK (27%, 50%, and 67% in cerebellum tissues with 34%, 66%, and 77% in cerebrum tissues), c-Myc (35%, 44%, and 72% in cerebellum tissues with 19%, 58%, and 79% in cerebrum tissues), protein expression of GLUT-1 (32%, 48%, and 49% in cerebellum tissues with 30%, 50%, and 54% in cerebrum tissues), and elevating gene expression of PPAR-γ (2, 3, and 4 folds in cerebellum tissues with 1.5, 3, and 9 folds in cerebrum tissues), protein expression of PTEN (2, 5, and 6 folds in cerebellum tissues with 6, 6, and 10 folds in cerebrum tissues), and increasing the ACh levels (4, 5, and 7 folds) in brain tissues. The current study confirmed the ameliorating effect of Cana against neurochemical and behavioral alterations in the VPA-induced model of autism in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariam A Elgamal
- Egypt Healthcare Authority, Comprehensive Health Insurance, Port-Said, Egypt
| | - Dina M Khodeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Basel A Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Abdel Aziz Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah R Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Azza A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Norhan M El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Traumatic Brain Injury. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:9860855. [PMID: 35757108 PMCID: PMC9232315 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9860855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major cause of concern for public health, and out of all the trauma-related injuries, it makes the highest contribution to death and disability worldwide. Patients of TBI continue to suffer from brain injury through an intricate flow of primary and secondary injury events. However, when treatment is provided in a timely manner, there is a significant window of opportunity to avoid a few of the serious effects. Pioglitazone (PG), which has a neuroprotective impact and can decrease inflammation after TBI, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). The objective of the study is to examine the existing literature to assess the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory impact of PG in TBI. It also discusses the part played by microglia and cytokines in TBI. According to the findings of this study, PG has the ability to enhance neurobehavior, decrease brain edema and neuronal injury following TBI. To achieve the protective impact of PG the following was required: (1) stimulating PPARγ; (2) decreasing oxidative stress; (3) decreasing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) expression; (4) limiting the increase in the number of activated microglia; and (5) reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. The findings indicate that when PIG is used clinically, it may serve as a neuroprotective anti-inflammatory approach in TBI.
Collapse
|
7
|
Shao F, Wang X, Wu H, Wu Q, Zhang J. Microglia and Neuroinflammation: Crucial Pathological Mechanisms in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:825086. [PMID: 35401152 PMCID: PMC8990307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.825086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many sequelae in the life time post injury, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the pathological mechanisms connecting these two processes have not yet been fully elucidated. It is important to further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying TBI and TBI-induced neurodegeneration, which will promote the development of precise treatment target for these notorious neurodegenerative consequences after TBI. A growing body of evidence shows that neuroinflammation is a pivotal pathological process underlying chronic neurodegeneration following TBI. Microglia, as the immune cells in the CNS, play crucial roles in neuroinflammation and many other CNS diseases. Of interest, microglial activation and functional alteration has been proposed as key mediators in the evolution of chronic neurodegenerative pathology following TBI. Here, we review the updated studies involving phenotypical and functional alterations of microglia in neurodegeneration after injury, survey key molecules regulating the activities and functional responses of microglia in TBI pathology, and explore their potential implications to chronic neurodegeneration after injury. The work will give us a comprehensive understanding of mechanisms driving TBI-related neurodegeneration and offer novel ideas of developing corresponding prevention and treatment strategies for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangjie Shao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qun Wu,
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jianmin Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hubbard WB, Spry ML, Gooch JL, Cloud AL, Vekaria HJ, Burden S, Powell DK, Berkowitz BA, Geldenhuys WJ, Harris NG, Sullivan PG. Clinically relevant mitochondrial-targeted therapy improves chronic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Brain 2021; 144:3788-3807. [PMID: 34972207 PMCID: PMC8719838 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pioglitazone, an FDA-approved compound, has been shown to target the novel mitochondrial protein mitoNEET and produce short-term neuroprotection and functional benefits following traumatic brain injury. To expand on these findings, we now investigate the dose- and time-dependent effects of pioglitazone administration on mitochondrial function after experimental traumatic brain injury. We then hypothesize that optimal pioglitazone dosing will lead to ongoing neuroprotection and cognitive benefits that are dependent on pioglitazone-mitoNEET signalling pathways. We show that delayed intervention is significantly more effective than early intervention at improving acute mitochondrial bioenergetics in the brain after traumatic brain injury. In corroboration, we demonstrate that mitoNEET is more heavily expressed, especially near the cortical contusion, in the 18 h following traumatic brain injury. To explore whether these findings relate to ongoing pathological and behavioural outcomes, mice received controlled cortical impact followed by initiation of pioglitazone treatment at either 3 or 18 h post-injury. Mice with treatment initiation at 18 h post-injury exhibited significantly improved behaviour and tissue sparing compared to mice with pioglitazone initiated at 3 h post-injury. Further using mitoNEET knockout mice, we show that this therapeutic effect is dependent on mitoNEET. Finally, we demonstrate that delayed pioglitazone treatment improves serial motor and cognitive performance in conjunction with attenuated brain atrophy after traumatic brain injury. This study illustrates that mitoNEET is the critical target for delayed pioglitazone intervention after traumatic brain injury, mitochondrial-targeting is highly time-dependent after injury and there is an extended therapeutic window to effectively treat mitochondrial dysfunction after brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| | - Malinda L Spry
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gooch
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Amber L Cloud
- College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Hemendra J Vekaria
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shawn Burden
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David K Powell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Bruce A Berkowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, and Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
- Lexington VA Healthcare System, Lexington, KY 40502, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rajič Bumber J, Pilipović K, Janković T, Dolenec P, Gržeta N, Križ J, Župan G. Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury Is Associated With TDP-43 Alterations, Neurodegeneration, and Glial Activation in Mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:2-14. [PMID: 33212475 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to a relationship between repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the Tar DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) pathology and some neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are still unknown. We examined TDP-43 regulation, neurodegeneration, and glial responses following repetitive mTBI in nontransgenic mice and in animals with overexpression of human mutant TDP-43 protein (TDP-43G348C). In the frontal cortices of the injured nontransgenic animals, early TDP-43 cytoplasmatic translocation and overexpression of the protein and its pathological forms were detected. In the injured animals of both genotypes, neurodegeneration and pronounced glial activity were detected in the optic tract. In TDP-43G348C mice, these changes were significantly higher at day 7 after the last mTBI compared with the values in the nontransgenic animals. Results of this study suggest that the changes in the TDP-43 regulation in the frontal cortices of the nontransgenic animals were a transient stress response to the brain injury. Repetitive mTBI did not produce additional TDP-43 dysregulation or neurodegeneration or pronounced gliosis in the frontal cortex of TDP-43G348C mice. Our research also suggests that overexpression of mutated human TDP-43 possibly predisposes the brain to more intense neurodegeneration and glial activation in the optic tract after repetitive mTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Rajič Bumber
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Janković
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Dolenec
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nika Gržeta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jasna Križ
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Gordana Župan
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sağır D. Dose-dependent effects of prenatal exposure of pioglitazone, the PPARγ agonist, on the hippocampus development and learning and memory performance of rat offspring. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 421:115544. [PMID: 33894214 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that pioglitazone, defined as a PPARγ agonist, has neuron-protective properties in nervous system disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pioglitazone administration at different doses during prenatal period on the neurons, glial cells and learning-memory levels in the hippocampus of rat offspring. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups; Low-Dose Pioglitazone (LDP), High-Dose Pioglitazone (HDP) and control (C) (n = 3). Pregnant rats in the HDP and LDP groups were given pioglitazone at 30 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses, respectively, by gavage once a day during their pregnancy. No procedure was applied to the rats in the control group. Morris water tank test was applied to offspring obtained from postnatal 24th to 28th day. The offspring were sacrificed on the 29th postal day and their brain tissues removed. Stereological, histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze brain tissues. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that there were delays in learning and memory, the number of pyramidal neurons decreased, and the density of cells stained with glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) positive increased in the HDP group compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the LDP and control groups in terms of these parameters (p > 0.05). Our results showed that pioglitazone administered in the prenatal period had an effect on the hippocampus development and learning and memory performance of rats, depending on the dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Sağır
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Sinop University, 57000 Sinop, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lerouet D, Marchand-Leroux C, Besson VC. Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:524-538. [PMID: 33527472 PMCID: PMC9290810 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major health problem worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals, contributing to devastating socioeconomic consequences. Despite numerous promising pharmacological strategies reported as neuroprotective in preclinical studies, the translation to clinical trials always failed, albeit the great diversity of therapeutic targets evaluated. In this review, first, we described epidemiologic features, causes, and primary and secondary injuries of TBI. Second, we outlined the current literature on animal models of TBI, and we described their goals, their advantages and disadvantages according to the species used, the type of injury induced, and their clinical relevance. Third, we defined the concept of neuroprotection and discussed its evolution. We also identified the reasons that might explain the failure of clinical translation. Then, we reviewed post‐TBI neuroprotective treatments with a focus on the following pleiotropic drugs, considered “low hanging fruit” with high probability of success: glitazones, glibenclamide, statins, erythropoietin, and progesterone, that were largely tested and demonstrated efficient in preclinical models of TBI. Finally, our review stresses the need to establish a close cooperation between basic researchers and clinicians to ensure the best clinical translation for neuroprotective strategies for TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lerouet
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dolenec P, Pilipović K, Janković T, Župan G. Pattern of Neuronal and Axonal Damage, Glial Response, and Synaptic Changes in Rat Cerebellum within the First Week following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1163-1182. [PMID: 33057716 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined damage and repair processes in the rat cerebellum within the first week following moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) induced by lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI) over the left parietal cortex. Rats were killed 1, 3, or 7 days after the injury or sham procedure. Fluoro-Jade B staining revealed 2 phases of neurodegenerative changes in the cell bodies and fibers: first, more focal, 1 day after the LFPI, and second, widespread, starting on post-injury day 3. Purkinje cell loss was detected in posterior lobule IX 1 day following LFPI. Apoptosis was observed in the cerebellar cortex, on days 1 and 7 following LFPI, and was not caspase- or apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)-mediated. AIF immunostaining indicated axonal damage in the cerebellar white matter tracts 3- and 7-days post-injury. Significant astrocytosis and microgliosis were noticed on day 7 following LFPI at the sites of neuronal damage and loss. Immunohistochemical labeling with the presynaptic markers synaptophysin and growth-associated protein-43 revealed synaptic perturbations already on day 1 that were more pronounced at later time points following LFPI. These results provide new insights into pathophysiological alterations in the cerebellum and their mechanisms following cerebral TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Dolenec
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tamara Janković
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Gordana Župan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ratliff WA, Delic V, Pick CG, Citron BA. Dendritic arbor complexity and spine density changes after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and neuroprotective treatments. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147019. [PMID: 32681835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury has been described as the signature affliction of recent military conflicts and repetitive TBIs, particularly associated with military and athletic activities, typically result in more severe clinical effects. The majority of TBIs are mild, but they can result in long term cognitive deficits for which there is no effective treatment. One of the most significant deficits observed in TBI patients is memory loss, which suggests that TBI can induce pathological changes within the hippocampus. tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and pioglitazone activate the Nrf2 and PPAR-γ transcription factors, respectively, and both have been shown to be neuroprotective in model systems. We examined the morphological changes within the hippocampus following repetitive mild TBI and simultaneous treatment with both factors. We utilized a closed head injury mouse model with five injuries over 5 weeks. Our results showed marked morphological changes among the dendrites and dendritic spines of the neurons of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. We observed decreases in overall dendritic length, as well as in the quantity and density of dendritic spines. Our treatment partially ameliorated these effects, suggesting that the Nrf2 and PPAR-γ transcription factors may be important targets for future drug development in the treatment of TBI in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Ratliff
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Research and Development 151, Bldg. 22 Rm. 123, 10000 Bay Pines Blvd, Bay Pines, FL 33744, United States
| | - Vedad Delic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Research & Development (15), Bldg. 16, Rm 16-176 385 Tremont Ave, East Orange, NJ 07018, United States
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bruce A Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Research & Development (15), Bldg. 16, Rm 16-176 385 Tremont Ave, East Orange, NJ 07018, United States; Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Research and Development 151, Bldg. 22 Rm. 123, 10000 Bay Pines Blvd, Bay Pines, FL 33744, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ratliff WA, Qubty D, Delic V, Pick CG, Citron BA. Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Transcription Factor Modulation. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1910-1917. [PMID: 32292111 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is ∼0.5% per year and the frequency is significantly higher among military personnel and athletes. Repetitive TBIs are associated with military and athletic activities, and typically involve more severe consequences. The majority of TBIs are mild; however, these still can result in long-term cognitive deficits, and there is currently no effective treatment. tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and pioglitazone can activate the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) transcription factors, respectively, and each has been shown to be neuroprotective in various model systems. We examined behavioral and gene expression changes after repetitive mild TBI followed by simultaneous treatment with both factors. We used a repetitive closed head injury of mice involving five injuries with a 1-week interval between each TBI. We found that memory performance was significantly reduced by the injuries, unless the TBIs were followed by the tBHQ and pioglitazone administrations. Certain genes; for example, growth hormone and osteopontin, were downregulated by the injury, and this was reversed by the treatment, whereas other genes; for example, a tumor necrosis factor receptor, were upregulated by the injury and restored if the post-injury treatment was administered. Analysis of gene expression levels affected by the injury and/or the treatment point to potential mechanisms that could be exploited therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney A Ratliff
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Research and Development, Bay Pines, Florida, USA
| | - Doaa Qubty
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vedad Delic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Research and Development, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Bruce A Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Research and Development, Bay Pines, Florida, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Research and Development, East Orange, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zakaria A, Rady M, Mahran L, Abou-Aisha K. Pioglitazone Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Oxidative Stress, Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss and Neurobehavioral Impairment by Activating Nrf2/ARE/HO-1. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:10.1007/s11064-019-02907-0. [PMID: 31713708 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective potential of pioglitazone via activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent HO-1 signaling pathway in chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration mouse model induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After assessing spatial memory, anxiety and motor-coordination, TH+ neurons in substantia nigra (SN) were counted. The oxidative stress marker carbonyl protein levels and HO-1 enzyme activity were also evaluated. RT-qPCR was conducted to detect HO-1, Nrf2 and NF-κp65 mRNA expression levels and Nrf2 transcriptional activation of antioxidant response element (ARE) of HO-1 was investigated. Pioglitazone ameliorated LPS-induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, as well as mitigated neurobehavioral impairments. It enhanced Nrf2 mRNA expression, and augmented Nrf2/ARE-dependent HO-1 pathway activation by amplifying HO-1 mRNA expression. Moreover, it induced a significant decrease in NF-κB p65 mRNA expression, while reducing carbonyl protein levels and restoring the HO-1 enzyme activity. Interestingly, LPS induced Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) of HO-1 activation, ultimately resulting in slight enhanced HO-1 mRNA expression. However, LPS elicited decrease in HO-1 enzyme activity. Zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX) administrated with pioglitazone abolished its effects in the LPS mouse model. The study results demonstrate that coordinated activation of Nrf2/ARE-dependent HO-1 pathway defense mechanism by the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone mediated its neuroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Zakaria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Rady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, German University in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Mahran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Abou-Aisha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, German University in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Benedetti E, Cimini A. PPARγ and Cognitive Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205068. [PMID: 31614739 PMCID: PMC6834178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have led to the discovery of many signaling pathways that link nuclear receptors with human conditions, including mental decline and neurodegenerative diseases. PPARγ agonists have been indicated as neuroprotective agents, supporting synaptic plasticity and neurite outgrowth. For these reasons, many PPARγ ligands have been proposed for the improvement of cognitive performance in different pathological conditions. In this review, the research on this issue is extensively discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Halstead MR, Geocadin RG. The Medical Management of Cerebral Edema: Past, Present, and Future Therapies. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1133-1148. [PMID: 31512062 PMCID: PMC6985348 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is commonly associated with cerebral pathology, and the clinical manifestation is largely related to the underlying lesioned tissue. Brain edema usually amplifies the dysfunction of the lesioned tissue and the burden of cerebral edema correlates with increased morbidity and mortality across diseases. Our modern-day approach to the medical management of cerebral edema has largely revolved around, an increasingly artificial distinction between cytotoxic and vasogenic cerebral edema. These nontargeted interventions such as hyperosmolar agents and sedation have been the mainstay in clinical practice and offer noneloquent solutions to a dire problem. Our current understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms driving cerebral edema is becoming much more advanced, with differences being identified across diseases and populations. As our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in neuronal injury continues to expand, so too is the list of targeted therapies in the pipeline. Here we present a brief review of the molecular mechanisms driving cerebral edema and a current overview of our understanding of the molecular targets being investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Halstead
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.
| | - Romergryko G Geocadin
- Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Departments of Neurology, Anesthesiology-Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nuclear Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) as Therapeutic Targets of Resveratrol for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081878. [PMID: 30995737 PMCID: PMC6515064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by defective social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive behavior with a complex, multifactorial etiology. Despite an increasing worldwide prevalence of ASD, there is currently no pharmacological cure to treat core symptoms of ASD. Clinical evidence and molecular data support the role of impaired mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in ASD. The recognition of defects in energy metabolism in ASD may be important for better understanding ASD and developing therapeutic intervention. The nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α, δ, and γ are ligand-activated receptors with distinct physiological functions in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as inflammatory response. PPAR activation allows a coordinated up-regulation of numerous FAO enzymes, resulting in significant PPAR-driven increases in mitochondrial FAO flux. Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic compound which exhibits metabolic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, pointing to possible applications in ASD therapeutics. In this study, we review the evidence for the existing links between ASD and impaired mitochondrial FAO and review the potential implications for regulation of mitochondrial FAO in ASD by PPAR activators, including RSV.
Collapse
|
19
|
王 虎, 樊 嘉, 陈 婉, 高 震, 张 桂, 吴 海, 俞 小. [Activation of PPARγ pathway enhances cellular anti-oxidant capacity to protect long-term cultured primary rat neural cells from apoptosis]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:23-29. [PMID: 30692062 PMCID: PMC6765588 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the protective effect of enhanced peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway against apoptosis of long-term cultured primary nerve cells. METHODS A natural aging model was established in primary rat nerve cells by long-term culture for 22 days. The cells were divided into control group, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10 μmol/L GW9662 intervention groups, and 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10 μmol/L pioglitazone intervention groups. The cell viability was assessed using MTT assay and the cell morphological changes were observed after the treatments to determine the optimal concentrations of GW9662 and pioglitazone. Double immunofluorescence labeling and flow cytometry were used to observe the changes in the number of viable cells and cell apoptosis following the treatments; immunocytochemical staining was used to assess the changes in the anti-oxidation ability of the treated cells. RESULTS The optimal concentrations of GW9662 and pioglitazone determined based on the cell viability and morphological changes were both 1 μmol/L. Compared with the control group, GW9662 treatment significantly lowered while pioglitazone significantly increased the total cell number and nerve cell counts (P < 0.05), and nerve cells in the cell cultures maintained a constant ratio at about 80% in all the groups (P > 0.05). GW9662 significantly enhanced while pioglitazone significantly lowered the cell apoptosis rates compared with the control group (P < 0.05). GW9662 obviously lowered SOD activity and GSH content in G group (P < 0.05) and increased MDA content in the cells (P < 0.05), and pioglitazone resulted in reverse changes in SOD, GSH and MDA contents in the cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Activation of PPARγ pathway protects long-term cultured primary nerve cells by enhancing cellular anti-oxidant capacity and reducing cell apoptosis, suggesting a potential strategy for anti-aging treatment of the nervous system through intervention of the PPARγ pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 虎清 王
- 西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安 710004Department of Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 嘉欣 樊
- 西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安 710004Department of Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 婉莹 陈
- 西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安 710004Department of Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 震 高
- 西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安 710004Department of Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 桂莲 张
- 西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安 710004Department of Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 海琴 吴
- 西安交通大学医学院第二附属医院神经内科,陕西 西安 710004Department of Neurology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - 小瑞 俞
- 西安交通大学医学院医学中心生物化学和分子生物学系,陕西 西安 710004Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710004, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Younger D, Murugan M, Rama Rao KV, Wu LJ, Chandra N. Microglia Receptors in Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:5202-5228. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1428-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
21
|
Wen L, You W, Wang H, Meng Y, Feng J, Yang X. Polarization of Microglia to the M2 Phenotype in a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma-Dependent Manner Attenuates Axonal Injury Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2330-2340. [PMID: 29649924 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that activated microglia play an important role in the inflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Inhibiting M1 and stimulating M2 activated microglia have demonstrated protective effects in several animal models of central nervous system diseases. However, it is not clear whether the polarization of microglia to M2 attenuates axonal injury following TBI. In this study, we used a lateral fluid percussion injury device to induce axonal injury in mice. Mice were randomly assigned to the sham, TBI, TBI + rosiglitazone (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma [PPAR-γ] agonist), and TBI + GW9662 (PPAR-γ antagonist) groups. Axonal injury was assessed using immunohistochemical staining for beta amyloid precursor protein. The inflammatory response was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, microglia polarization was assessed using specific markers of M1 and M2 microglia, and neurological function was assessed using the neurological severity score. Following TBI, microglia of the M1 phenotype increased significantly, while those of the M2 phenotype decreased. Rosiglitazone-induced PPAR-γ activation promoted microglia polarization to the M2 phenotype, which reduced the inflammatory response, attenuated axonal injury in the cerebral cortex, and improved neurological function. Conversely, GW9662 inhibited the polarization of microglia to M2 and aggravated inflammation and axonal injury. Our in vitro findings in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia were consistent with those of our in vivo experiments. In conclusion, the polarization of microglia to the M2 phenotype via PPAR-γ activation attenuated axonal injury following TBI in mice, which may be a potential therapeutic approach for TBI-induced axonal injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wendong You
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junfeng Feng
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shojo H, Borlongan CV, Mabuchi T. Genetic and Histological Alterations Reveal Key Role of Prostaglandin Synthase and Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuroinflammation in the Cerebral Cortex of Rats Exposed to Moderate Fluid Percussion Injury. Cell Transplant 2018; 26:1301-1313. [PMID: 28933223 PMCID: PMC5657737 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717715169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After the initial insult in traumatic brain injury (TBI), secondary neurodegeneration occurs that is intimately associated with neuroinflammation. Prostaglandin (PG) synthases and cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 may contribute to inflammation in the brain. Temporal and spatial expression features of PG and COX1 and 2 following trauma may guide the development of antineuroinflammation strategies. Here, we examined PG synthase signaling and COX1 and 2 gene expression levels and COX-1- and 2-positive cell types and their temporal localization in TBI-induced brain in an effort to reveal their participation in the disease’s evolving neuroinflammation. Using brain samples from the cerebral cortex of rats subjected to TBI model of lateral moderate fluid percussion injury (FPI), we sought to characterize the temporal (subacute TBI) and spatial (lateral cortical lesion) brain alterations accompanying the disease progression. Temporal gene expression changes of PG synthase signaling were compared between sham-operated and TBI-treated rats using microarray pathway analysis. Moreover, we examined COX1 and 2 expression patterns and their intracellular distribution in sham-operated and TBI-treated rats by immunohistochemistry. After FPI, COX1 and 2 gene expression levels, and PGE2 synthase increased while PGD2 synthase decreased, suggesting that PGE2 and PGD2 afforded contraindicative effects of inflammation and anti-inflammation, respectively. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that both COX1 and COX2 increased in a time-dependent manner in the brain, specifically in degenerating neurons of the cortex. Interestingly, the expression of COX cell type was cell-specific, in that COX1 was particularly increased in degenerating neurons while COX2 was expressed in macrophages. In view of the dynamic temporal and spatial expression of PG, COX1 and 2 gene expression and localization in the injured brain regulating PG synthase and COX1 and 2 activity will require a careful disease-specific tailoring of treatments to abrogate the neuroinflammation-plagued secondary cell death due to TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Shojo
- 1 Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tadashi Mabuchi
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roles of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma on Brain and Peripheral Inflammation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:121-132. [PMID: 28975471 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been implicated in the pathology of numerous diseases involving diabetes, stroke, cancer, or obesity. It is expressed in diverse cell types, including vessels, immune and glial cells, and neurons. PPARγ plays crucial roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, lipid metabolism, or glucose homeostasis. PPARγ ligands also exert effects on attenuating degenerative processes in the brain, as well as in peripheral systems, and it has been associated with the control of anti-inflammatory mechanisms, oxidative stress, neuronal death, neurogenesis, differentiation, and angiogenesis. This review will highlight key advances in the understanding of the PPARγ-related mechanisms responsible for neuroprotection after brain injuries, both ischemia and traumatic brain injury, and it will also cover the natural and synthetic agonist for PPARγ, angiotensin receptor blockers, and PPARγ antagonists, used in experimental and clinical research. A better understanding of the pleiotropic mechanisms and applications of these drugs to improve the recovery and to repair the acute and chronic induced neuroinflammation after brain injuries will pave the way for more effective therapeutic strategies after brain deficits.
Collapse
|
24
|
Alternative Interventions to Prevent Oxidative Damage following Ischemia/Reperfusion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:7190943. [PMID: 28116037 PMCID: PMC5225393 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7190943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) lesions are a phenomenon that occurs in multiple pathological states and results in a series of events that end in irreparable damage that severely affects the recovery and health of patients. The principal therapeutic approaches include preconditioning, postconditioning, and remote ischemic preconditioning, which when used separately do not have a great impact on patient mortality or prognosis. Oxidative stress is known to contribute to the damage caused by I/R; however, there are no pharmacological approaches to limit or prevent this. Here, we explain the relationship between I/R and the oxidative stress process and describe some pharmacological options that may target oxidative stress-states.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wincewicz D, Juchniewicz A, Waszkiewicz N, Braszko JJ. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade by telmisartan prevents stress-induced impairment of memory via HPA axis deactivation and up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:108-18. [PMID: 27375198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Physical and psychological aspects of chronic stress continue to be a persistent clinical problem for which new pharmacological treatment strategies are aggressively sought. By the results of our previous work it has been demonstrated that telmisartan (TLM), an angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker (ARB) and partial agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), alleviates stress-induced cognitive decline. Understanding of mechanistic background of this phenomenon is hampered by both dual binding sites of TLM and limited data on the consequences of central AT1 blockade and PPARγ activation. Therefore, a critical need exists for progress in the characterization of this target for pro-cognitive drug discovery. An unusual ability of novel ARBs to exert various PPARγ binding activities is commonly being viewed as predominant over angiotensin blockade in terms of neuroprotection. Here we aimed to verify this hypothesis using an animal model of chronic psychological stress (Wistar rats restrained 2.5h daily for 21days) with simultaneous oral administration of TLM (1mg/kg), GW9662 - PPARγ receptor antagonist (0.5mg/kg), or both in combination, followed by a battery of behavioral tests (open field, elevated plus maze, inhibitory avoidance - IA, object recognition - OR), quantitative determination of serum corticosterone (CORT) and evaluation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HIP). Stressed animals displayed decreased recall of the IA behavior (p<0.001), decreased OR (p<0.001), substantial CORT increase (p<0.001) and significantly downregulated expression of BDNF in the mPFC (p<0.001), which were attenuated in rats receiving TLM and TLM+GW9662. These data indicate that procognitive effect of ARBs in stressed subjects do not result from PPAR-γ activation, but AT1 blockade and subsequent hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis deactivation associated with changes in primarily cortical gene expression. This study confirms the dual activities of TLM that controls hypertension and cognition through AT1 blockade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Wincewicz
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15274 Bialystok, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - A Juchniewicz
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - N Waszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - J J Braszko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15a, 15274 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu M, Bachstetter AD, Cass WA, Lifshitz J, Bing G. Pioglitazone Attenuates Neuroinflammation and Promotes Dopaminergic Neuronal Survival in the Nigrostriatal System of Rats after Diffuse Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:414-422. [PMID: 27142118 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that traumatic brain injury (TBI) may raise the risk of developing late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective in animal models of neurodegeneration. The present study investigates the vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system after TBI, and intervention with pioglitazone treatment. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham or moderate midline fluid percussion brain injury (mFPI), followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg pioglitazone or vehicle beginning 30 min after the injury and subsequently every 24 h for 5 days. Following injury, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine were acutely increased in the striatum and substantia nigra within 6 h. Dopaminergic axonal damage and microglial activation were revealed using immunohistochemistry in the medial forebrain bundle at 1 day post-injury. Microglial activation identified by Iba1 and OX-6 immunostaining was persistently increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta 7 to 28 days post-injury. Further, brain injury induced significant dopaminergic neuronal loss, which was quantified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and retrograde fluorescent tracer fluorogold labeling in the nigra at 28 days. Loss of neurons was accompanied by increased extracellular dopamine (DA) turnover in the striatum, indicating enhanced dopaminergic activity in functional compensation after nigrostriatal damage. Strikingly, pioglitazone treatment greatly attenuated microglial activation and improved dopaminergic neuronal survival in the nigrostriatal system, which may promote locomotor recovery. These results suggest that interventions that attenuate secondary inflammation could be a feasible therapeutic treatment to improve outcome after TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- 2 Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Wayne A Cass
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- 3 BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital; Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona; Phoenix Veteran Affairs Healthcare System, Phoenix, Arizona; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona
| | - Guoying Bing
- 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|