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Barreira-Pinto R, Carneiro R, Miranda M, Guedes RM. Polymer-Matrix Composites: Characterising the Impact of Environmental Factors on Their Lifetime. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16113913. [PMID: 37297046 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are widely used in engineering applications. Yet, environmental factors impact their macroscale fatigue and creep performances significantly, owing to several mechanisms acting at the microstructure level. Herein, we analyse the effects of water uptake that are responsible for swelling and, over time and in enough quantity, for hydrolysis. Seawater, due to a combination of high salinity and pressures, low temperature and biotic media present, also contributes to the acceleration of fatigue and creep damage. Similarly, other liquid corrosive agents penetrate into cracks induced by cyclic loading and cause dissolution of the resin and breakage of interfacial bonds. UV radiation either increases the crosslinking density or scissions chains, embrittling the surface layer of a given matrix. Temperature cycles close to the glass transition damage the fibre-matrix interface, promoting microcracking and hindering fatigue and creep performance. The microbial and enzymatic degradation of biopolymers is also studied, with the former responsible for metabolising specific matrices and changing their microstructure and/or chemical composition. The impact of these environmental factors is detailed for epoxy, vinyl ester and polyester (thermoset); polypropylene, polyamide and poly etheretherketone (thermoplastic); and for poly lactic acid, thermoplastic starch and polyhydroxyalkanoates (biopolymers). Overall, the environmental factors mentioned hamper the fatigue and creep performances, altering the mechanical properties of the composite or causing stress concentrations through microcracks, promoting earlier failure. Future studies should focus on other matrices beyond epoxy as well as on the development of standardised testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Barreira-Pinto
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Carneiro
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Miranda
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Miranda Guedes
- Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- INEGI-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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2
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dos Santos FSF, Rodrigues JFB, da Silva MC, Barreto MEV, da Silva HN, de Lima Silva SM, Fook MVL. Use of Piranha Solution as An Alternative Route to Promote Bioactivation of PEEK Surface with Low Functionalization Times. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010074. [PMID: 36615270 PMCID: PMC9822504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to achieve bioactivity on the PEEK surface using piranha solution through a lower functionalization time. For this purpose, the functionalization occurred with piranha solution and 98% sulfuric acid in the proportions of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 at periods of 30, 60, and 90 s. The samples treated for longer times at higher concentrations registered the characteristic spectroscopy band associated with sulfonation. Additionally, both chemical treatments allowed the opening of the aromatic ring, increasing the number of functional groups available and making the surface more hydrophilic. The piranha solution treatments with higher concentrations and longer times promoted greater heterogeneity in the surface pores, which affected the roughness of untreated PEEK. Furthermore, the treatments induced calcium deposition on the surface during immersion in SBF fluid. In conclusion, the proposed chemical modifications using sulfuric acid SPEEK 90 and, especially, the piranha solution PEEK-PS 2:1-90, were demonstrated to be promising in promoting the rapid bioactivation of PEEK-based implants.
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3
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Mat Yasin N, Akkermans S, Van Impe JFM. Enhancing the biodegradation of (bio)plastic through pretreatments: A critical review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 150:1-12. [PMID: 35780576 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As plastic packaging becomes nearly indispensable in the plastic economy, rigorous efforts have been made to recapture the material value form this waste stream, which is mostly composed of highly resistant plastics. Biodegradation offers an attractive alternative for conventional plastic waste treatment as this approach is environmentally friendly, has low cost and facilitates valorisation. Moreover, there is also an increasing interest in plastic pretreatments waste to enhance biodegradation. This review investigates the pretreatment methods that optimise plastic biodegradation by examining the process's mechanisms and key influencing factors, which can be categorised into: biotic factors, abiotic factors and polymer characteristics. Various types of chemical and physical pretreatments have demonstrated to effectively enhance biodegradation through oxidation and surface changes on the plastics, leading to increased bioconversion rates and biogas production. A critical evaluation of the various categories of pretreatment methods is presented. This evaluation leads to the conclusion that the category of non-thermal physical treatments is most promising, due to the relatively low energy requirements and the absence of a need for chemical additions. Moreover, non-thermal physical treatments have demonstrated application potential at large scale. Based on these conclusions, pretreatments are expected to be an integral part of the biodegradation of plastics within a circular economy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najwa Mat Yasin
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium; Faculty of Ocean Engineering and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Simen Akkermans
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jan F M Van Impe
- BioTeC+ - Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Mechano-Chemical Properties of Electron Beam Irradiated Polyetheretherketone. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153067. [PMID: 35956582 PMCID: PMC9370724 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the mechano-chemical properties of aromatic polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) samples, irradiated by high energy electrons at 200 and 400 kGy doses, were investigated by Nanoindentation, Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Irradiating electrons penetrated down to a 5 mm depth inside the polymer, as shown numerically by the monte CArlo SImulation of electroN trajectory in sOlids (CASINO) method. The irradiation of PEEK samples at 200 kGy caused the enhancement of surface roughness by almost threefold. However, an increase in the irradiation dose to 400 kGy led to a decrease in the surface roughness of the sample. Most likely, this was due to the processes of erosion and melting of the sample surface induced by high dosage irradiation. It was found that electron irradiation led to a decrease of the elastic constant C11, as well as a slight decrease in the sample’s hardness, while the Young’s elastic modulus decrease was more noticeable. An intrinsic bulk property of PEEK is less radiation resistance than at its surface. The proportionality constant of Young’s modulus to indentation hardness for the pristine and irradiated samples were 0.039 and 0.038, respectively. In addition, a quasi-linear relationship between hardness and Young’s modulus was observed. The degradation of the polymer’s mechanical properties was attributed to electron irradiation-induced processes involving scission of macromolecular chains.
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Cu-adherent poly(ether ether ketone) with low dielectric loss via self UV-initiated surface modification for high frequency application. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hur J, Lee J, Kim BY, Yoo MJ, Seo JH. Formation of a robust Cu-adhesive layer on poly(ether ether ketone) via self UV-initiated surface polymerization. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu L, Xu M, Ye Y, Zhang B. On the degradation of (micro)plastics: Degradation methods, influencing factors, environmental impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151312. [PMID: 34743885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastics and microplastics are difficult to degrade in the natural environment due to their hydrophobicity, the presence of stable covalent bonds and functional groups that are not susceptible to attack. In nature, microplastics are more likely to attract other substances due to their large specific surface area, which further prevents degradation from occurring. Some of these substances are toxic and harmful, and can be spread to various organisms through the food chain along with the microplastics to cause harm to them. Degradation is an effective way to eliminate plastic pollution, and a comprehensive understanding of the methods and mechanisms of plastic degradation is necessary, because it is the result of synergistic effects of several degradation methods, both in nature and in consideration of future engineering applications. The authors firstly summarize the degradation methods of (micro)plastics; secondly, review the influence of intrinsic properties and environmental factors during the degradation process; finally, discuss the environmental impact of the degradation products of (micro)plastics. It is evident that the degradation of (micro)plastics still has many challenges to overcome, and there are no mature and effective methods that can be applied in engineering practice or widely used in nature. Therefore, there is an urgent need for research on the degradation of (micro)plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchen Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Mingjie Xu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Yuheng Ye
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China; School of Food and Biotechnology of Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, PR China.
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8
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Liu L, Duan H, Zhan W, Zhan S, Jia D, Li Y, Li C, An J, Du C, Li J. Effects of UV irradiation time on the molecular structure of typical engineering plastics and tribological properties under heavy load. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211066537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposing engineering plastics to UV irradiation can easily destroy the original molecular structure of the materials and consequently affect their tribological properties. This study investigated the effects of UV irradiation on the molecular structure of typical engineering plastics, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and on their tribological properties under heavy loads (20 MPa). The surface morphology results showed that the appearance of PEEK changed significantly under UV irradiation. However, the change in PTFE was negligible. Under micromorphology, the processing lines of the two materials gradually became lighter with increasing UV irradiation time. The resulting infrared spectra showed that the molecular chains of both materials were broken, and new functional groups were formed under UV irradiation. Tribology testing demonstrated that with prolonged UV irradiation, the average PTFE coefficient of friction remained relatively stable, whereas that of PEEK was approximately 0.55. As the UV irradiation time increased, the wear rate of PTFE increased significantly, whereas that of PEEK showed no significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Haitao Duan
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Zhan
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengpeng Zhan
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Jia
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinhua Li
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Changchun Li
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangfeng An
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Chongwei Du
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Li
- State key laboratory of special surface protection materials and application technology, Wuhan Research Institute of Materials Protection, Wuhan, China
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9
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Zhu C, Zhang H, Li J. Thermal aging study of PEEK for nuclear power plant containment dome. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Liao J, Chen Q. Biodegradable plastics in the air and soil environment: Low degradation rate and high microplastics formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126329. [PMID: 34118549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the promotion and use of biodegradable plastics (BPs) are growing into a general trend. Here the degradation performance of different types of BPs was investigated in the natural environment. Their degradation levels followed the order of pure BPs> BP blends> claimed "BP"≈ non-biodegradable plastic after 6-month incubation. Photo- and biodegradation were the main degradation mechanisms of these plastics in the air and soil, respectively. Poly(p-dioxanone) (PPDO) exhibited the highest weight loss potentials in both air (54.7 ± 9.1%) and soil (56.8 ± 4.8%), due to its special ether bond and the rich and diverse microorganisms on its biofilms. The microbiota on PPDO was distinct and enriched with Chloroflexi and Firmicutes that responsible for carbon cycle and organic degradation. The weight loss was only 1.1-8.0% for poly(lactic acid), and 0.8-6.8% for poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), and other plastics are basically non-degradable. Of note, numerous microplastics were formed after PPDO degradation, with 441 ± 326 and 2103 ± 131 item/g plastic in the air and soil, respectively. Taken together, the monitoring of BP biodegradation in the natural environment is of vital importance, and it is risky to promote large-scale application of BPs if the knowledge gap of their environmental behavior has not been well addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Polar Moment Science and Technology Education Company, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China.
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11
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dos Santos FSF, Vieira M, da Silva HN, Tomás H, Fook MVL. Surface Bioactivation of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) by Sulfuric Acid and Piranha Solution: Influence of the Modification Route in Capacity for Inducing Cell Growth. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091260. [PMID: 34572473 PMCID: PMC8465912 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to promote bioactivity of the PEEK surface using sulfuric acid and piranha solution. PEEK was functionalized by a sulfuric acid treatment for 90 s and by piranha solution for 60 and 90 s. Chemical modification of the PEEK surface was evaluated by infrared spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and proliferation. The spectroscopy characteristic band associated with sulfonation was observed in all treated samples. PEEK with piranha solution 60 s showed an increase in the intensity of the bands, which was even more significant for the longer treatment (90 s). The introduction of the sulfonic acid functional group reduced the contact angle. In cytotoxicity assays, for all treatments, the number of viable cells was higher when compared to those of untreated PEEK. PEEK treated with sulfuric acid and piranha solution for 60 s were the treatments that showed the highest percentage of cell viability with no statistically significant differences between them. The modified surfaces had a greater capacity for inducing cell growth, indicative of effective cell adhesion and proliferation. The proposed chemical modifications are promising for the functionalization of PEEK-based implants, as they were effective in promoting bioactivation of the PEEK surface and in stimulating cell growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Suzany Ferreira dos Santos
- Departament of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (F.S.F.d.S.); (H.N.d.S.)
| | - Mariana Vieira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (M.V.); (H.T.)
| | - Henrique Nunes da Silva
- Departament of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (F.S.F.d.S.); (H.N.d.S.)
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (M.V.); (H.T.)
| | - Marcus Vinícius Lia Fook
- Departament of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, PB, Brazil; (F.S.F.d.S.); (H.N.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-8321011841
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12
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Roy M, Kubacki J, Psiuk B, Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz A, Malarz K, Corti A, Pompella A, Szade J. Photofunctionalization effect and biological ageing of PEEK, TiO 2 and ZrO 2 abutments material. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111823. [PMID: 33579466 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of UVC photofunctionalization in removing the surface carbon contamination compounds from the most used surfaces utilized in dental implantology: TiO2, ZrO2 and PEEK. Machined samples were treated by UVC light in an Ushio Therabeam SuperOsseo® device for 12 min each. Non-treated disks were set as controls. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to monitor the changes in surface chemical composition. Photofunctionalization of the PEEK material has been analyzed here for the first time. The removal of hydrocarbons allowed by UVC irradiation was nearly twofold, and irradiation simultaneously led to an increase of H-O-C=O bonds. For TiO2 and ZrO2 surfaces, the loss of hydrocarbons detected after UVC irradiation was threefold. The chemical stability of surfaces when left at atmospheric conditions after UVC irradiation was monitored during 10 weeks. After 6 weeks the carbon contamination on TiO2 surfaces returned to the level before UVC treatment, while for ZrO2 and PEEK it was 75% and 60% of its initial value, respectively. None of the materials tested displayed any toxicity towards human fibroblasts cultured in direct contact with them, confirming their potential employment for manufacturing of implant abutments. UVC photofunctionalization can be thus regarded as a valid method in order to reverse the detrimental effects of biological ageing of implant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Roy
- Prosthodontic Department, Poznan University of Medical Science, Ul. Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kubacki
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Bronisław Psiuk
- Refractory Materials Division, Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Toszecka 99, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Alessandro Corti
- Dept. of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Dept. of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa Medical School, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacek Szade
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
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13
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Zanjanijam AR, Major I, Lyons JG, Lafont U, Devine DM. Fused Filament Fabrication of PEEK: A Review of Process-Structure-Property Relationships. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1665. [PMID: 32726994 PMCID: PMC7465918 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic polymer with potential for use in a variety of metal replacement applications due to its high strength to weight ratio. This combination of properties makes it an ideal material for use in the production of bespoke replacement parts for out-of-earth manufacturing purposes, in particular on the International Space Station (ISS). Additive manufacturing (AM) may be employed for the production of these parts, as it has enabled new fabrication pathways for articles with complex design considerations. However, AM of PEEK via fused filament fabrication (FFF) encounters significant challenges, mostly stemming from the semi crystalline nature of PEEK and its associated high melting temperature. This makes PEEK highly susceptible to changes in processing conditions which leads to a large reported variation in the literature on the final performance of PEEK. This has limited the adaption of FFF printing of PEEK in space applications where quality assurance and reproducibility are paramount. In recent years, several research studies have examined the effect of printing parameters on the performance of the 3D-printed PEEK parts. The aim of the current review is to provide comprehensive information in relation to the process-structure-property relationships in FFF 3D-printing of PEEK to provide a clear baseline to the research community and assesses its potential for space applications, including out-of-earth manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Zanjanijam
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - John G Lyons
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
| | - Ugo Lafont
- European Space Technology and Research Centre, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherland
| | - Declan M Devine
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, N37 HD68 Athlone, Ireland
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14
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Rival G, Paulmier T, Dantras E. Influence of electronic irradiations on the chemical and structural properties of PEEK for space applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Siracusa V. Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Biopolymers Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061066. [PMID: 31226767 PMCID: PMC6630276 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last ten years, the demand of biodegradable polymers has grown at an annual rate of 20–30%. However, the market share is about less than 0.1% of the total plastic production due to their lower performances, higher price and limited legislative attention in respect to the standard materials. The biodegradability as a functional added property is often not completely perceived from the final consumers. However, the opportunity to use renewable resources and to reduce the dependency from petroleum resources could become an incentive to accelerate their future growth. Renewable raw materials, coming from industrial wastes such as oilseed crops, starch from cereals and potatoes, cellulose from straw and wood, etc., can be converted into chemical intermediates and polymers, in order to substitute fossil fuel feedstock. The introduction of these new products could represent a significant contribution to sustainable development. However, the use of renewable resources and the production of the bioplastics are no longer a guarantee for a minimal environmental impact. The production process as well as their technical performances and their ultimate disposal has to be carefully considered. Bioplastics are generally biodegradable, but the diffusion of the composting technology is a prerequisite for their development. Efforts are required at industry level in order to develop less expensive and high performance products, with minimal environmental impact technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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16
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Khoury J, Selezneva I, Pestov S, Tarassov V, Ermakov A, Mikheev A, Lazov M, Kirkpatrick SR, Shashkov D, Smolkov A. Surface bioactivation of PEEK by neutral atom beam technology. Bioact Mater 2019; 4:132-141. [PMID: 30873505 PMCID: PMC6400009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is an alternative to metallic implants and a material of choice in many applications, including orthopedic, spinal, trauma, and dental. While titanium (Ti) and Ti-alloys are widely used in many intraosseous implants due to its biocompatibility and ability to osseointegrate, negatives include stiffness which contributes to shear stress, radio-opacity, and Ti-sensitivity. Many surgeons prefer to use PEEK due to its biocompatibility, similar elasticity to bone, and radiolucency, however, due to its inert properties, it fails to fully integrate with bone. Accelerated Neutral Atom Beam (ANAB) technology has been successfully employed to demonstrate enhanced bioactivity of PEEK both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we further characterize surfaces of PEEK modified by ANAB as well as elucidate attachment and genetic effects of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) exposed to these surfaces. ANAB modification resulted in decreased contact angle at 72.9 ± 4.5° as compared to 92.4 ± 8.5° for control (p < 0.01) and a decreased average surface roughness, however with a nano-textured surface profile. ANAB treatment also increased the ability of DPSC attachment and proliferation with considerable genetic differences showing earlier progression towards osteogenic differentiation. This surface modification is achieved without adding a coating or changing the chemical composition of the PEEK material. Taken together, we show that ANAB processing of PEEK surface enhances the bioactivity of implantable medical devices without an additive or a coating. PEEK is a material of choice for biomaterials except that it is inert and does not integrate with bone. Neutral atom beam technology (ANAB) is a surface modification technique that modifies the surface at a nano-scale level and makes the surface more hydrophilic. Increased cell attachment and proliferation is seen on ANAB-treated PEEK. Dental pulp stem cells differentiate towards osteoblast when grown on ANAB-treated PEEK. ANAB makes PEEK bioactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Khoury
- Exogenesis Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Irina Selezneva
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Sergei Pestov
- MIREA – Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Artem Ermakov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrey Mikheev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail Lazov
- MIREA – Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
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Laycock B, Nikolić M, Colwell JM, Gauthier E, Halley P, Bottle S, George G. Lifetime prediction of biodegradable polymers. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Lümkemann N, Eichberger M, Stawarczyk B. Different PEEK qualities irradiated with light of different wavelengths: Impact on Martens hardness. Dent Mater 2017; 33:968-975. [PMID: 28662860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of irradiation on Martens hardness parameters of different PEEK qualities filled with titanium dioxide (TiO2), namely PEEK/0%, PEEK/20%, and PEEK/>30%. METHODS For Martens hardness (HM) measurements, 40 specimens of each PEEK quality were fabricated and air-abraded with 50μm Al2O3. HM parameters of PEEK specimens were measured initially and stepwise after irradiating for 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 180, 360 and 540s using light units with different wavelength: Elipar S10 (430-480nm), EyeVolutionMAX (385-390nm+465-470nm), Translux CL (380-500nm) and bre.Lux Power Unit (370-500nm). HM parameters of 10 human teeth were measured initially on enamel and dentin. Data was analysed using 3-way ANOVA with partial eta-squared (ηP2) and post-hoc Tuckey-HSD-test (p<0.05). RESULTS PEEK qualities followed by the wavelength showed the highest effect on Martens hardness (p<0.013). PEEK/>30% (197.35±19.9N/mm2), followed by PEEK/20% (191.45±15.49 N/mm2) showed significantly higher values for HM than PEEK/0% (189.55±16.89N/mm2). PEEK/>30% (5.49±0.4kN/mm) and PEEK/20% (5.38±0.26kN/mm2) presented higher indentation modulus (EIT) than PEEK/0% (4.77±0.36kN/mm2). Irradiated with wavelength of 430-480nm (PEEK/0%: 193.28N/mm2, PEEK20%: 198.83N/mm2, PEEK/>30%: 200.5N/mm2) indicated higher HM compared to specimens irradiated with 380-500nm (PEEK/0%: 186.63N/mm2, PEEK20%: 191.05N/mm2, PEEK/>30%: 196.13N/mm2). Irradiation using 430-480nm (PEEK/0%: 4.95kN/mm2, PEEK20%: 5.52kN/mm2, PEEK/>30%: 5.59kN/mm2) and 370-500nm (PEEK/0%: 4.92kN/mm2, PEEK20%: 5.43kN/mm2, PEEK/>30%: 5.53kN/mm2) indicated higher EIT values compared to specimens irradiated with 380-500nm (PEEK/0%: 4.72kN/mm2, PEEK20%: 5.34kN/mm2, PEEK/>30%: 5.47kN/mm2). Duration of irradiation presented no impact on results. Enamel (HM: 2263.6±405.16, EIT: 63.16±19.24) and dentin (HM: 468.2±30.77N/mm2, EIT: 14.14±4.59kN/mm2) presented significantly higher HM and EIT than the tested PEEK qualities (p<0.001). SIGNIFICANCE Irradiation with different wavelength impacted HM parameter. The increase of TiO2 percentage in PEEK matrix improved the HM parameter. However, PEEK showed significantly lower HM parameter than human teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Lümkemann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Marlis Eichberger
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dental School, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Niu YF, Yang Y, Li TY, Yao JW. Effects of UV irradiation and condensation on poly(ether-ether-ketone)/carbon fiber composites from nano- to macro-scale. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008316689600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Durability and damage mechanism of carbon fiber–reinforced poly(ether-ether-ketone) composites (T300/PEEK) have been investigated under ultraviolet (UV) and water condensation conditions for 1560 h. The tensile modulus decreased by 5.4% after 1560 h of exposure, while no significant changes were found in tensile strength. The microhardness and elastic modulus of the resin measured by atomic force microscope–based nanoindentation were found to be dramatically increased after 240 h treatment and then decreased after longer treatment. The thermal decomposition temperature decreased from 549° to 522° after 840 h of exposure due to the formation of side chains and low molecular products induced by UV. The damage of resin was attributed to chain scission and recombined cross-linking by UV irradiation and hydrolytic deterioration by hydrothermal conditioning, where the decomposition led to the formation of carbonyl groups and hydroxyl groups, as well as the reduction of ether groups determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope. Scanning electron microscopy analysis on tensile fractures near the exposed surface indicated fiber/matrix debonding. The resin on the surface degraded rapidly, and its roughness increased continuously from 30.8 ± 4.1 nm to 88.8 ± 6.8 nm after 840 h of degradation, with the formation of microholes and microcracks. A degradation mechanism was proposed, and the accelerated weather aging affected only the surface region of T300/PEEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Niu
- Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia-Wei Yao
- Sino-European Institute of Aviation Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin, China
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Bonding to Different PEEK Compositions: The Impact of Dental Light Curing Units. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10010067. [PMID: 28772427 PMCID: PMC5344627 DOI: 10.3390/ma10010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of different light curing units (LCUs) for the polymerization of adhesive system visio.link (VL) on the tensile bond strength (TBS) of different PEEK compositions. For TBS measurements, 216 PEEK specimens with varying amounts of TiO₂ (PEEK/0%, PEEK/20%, PEEK/>30%) were embedded, polished, air abraded (Al₂O₃, 50 µm, 0.4 MPa), conditioned using VL, and polymerized using either a halogen LCU (HAL-LCU) or a LED LCU (LED-LCU) for chairside or labside application, respectively. After thermocycling (5000×, 5/55 °C), TBS was measured, and fracture types were determined. Data was analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-HSD, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests as well as a Chi²-test and a Ciba-Geigy table (p < 0.05). Globally, the light curing units, followed by PEEK composition, was shown to have the highest impact on TBS. The HAL-LCUs, compared to the LED-LCUs, resulted in a higher TBS for all PEEK compositions-without significant differences between chairside and labside units. Regarding the different PEEK compositions, PEEK/20%, compared to PEEK/0%, resulted in a higher TBS when both, HAL-LCUs or LED-LCUs were used for labside application. In comparison with PEEK/>30%, PEEK/20% resulted in a higher TBS after using HAL-LCU for labside application. No significant differences were found between PEEK/0% and PEEK/>30%. HAL-LCU with PEEK/20% for labside application showed a higher TBS than HAL-LCU with PEEK/20% for chairside application, whereas LED-LCU with PEEK/>30% for chairside application showed a higher TBS than LED-LCU with PEEK/>30% for labside application.
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Wakelin EA, Fathi A, Kracica M, Yeo GC, Wise SG, Weiss AS, McCulloch DG, Dehghani F, Mckenzie DR, Bilek MMM. Mechanical Properties of Plasma Immersion Ion Implanted PEEK for Bioactivation of Medical Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:23029-23040. [PMID: 26366514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) is used to modify the surface properties of polyether ether ketone for biomedical applications. Modifications to the mechanical and chemical properties are characterized as a function of ion fluence (treatment time) to determine the suitability of the treated surfaces for biological applications. Young's modulus and elastic recovery were found to increase with respect to treatment time at the surface from 4.4 to 5.2 MPa and from 0.49 to 0.68, respectively. The mechanical properties varied continuously with depth, forming a graded layer where the mechanical properties returned to untreated values deep within the layer. The treated surface layer exhibited cracking under cyclical loads, associated with an increased modulus due to dehydrogenation and cross-linking; however, it did not show any sign of delamination, indicating that the modified layer is well integrated with the substrate, a critical factor for bioactive surface coatings. The oxygen concentration remained unchanged at the surface; however, in contrast to ion implanted polymers containing only carbon and hydrogen, the oxygen concentration within the treated layer was found to decrease. This effect is attributed to UV exposure and suggests that PIII treatments can modify the surface to far greater depths than previously reported. Protein immobilization on PIII treated surfaces was found to be independent of treatment time, indicating that the surface mechanical properties can be tuned for specific applications without affecting the protein coverage. Our findings on the mechanical properties demonstrate such treatments render PEEK well suited for use in orthopedic implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Wakelin
- Applied and Plasma Physics, School of Physics, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ali Fathi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Masturina Kracica
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University , GPO BOX 476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Giselle C Yeo
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Steven G Wise
- Applied Materials Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown 2042 and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Dougal G McCulloch
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University , GPO BOX 476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - David R Mckenzie
- Applied and Plasma Physics, School of Physics, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Marcela M M Bilek
- Applied and Plasma Physics, School of Physics, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Characterization of thermally aged polyetheretherketone fibres – mechanical, thermal, rheological and chemical property changes. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mylläri V, Ruoko TP, Järvelä P. The effects of UV irradiation to polyetheretherketone fibres – Characterization by different techniques. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang Z, Li Y, Ren X. Comparing cracking time and structure changes of different high-density polyethylenes during stress and photo-oxidative aging. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Yongliang Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xiancheng Ren
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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Poulsson AH, Eglin D, Zeiter S, Camenisch K, Sprecher C, Agarwal Y, Nehrbass D, Wilson J, Richards RG. Osseointegration of machined, injection moulded and oxygen plasma modified PEEK implants in a sheep model. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3717-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aguiar KR, Batalha GP, Peixoto M, Ramos A, Pezzin SH. Produção de membranas híbridas zirconizadas de SPEEK/Copolissilsesquioxano para aplicação em células a combustível do tipo PEM. POLIMEROS 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-14282012005000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Membranas baseadas em poli(aril éter cetona) sulfonada mostraram ser bastante promissoras para aplicação em células a combustível com membrana trocadora de prótons (PEMFC). O poli(éter-éter-cetona) sulfonado (SPEEK), com elevado grau de sulfonação (GS), apresenta alta condutividade de prótons, mas sofre perda de funcionalidade e condutividade em temperaturas altas e umidades baixas. O desenvolvimento de membranas híbridas é uma das possibilidades para melhorar o desempenho destes materiais. Neste trabalho foram preparadas membranas híbridas zirconizadas de SPEEK/copolissilsesquioxano fosfonado (CF) por casting, a partir de SPEEK com GS entre 60% e 70% e soluções de cloreto de zirconila (ZrOCl2) 1, 5, ou 10% (m/m). As membranas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), difratometria de raios-X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), condutividade de prótons (σ) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A análise por energia dispersiva (EDS) confirmou a presença de Zr em domínios esféricos dispersos homogeneamente pelas membranas, enquanto análises de DRX mostraram que os produtos da zirconização são amorfos. Ensaios de impedância eletroquímica indicam aumento da condutividade protônica com a adição de CF e 1 ou 5% de ZrOCl2.
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Lucas N, Bienaime C, Belloy C, Queneudec M, Silvestre F, Nava-Saucedo JE. Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:429-442. [PMID: 18723204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Within the frame of the sustainable development, new materials are being conceived in order to increase their biodegradability properties. Biodegradation is considered to take place throughout three stages: biodeterioration, biofragmentation and assimilation, without neglect the participation of abiotic factors. However, most of the techniques used by researchers in this area are inadequate to provide evidence of the final stage: assimilation. In this review, we describe the different stages of biodegradation and we state several techniques used by some authors working in this domain. Validate assimilation (including mineralisation) is an important aspect to guarantee the real biodegradability of items of consumption (in particular friendly environmental new materials). The aim of this review is to emphasise the importance of measure as well as possible, the last stage of the biodegradation, in order to certify the integration of new materials into the biogeochemical cycles. Finally, we give a perspective to use the natural labelling of stable isotopes in the environment, by means of a new methodology based on the isotopic fractionation to validate assimilation by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lucas
- Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes (EA 3899), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Avenue des Facultés, 80025 Amiens Cedex 1, France
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Poly(aryl ether ketone)s. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-081551580-7.50007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Liang M, Lu C, Huang Y, Zhang C. Morphological and structural development of poly(ether ether ketone) during mechanical pulverization. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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