1
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Zheng R, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Wang Z. Prelimbic cortex is involved in the regulation of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in both resistant and sensitive mice. Sci Rep 2025; 15:5596. [PMID: 39955314 PMCID: PMC11829983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 02/17/2025] Open
Abstract
A primary behavioral pathology in drug addiction is the overpowering motivational strength and decreased ability to control the desire to obtain drugs, which shows some variation between different individuals. Here, using a morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) model with footshock, we found that mice exhibited significant individual differences in morphine-induced addiction. Despite the consequences of footshock, a small percentage of mice (24%) still showed stable morphine preference, demonstrating resistant to punishment. The majority of mice (76%) were relatively sensitive to punishment and showed termination of morphine preference. As a region of advanced cognitive function in the mammalian brain, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is involved in regulating drug-induced addictive behaviors. We found that activating the pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic cortex (PrL) could effectively reverse morphine-induced CPP in resistant mice, and inhibiting pyramidal neurons in the PrL could promote morphine-induced CPP in sensitive mice. To further explore the differences between resistant and sensitive mice, we analyzed the differences in gene expression in their PrL regions through RNA-seq analysis. The results showed that compared to sensitive mice, the significantly downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as Panx2, Tcf7l2, Htr2c, Htr5a, Orai3, Slc24a4 and Cacnb2, in resistant mice were mainly involved in synaptic formation and neurodevelopment. We speculated that there may be defects in the neuronal system of resistant mice, and caused they are more prone to morphine-induced CPP. These findings are likely to contribute to research in gene therapy, and they may also serve as potential therapeutic targets for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zheng
- Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325200, Zhejiang, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qianglin Liu
- Biomarker Technologies Ltd, Beijing, 101300, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325200, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhouguang Wang
- Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325200, Zhejiang, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Quave CB, Vasquez AM, Aquino-Miranda G, Marín M, Bora EP, Chidomere CL, Zhang XO, Engelke DS, Do-Monte FH. Neural signatures of opioid-induced risk-taking behavior in the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578828. [PMID: 38370807 PMCID: PMC10871263 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder occurs alongside impaired risk-related decision-making, but the underlying neural correlates are unclear. We developed an approach-avoidance conflict task using a modified conditioned place preference procedure to study neural signals of risky opioid seeking in the prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in executive decision-making. Following morphine conditioned place preference, rats underwent a conflict test in which fear-inducing cat odor was introduced in the previously drug-paired side of the apparatus. While the saline-exposed control group avoided cat odor, the morphine group included two subsets of rats that either maintained a preference for the paired side despite the presence of cat odor (Risk-Takers) or exhibited increased avoidance (Risk-Avoiders), as revealed by K-means clustering. Single-unit recordings from the prelimbic cortex (PL) demonstrated decreased neuronal activity upon acute morphine exposure in both Risk-Takers and Risk-Avoiders, but this firing rate suppression was absent after repeated morphine administration. Risk-Avoiders also displayed distinct post-morphine excitation in PL which persisted across conditioning. During the preference test, subpopulations of PL neurons in all groups were either excited or inhibited when rats entered the paired side. Interestingly, the inhibition in PL activity was lost during the subsequent conflict test in both saline and Risk-Avoider groups, but persisted in Risk-Takers. Additionally, Risk-Takers showed an increase in the proportion of PL neurons displaying location-specific firing in the drug-paired side from the preference to the conflict test. Together, our results suggest that persistent PL inhibitory signaling in the drug-associated context during motivational conflict may underlie increased risk-taking behavior following opioid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cana B. Quave
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Andres M. Vasquez
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Guillermo Aquino-Miranda
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Milagros Marín
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Esha P. Bora
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chinenye L. Chidomere
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Xu O. Zhang
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Douglas S. Engelke
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabricio H. Do-Monte
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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3
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Schmid AM, Thomas TA, Blümel S, Erdal NK, Müller SM, Merz CJ, Wolf OT, Brand M, Müller A, Steins-Loeber S. Transfer from goal-directed behavior to stimulus-response habits and its modulation by acute stress in individuals with risky gaming behavior. Sci Rep 2024; 14:26015. [PMID: 39472683 PMCID: PMC11522379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Habitual responses towards addiction-related cues play a relevant role in the development and maintenance of addictions. Such automatic responses may be more likely under stress, as stress has been shown to induce a shift from goal-directed to habitual behavior. The current study investigated these mechanisms in risky gaming behavior. Individuals with risky gaming behavior (n = 68), as established by a structured clinical interview, and a matched control group (n = 67) completed a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) paradigm with gaming-related cues and rewards. After the Pavlovian training, participants underwent a stress (Trier Social Stress Test) or control condition before performing the instrumental training and the transfer phase of the PIT paradigm. To assess habitual behavior, the gaming-related rewards were devalued after half of the transfer phase. In both groups, gaming-related cues enhanced the choice of the gaming-related reward and this gaming PIT effect was reduced, however, not eliminated by the devaluation. Unexpectedly, stress did not significantly increase responding for the gaming-related reward in participants aware of the stimulus-outcome associations, however seemed to enhance habitual responding in unaware participants. Our findings underline the relevance of gaming-related cues in triggering habitual responses, which may undermine attempts to change a problematic gaming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schmid
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.
| | - Tobias A Thomas
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Blümel
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas K Erdal
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke M Müller
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver T Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition, Faculty of Computer Science, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Otto-Friedrich-University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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4
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Su H, Ye T, Cao S, Hu C. Understanding the shift to compulsion in addiction: insights from personality traits, social factors, and neurobiology. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1416222. [PMID: 39315036 PMCID: PMC11416939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1416222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Compulsion stands as a central symptom of drug addiction; however, only a small fraction of individuals who use drugs exhibit compulsive characteristics. Differences observed in Sign-trackers (ST) and Goal-trackers (GT) during Pavlovian conditioning may shed light on individual variances in drug addiction. Here, we focus on the behavioral attributes, formation processes, and neural mechanisms underlying ST and how they drive addiction toward compulsivity in humans. We will explore addiction from three interconnected levels: individual personality traits, social factors, and neurobiology. Furthermore, we distinguish between the processes of sensitization and habituation within ST. These nuanced distinctions across various aspects of addiction will contribute to our understanding of the addiction development process and the formulation of targeted preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Su
- College of Humanities, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Psychological Education Research Department, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Ye
- College of Humanities, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
- Psychological Education Research Department, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Songyan Cao
- College of Humanities, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- College of Humanities, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, China
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5
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Jones BO, Spencer HF, Cruz AM, Paladino MS, Handel SN, Smith RJ. Random interval schedule of reinforcement influences punishment resistance for cocaine in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2024; 213:107961. [PMID: 39025429 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2024.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In an animal model of compulsive drug use, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences and is considered punishment resistant. We recently found that punishment resistance is associated with habits that persist under conditions that typically encourage a transition to goal-directed control. Given that random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules of reinforcement influence whether responding is goal-directed or habitual, we investigated the influence of these schedules on punishment resistance for cocaine or food. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were trained to self-administer either intravenous cocaine or food pellets on a seeking-taking chained schedule of reinforcement, with the seeking lever requiring completion of either an RR20 or RI60 schedule. Rats were then given four days of punishment testing with footshock administered at the completion of seeking on a random one-third of trials. For cocaine-trained rats, the RI60 schedule led to greater punishment resistance (i.e., more trials completed) than the RR20 schedule in males and females. For food-trained rats, the RI60 schedule led to greater punishment resistance (i.e., higher reward rates) than the RR20 schedule in female rats, although male rats showed punishment resistance on both RR20 and RI60 schedules. For both cocaine and food, we found that seeking responses were suppressed to a greater degree than reward rate with the RI60 schedule, whereas response rate and reward rate were equally suppressed with the RR20 schedule. This dissociation between punishment effects on reward rate and response rate with the RI60 schedule can be explained by the nonlinear relation between these variables on RI schedules, but it does not account for the enhanced resistance to punishment. Overall, the results show greater punishment resistance with the RI60 schedule as compared to the RR20 schedule, indicating that schedules of reinforcement are an influencing factor on resistance to negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley O Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, TAMU 3474, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Haley F Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4235, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Adelis M Cruz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4235, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Morgan S Paladino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4235, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Sophia N Handel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4235, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, TAMU 3474, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4235, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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6
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Rodrigues D, Santa C, Manadas B, Monteiro P. Chronic Stress Alters Synaptic Inhibition/Excitation Balance of Pyramidal Neurons But Not PV Interneurons in the Infralimbic and Prelimbic Cortices of C57BL/6J Mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0053-24.2024. [PMID: 39147579 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0053-24.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a pivotal role in regulating working memory, executive function, and self-regulatory behaviors. Dysfunction in the mPFC circuits is a characteristic feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Chronic stress (CS) is widely recognized as a major triggering factor for the onset of these disorders. Although evidence suggests synaptic dysfunction in mPFC circuits following CS exposure, it remains unclear how different neuronal populations in the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices are affected in terms of synaptic inhibition/excitation balance (I/E ratio). Here, using neuroproteomic analysis and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in pyramidal neurons (PNs) and parvalbumin (PV) interneurons within the PL and IL cortices, we examined the synaptic changes after 21 d of chronic unpredictable stress, in male mice. Our results reveal distinct impacts of CS on PL and IL PNs, resulting in an increased I/E ratio in both subregions but through different mechanisms: CS increases inhibitory synaptic drive in the PL while decreasing excitatory synaptic drive in the IL. Notably, the I/E ratio and excitatory and inhibitory synaptic drive of PV interneurons remained unaffected in both PL and IL circuits following CS exposure. These findings offer novel mechanistic insights into the influence of CS on mPFC circuits and support the hypothesis of stress-induced mPFC hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Biomedizinisches Centrum München (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 82152, Bayern, Germany
| | - Cátia Santa
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
- RISE-Health, Health Research Network, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
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7
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Giannone F, Ebrahimi C, Endrass T, Hansson AC, Schlagenhauf F, Sommer WH. Bad habits-good goals? Meta-analysis and translation of the habit construct to alcoholism. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:298. [PMID: 39030169 PMCID: PMC11271507 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption remains a global public health crisis, with millions suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD, or simply "alcoholism"), leading to significantly reduced life expectancy. This review examines the interplay between habitual and goal-directed behaviors and the associated neurobiological changes induced by chronic alcohol exposure. Contrary to a strict habit-goal dichotomy, our meta-analysis of the published animal experiments combined with a review of human studies reveals a nuanced transition between these behavioral control systems, emphasizing the need for refined terminology to capture the probabilistic nature of decision biases in individuals with a history of chronic alcohol exposure. Furthermore, we distinguish habitual responding from compulsivity, viewing them as separate entities with diverse roles throughout the stages of the addiction cycle. By addressing species-specific differences and translational challenges in habit research, we provide insights to enhance future investigations and inform strategies for combatting AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Giannone
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - C Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Endrass
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - A C Hansson
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - F Schlagenhauf
- Department of Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin & St. Hedwig Hospital, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - W H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
- Bethania Hospital for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Greifswald, Germany.
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, 68159, Mannheim, Germany.
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8
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Honeycutt S, Mukherjee A, Paladino M, Gilles-Thomas E, Loney G. Adolescent nicotine exposure promotes adulthood opioid consumption that persists despite adverse consequences and increases the density of insular perineuronal nets. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 11:100150. [PMID: 38911872 PMCID: PMC11192509 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence marks a sensitive period for neurodevelopment wherein exposure to drugs of abuse may disrupt maturation and induce persistent changes in neurophysiology which may exacerbate the risk for developing substance use disorders in adulthood. Adolescent nicotine exposure (ANE) enhances motivation to obtain drugs of abuse, particularly opioids, and increases vulnerability for the development of opioid use disorder (OUD). Here, we characterized ANE effects on learning about the adverse consequences of opioid consumption in adulthood in the absence of further nicotine administration. First, we show that ANE engenders punishment resistant fentanyl self-administration in a heterogenous seeking-taking chain schedule of reinforcement at least at the tested dose of fentanyl (0.75 μg/kg). We found that ANE rats consumed significantly more fentanyl and contingent foot shock punishment was less efficacious in limiting fentanyl seeking in ANE rats, relative to nicotine-naïve controls. Next, we demonstrated that ANE limits learning about the deleterious consequences of acute opioid intoxication in adulthood. In a combined conditioned taste avoidance and place preference paradigm we found that ANE resulted in significant reductions in the strength of morphine-induced CTA, and a simultaneous enhancement of CPP at a higher dose that was less capable of driving reinforcement in naïve controls. Finally, we examined the expression of perineuronal nets (PNNs) within insular cortex (IC) and found ANE rats to have increased density of PNNs across the anterior IC and significantly more parvalbumin-labeled IC cells relative to naïve controls. Together, these data lay the framework for a mechanistic explanation of the extreme comorbidity between nicotine use and development of OUDs.
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9
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Jones BO, Paladino MS, Cruz AM, Spencer HF, Kahanek PL, Scarborough LN, Georges SF, Smith RJ. Punishment resistance for cocaine is associated with inflexible habits in rats. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 11:100148. [PMID: 38859977 PMCID: PMC11164474 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by continued drug use despite negative consequences. In an animal model, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences, showing punishment resistance. We sought to test the hypothesis that punishment resistance arises from failure to exert goal-directed control over habitual cocaine seeking. While habits are not inherently permanent or maladaptive, continued use of habits under conditions that should encourage goal-directed control makes them maladaptive and inflexible. We trained male and female Sprague Dawley rats on a seeking-taking chained schedule of cocaine self-administration. We then exposed them to four days of punishment testing in which footshock was delivered randomly on one-third of trials. Before and after punishment testing (four days pre-punishment and ≥ four days post-punishment), we assessed whether cocaine seeking was goal-directed or habitual using outcome devaluation via cocaine satiety. We found that punishment resistance was associated with continued use of habits, whereas punishment sensitivity was associated with increased goal-directed control. Although punishment resistance for cocaine was not predicted by habitual responding pre-punishment, it was associated with habitual responding post-punishment. In parallel studies of food self-administration, we similarly observed that punishment resistance was associated with habitual responding post-punishment but not pre-punishment in males, although it was associated with habitual responding both pre- and post-punishment in females, indicating that punishment resistance was predicted by habitual responding in food-seeking females. These findings indicate that punishment resistance is related to habits that have become inflexible and persist under conditions that should encourage a transition to goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley O Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Morgan S Paladino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Adelis M Cruz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Haley F Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Payton L Kahanek
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lauren N Scarborough
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sandra F Georges
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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10
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Bender BN, Stringfield SJ, Torregrossa MM. Changes in dorsomedial striatum activity during expression of goal-directed vs. habit-like cue-induced cocaine seeking. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 11:100149. [PMID: 38957402 PMCID: PMC11218864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2024.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A preclinical model of cue exposure therapy, cue extinction, reduces cue-induced cocaine seeking that is goal-directed but not habit-like. Goal-directed and habitual behaviors differentially rely on the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS), but the effects of cue extinction on dorsal striatal responses to cue-induced drug seeking are unknown. We used fiber photometry in rats trained to self-administer cocaine paired with an audiovisual cue to examine how dorsal striatal intracellular calcium and extracellular dopamine activity differs between goal-directed and habit-like cue-induced cocaine seeking and how it is impacted by cue extinction. After minimal fixed-ratio training, rats showed enhanced DMS and DLS calcium responses to cue-reinforced compared to unreinforced lever presses. After rats were trained on goal-promoting fixed ratio schedules or habit-promoting second-order schedules of reinforcement, different patterns of dorsal striatal calcium and dopamine responses to cue-reinforced lever presses emerged. Rats trained on habit-promoting second-order schedules showed reduced DMS calcium responses and enhanced DLS dopamine responses to cue-reinforced lever presses. Cue extinction reduced calcium responses during subsequent drug seeking in the DMS, but not in the DLS. Therefore, cue extinction may reduce goal-directed behavior through its effects on the DMS, whereas habit-like behavior and the DLS are unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N. Bender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Sierra J. Stringfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
| | - Mary M. Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
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11
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Handel SN, Smith RJ. Making and breaking habits: Revisiting the definitions and behavioral factors that influence habits in animals. J Exp Anal Behav 2024; 121:8-26. [PMID: 38010353 PMCID: PMC10842199 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Habits have garnered significant interest in studies of associative learning and maladaptive behavior. However, habit research has faced scrutiny and challenges related to the definitions and methods. Differences in the conceptualizations of habits between animal and human studies create difficulties for translational research. Here, we review the definitions and commonly used methods for studying habits in animals and humans and discuss potential alternative ways to assess habits, such as automaticity. To better understand habits, we then focus on the behavioral factors that have been shown to make or break habits in animals, as well as potential mechanisms underlying the influence of these factors. We discuss the evidence that habitual and goal-directed systems learn in parallel and that they seem to interact in competitive and cooperative manners. Finally, we draw parallels between habitual responding and compulsive drug seeking in animals to delineate the similarities and differences in these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia N Handel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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12
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Martín-González E, Prados-Pardo Á, Sawiak SJ, Dalley JW, Padro D, Ramos-Cabrer P, Mora S, Moreno-Montoya M. Mapping the neuroanatomical abnormalities in a phenotype of male compulsive rats. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:19. [PMID: 37932782 PMCID: PMC10626819 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Compulsivity is considered a transdiagnostic dimension in obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, characterized by heterogeneous cognitive and behavioral phenotypes associated with abnormalities in cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuitry. The present study investigated the structural morphology of white and gray matter in rats selected for low- (LD) and high- (HD) compulsive drinking behavior on a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) task. Regional brain morphology was assessed using ex-vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Voxel-based morphometry of segmented MRI images revealed larger white matter volumes in anterior commissure and corpus callosum of HD rats compared with LD rats. HD rats also showed significantly larger regional volumes of dorsolateral orbitofrontal cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, sub-thalamic nucleus, and cerebellum. By contrast, the medial prefrontal cortex was significantly smaller in HD rats compared with LD rats with no significant group differences in whole brain, ventricular, or cerebrospinal fluid volumes. These findings show that limbic cortico-basal ganglia structures implicated in impulse control disorders are distinct in rats that are vulnerable to develop compulsive behavior. Such abnormalities may be relevant to the etiology of compulsive disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-González
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Ángeles Prados-Pardo
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Padro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Santiago Mora
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margarita Moreno-Montoya
- Department of Psychology and Health Research Centre (CEINSA), University of Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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13
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Rodrigues D, Monteiro P. Chronic stress promotes basal ganglia disinhibition by increasing the excitatory drive of direct-pathway neurons. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100571. [PMID: 37781564 PMCID: PMC10540042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress (CS) is a well-recognized triggering factor in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS), two neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by the presence of stereotypic motor symptoms. Planning and execution of motor actions are controlled by the dorsal striatum, a brain region that promotes or suppresses motor movement by activating striatal neurons from the direct- or indirect-pathway, respectively. Despite the dorsal striatum being affected in motor disorders and by CS exposure, how CS affects the two opposing pathways is not fully understood. Here, we report that CS in mice selectively potentiates the direct-pathway, while sparing the indirect-pathway. Specifically, we show that CS both increases excitation and reduces inhibition over direct-pathway neurons in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS). Furthermore, inhibitory interneurons located in the DMS also display reduced excitatory drive after chronic stress, thus amplifying striatal disinhibition. Altogether, we propose a model where both increased excitatory drive and decreased inhibitory drive in the striatum causes disinhibition of basal ganglia's motor direct pathway - a mechanism that might explain the emergence of motor stereotypies and tic disorders under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Patricia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimaraes, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine - Experimental Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
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14
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Jones BO, Paladino MS, Cruz AM, Spencer HF, Kahanek PL, Scarborough LN, Georges SF, Smith RJ. Punishment resistance for cocaine is associated with inflexible habits in rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.08.544242. [PMID: 37333299 PMCID: PMC10274925 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.08.544242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by continued drug use despite negative consequences. In an animal model, a subset of rats continues to self-administer cocaine despite footshock consequences, showing punishment resistance. We sought to test the hypothesis that punishment resistance arises from failure to exert goal-directed control over habitual cocaine seeking. While habits are not inherently permanent or maladaptive, continued use of habits under conditions that should encourage goal-directed control makes them maladaptive and inflexible. We trained male and female Sprague Dawley rats on a seeking-taking chained schedule of cocaine self-administration (2 h/day). We then exposed them to 4 days of punishment testing, in which footshock (0.4 mA, 0.3 s) was delivered randomly on one-third of trials, immediately following completion of seeking and prior to extension of the taking lever. Before and after punishment testing (4 days pre-punishment and ≥4 days post-punishment), we assessed whether cocaine seeking was goal-directed or habitual using outcome devaluation via cocaine satiety. We found that punishment resistance was associated with continued use of habits, whereas punishment sensitivity was associated with increased goal-directed control. Although punishment resistance was not predicted by habitual responding pre-punishment, it was associated with habitual responding post-punishment. In parallel studies of food self-administration, we similarly observed that punishment resistance was associated with habitual responding post-punishment but not pre-punishment. These findings indicate that punishment resistance is related to habits that have become inflexible and persist under conditions that should encourage a transition to goal-directed behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley O. Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Morgan S. Paladino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Adelis M. Cruz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Haley F. Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Payton L. Kahanek
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lauren N. Scarborough
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sandra F. Georges
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rachel J. Smith
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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15
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Bender BN, Torregrossa MM. Intermittent cocaine self-administration has sex-specific effects on addiction-like behaviors in rats. Neuropharmacology 2023; 230:109490. [PMID: 36889433 PMCID: PMC10040443 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent access (IntA) models of cocaine self-administration were developed to better model in rodents how cocaine is used by human drug users. Compared to traditional continuous access (ContA) models, IntA has been shown to enhance several pharmacological and behavioral effects of cocaine, but few studies have examined sex differences in IntA. Moreover, no one has examined the efficacy of cue extinction to reduce cocaine seeking in the IntA model, which has previously shown to be ineffective in other models that promote habit-like cocaine seeking. Therefore, rats were implanted with jugular vein catheters and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) cannulae and trained to self-administer cocaine paired with an audiovisual cue with ContA or IntA. In subsets of rats, we evaluated: the ability of Pavlovian cue extinction to reduce cue-induced drug seeking; motivation for cocaine using a progressive ratio procedure; punishment-resistant cocaine taking by pairing cocaine infusions with footshocks; and dependence of drug-seeking on DLS dopamine (a measure of habit-like behavior) with the dopamine antagonist cis-flupenthixol. Overall, cue extinction reduced cue-induced drug seeking after ContA or IntA. Compared to ContA, IntA resulted in increased motivation for cocaine exclusively in females, but IntA facilitated punished cocaine self-administration exclusively in males. After 10 days of IntA training, but not fewer, drug-seeking was dependent on DLS dopamine most notably in males. Our results suggest that IntA may be valuable for identifying sex differences in the early stages of drug use and provide a foundation for the investigation of the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Bender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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16
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Cao DN, Li F, Wu N, Li J. Insights into the mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder and potential treatment strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:862-878. [PMID: 34128238 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden. Strategies for treating opioid use disorder can be divided into those that target the opioid receptor system and those that target non-opioid receptor systems, including the dopamine and glutamate receptor systems. Currently, the clinical drugs used to treat opioid use disorder include the opioid receptor agonists methadone and buprenorphine, which are limited by their abuse liability, and the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone, which is limited by poor compliance. Therefore, the development of effective medications with lower abuse liability and better potential for compliance is urgently needed. Based on recent advances in the understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder, potential treatment strategies and targets have emerged. This review focuses on the progress made in identifying potential targets and developing medications to treat opioid use disorder, including progress made by our laboratory, and provides insights for future medication development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ni Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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17
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Shan Q, Yu X, Tian Y. Adolescent social isolation shifts the balance of decision-making strategy from goal-directed action to habitual response in adulthood via suppressing the excitatory neurotransmission onto the direct pathway of the dorsomedial striatum. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1595-1609. [PMID: 35524719 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse experience, such as social isolation, during adolescence is one of the major causes of neuropsychiatric disorders that extend from adolescence into adulthood, such as substance addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders leading to obesity. A common behavioral feature of these neuropsychiatric disorders is a shift in the balance of decision-making strategy from goal-directed action to habitual response. This study has verified that adolescent social isolation directly shifts the balance of decision-making strategy from goal-directed action to habitual response, and that it cannot be reversed by simple regrouping. This study has further revealed that adolescent social isolation induces a suppression in the excitatory neurotransmission onto the direct-pathway medium spiny neurons of the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), and that chemogenetically compensating this suppression effect shifts the balance of decision-making strategy from habitual response back to goal-directed action. These findings suggest that the plasticity in the DMS causes the shift in the balance of decision-making strategy, which would potentially help to develop a general therapy to treat the various neuropsychiatric disorders caused by adolescent social isolation. Such a study is especially necessary under the circumstances that social distancing and lockdown have caused during times of world-wide, society-wide pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Shan
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yu
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Yao Tian
- Chern Institute of Mathematics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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18
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Meyer GP, da Silva BS, Bandeira CE, Tavares MEA, Cupertino RB, Oliveira EP, Müller D, Kappel DB, Teche SP, Vitola ES, Rohde LA, Rovaris DL, Grevet EH, Bau CHD. Dissecting the cross-trait effects of the FOXP2 GWAS hit on clinical and brain phenotypes in adults with ADHD. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:15-24. [PMID: 35279744 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) encodes for a transcription factor with a broad role in embryonic development. It is especially represented among GWAS hits for neurodevelopmental disorders and related traits, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, neuroticism, and risk-taking behaviors. While several functional studies are underway to understand the consequences of FOXP2 variation, this study aims to expand previous findings to clinically and genetically related phenotypes and neuroanatomical features among subjects with ADHD. The sample included 407 adults with ADHD and 463 controls. Genotyping was performed on the Infinium PsychArray-24 BeadChip, and the FOXP2 gene region was extracted. A gene-wide approach was adopted to evaluate the combined effects of FOXP2 variants (n = 311) on ADHD status, severity, comorbidities, and personality traits. Independent risk variants presenting potential functional effects were further tested for association with cortical surface areas in a subsample of cases (n = 87). The gene-wide analyses within the ADHD sample showed a significant association of the FOXP2 gene with harm avoidance (P = 0.001; PFDR = 0.015) and nominal associations with hyperactivity symptoms (P = 0.026; PFDR = 0.130) and antisocial personality disorder (P = 0.026; PFDR = 0.130). An insertion/deletion variant (rs79622555) located downstream of FOXP2 was associated with the three outcomes and nominally with the surface area of superior parietal and anterior cingulate cortices. Our results extend and refine previous GWAS findings pointing to a role of FOXP2 in several neurodevelopment-related phenotypes, mainly those involving underlying symptomatic domains of self-regulation and inhibitory control. Taken together, the available evidence may constitute promising insights into the puzzle of the FOXP2-related pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pessin Meyer
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Santos da Silva
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cibele Edom Bandeira
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Araujo Tavares
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Eduarda Pereira Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diana Müller
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Djenifer B Kappel
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Stefania Pigatto Teche
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Schneider Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego Luiz Rovaris
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eugenio Horacio Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claiton Henrique Dotto Bau
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,ADHD Outpatient Program, Clinical Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Developmental Psychiatry Program, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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19
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Yatan G, Lim LW, Aquili L. Routine behaviour, a putative dopamine marker, predicts cognitive flexibility by tDCS of the dlPFC. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:108-110. [PMID: 36731769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gibson Yatan
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Luca Aquili
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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20
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Wu L, Xu J, Song K, Zhu L, Zhou N, Xu L, Liu G, Wang Z, Wang R, Qin S, Fang X, Zhang J, Potenza MN. Emotional bias modification weakens game-related compulsivity and reshapes frontostriatal pathways. Brain 2022; 145:4210-4221. [PMID: 35861265 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is characterized by compulsive engagement despite adverse consequences. Psychobehavioural interventions targeting compulsivity in addictions are relatively rare, particularly for behavioural addictions like internet gaming disorder (IGD). Free from confounding drug-on-brain effects, IGD provides a promising model for understanding neuropsychological processes of addictions. IGD is a global concern in the setting of increasing internet use worldwide. Thus, developing interventions and understanding their mechanisms of action are important. Positive emotional association biases (EABs) towards addiction cues based on reward conditioning may underlie addiction-associated compulsivity. Here, we developed an EAB modification (EABM) protocol and examined whether modifying EABs via cognitive training would alter neurocognitive aspects of addiction-associated compulsivity in IGD. We recruited 90 IGD participants who were randomly assigned to receive EABM or sham training in a 1:1 ratio (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04068064). The EABM intervention involved six consecutive days of exposure to negative emotional terms linked to gaming stimuli and positive terms linked to non-gaming healthy-alternative stimuli. The sham training involved similar stimuli linked to neutral words. Participants underwent event-related functional MRI while performing a regulation-of-craving task and received several behavioural assessments pretraining and post-training. Primary efficacy measures were changes in gaming-related positive EABs, and compulsive gaming thoughts and behaviours. Behaviourally, EABM (versus sham) training decreased gaming-related positive EABs and compulsive gaming thoughts and behaviours. Neurally, EABM training involved decreased activation in the bilateral dorsal striatum in the regulation-of-craving task and altered left dorsal striatum-centric functional connectivity with ventral prefrontal cortical regions, which correlated with decreases in gaming-related EABs or compulsive gaming thoughts and behaviours. EABM training also implicated activation changes in the right medial frontal gyrus and posterior insula. EABM may reduce compulsive gaming thoughts and behaviours via reshaping functional organization of frontostriatal pathways and insular activity in IGD. The therapeutic potential of EABM should be examined in larger, longer-term studies, as should its application to other addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kunru Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Linxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanqun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Fang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,CT Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06109, USA.,Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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21
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Duan Y, Tsai PJ, Salmeron BJ, Hu Y, Gu H, Lu H, Cadet JL, Stein EA, Yang Y. Compulsive drug-taking is associated with habenula-frontal cortex connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208867119. [PMID: 36469769 PMCID: PMC9897479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208867119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
As a critical node connecting the forebrain with the midbrain, the lateral habenula (LHb) processes negative feedback in response to aversive events and plays an essential role in value-based decision-making. Compulsive drug use, a hallmark of substance use disorder, is attributed to maladaptive decision-making regarding aversive drug-use-related events and has been associated with dysregulation of various frontal-midbrain circuits. To understand the contributions of frontal-habenula-midbrain circuits in the development of drug dependence, we employed a rat model of methamphetamine self-administration (SA) in the presence of concomitant footshock, which has been proposed to model compulsive drug-taking in humans. In this longitudinal study, functional MRI data were collected at pretraining baseline, after 20 d of long-access SA phase, and after 5 d of concomitant footshock coupled with SA (punishment phase). Individual differences in response to punishment were quantified by a "compulsivity index (CI)," defined as drug infusions at the end of punishment phase, normalized by those at the end of SA phase. Functional connectivity of LHb with the frontal cortices and substantia nigra (SN) after the punishment phase was positively correlated with the CI in rats that maintained drug SA despite receiving increasing-intensity footshock. In contrast, functional connectivity of the same circuits was negatively correlated with CI in rats that significantly reduced SA. These findings suggest that individual differences in compulsive drug-taking are reflected by alterations within frontal-LHb-SN circuits after experiencing the negative consequences from SA, suggesting these circuits may serve as unique biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for individualized treatment of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Duan
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Pei-Jung Tsai
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Yuzheng Hu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310058, P.R. China
| | - Hong Gu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Hanbing Lu
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD21224
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22
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Jones BO, Cruz AM, Kim TH, Spencer HF, Smith RJ. Discriminating goal-directed and habitual cocaine seeking in rats using a novel outcome devaluation procedure. Learn Mem 2022; 29:447-457. [PMID: 36621907 PMCID: PMC9749853 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053621.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Habits are theorized to play a key role in compulsive cocaine seeking, yet there is limited methodology for assessing habitual responding for intravenous (IV) cocaine. We developed a novel outcome devaluation procedure to discriminate goal-directed from habitual responding in cocaine-seeking rats. This procedure elicits devaluation temporarily and requires no additional training, allowing repeated testing at different time points. After training male rats to self-administer IV cocaine, we devalued the drug outcome via experimenter-administered IV cocaine (a "satiety" procedure) prior to a 10-min extinction test. Many rats were sensitive to outcome devaluation, a hallmark of goal-directed responding. These animals reduced responding when given a dose of experimenter-administered cocaine that matched or exceeded satiety levels during self-administration. However, other rats were insensitive to experimenter-administered cocaine, suggesting their responding was habitual. Importantly, reinforcement schedules and neural manipulations that produce goal-directed responding (i.e., ratio schedules or dorsolateral striatum lesions) caused sensitivity to outcome devaluation, whereas reinforcement schedules and neural manipulations that produce habitual responding (i.e., interval schedules or dorsomedial striatum lesions) caused insensitivity. Satiety-based outcome devaluation is an innovative new tool to dissect the neural and behavioral mechanisms underlying IV cocaine-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley O Jones
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Adelis M Cruz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Tabitha H Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Haley F Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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23
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Peng Z, He L, Wen R, Verguts T, Seger CA, Chen Q. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by decreased Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009945. [PMID: 36215326 PMCID: PMC9584381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by uncontrollable repetitive actions thought to rely on abnormalities within fundamental instrumental learning systems. We investigated cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying Pavlovian biases on instrumental behavior in both clinical OCD patients and healthy controls using a Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer (PIT) task. PIT is typically evidenced by increased responding in the presence of a positive (previously rewarded) Pavlovian cue, and reduced responding in the presence of a negative cue. Thirty OCD patients and thirty-one healthy controls completed the Pavlovian Instrumental Transfer test, which included instrumental training, Pavlovian training for positive, negative and neutral cues, and a PIT phase in which participants performed the instrumental task in the presence of the Pavlovian cues. Modified Rescorla-Wagner models were fitted to trial-by-trial data of participants to estimate underlying computational mechanism and quantify individual differences during training and transfer stages. Bayesian hierarchical methods were used to estimate free parameters and compare the models. Behavioral and computational results indicated a weaker Pavlovian influence on instrumental behavior in OCD patients than in HC, especially for negative Pavlovian cues. Our results contrast with the increased PIT effects reported for another set of disorders characterized by compulsivity, substance use disorders, in which PIT is enhanced. A possible reason for the reduced PIT in OCD may be impairment in using the contextual information provided by the cues to appropriately adjust behavior, especially when inhibiting responding when a negative cue is present. This study provides deeper insight into our understanding of deficits in OCD from the perspective of Pavlovian influences on instrumental behavior and may have implications for OCD treatment modalities focused on reducing compulsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luning He
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongzhen Wen
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tom Verguts
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Seger
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CS); (QC)
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (CS); (QC)
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24
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Marrero-Cristobal G, Gelpi-Dominguez U, Morales-Silva R, Alvarado-Torres J, Perez-Torres J, Perez-Perez Y, Sepulveda-Orengo M. Aerobic exercise as a promising nonpharmacological therapy for the treatment of substance use disorders. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1602-1642. [PMID: 34850988 PMCID: PMC9156662 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and public health impact of substance use disorders (SUDs), effective long-term treatments remain elusive. Aerobic exercise is a promising, nonpharmacological treatment currently under investigation as a strategy for preventing drug relapse. Aerobic exercise could be incorporated into the comprehensive treatment regimens for people with substance abuse disorders. Preclinical studies of SUD with animal models have shown that aerobic exercise diminishes drug-seeking behavior, which leads to relapse, in both male and female rats. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the effects of substance abuse-induced cellular and physiological adaptations believed to be responsible for drug-seeking behavior. Accordingly, the overall goal of this review is to provide a summary and an assessment of findings to date, highlighting evidence of the molecular and neurological effects of exercise on adaptations associated with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Gelpi-Dominguez
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Roberto Morales-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - John Alvarado-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Joshua Perez-Torres
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Yobet Perez-Perez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
| | - Marian Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Research Institute, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, PR, USA
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25
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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How Can Animal Models Inform the Understanding of Cognitive Inflexibility in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa? J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092594. [PMID: 35566718 PMCID: PMC9105411 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in cognitive flexibility are consistently seen in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). This type of cognitive impairment is thought to be associated with the persistence of AN because it leads to deeply ingrained patterns of thought and behaviour that are highly resistant to change. Neurobiological drivers of cognitive inflexibility have some commonalities with the abnormal brain functional outcomes described in patients with AN, including disrupted prefrontal cortical function, and dysregulated dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems. The activity-based anorexia (ABA) model recapitulates the key features of AN in human patients, including rapid weight loss caused by self-starvation and hyperactivity, supporting its application in investigating the cognitive and neurobiological causes of pathological weight loss. The aim of this review is to describe the relationship between AN, neural function and cognitive flexibility in human patients, and to highlight how new techniques in behavioural neuroscience can improve the utility of animal models of AN to inform the development of novel therapeutics.
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27
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Brown RM, Dayas CV, James MH, Smith RJ. New directions in modelling dysregulated reward seeking for food and drugs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 132:1037-1048. [PMID: 34736883 PMCID: PMC8816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral models are central to behavioral neuroscience. To study the neural mechanisms of maladaptive behaviors (including binge eating and drug addiction), it is essential to develop and utilize appropriate animal models that specifically focus on dysregulated reward seeking. Both food and cocaine are typically consumed in a regulated manner by rodents, motivated by reward and homeostatic mechanisms. However, both food and cocaine seeking can become dysregulated, resulting in binge-like consumption and compulsive patterns of intake. The speakers in this symposium for the 2021 International Behavioral Neuroscience Meeting utilize behavioral models of dysregulated reward-seeking to investigate the neural mechanisms of binge-like consumption, enhanced cue-driven reward seeking, excessive motivation, and continued use despite negative consequences. In this review, we outline examples of maladaptive patterns of intake and explore recent animal models that drive behavior to become dysregulated, including stress exposure and intermittent access to rewards. Lastly, we explore select behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying dysregulated reward-seeking for both food and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan H James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Rachel J Smith
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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28
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Lim TV, Cardinal RN, Bullmore ET, Robbins TW, Ersche KD. Impaired Learning From Negative Feedback in Stimulant Use Disorder: Dopaminergic Modulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:867-878. [PMID: 34197589 PMCID: PMC8598302 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced alterations to the dopamine system in stimulant use disorder (SUD) are hypothesized to impair reinforcement learning (RL). Computational modeling enables the investigation of the latent processes of RL in SUD patients, which could elucidate the nature of their impairments. METHODS We investigated RL in 44 SUD patients and 41 healthy control participants using a probabilistic RL task that assesses learning from reward and punishment separately. In an independent sample, we determined the modulatory role of dopamine in RL following a single dose of the dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist amisulpride (400 mg) and the agonist pramipexole (0.5 mg) in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. We analyzed task performance using computational modelling and hypothesized that RL impairments in SUD patients would be differentially modulated by a dopamine D2/3 receptor antagonist and agonist. RESULTS Computational analyses in both samples revealed significantly reduced learning rates from punishment in SUD patients compared with healthy controls, whilst their reward learning rates were not measurably impaired. In addition, the dopaminergic receptor agents modulated RL parameters differentially in both groups. Both amisulpride and pramipexole impaired RL parameters in healthy participants, but ameliorated learning from punishment in SUD patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that RL impairments seen in SUD patients are associated with altered dopamine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsen Vei Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rudolf N Cardinal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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29
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Remifentanil self-administration in mice promotes sex-specific prefrontal cortex dysfunction underlying deficits in cognitive flexibility. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1734-1745. [PMID: 34012018 PMCID: PMC8358018 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Opioid-based drugs are frequently used for pain management in both males and females despite the known risk of prefrontal cortex dysfunction and cognitive impairments. Although poorly understood, loss of cognitive control following chronic drug use has been linked to decreased activation of frontal cortex regions. Here, we show that self-administration of the potent opioid, remifentanil, causes a long-lasting hypoactive basal state evidenced by a decrease in ex vivo excitability that is paralleled by an increase in firing capacity of layer 5/6 pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic, but not infralimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex. This phenomenon was observed in females after as few as 5 days and up to 25-30 days of self-administration. In contrast, pyramidal neurons in males showed increased excitability following 10-16 days of self-administration, with hypoactive states arising only following 25-30 days of self-administration. The emergence of a hypoactive, but not hyperactive basal state following remifentanil self-administration aligned with deficits in cognitive flexibility as assessed using an operant-based attentional set-shifting task. In females, the hypoactive basal state is driven by a reduction in excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Alternatively, hyper- and hypoactive states in males align selectively with decreased and increased GABAB signaling, respectively. Chemogenetic compensation for this hypoactive state prior to testing restored cognitive flexibility, basal hypoactive state, and remifentanil-induced plasticity. These data define cellular and synaptic mechanisms by which opioids impair prefrontal function and cognitive control; indicating that interventions aimed at targeting opioid-induced adaptations should be tailored based on biological sex.
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30
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Sabe M, Zhao N, Kaiser S. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of cocaine-induced psychosis in cocaine users. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 109:110263. [PMID: 33524454 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sabe
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
| | - N Zhao
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - S Kaiser
- Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
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31
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Piantadosi PT, Halladay LR, Radke AK, Holmes A. Advances in understanding meso-cortico-limbic-striatal systems mediating risky reward seeking. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1547-1571. [PMID: 33704784 PMCID: PMC8981567 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The risk of an aversive consequence occurring as the result of a reward-seeking action can have a profound effect on subsequent behavior. Such aversive events can be described as punishers, as they decrease the probability that the same action will be produced again in the future and increase the exploration of less risky alternatives. Punishment can involve the omission of an expected rewarding event ("negative" punishment) or the addition of an unpleasant event ("positive" punishment). Although many individuals adaptively navigate situations associated with the risk of negative or positive punishment, those suffering from substance use disorders or behavioral addictions tend to be less able to curtail addictive behaviors despite the aversive consequences associated with them. Here, we discuss the psychological processes underpinning reward seeking despite the risk of negative and positive punishment and consider how behavioral assays in animals have been employed to provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying addictive disorders. We then review the critical contributions of dopamine signaling to punishment learning and risky reward seeking, and address the roles of interconnected ventral striatal, cortical, and amygdala regions to these processes. We conclude by discussing the ample opportunities for future study to clarify critical gaps in the literature, particularly as related to delineating neural contributions to distinct phases of the risky decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Piantadosi
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay R. Halladay
- Department of Psychology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California 95053, USA
| | - Anna K. Radke
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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32
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Noradrenergic correlates of chronic cocaine craving: neuromelanin and functional brain imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:851-859. [PMID: 33408330 PMCID: PMC8027452 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have implicated noradrenergic (NA) dysfunction in cocaine addiction. In particular, the NA system plays a central role in motivated behavior and may partake in the regulation of craving and drug use. Yet, human studies of the NA system are scarce, likely hampered by the difficulty in precisely localizing the locus coeruleus (LC). Here, we used neuromelanin imaging to localize the LC and quantified LC neuromelanin signal (NMS) intensity in 44 current cocaine users (CU; 37 men) and 59 nondrug users (NU; 44 men). We also employed fMRI to investigate cue-induced regional responses and LC functional connectivities, as quantified by generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI), in CU. Imaging data were processed by published routines and the findings were evaluated with a corrected threshold. We examined how these neural measures were associated with chronic cocaine craving, as assessed by the Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ). Compared to NU, CU demonstrated higher LC NMS for all probabilistic thresholds defined of 50-90% of the peak. In contrast, NMS of the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) did not show significant group differences. Drug as compared to neutral cues elicited higher activations of many cortical and subcortical regions, none of which were significantly correlated with CCQ score. Drug vs. neutral cues also elicited "deactivation" of bilateral parahippocampal gyri (PHG) and PHG gPPI with a wide array of cortical and subcortical regions, including the ventral striatum and, with small volume correction, the LC. Less deactivation of the PHG (r = 0.40, p = 0.008) and higher PHG-LC gPPI (r = 0.44, p = 0.003) were positively correlated with the CCQ score. In contrast, PHG-VTA/SN connectivity did not correlate with the CCQ score. Together, chronic cocaine exposure may induce higher NMS intensity, suggesting neurotoxic effects on the LC. The correlation of cue-elicited PHG LC connectivity with CCQ score suggests a noradrenergic correlate of chronic cocaine craving. Potentially compensating for memory functions as in neurodegenerative conditions, cue-elicited PHG LC circuit connectivity plays an ill-adaptive role in supporting cocaine craving.
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33
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Towner TT, Spear LP. Rats exposed to intermittent ethanol during late adolescence exhibit enhanced habitual behavior following reward devaluation. Alcohol 2021; 91:11-20. [PMID: 33031883 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The brain undergoes substantial maturation during adolescence, and repeated exposure to ethanol at this time has been shown to result in long-lasting behavioral and neural consequences. During the broad period of adolescence, different neuronal populations and circuits are refined between early and late adolescence, suggesting the possibility that ethanol exposure at these differing times may lead to differential outcomes. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the impact of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) during early and late adolescence on the formation of goal-directed and habitual behavior in adulthood. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ethanol via intragastric gavage (4.0 g/kg, 25% v/v) every other day from postnatal day (P) 25-45 or P45-65, considered early and late adolescence, respectively. In adulthood (~P70 early or ~ P90 late), rats were gradually food-restricted and began operant training on a fixed ratio 1 schedule. Rats were then transitioned onto random interval schedules and eventually underwent a sensory-specific satiation procedure as a model of reward devaluation. Few differences as a result of adolescent ethanol exposure were found during instrumental training. Following reward devaluation, rats exposed to water and ethanol during early adolescence exhibited reductions in lever pressing, suggestive of a goal-directed response pattern. In contrast, late AIE males and females demonstrated persistent responding following both devalued and non-devalued trials, findings representative of a habitual behavior pattern. The shifts from goal-directed to habitual behavior noted only following late AIE contribute to the growing literature identifying specific behavioral consequences as a result of ethanol exposure during distinct developmental periods within adolescence. More work is needed to determine whether the greater habit formation following late AIE is also associated with elevated habitual ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Theodore Towner
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Linda Patia Spear
- Neurobiology of Adolescent Drinking in Adulthood Consortium, Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, United States
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Maldonado R, Calvé P, García-Blanco A, Domingo-Rodriguez L, Senabre E, Martín-García E. Vulnerability to addiction. Neuropharmacology 2021; 186:108466. [PMID: 33482225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic brain disease that has dramatic health and socioeconomic consequences worldwide. Multiple approaches have been used for decades to clarify the neurobiological basis of this disease and to identify novel potential treatments. This review summarizes the main brain networks involved in the vulnerability to addiction and specific innovative technological approaches to investigate these neural circuits. First, the evolution of the definition of addiction across the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is revised. We next discuss several innovative experimental techniques that, combined with behavioral approaches, have allowed recent critical advances in understanding the neural circuits involved in addiction, including DREADDs, calcium imaging, and electrophysiology. All these techniques have been used to investigate specific neural circuits involved in vulnerability to addiction and have been extremely useful to clarify the neurobiological basis of each specific component of the addictive process. These novel tools targeting specific brain regions are of great interest to further understand the different aspects of this complex disease. This article is part of the special issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse.'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - P Calvé
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A García-Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Domingo-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Senabre
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
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Bender BN, Torregrossa MM. Molecular and circuit mechanisms regulating cocaine memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3745-3768. [PMID: 32172301 PMCID: PMC7492456 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03498-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Risk of relapse is a major challenge in the treatment of substance use disorders. Several types of learning and memory mechanisms are involved in substance use and have implications for relapse. Associative memories form between the effects of drugs and the surrounding environmental stimuli, and exposure to these stimuli during abstinence causes stress and triggers drug craving, which can lead to relapse. Understanding the neural underpinnings of how these associations are formed and maintained will inform future advances in treatment practices. A large body of research has expanded our knowledge of how associative memories are acquired and consolidated, how they are updated through reactivation and reconsolidation, and how competing extinction memories are formed. This review will focus on the vast literature examining the mechanisms of cocaine Pavlovian associative memories with an emphasis on the molecular memory mechanisms and circuits involved in the consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of these memories. Additional research elucidating the specific signaling pathways, mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the circuits involved in associative learning will reveal more distinctions between consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction learning that can be applied to the treatment of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Bender
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Cocaine Self-administration Regulates Transcription of Opioid Peptide Precursors and Opioid Receptors in Rat Caudate Putamen and Prefrontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2020; 443:131-139. [PMID: 32730947 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain opioid system plays an important role in cocaine reward. Altered signaling in the opioid system by chronic cocaine exposure contributes to cocaine-seeking and taking behavior. The current study investigated concurrent changes in the gene expression of multiple components in rat brain opioid system following cocaine self-administration. Animals were limited to 40 infusions (1.5 mg/kg/infusion) within 6 h per day for five consecutive days. We then examined the mRNA levels of opioid receptors including mu (Oprm), delta (Oprd), and kappa (Oprk), and their endogenous opioid peptide precursors including proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), proenkephalin (Penk), prodynorphin (Pdyn) in the dorsal striatum (CPu) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) 18 h after the last cocaine infusion. We found that cocaine self-administration significantly increased the mRNA levels of Oprm and Oprd in both the CPu and PFC, but had no effect on Oprk mRNA levels in either brain region. Moreover, cocaine had a greater influence on the mRNA levels of opioid peptide precursors in rat CPu than in the PFC. In the CPu, cocaine self-administration significantly increased the mRNA levels of Penk and Pdyn and abolished the mRNA levels of Pomc. In the PFC, cocaine self-administration only increased Pdyn mRNA levels without changing the mRNA levels of Pomc and Penk. These data suggest that cocaine self-administration influences the expression of multiple genes in the brain opioid system, and the concurrent changes in these targets may underlie cocaine-induced reward and habitual drug-seeking behavior.
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Gassen J, Mengelkoch S, Bradshaw HK, Hill SE. Does the Punishment Fit the Crime (and Immune System)? A Potential Role for the Immune System in Regulating Punishment Sensitivity. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1263. [PMID: 32655448 PMCID: PMC7323590 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the criminal justice system is designed around the idea that individuals are invariant in their responses to punishment, research indicates that individuals exhibit a tremendous amount of variability in their punishment sensitivity. This raises the question of why; what are the individual- and situation-level variables that impact a person’s sensitivity to punishment? In the current research, we synthesize theory and research on inflammation, learning, and evolutionary biology to examine the relationship between inflammatory activity and sensitivity to punishment. These theories combine to predict that inflammatory activity – which is metabolically costly and reflects a context in which the net payoff associated with future oriented behaviors is diminished – will decrease sensitivity to punishment, but not rewards. Consistent with this hypothesis, Study 1 found that in U.S. states with a higher infectious disease burden (a proxy for average levels of inflammatory activity) exhibit harsher sentencing in their criminal justice systems. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally manipulated variables known to impact bodily inflammatory activity and measured subsequent punishment and reward sensitivity using a probabilistic selection task. Results revealed that (a) increasing inflammation (i.e., completing the study in a dirty vs. clean room) diminished punishment sensitivity (Study 2), whereby (b) administering a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, suppressing inflammatory activity, enhanced it. No such changes were found for reward sensitivity. Together, these results provide evidence of a link between the activities of the immune system and punishment sensitivity, which may have implications for criminal justice outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Gassen
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Summer Mengelkoch
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Hannah K Bradshaw
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Sarah E Hill
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Lüscher C, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. The transition to compulsion in addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:247-263. [PMID: 32231315 PMCID: PMC7610550 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder). However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly seek and use addictive substances. Here, we integrate accounts of the neuropharmacological mechanisms that underlie the transition to compulsion with overarching learning theories, to outline how compulsion develops in addiction. Importantly, we emphasize the conceptual distinctions between compulsive drug-seeking behaviour and compulsive drug-taking behaviour (that is, use). In the latter, an individual cannot stop using a drug despite major negative consequences, possibly reflecting an imbalance in frontostriatal circuits that encode reward and aversion. By contrast, an individual may compulsively seek drugs (that is, persist in seeking drugs despite the negative consequences of doing so) when the neural systems that underlie habitual behaviour dominate goal-directed behavioural systems, and when executive control over this maladaptive behaviour is diminished. This distinction between different aspects of addiction may help to identify its neural substrates and new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lüscher
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Barry J Everitt
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Medial Prefrontal Cortex Neural Plasticity, Orexin Receptor 1 Signaling, and Connectivity with the Lateral Hypothalamus Are Necessary in Cue-Potentiated Feeding. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1744-1755. [PMID: 31953368 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1803-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes contribute to the control of feeding behavior and help organism's survival when they support physiological needs. They can become maladaptive, such as when learned food cues drive feeding in the absence of hunger. Associative learning is the basis for cue-driven food seeking and consumption, and behavioral paradigms with Pavlovian cue-food conditioning are well established. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying circuit plasticity across cue-food learning, cue memory recall, and subsequent food motivation are unknown. Here, we demonstrated the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a site of learning-induced plasticity and signaling of the neuropeptide orexin within the mPFC mediates cue potentiated feeding (CPF). First, using a marker of neuronal activation, c-fos, we confirmed that the mPFC is activated during CPF. Next, to assess whether the same mPFC neuronal ensemble is activated during cue-food learning and later CPF, we used the Daun02 chemogenetic inactivation method in c-fos-lacZ transgenic male and female rats. Selective inactivation of the mPFC neurons that were active during the last cue-food training session abolished CPF during test, demonstrating that the mPFC is a site of plasticity. We postulated that integration of food cue memory and feeding motivation requires mPFC communications with lateral hypothalamus and showed that disconnection of that system abolished CPF. Then we showed that lateral hypothalamus orexin-producing neurons project to the mPFC. Finally, we blocked orexin receptor 1 signaling in the mPFC and showed that it is a neuromodulator necessary for the cue-driven consumption. Together, our findings identify a causal function for the mPFC in the cognitive motivation to eat.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and the associated health consequences are serious and costly. The causes of obesity are complex because, in addition to physiological energy and nutrient needs, environmental cues can drive feeding through hedonic and cognitive processes. Learned food cues from the environment can powerfully stimulate appetite and food consumption in the absence of hunger. Using an animal model for cue-potentiated feeding, the current study determined the mPFC neuronal plasticity and neuropeptide orexin signaling are critical circuit and neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in this form of cognitive motivation to eat. These findings identify key targets for potential treatment of excessive appetite and overeating.
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40
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Blackwood CA, McCoy MT, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL. Escalated Oxycodone Self-Administration and Punishment: Differential Expression of Opioid Receptors and Immediate Early Genes in the Rat Dorsal Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1392. [PMID: 31998063 PMCID: PMC6962106 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is characterized by compulsive drug taking despite adverse life consequences. Here, we sought to identify neurobiological consequences associated with the behavioral effects of contingent footshocks administered after escalation of oxycodone self-administration. To reach these goals, Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to self-administer oxycodone for 4 weeks and were then exposed to contingent electric footshocks. This paradigm helped to dichotomize rats into two distinct behavioral phenotypes: (1) those that reduce lever pressing (shock-sensitive) and (2) others that continue lever pressing (shock-resistant) for oxycodone during contingent punishment. The rats were euthanized at 2-h after the last oxycodone plus footshock session. The dorsal striata and prefrontal cortices were dissected for use in western blot and RT-qPCR analyses. All oxycodone self-administration rats showed significant decreased expression of Mu and Kappa opioid receptor proteins only in the dorsal striatum. However, expression of Delta opioid receptor protein was decreased in both brain regions. RT-qPCR analyses documented significant decreases in the expression of c-fos, fosB, fra2, junB, egr1, and egr2 mRNAs in the dorsal striatum (but not in PFC) of the shock-sensitive rats. In the PFC, junD expression was reduced in both phenotypes. However, egr3 mRNA expression was increased in the PFC of only shock-resistant rats. These results reveal that, similar to psychostimulants and alcohol, footshocks can dichotomize rats that escalated their intake of oxycodone into two distinct behavioral phenotypes. These animals also show significant differences in the mRNA expression of immediate early genes, mainly, in the dorsal striatum. The increases in PFC egr3 expression in the shock-resistant rats suggest that Egr3 might be involved in the persistence of oxycodone-associated memory under aversive conditions. This punishment-driven model may help to identify neurobiological substrates of persistent oxycodone taking and abstinence in the presence of adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Blackwood
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael T McCoy
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bruce Ladenheim
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Nadel JA, Pawelko SS, Copes-Finke D, Neidhart M, Howard CD. Lesion of striatal patches disrupts habitual behaviors and increases behavioral variability. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0224715. [PMID: 31914121 PMCID: PMC6948820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Habits are automated behaviors that are insensitive to changes in behavioral outcomes. Habitual responding is thought to be mediated by the striatum, with medial striatum guiding goal-directed action and lateral striatum promoting habits. However, interspersed throughout the striatum are neurochemically differing subcompartments known as patches, which are characterized by distinct molecular profiles relative to the surrounding matrix tissue. These structures have been thoroughly characterized neurochemically and anatomically, but little is known regarding their function. Patches have been shown to be selectively activated during inflexible motor stereotypies elicited by stimulants, suggesting that patches may subserve habitual behaviors. To explore this possibility, we utilized transgenic mice (Sepw1 NP67) preferentially expressing Cre recombinase in striatal patch neurons to target these neurons for ablation with a virus driving Cre-dependent expression of caspase 3. Mice were then trained to press a lever for sucrose rewards on a variable interval schedule to elicit habitual responding. Mice were not impaired on the acquisition of this task, but lesioning striatal patches disrupted behavioral stability across training, and lesioned mice utilized a more goal-directed behavioral strategy during training. Similarly, when mice were forced to omit responses to receive sucrose rewards, habitual responding was impaired in lesioned mice. To rule out effects of lesion on motor behaviors, mice were then tested for impairments in motor learning on a rotarod and locomotion in an open field. We found that patch lesions partially impaired initial performance on the rotarod without modifying locomotor behaviors in open field. This work indicates that patches promote behavioral stability and habitual responding, adding to a growing literature implicating striatal patches in stimulus-response behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A. Nadel
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States of America
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, US National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sean S. Pawelko
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States of America
| | - Della Copes-Finke
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States of America
| | - Maya Neidhart
- Neuroscience Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, United States of America
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Anderson EM, McFadden LM, Matuszewich L. Interaction of stress and stimulants in female rats: Role of chronic stress on later reactivity to methamphetamine. Behav Brain Res 2019; 376:112176. [PMID: 31449910 PMCID: PMC6783376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous research in humans and animals suggests that prior exposure to stress alters responsivity to drugs of abuse, including psychostimulants. Male rats show an augmented striatal dopamine response to methamphetamine following exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Compared to males, female rats have been shown to be highly sensitive to the effects of stimulants and stress independently, however few studies have examined the interaction between stress and stimulants in female rats. Therefore, the current study investigated whether prior exposure to chronic stress potentiated the behavioral and neurochemical responses to an acute injection of methamphetamine in female rats. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were either exposed to CUS or left undisturbed (control) and then two weeks later received an injection of 1.0 or 7.5 mg/kg methamphetamine. Based on open field findings, a subsequent group of rats were exposed to CUS or left undisturbed and then two weeks later received 7.5 mg/kg methamphetamine and either dopamine efflux in the dorsal striatum or nucleus accumbens was measured or methamphetamine and amphetamine levels were measured in the brain and plasma. Female rats exposed to CUS traveled greater distances in the open field immediately following an injection of 7.5 mg/kg, but not 1.0 mg/kg, of methamphetamine and then showed high levels or stereotypy similar to control rats. Animals exposed to CUS had significantly greater increases in dorsal striatum dopamine following an acute injection of 7.5 mg/kg methamphetamine compared to control rats, but not in the nucleus accumbens. These differences were not due to group differences in levels of methamphetamine or amphetamine in the brain or plasma. The current findings demonstrate stress-augmented neurochemical responses to a dose of methamphetamine, similar to that self-administered, which increases understanding of the cross-sensitization between stress and methamphetamine in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Lisa M McFadden
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Leslie Matuszewich
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
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Morisot N, Phamluong K, Ehinger Y, Berger AL, Moffat JJ, Ron D. mTORC1 in the orbitofrontal cortex promotes habitual alcohol seeking. eLife 2019; 8:51333. [PMID: 31820733 PMCID: PMC6959998 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays an important role in dendritic translation and in learning and memory. We previously showed that heavy alcohol use activates mTORC1 in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of rodents (Laguesse et al., 2017a). Here, we set out to determine the consequences of alcohol-dependent mTORC1 activation in the OFC. We found that inhibition of mTORC1 activity in the OFC attenuates alcohol seeking and restores sensitivity to outcome devaluation in rats that habitually seek alcohol. In contrast, habitual responding for sucrose was unaltered by mTORC1 inhibition, suggesting that mTORC1’s role in habitual behavior is specific to alcohol. We further show that inhibition of GluN2B in the OFC attenuates alcohol-dependent mTORC1 activation, alcohol seeking and habitual responding for alcohol. Together, these data suggest that the GluN2B/mTORC1 axis in the OFC drives alcohol seeking and habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Morisot
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Khanhky Phamluong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Yann Ehinger
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anthony L Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Dorit Ron
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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Farrell MR, Ruiz CM, Castillo E, Faget L, Khanbijian C, Liu S, Schoch H, Rojas G, Huerta MY, Hnasko TS, Mahler SV. Ventral pallidum is essential for cocaine relapse after voluntary abstinence in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2174-2185. [PMID: 31476762 PMCID: PMC6898676 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, and during recovery many people experience several relapse events as they attempt to voluntarily abstain from drug. New preclinical relapse models have emerged that capture this common human experience, and mounting evidence indicates that resumption of drug seeking after voluntary abstinence recruits neural circuits distinct from those recruited during reinstatement after experimenter-imposed abstinence, or abstinence due to extinction training. Ventral pallidum (VP), a key limbic node involved in drug seeking, has well-established roles in conventional reinstatement models tested following extinction training, but it is unclear whether this region also participates in more translationally relevant models of relapse. Here we show that chemogenetic inhibition of VP neurons decreased cocaine-, context-, and cue-induced relapse tested after voluntary, punishment-induced abstinence. This effect was strongest in the most compulsive, punishment-resistant rats, and reinstatement was associated with neural activity in anatomically defined VP subregions. VP inhibition also attenuated the propensity of rats to display "abortive lever pressing," a species-typical risk assessment behavior seen here during punished drug taking, likely resulting from concurrent approach and avoidance motivations. These results indicate that VP, unlike other connected limbic brain regions, is essential for resumption of drug seeking after voluntary abstinence. Since VP inhibition effects were strongest in the most compulsively cocaine-seeking individuals, this may also indicate that VP plays a particularly important role in the most pathological, addiction-like behavior, making it an attractive target for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Farrell
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Christina M Ruiz
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Erik Castillo
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lauren Faget
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Christine Khanbijian
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Hannah Schoch
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Gerardo Rojas
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Michelle Y Huerta
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Thomas S Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- VASDHS Research Service, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, 1203 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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45
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Sartor GC. Epigenetic pharmacotherapy for substance use disorder. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:269-274. [PMID: 31306644 PMCID: PMC6733674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Identifying novel therapeutics for the treatment of substance use disorder (SUD) is an area of intensive investigation. Prior strategies that have attempted to modify one or a few neurotransmitter receptors have had limited success, and currently there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana use disorders. Because drugs of abuse are known to alter the expression of numerous genes in reward-related brain regions, epigenetic-based therapies have emerged as intriguing targets for therapeutic innovation. Here, I evaluate potential therapeutic approaches and challenges in targeting epigenetic factors for the treatment of SUD and highlight examples of promising strategies and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Sartor
- University of Connecticut, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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46
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Differential Effects of Dorsal and Ventral Medial Prefrontal Cortex Inactivation during Natural Reward Seeking, Extinction, and Cue-Induced Reinstatement. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0296-19.2019. [PMID: 31519696 PMCID: PMC6763834 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0296-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), typically prelimbic cortex, is often described as promoting actions such as reward seeking, whereas ventral mPFC, typically infralimbic cortex, is thought to promote response inhibition. However, both dorsal and ventral mPFC are necessary for both expression and suppression of different behaviors, and each region may contribute to different functions depending on the specifics of the behavior tested. To better understand the roles of dorsal and ventral mPFC in motivated behavior we pharmacologically inactivated each area during operant fixed ratio 1 (FR1) seeking for a natural reward (sucrose), extinction, cue-induced reinstatement, and progressive ratio (PR) sucrose seeking in male Long–Evans rats. Bilateral inactivation of dorsal mPFC, but not ventral mPFC increased reward seeking during FR1. Inactivation of both dorsal and ventral mPFC decreased seeking during extinction. Bilateral inactivation of ventral mPFC, but not dorsal mPFC decreased reward seeking during cue-induced reinstatement. No effect of inactivation was found during PR. Our data contrast sharply with observations seen during drug seeking and fear conditioning, indicating that previously established roles of dorsal mPFC = going versus ventral mPFC = stopping are not applicable to all motivated behaviors and/or outcomes. Our results indicate that dichotomous functions of dorsal versus ventral mPFC, if they exist, may align better with other models, or may require the development of a new framework in which these multifaceted brain areas play different roles in action control depending on the behavioral context in which they are engaged.
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Wang X, Zhai S, Liu C, Wang X, Yang Y, Tu Y. A Convenient Electrochemiluminescent Immunosensor for Detecting Methamphetamine Antibody. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:875-882. [PMID: 30982800 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An antibody-based immunotherapy for methamphetamine (MA) addictive treatment is has been drawing more and more attention in recent years. However, studies about methamphetamine antibody (anti-MA) immunodetections are rare, owing to the lack of immunogenicity of small molecule MA. This study provides a simple and effective approach to develop a convenient electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunosensor for the testing of anti-MA. In short, the synthetic holoantigen of MA is immobilized on a homemade gold nanoparticles modified electrode as the sensing host for the specific recognition and detection of anti-MA. The research suggested, under optimal experimental conditions, the ECL intensity on resultant immunosensor has a wide-linear regression toward the anti-MA quantity within the range from 0.03 to 3.07 ng with a detection limit of 2.32 pg. It responded to the dosage of anti-MA in spiked blood samples with satisfactory recovery. According to the research, the developed sensor shows promise as a portable Anti-MA fast seized device which performs quickly and offers convenience, and will be helpful for forensic identification and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Suyan Zhai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Xiaoshu Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Forensic Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
| | - Yifeng Tu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University
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Shi JJ, Cao DN, Liu HF, Wang ZY, Lu GY, Wu N, Zhou WH, Li J. Dorsolateral striatal miR-134 modulates excessive methamphetamine intake in self-administering rats. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:1029-1041. [PMID: 31152340 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that excessive drug consumption is sufficient for the transition from recreational and controlled drug use to uncontrolled use and addiction. However, the underlying mechanisms are debated. Some neurobehavioral and neuroimaging evidence indicates that dorsolateral striatum (dlStr)-dependent habit learning plays a key role in excessive drug intake and the transition to addiction, but little is known about the molecular events. The present study investigated whether dlStr miR-134, an important regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity, is involved in excessive methamphetamine intake. We established excessive and uncontrolled methamphetamine self-administration model in rats by permitting animals extended access to drug (6 h/session/d, LgA group), whereas animals that were limited to access to drug (2 h/session/d, ShA group) exhibited low and controlled self-administration. miR-134 expression in dlStr was significantly increased and its target LIMK1 expression was decreased in the LgA group, but not in the ShA group, compared with the saline control group. However, passive methamphetamine exposure did not alter miR-134 and LIMK1 levels in dlStr. We also found that down-regulation of miR-134 in dlStr through local microinjection of a lentivirus carrying miR-134 sponge (LV-miR-134-Sil) significantly reduced methamphetamine infusions and excessive consumption in LgA group, rather than ShA group. These results indicated that dlStr miR-134, perhaps via its target LIMK1, contributed to excessive and uncontrolled methamphetamine intake, supporting the hypothesis that stimulus-response habit formation is an important mechanism underlying the transition from controlled drug use to uncontrolled drug use and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dan-Ni Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hui-Fen Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 42th Xibei Str, Ningbo, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guan-Yi Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Zhou
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 42th Xibei Str, Ningbo, 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27th Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Caillet P, Poirier M, Grall-Bronnec M, Marchal E, Pineau A, Pintas C, Carton V, Jolliet P, Winer N, Victorri-Vigneau C. High prevalence of kaolin consumption in migrant women living in a major urban area of France: A cross-sectional investigation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220557. [PMID: 31365572 PMCID: PMC6668907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Geophagia is a feeding behavior involving the regular intake of soil, including clay-like kaolin. Frequent in Africa, kaolin consumption is associated with heavy metal intoxication, iron and other micronutrient deficiencies, geohelminth infection and inactivation of concomitantly taken drugs. It is expected that this practice would be imported into an asylum country during the immigration process. To confirm this hypothesis, a single center, cross-sectional study was conducted at the University Hospital of Nantes, France, whose main objective was to assess whether the prevalence of kaolin consumers was high in a migrant population living in a large French metropolitan area (the city of Nantes). Each woman consulting for the first time at the Medical and Psychosocial Gynecology Obstetric Unit during the inclusion period ranging from January 1, 2017, to July 1, 2017, was asked for consent to be included in the study. The main outcome was the proportion of positive answers regarding consumption of kaolin within the last twelve months, with its 95% confidence interval (CI). A logistic regression was performed to identify drivers of consumption, and a clustering approach was conducted to identify profiles of consumers. A total of 284 women were included in the study, of whom 110 (38.7%) were pregnant. Our main finding was a 14.1% (95% CI: 10.5-18.6) prevalence of clay consumers. Second, the characteristic most strongly associated with consumption was Central or West Africa origin (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 52.7; 95% CI: 13.7-202.2). Finally, 60% of consumers showed signs of addictive-like phenomena, and three profiles were identified, depicting a continuum of patients in regard to their control over their kaolin consumption. Our results suggest that kaolin consumption is frequent in particular subpopulations of migrants. This warrants further study of the clinical consequences of kaolin consumption and its associated addictive-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Caillet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Maud Poirier
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Grall-Bronnec
- Department of Addictology and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- SPHERE U1246 Unit, University of Nantes, University of Tours, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Edouard Marchal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alain Pineau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Pintas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Carton
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pascale Jolliet
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- SPHERE U1246 Unit, University of Nantes, University of Tours, INSERM, Nantes, France
| | - Norbert Winer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiology of Nutritional Adaptations, University of Nantes, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Victorri-Vigneau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- SPHERE U1246 Unit, University of Nantes, University of Tours, INSERM, Nantes, France
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50
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Lipton DM, Gonzales BJ, Citri A. Dorsal Striatal Circuits for Habits, Compulsions and Addictions. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:28. [PMID: 31379523 PMCID: PMC6657020 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the neural circuit bases of habits, compulsions, and addictions, behaviors which are all characterized by relatively automatic action performance. We discuss relevant studies, primarily from the rodent literature, and describe how major headway has been made in identifying the brain regions and neural cell types whose activity is modulated during the acquisition and performance of these automated behaviors. The dorsal striatum and cortical inputs to this structure have emerged as key players in the wider basal ganglia circuitry encoding behavioral automaticity, and changes in the activity of different neuronal cell-types in these brain regions have been shown to co-occur with the formation of automatic behaviors. We highlight how disordered functioning of these neural circuits can result in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and drug addiction. Finally, we discuss how the next phase of research in the field may benefit from integration of approaches for access to cells based on their genetic makeup, activity, connectivity and precise anatomical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lipton
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Zuckerman Postdoctoral Scholar, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben J Gonzales
- Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Citri
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Program in Child and Brain Development, MaRS Centre, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
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