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Zendehboudi A, Mohammadi A, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Ramavandi B, Hashemi SE, Saeedi R, Tayebi EM, Vafaee A, Darabi A. Analysis of microplastics in ships ballast water and its ecological risk assessment studies from the Persian Gulf. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115825. [PMID: 38029669 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Transport of ballast water is considered a significant vector for dispersion of different pollutants, including microplastics (MPs), throughout the world's oceans. However, there is limited information on MPs in ballast water. Size distribution, polymer type, and ecological risks of MPs in ballast water were investigated for the first time in this study. The mean levels of MPs in ballast water and seawater samples were 12.53 and 11.80 items/L, respectively. MPs with a size category of 50-300 μm was the most abundant. Fiber, black, and polycarbonate (PC) were the predominant shape, color, and polymer type of identified MPs in ballast water and seawater, respectively. The pollution load index (PLI), hazard index (HI), and risk quotient (RQ) indicated high levels of MP pollution, potentially indicating an ecological risk. These findings increase our understanding of the major sources (such as ballast water), transportation routes, and related ecological risks of MPs to marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zendehboudi
- Student Research Committee, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Azam Mohammadi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, Germany.
| | - Gabriel E De-la-Torre
- Grupo de Investigación de Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Sociedad, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Seyed Enayat Hashemi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health and Safety, and Environment (HSE), School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Vafaee
- Department of Bushehr Ports & Maritime Authority, Iran
| | - AmirHossein Darabi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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2
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Optimization of catalyst content for recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polycarbonate (PC) blending. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Vieyra H, Molina-Romero JM, Calderón-Nájera JDD, Santana-Díaz A. Engineering, Recyclable, and Biodegradable Plastics in the Automotive Industry: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163412. [PMID: 36015669 PMCID: PMC9414523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The automotive industry has used plastics almost since the beginning. The lightness, flexibility, and many qualities of plastics make them ideal for the automotive industry, reducing cars' overall weight and fuel consumption. Engineering plastics in this industry belong to the high-performance segment of non-renewable resources. These plastics exhibit higher properties than commodity plastics. Fortunately, unlike recycled commodity plastics, the super properties and high-performance characteristics make engineering plastics effectively reused after recycling. The substitution of these fossil-fuel-derived plastics adds to the solution of lightweighting, a much-needed solution to waste management, and solves industrial and ecological issues surrounding plastic disposal. All major vehicle manufacturers worldwide use bioplastics and bio-based plastics, including natural-fiber composites and engineering plastics reinforced with natural fibers. Changing the source of plastics to raw materials from renewable resources is the logical approach to sustainability. Thus, high-quality plastics, recycled plastics, bio-based plastics, and biodegradable plastics could be exploited from design, making sustainability an integral concept of mobility development. This review analyzes that switching from fossil-fuel- to renewable-sources-derived plastics is a step toward meeting the current environmental goals for the automotive industry, including electric cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Vieyra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-722-279-99-90 (ext. 2120)
| | - Joan Manuel Molina-Romero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Santana-Díaz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
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4
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N S. Plastic waste management: A road map to achieve circular economy and recent innovations in pyrolysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151160. [PMID: 34695478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary world is challenged by mounting of plastic waste on the environment due to increase in economy and population. Over 90% of virgin plastics are produced from fossil fuels, hence, recycling is the best solution to reduce extracting and exploiting fossil fuels, and grow towards a circular economy. The type of waste and its hierarchy offers a route to pick up proper waste recycling policies which get the most out of the available resources and its protection. Pyrolysis process offers more valuable ways to turn the plastic waste to useful products for fueling and raw materials for making new plastics, and acts as an environmentally sound alternative to incineration and inefficient landfilling. This study provides a basic insight into plastic pyrolysis technology with recent trends and innovations in various countries, and their path towards the achievement of a circular economy. Plastic manufacturers, waste managers and the public plays a vital role in the development of the recycling sector. Recycling will stay underdeveloped and borderline without specific regulations to increase its effectiveness. Sustainable development in managing the plastic would be possible only through significant policies to instruct the individual and social challenges. The current article also targets the readers without scientific knowledge to get a basic idea of pyrolysis and general awareness of proper plastic waste management in a closed loop system.
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Luo Q, Yao Z, Qi W, Sun J, Gedanken A, Chen X, Sun Y, Liu J, Xu S, Wu W. A comprehensive study on the combustion kinetic modeling of typical electronic plastic waste-television set (TV) plastic shell. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:701-710. [PMID: 33448913 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1874569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste is the fastest growing waste stream and one of the most significant constituents is electronic plastics. In this study, the combustion kinetic of typical electronic plastic waste-television set (TV) plastic shell-was investigated using two basic kinetic methods. The reaction mechanism and kinetic compensation effect were probed as well. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that its degradation process can be divided into four stages, namely, reaction initiation stage (20-300 °C), major reaction stage (300-450 °C), minor reaction stage (450-600 °C), and reaction cessation stage (600-1,000 °C). The activation energy (E) were calculated and indicated that, the kinetic parameters from six model-free methods gradually decreased with α increasing from 0.1 to 0.35, and then slightly increased. The Flynn--Wall--Ozawa (FWO) method was more reliable and E values decreased from 155.0 to 147.51 kJ/mol with α range of 0.1-0.35, then gradually increased to 165.21 kJ/mol. Within the Coats--Redfern method, the first-order (F1) model had higher coefficient of determination (R2) and comparable E values with that from FWO method. The result of kinetic compensation effect confirmed that the compensation effect existed between E and A during the plastic waste combustion. A linear relationship lnA = 0.183E-3.11 (R2 = 0.991) was obtained. The pre-exponential factors (A) were also determined as 7.67 × 1010 min-1 based on the F1 reaction model and FWO method.Implications: Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a complex mixture of different components and the plastic takes up a significant portion in total MSW. Understanding the combustion process of typical electronic plastic waste and further probing its combustion kinetic are significant. Through this study, it will be significant for the reactor designing and optimizing in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Luo
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyuan Sun
- Yuhuan Branch, Taizhou Department of Ecology and Environment, Taizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aharon Gedanken
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Xinyang Chen
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Sun
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Alberti C, Fedorenko E, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End-of-Life Polycarbonates by an Iron Pincer Complex. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:818-821. [PMID: 32789104 PMCID: PMC7418100 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical recycling processes can contribute to a resource-efficient plastic economy. Herein, a procedure for the iron-catalyzed hydrogenation of the carbonate function of end-of-life polycarbonates under simultaneous depolymerization is presented. The use of a straightforward iron pincer complex leads to high rate of depolymerization of poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and poly(propylene carbonate) yielding the monomers bisphenol A and 1,2-propanediol, respectively, as products under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, the iron complex was able to depolymerize polycarbonates containing goods and mixture of plastics containing polycarbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Elena Fedorenko
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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7
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Yao Z, Yu S, Su W, Wu W, Tang J, Qi W. Kinetic studies on the pyrolysis of plastic waste using a combination of model-fitting and model-free methods. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2020; 38:77-85. [PMID: 31957598 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x19897814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the pyrolysis behavior of plastic waste-TV plastic shell-was investigated, based on thermogravimetric analysis and using a combination of model-fitting and model-free methods. The possible reaction mechanism and kinetic compensation effects were also examined. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the decomposition of plastic waste in a helium atmosphere can be divided into three stages: the minor loss stage (20-300°C), the major loss stage (300-500°C) and the stable loss stage (500-1000°C). The corresponding weight loss at three different heating rates of 15, 25 and 35 K/min were determined to be 2.80-3.02%, 94.45-95.11% and 0.04-0.16%, respectively. The activation energy (Ea) and correlation coefficient (R2) profiles revealed that the kinetic parameters calculated using the Friedman and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method displayed a similar trend. The values from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Starink methods were comparable, although the former gave higher R2 values. The Eα values gradually decreased from 269.75 kJ/mol to 184.18 kJ/mol as the degree of conversion (α) increased from 0.1 to 0.8. Beyond this range, the Eα slightly increased to 211.31 kJ/mol. The model-fitting method of Coats-Redfern was used to predict the possible reaction mechanism, for which the first-order model resulted in higher R2 values than and comparable Eα values to those obtained from the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The pre-exponential factors (lnA) were calculated based on the F1 reaction model and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, and fell in the range 59.34-48.05. The study of the kinetic compensation effect confirmed that a compensation effect existed between Ea and lnA during the plastic waste pyrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Yao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Shaoqi Yu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Weiping Su
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Junhong Tang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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8
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Alberti C, Kessler J, Eckelt S, Hofmann M, Kindler T, Santangelo N, Fedorenko E, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) with
in
situ
Generated Ruthenium Catalysts. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jannik Kessler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sarah Eckelt
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Melanie Hofmann
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Tim‐Oliver Kindler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Nicolo Santangelo
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Elena Fedorenko
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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Kindler T, Alberti C, Sundermeier J, Enthaler S. Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End-of-Life Poly-(Bisphenol A Carbonate) Catalyzed by a Ruthenium-MACHO-Complex. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1410-1412. [PMID: 31867148 PMCID: PMC6905177 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The valorization of waste to valuable chemicals can contribute to a more resource-efficient and circular chemistry. In this regard, the selective degradation of end-of-life polymers/plastics to produce useful chemical building blocks can be a promising target. We have investigated the hydrogenative depolymerization of end-of-life poly(bisphenol A carbonate). Applying catalytic amounts of the commercial available Ruthenium-MACHO-BH complex the end-of-life polycarbonate was converted to bisphenol A and methanol. Importantly, bisphenol A can be reprocessed for the manufacture of new poly-(bisphenol A carbonate) and methanol can be utilized as energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim‐Oliver Kindler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Jannis Sundermeier
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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10
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Alberti C, Eckelt S, Enthaler S. Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenative Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate). ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sarah Eckelt
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Universität HamburgInstitut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
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11
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Pogorelčnik B, Pulko I, Wilhelm T, Žigon M. Influence of phosphorous‐based flame retardants on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PC/ABS copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Pulko
- Faculty of Polymer Technology Ozare 19 SI‐2380 Slovenj Gradec Slovenia
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Faculty of Polymer Technology Ozare 19 SI‐2380 Slovenj Gradec Slovenia
| | - Majda Žigon
- Faculty of Polymer Technology Ozare 19 SI‐2380 Slovenj Gradec Slovenia
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12
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Alberti C, Scheliga F, Enthaler S. Recycling of End-of-Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Alkali Metal Halide-Catalyzed Phenolysis. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:822-827. [PMID: 31304075 PMCID: PMC6604237 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical recycling of end-of-life plastic waste streams can contribute to a resource-conserving and sustainable society. This matter of recycling is composed of a sequence of depolymerization and subsequent polymerization reactions. In this regard, we have studied the chemical recycling of end-of-life poly(bisphenol A carbonate) applying phenol as depolymerization reagent. In the presence of catalytic amounts of alkali metal halides as products bisphenol A and diphenyl carbonate were obtained in excellent turnover frequencies of up to 1392 h-1 and short reaction times. These depolymerization products offer the straightforward possibility to close the cycle by producing new poly(bisphenol A carbonate) and as second product phenol, which can be reused for further depolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare ChemieUniversität HamburgBundesstraße 45D-20146Hamburg (Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität HamburgMartin-Luther-King-Platz 6D-20146HamburgGermany
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13
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Alberti C, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Alkali‐Metal‐Halide‐Catalyzed Methanolysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D-20146 Hamburg Germany
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14
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Alberti C, Scheliga F, Enthaler S. Depolymerization of End‐of‐Life Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) via Transesterification with Acetic Anhydride as Depolymerization Reagent. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Alberti
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für technische und makromolekulare ChemieUniversität Hamburg Bundesstraße 45 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Stephan Enthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte ChemieUniversität Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 D–20146 Hamburg Germany
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15
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Balart R, Garcia-Sanoguera D, Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Torres-Giner S. Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal Degradation of Recycled Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene by non-Isothermal Thermogravimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E281. [PMID: 30960265 PMCID: PMC6419052 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents an in-depth kinetic study of the thermal degradation of recycled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data in nitrogen atmosphere at different heating rates comprised between 2 and 30 K min-1 were used to obtain the apparent activation energy (Ea) of the thermal degradation process of ABS by isoconversional (differential and integral) model-free methods. Among others, the differential Friedman method was used. Regarding integral methods, several methods with different approximations of the temperature integral were used, which gave different accuracies in Ea. In particular, the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and the Starink methods were used. The results obtained by these methods were compared to the Kissinger method based on peak temperature (Tm) measurements at the maximum degradation rate. Combined Kinetic Analysis (CKA) was also carried out by using a modified expression derived from the general Sestak-Berggren equation with excellent results compared with the previous methods. Isoconversional methods revealed negligible variation of Ea with the conversion. Furthermore, the reaction model was assessed by calculating the characteristic y ( α ) and z ( α ) functions and comparing them with some master plots, resulting in a nth order reaction model with n = 1.4950, which allowed calculating the pre-exponential factor (A) of the Arrhenius constant. The results showed that Ea of the thermal degradation of ABS was 163.3 kJ mol-1, while ln A was 27.5410 (A in min-1). The predicted values obtained by integration of the general kinetic expression with the calculated kinetic triplet were in full agreement with the experimental data, thus giving evidence of the accuracy of the obtained kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - David Garcia-Sanoguera
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain.
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17
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de Oliveira GC, Pereira LC, Silva AL, Semaan FS, Castilho M, Ponzio EA. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composite electrode for the simultaneous determination of vitamins B2 and B6 in pharmaceutical samples. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-3897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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19
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Suresh SS, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Bio-based epoxidised oil for compatibilization and value addition of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in recycled blend. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Liu G, Liao Y, Ma X. Thermal behavior of vehicle plastic blends contained acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in pyrolysis using TG-FTIR. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 61:315-326. [PMID: 28161337 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As important plastic blends in End-of-Life vehicles (ELV), pyrolysis profiles of ABS/PVC, ABS/PA6 and ABS/PC were investigated using thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR). Also, CaCO3 was added as plastic filler to discuss its effects on the pyrolysis of these plastics. The results showed that the interaction between ABS and PVC made PVC pyrolysis earlier and HCl emission slightly accelerated. The mixing of ABS and PA6 made their decomposition temperature closer, and ketones in PA6 pyrolysis products were reduced. The presence of ABS made PC pyrolysis earlier, and phenyl compounds in PC pyrolysis products could be transferred into alcohol or H2O. The interaction between ABS and other polymers in pyrolysis could be attributed to the intermolecular radical transfer, and free radicals from the polymer firstly decomposed led to a fast initiation the decomposition of the other polymer. As plastic filler, CaCO3 promoted the thermal decomposition of PA6 and PC, and had no obvious effects on ABS and PVC pyrolysis process. Also, CaCO3 made the pyrolysis products from PA6 and PC further decomposed into small-molecule compounds like CO2. The kinetics analysis showed that isoconversional method like Starink method was more suitable for these polymer blends. Starink method showed the average activation energy of ABS50/PVC50, ABS50/PA50 and ABS50/PC50 was 186.63kJ/mol, 239.61kJ/mol and 248.95kJ/mol, respectively, and the interaction among them could be reflected by the activation energy variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guicai Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yanfen Liao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization Institutes, School of Electric Power, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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21
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Snegirev AY, Talalov V, Stepanov V, Korobeinichev O, Gerasimov I, Shmakov A. Autocatalysis in thermal decomposition of polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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de Sousa Mol A, Martins I, Oréfice RL. Surface-pegylated chitin whiskers as an effective additive to enhance the mechanical properties of recycled ABS. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto de Sousa Mol
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Isabella Martins
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lambert Oréfice
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering ; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brazil
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23
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Zhao YQ, Liu QJ, Guo RB, Chen FQ, Qu JP, Jin G. Morphology, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Recycled PC/ABS Blends Processed via Vane Extruder. INT POLYM PROC 2014. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The melt blends of recycled polycarbonate and recycled poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) were performed by using a novel vane extruder. The morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of the RPC/RABS blends in the whole composition range were investigated. When the concentration of RABS was 20 wt%, the blend presented the best comprehensive mechanical properties, especially for the impact strength which was significantly improved compared with RPC and RABS individuals. The blend with 90 wt% RABS also presents better mechanical properties compared with the adjacent blending ratio. With the increase of RABS concentration in blends, Tg of the RABS phase decreases slightly, but Tg of the RPC phase increases. The DSC and SEM results indicate that RPC are partial miscible with RABS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Q. Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
| | - Q. J. Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
| | - R. B. Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
| | - F. Q. Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
| | - J. P. Qu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
| | - G. Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
- The Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong , PRC
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24
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de la Orden MU, Pascual D, Muñoz C, Lorenzo V, Urreaga JM. Clay-induced degradation during the melt reprocessing of waste polycarbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ulagares de la Orden
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; E. U. Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Arcos de Jalón S/N Madrid 28037 Spain
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros: Caracterización y Aplicaciones; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Davinia Pascual
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Cristina Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Vicente Lorenzo
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros: Caracterización y Aplicaciones; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Urreaga
- Grupo de Investigación Polímeros: Caracterización y Aplicaciones; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; José Gutiérrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain
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25
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Moltó J, Egea S, Conesa JA, Font R. Thermal decomposition of electronic wastes: mobile phone case and other parts. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 31:2546-52. [PMID: 21885272 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis and combustion runs at 850°C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out on different parts of a mobile phone (printed circuit board, mobile case and a mixture of both materials). The analyses of the carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like PCBs are shown. Regarding semivolatile compounds, phenol, styrene, and its derivatives had the highest yields. In nearly all the runs the same PAHs were identified, naphthalene being the most common component obtained. Combustion of the printed circuit board produced the highest emission factor of PCDD/Fs, possibly due to the high copper content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moltó
- Chemical Engineering Department. University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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26
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Barthes ML, Mantaux O, Pedros M, Lacoste E, Dumon M. Recycling of aged ABS from real WEEE through ABS/PC blends in the ABS-rich compositions. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Font R, Moltó J, Egea S, Conesa JA. Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis and pollutant evolution during the pyrolysis and combustion of mobile phone case. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:516-524. [PMID: 21906775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The increase in electronic waste, including cellular telephones, worldwide is a worrying reality. For this reason, urgent action on the management of these wastes is necessary within a framework that respects the environment and human health. Mobile phone components can be physically segregated through grinding at the dismantling sites, in order to reuse or reprocess (via chemical or physical recycling) the recovered plastics and valuable metals. A kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case has been carried out under different conditions by thermogravimetry. Several experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere (pyrolysis runs) and also in an oxidative atmosphere with two different oxygen concentrations (10% and 20% oxygen in nitrogen). Dynamic runs and dynamic+isothermal runs have been carried out to obtain much decomposition data under different operating conditions. Moreover some TG-MS runs were performed in order to better understand the thermal decomposition of a mobile phone case and identify some compounds emitted during the controlled heating of this material. A scheme of two independent reactions for pseudocomponents has been proposed for the pyrolysis process. For the combustion runs, the scheme proposed includes two pyrolytic reactions competing with other two reactions with formation of an intermediate residue, and finally the reaction of oxidation/burning of the intermediate residue. Furthermore, pyrolysis and combustion runs at 500 °C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out. More than 50 compounds, including carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been identified and quantified. The main semivolatile compounds detected were phenol and styrene. Furthermore, polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like PCBs produced were analyzed. In the combustion run, PCDDs were obtained in higher amounts than PCDFs and HxCDD was the most emitted homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Font
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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28
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Dong Q, Gao C, Ding Y, Wang F, Wen B, Zhang S, Wang T, Yang M. A Polycarbonate/Magnesium Oxide Nanocomposite with High Flame Retardancy. J Appl Polym Sci 2011; 123:1085-1093. [PMID: 24696526 DOI: 10.1002/app.34574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A new flame retardant polycarbonate/magnesium oxide (PC/MgO) nanocomposite, with high flame retardancy was developed by melt compounding. The effect of MgO to the flame retardancy, thermal property, and thermal degradation kinetics were investigated. Limited oxygen index (LOI) test revealed that a little amount of MgO (2 wt %) led to significant enhancement (LOI = 36.8) in flame retardancy. Thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that the onset temperature of degradation and temperature of maximum degradation rate decreased in both air and N2 atmosphere. Apparent activation energy was estimated via Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Three steps in the thermal degradation kinetics were observed after incorporation of MgO into the matrix and the additive raised activation energies of the composite in the full range except the initial stage. It was interpreted that the flame retardancy of PC was influenced by MgO through the following two aspects: on the one hand, MgO catalyzed the thermal-oxidative degradation and accelerated a thermal protection/mass loss barrier at burning surface; on the other hand, the filler decreased activation energies in the initial step and improved thermal stability in the final period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiao Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China ; Crest Center for Nanomaterials, College of Engineering and Department of Diagnostic Services, College of Dentistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Chong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongxin Wang
- Crest Center for Nanomaterials, College of Engineering and Department of Diagnostic Services, College of Dentistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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29
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Feyz E, Jahani Y, Esfandeh M. Comparison of the Effect of an Organoclay, Triphenylphosphate, and a Mixture of Both on the Degradation and Combustion Behaviour of PC/ABS Blends. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Taurino R, Pozzi P, Zanasi T. Facile characterization of polymer fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) for mechanical recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 30:2601-2607. [PMID: 20843675 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In view of the environmental problem involved in the management of WEEE, and then in the recycling of post-consumer plastic of WEEE there is a pressing need for rapid measurement technologies for simple identification of the various commercial plastic materials and of the several contaminants, to improve the recycling of such wastes. This research is focused on the characterization and recycling of two types of plastics, namely plastic from personal computer (grey plastic) and plastic from television (black plastic). Various analytical techniques were used to monitor the compositions of WEEE. Initially, the chemical structure of each plastic material was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Polymeric contaminants of these plastics, in particular brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were detected in grey plastics only using different techniques. These techniques are useful for a rapid, correct and economics identification of a large volumes of WEEE plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Taurino
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e dell' Ambiente, Via Vignolese 905/A, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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31
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Processing and properties of engineering plastics recycled from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Achilias D, Antonakou E, Koutsokosta E, Lappas A. Chemical recycling of polymers from Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Parres F, Balart R, Crespo JE, López J. Effects of the injection-molding temperatures and pyrolysis cycles on the butadiene phase of high-impact polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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