1
|
Tuble KAQ, Omisol CJM, Abilay GY, Tomon TRB, Aguinid BJM, Dumancas GG, Malaluan RM, Lubguban AA. Synergistic effect of phytic acid and eggshell bio-fillers on the dual-phase fire-retardancy of intumescent coatings applied on cellulosic substrates. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142226. [PMID: 38704039 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Cellulosic substrates, including wood and thatch, have become icons for sustainable architecture and construction, however, they suffer from high flammability because of their inherent cellulosic composition. Current control measures for such hazards include applying intumescent fire-retardant (IFR) coatings that swell and form a char layer upon ignition, protecting the underlying substrate from burning. Typically, conventional IFR coatings are opaque and are made of halogenated compounds that release toxic fumes when ignited, compromising the roofing's aesthetic value and sustainability. In this work, phytic acid, a naturally occurring phosphorus source extracted from rice bran, was used to synthesize phytic acid-based fire-retardants (PFR) via esterification under reflux, along with powdered chicken eggshells (CES) as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bio-filler. These components were incorporated into melamine formaldehyde resin to produce the transparent IFR coating. It was revealed that the developed IFR coatings achieved the highest fire protection rating based on UL94 flammability standards compared to the control. The coatings also yielded increased LOI values, indicative of self-extinguishing properties. A 17 °C elevation of the IFR coating's melting temperature and a significant ∼172% increase in enthalpy change from the control were observed, indicating enhanced fire-retardancy. The thermal stability of the coatings was improved, denoted by reduced mass losses, and increased residual masses after thermal degradation. As validated by microscopy and spectroscopy, the abundance of phosphorus and carbon groups in the coatings' condensed phase after combustion indicates enhanced char formation. In the gas phase, TG-FTIR showed the evolution of non-flammable CO2, and fire-retardant PO and P-O-C. Mechanical property testing confirmed no reduction in the adhesion strength of the IFR coating. With these results, the developed IFR coating exhibited enhanced fire-retardancy whilst remaining optically transparent, suggestive of a dual-phase IFR protective mechanism involving the release of gaseous combustion diluents and the formation of a thermally insulating char layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Andrew Q Tuble
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Materials & Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Christine Joy M Omisol
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Gerson Y Abilay
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Materials & Resources Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Tomas Ralph B Tomon
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Blessy Joy M Aguinid
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | | | - Roberto M Malaluan
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Arnold A Lubguban
- Center for Sustainable Polymers, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200, Iligan City, Philippines.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Raza MR, Assiri MA, Irfan A, Oñate E, Yeoh GH. Effects of expandable graphite on char morphology and pyrolysis of epoxy based intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugenio Oñate
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) Barcelona Spain
| | - Guan Heng Yeoh
- Mechanical Engineering University of New South Wales Kensington New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Huang Y, Sun P, Hai Y, Jiang S. A self-healing, recyclable, and degradable fire-retardant gelatin-based biogel coating for green buildings. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5231-5239. [PMID: 33949608 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wood is one of the oldest building materials and commonly employed in construction. However, the inherent fire hazard of wood restricts its practical application. Application of fire retardant coatings has been proved to be a highly efficient method for improving the fire retardancy of structural materials during combustion. However, developing sustainable, renewable and environmentally-friendly coatings is challenging because of the dependence on traditional flame retardants. In this study, a self-healable, fully-recyclable and biodegradable biogel coating was proposed, derived entirely from natural and food-safe constituents, which has rarely been demonstrated for wood safety. A uniform and strongly-adhesive coating could be obtained on wood surfaces via a facile preparation process without compromising the inherent mechanical properties of wood. Meanwhile, the coating showed excellent self-healing properties after damage, full degradability and good recyclability when disposed. Remarkably, biogel-coated wood exhibited enhanced fire-retardant properties, reflected by a 24.0% decrease in peak heat release rate and 17.2% reduction in total heat release with a 350 μm thick coating, along with a sixfold enhancement in ignition delay time and self-extinguishing behavior. We merged all merits in one fire-retardant coating which can be easily reproduced, and is low cost and scalable, making the biogel-coated wood a promising candidate for widespread application in green buildings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Huang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Yun Hai
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| | - Saihua Jiang
- Institute of Safety Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou 510641, P. R. China. and Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510641, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bai Z, Wang N, Chen S, Guo X, Guo J, Qin J, Chen X, Lu Z. Influence of nano silica hybrid expandable graphite on flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical property of polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Xincheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Jun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Karst Environment and Geohazard, Ministry of Land and Resources Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
| | - Zongcheng Lu
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25245978. [PMID: 33348597 PMCID: PMC7766729 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F, Al‐Sehemi AG, Assiri MA, Raza MR, Irfan A. Effect of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the thermal degradation and weathering of intumescent
fire‐retardant
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar Malaysia
| | - Abdullah G. Al‐Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ali Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Rafi Raza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad—Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Influence of Antimony Oxide on Epoxy Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112721. [PMID: 33212915 PMCID: PMC7698405 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylenediamine modified Ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP), and Charring-Foaming Agents (CFA) was prepared via a simple chemical approach and further utilizes for the preparation of Epoxy resin based intumescent flame retardation coatings. The ratio belongs to MAPP and CFA was fixed at 2:1 ratio. Comparative thermo gravimetric analysis TGA study of Modified Ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) investigated. Sb2O3 was introduced into flame retardation coating formulation at various amounts to evaluate the synergistic action of Sb2O3 along with flame retardant coating system. The synergistic action of Sb2O3 on flame retardation coating formulation was studied by vertical burning test (UL-94V), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Limited Oxygen Index (LOI), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that adding Sb2O3 effectively increased flame retardancy and meets V-0 ratings at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the amalgamation of Sb2O3 at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter study results that Sb2O3 successfully minimized the combustion parameters like, Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR), and Total Heat Release (THR). The FTIR result shows that Sb2O3 can react with MAPP and generates the dense-charred layer which prevents the transfer of heat and oxygen.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nageswara Rao T, Naidu TM, Kim MS, Parvatamma B, Prashanthi Y, Heun Koo B. Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Char Forming Agent Polymer on Flame Retardancy of Intumescent Flame Retardant Coatings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E42. [PMID: 31878012 PMCID: PMC7022803 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by a precipitation method, and a new charring-foaming agent (CFA) N-ethanolamine triazine-piperazine, melamine polymer (ETPMP) was synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reaction by using cyanuric chloride, ethanolamine, piperazine, and melamine as precursor molecules. FTIR and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) studies were employed to characterize and confirm the synthesized ETPMP structure. New intumescent flame retardant epoxy coating compositions were prepared by adding ammonium polyphosphate (APP), ETPMP, and ZnO NPs into an epoxy resin. APP and ETPMP were fixed in a 2:1 w/w ratio and used as an intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system. ZnO NPs were loaded as a synergistic agent in different amounts into the IFR coating system. The synergistic effects of ZnO NPs on IFR coatings were systematically evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning tests (UL-94 V), TGA, cone calorimeter tests, and SEM. The obtained results revealed that a small amount of ZnO NPs significantly increased the LOI values of the IFR coating and these coatings had a V-0 ratings in UL-94 V tests. From the TGA data, it is clear that the addition of ZnO NPs could change the thermal degradation behaviors of coatings with increasing char residue percentage at high temperatures. Cone calorimeter data reported that ZnO NPs could decrease the combustion parameters including peak heat release rates (PHRRs), and total heat release (THR) rates. The SEM results showed that ZnO NPs could enhance the strength and the compactness of the intumescent char, which restricted the flow of heat and oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tentu Nageswara Rao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.N.R.); (M.S.K.)
| | - T. Manohra Naidu
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Min Soo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.N.R.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Botsa Parvatamma
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gayathri P.G Courses, Gotlam, Vizianagaram, AP 535003, India;
| | - Y. Prashanthi
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda 508254, Telangana, India;
| | - Bon Heun Koo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Gyeongnam, Korea; (T.N.R.); (M.S.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Novel Thermoset Nanocomposite Intumescent Coating Based on Hydroxyapatite Nanoplates for Fireproofing of Steel Structures. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-019-01260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Hong L, Hu X. Mechanical and Flame Retardant Properties and Microstructure of Expandable Graphite/Silicone Rubber Composites. J MACROMOL SCI B 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2015.1138029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
|
14
|
Experimental investigation and characterization of an efficient nanopowder-based flame retardant coating for atmospheric-metallic substrates. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F, Shariff A, Bustam M. Synergistic effects of kaolin clay on intumescent fire retardant coating composition for fire protection of structural steel substrate. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
The objective of this research work was to study the thermal efficiency of intumescent fire retardant coating (IFRC) designed to protect structural steel in event of fire. IFRC has been effectively developed by using ammonium polyphosphate (APP), expandable graphite (EG), melamine (MEL), boric acid (BA), titanium oxide (TiO2), and bisphenol A BE-188 with polyamide amine H-2310 as curing agent. Six formulations were developed using different weight percentage (wt. %) of TiO2 and samples were tested for char expansion in furnace at 500°C for 2 h. Bunsen burner test was used to investigate the thermal performance of coating and its performance was compared by using thermal margin value. FESEM was used for char morphology. Char composition was analyzed by XRD and FTIR. Results showed that the coating with 4 wt. % of TiO2 provides better thermal insulation to the steel substrate.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F. Effects of zirconium silicate reinforcement on expandable graphite based intumescent fire retardant coating. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Gardelle B, Duquesne S, Vandereecken P, Bellayer S, Bourbigot S. Resistance to fire of curable silicone/expandable graphite based coating: Effect of the catalyst. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Gardelle B, Duquesne S, Vandereecken P, Bourbigot S. Characterization of the carbonization process of expandable graphite/silicone formulations in a simulated fire. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Ullah S, Ahmad F, Yusoff PSMM. Effect of boric acid and melamine on the intumescent fire-retardant coating composition for the fire protection of structural steel substrates. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
21
|
Derakhshesh Z, Khorasani M, Akhlaghi S, Keyvani B, Alvani AAS. Design and optimization of an intumescent flame retardant coating using thermal degradation kinetics and Taguchi's experimental design. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Lu Y, Zhang Y, Xu W. Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Rubber with Expandable Graphite/Ammonium Polyphosphate/Dipentaerythritol System. J MACROMOL SCI B 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2011.553168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbing Lu
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Weijian Xu
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lu H, Song L, Hu Y. A review on flame retardant technology in China. Part II: flame retardant polymeric nanocomposites and coatings. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Chiang CL, Hsu SW. Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of novel epoxy/expandable graphite composites. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Liu Q, Song L, Lu H, Hu Y, Wang Z, Zhou S. Study on combustion property and synergistic effect of intumescent flame retardant styrene butadiene rubber with metallic oxides. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
27
|
Chiang CL, Hsu SW. Novel epoxy/expandable graphite halogen-free flame retardant composites−preparation, characterization, and properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-009-9318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Kuan CF, Yen WH, Chen CH, Yuen SM, Kuan HC, Chiang CL. Synthesis, characterization, flame retardance and thermal properties of halogen-free expandable graphite/PMMA composites prepared from sol–gel method. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|