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Wörner M, Barsuhn A, Zevaco T, Hornung U, Dahmen N. From Pulp to Aromatic Products-Reaction Pathways of Lignin Depolymerization. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2024; 38:6020-6035. [PMID: 38595991 PMCID: PMC11000225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the depolymerization of lignin into aromatic monomer compounds under hydrothermal conditions. A reaction scheme highlighting secondary alkylation reactions as well as the molecular weight shift was developed based on the experimental data. Lignin is produced in large quantities in paper production and dissolved in what is known as black liquor (BL). To avoid lignin recovery as an additional process step, BL is used directly as feedstock in the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) in this work. We performed various batch experiments in micro autoclaves with BL and model substances at different reaction temperatures (TR = 250-400 °C) and a holdingtime of tR = 20 min, as well as continuous experiments (TR = 325-375 °C, tR = 20 min). We were able to show that different derivatives of catechols are the main products among the monomers in our process. With the help of the model substance experiments, we were able to work out three main reactions: demethoxylation, demethylation, and alkylation. This behavior could be observed in the case of BL from hardwood as well as from softwood. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis has shown that these reactions take place on aromatic monomers as well as on larger aromatic oligomer structures. At higher temperatures, a large fraction of the carbon ends up in the solid product, while the yields of the monomers decrease sharply. 13C NMR spectroscopy of the solid material shows that the monomers are probably incorporated into the solid phase by repolymerization. We were also able to see this effect using size exclusion chromatography analysis based on the relative molecular weight. From all of the analytical results of the products, a reaction scheme was developed that describes the reaction pathways of the lignin during HTL. Based on this, a reaction kinetic model can be developed in the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wörner
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Barsuhn
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Zevaco
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ursel Hornung
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Dahmen
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and
Development (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Ma X, Ma J, Li M, Gu Y, Wang T. MnO2 oxidative degradation of lignin and electrochemical recovery study. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Abstract
Lignin, a rigid polymer composed of phenolic subunits with high molecular weight and complex structure, ranks behind only cellulose in the contribution to the biomass of plants. Therefore, lignin can be used as a new environmentally friendly resource for the industrial production of a variety of polymers, dyes and adhesives. Since laccase was found to be able to degrade lignin, increasing attention had been paid to the valorization of lignin. Research has mainly focused on the identification of lignin-degrading enzymes, which play a key role in lignin biodegradation, and the potential application of lignin degradation products. In this review, we describe the source, catalytic specificity and enzyme reaction mechanism of the four classes of the lignin-degrading enzymes so far discovered. In addition, the major pathways of lignin biodegradation and the applications of the degradative products are also discussed. Lignin-degrading bacteria or enzymes can be used in combination with chemical pretreatment for the production of value-added chemicals from lignin, providing a promising strategy for lignin valorization.
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Karnitski A, Choi JW, Suh DJ, Yoo CJ, Lee H, Kim KH, Kim CS, Kim K, Ha JM. Roles of metal and acid sites in the reductive depolymerization of concentrated lignin over supported Pd catalysts. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Miroshnikova AV, Kazachenko AS, Kuznetsov BN, Taran OP. Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A New Promissing Method for Its Complex Processing. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050422020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Solvent Effect in Catalytic Lignin Hydrogenolysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvent effect in the catalytic depolymerization of the three-dimensional network of lignin is discussed based on recent reports in this field. Also, the results of an experimental study on the depolymerization of kraft lignin are presented. The cleavage of ether bonds within the lignin network was promoted using ruthenium and platinum on activated carbon (Ru/C and Pt/C), two common hydrogenolysis catalysts. Methanol was identified as a suitable solvent. Noteworthy, under the chosen reaction conditions, the catalysts showed significant resilience to the sulfur present in kraft lignin. The conversion of kraft lignin to lignin oil was strongly affected by the reaction conditions. Although the Ru/C catalyst provided the highest yield at supercritical conditions, a maximum yield was obtained for the Pt/C catalyst at near-critical conditions. The formation of guaiacol, 4-alkylguaiacols, isoeugenol, and 4-ethyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol is attributed to the solubility of oligomeric lignin fragments in the solvent and the relative propensity of specific groups to adsorb on the catalyst surface.
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Depolymerization of Rice Straw Lignin into Value-Added Chemicals in Sub-Supercritical Ethanol. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:7872307. [PMID: 35645630 PMCID: PMC9142282 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7872307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization of lignin is an important step to obtain a lignin monomer for the synthesis of functional chemicals. In the context of more lignin produced from biomass and pulp industry, converting real lignin with low purity is still required more studies. In this study, the influence of solvent composition and reaction parameters such as binary solvents ratio, time, and temperature, the solvent-to-lignin ratio on the depolymerization of rice straw lignin was investigated carefully. Essential lignin-degraded products including liquid product (LP), char (solid), and gas were obtained, and their yields were directly influenced by reaction conditions. Results show that the maximum lignin conversion rate of 92% and LP yield of 66% was under the condition of 275°C, 30 min, 75 : 1 (mL solvent/1 g lignin), and ethanol 50%. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was used for the analysis of the depolymerization products and identified 11 compounds which are mainly phenolic compounds such as 2-ethylphenol, 3-ethylphenol, phenol, methyl 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate. The structure changes of LP and char in various conditions were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR).
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Ethanol-Assisted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Poplar Using Fe-Co/Al2O3 as Catalyst. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil with high yield/quality through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is promising, it still faces many challenges. In this study, a Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared with the coprecipitation method and low-content ethanol was used as the cosolvent for the HTL of poplar. The results showed that the Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 catalyst significantly promoted the yield and energy recovery rate (ERR) of bio-oil compared with the control (10% ethanol content). At 260 °C for 30 min, 60Fe-40Co/Al2O3 had the best catalytic effect, achieving the highest bio-oil yield (67.35%) and ERR (93.07%). As a multifunctional bimetallic catalyst, Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 could not only increase the degree of hydrogenation deoxidization of the product but also promote the diversity of phenolic compounds gained from lignin. The bio-oil obtained from HTL with Fex-Co(1-x)/Al2O3 as catalyst contained lower heterocyclic nitrogen, promoting the transfer of more bio-oil components to substances with lower boiling point.
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Castro Garcia A, Shuo C, Cross JS. Machine learning based analysis of reaction phenomena in catalytic lignin depolymerization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 345:126503. [PMID: 34890817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneously catalyzed lignin solvolysis opens the possibility of transforming low value biomass into high value, useful aromatic chemicals, however, its reaction behavior is poorly understood due to the many possible interactions between reaction parameters. In this study, a novel predictive model for bio-oil yield, char yield and reaction time is developed using Random Forest (RF) regression method using data available from the literature to study the impact of surface properties of the catalyst and the weight averaged molecular weight of the lignin (Mw) used in the reaction. The models achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) score of 0.9062, 0.9428 and 0.8327, respectively, and feature importance for each case was explained and tied to studies that provide a mechanistic explanation for the performance of the model. Surface properties and lignin Mw showed no importance to the prediction of bio-oil yield and average pore diameter contributed 3% of feature importance to reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Castro Garcia
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Cheng Shuo
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jeffrey S Cross
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 S6-10, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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Abstract
Being the major renewable source of bio-aromatics, lignin possesses considerable potential for the chemical industry as raw material. Kraft lignin is a couple product of paper industry with an annual production of 55,000,000 ton/y and is considered the largest share of available lignin. Here we report a facile approach of Kraft lignin depolymerization to defined oligomeric units with yields of up to 70 wt.%. The process implies utilization of an aqueous base in combination with a metal containing catalyst and an alcohol under non-oxidative atmosphere at 300 °C. An advantage of the developed approach is the facile separation of the oligomer product that precipitates from the reaction mixture. In addition, the process proceeds without char formation; both factors make it attractive for industrialization. The suppression of the repolymerization processes that lead to char formation is possible when the combination of metal containing catalyst in the presence of an alcohol is used. It was found that the oligomer units have structural features found in phenol-acetaldehyde resins. These features result from the base catalyzed condensation of lignin fragments with in situ formed aldehydes. Catalytic dehydrogenation of the alcohol provides the latter. This reaction pathway is confirmed by the presence condensation products of Guerbet type reactions.
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11
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Catalytic Liquefaction of Highly Inert Refining Residue over an Attapulgite-Supported Niobium Catalyst. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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12
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Evaluation of the Heat Produced by the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wet Food Processing Residues and Model Compounds. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction has proven itself as a promising pathway to the valorisation of low-value wet food residues. The chemistry is complex and many questions remain about the underlying mechanism of the transformation. Little is known about the heat of reaction, or even the thermal effects, of the hydrothermal liquefaction of real biomass and its constituents. This paper explores different methods to evaluate the heat released during the liquefaction of blackcurrant pomace and brewers’ spent grains. Some model compounds have also been evaluated, such as lignin, cellulose and glutamic acid. Exothermic behaviour was observed for blackcurrant pomace and brewers’ spent grains. Results obtained in a continuous reactor are similar to those obtained in a batch reactor. The heat release has been estimated between 1 MJ/kg and 3 MJ/kg for blackcurrant pomace and brewers’ spent grains, respectively. Liquefaction of cellulose and glucose also exhibit exothermic behaviour, while the transformation of lignin and glutamic acid present a slightly endothermic behaviour.
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Prakash DG, Gopinath KP, Vinatha V, Shreya S, Sivaramakrishnan R, Lan Chi NT. Enhanced production of hydrocarbons from lignin isolated from sugarcane bagasse using formic acid induced supercritical ethanol liquefaction followed by hydrodeoxygenation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131491. [PMID: 34329131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study involves the production of hydrocarbons from lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse using Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) followed by Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). HTL of the lignin was studied under different solvents-methanol, ethanol and isopropanol in the presence of formic acid as an effective H-donor under varying lignin to solvent ratios (L:S = 1:15,1:30,1:40 g/mL), reaction temperatures (200 °C - 320 °C), reaction times (15, 30, 45,60 min) and ZnCl2 catalyst concentrations (30, 40, 50, 60 wt%). A maximum of 86% lignin derived phenolics was obtained when ethanol was used as solvent at 250 °C under L:S = 1:30 at 30 min reaction time with 60 wt% ZnCl2. The lignin-oil was upgraded by HDO process in the presence of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and a maximum hydrocarbon yield of 73.5% was obtained with a HHV value of 48 MJ/kg. The hydrocarbons had excellent properties with a carbon range of C6-C12 with a purity of 51.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhakshinamoorthy Gnana Prakash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Vinatha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Shreya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, 603 110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Han Y, Liu C, Kong X, Wang X, Fan Y, Lei M, Li M, Xiao R, Ma L. Could preoxidation always promote the subsequent hydroconversion of lignin? Two counterexamples catalyzed by Cu/CuMgAlO x in supercritical ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 332:125142. [PMID: 33857864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two counterexamples of lignin preoxidation-hydroconversion were reported. First, two lignin feedstocks were preoxidized with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in acetonitrile with various dosages (15%, 30%, and 60%). Then, these preoxidized lignins (HELOs and MWLOs) were hydroconverted in supercritical ethanol catalyzed by Cu/CuMgAlOx. Total yields from HELOs were all higher than those from HEL, indicating the good promotion of DDQ preoxidation on the subsequent hydroconversion of HELOs, especially with the DDQ dosage of 15%. Differently, the promotion effect of DDQ preoxidation on the hydroconversion of MWLOs depended on the DDQ dosage as well as the reaction time. Through the comparison of two counterexamples, this work bursted the myth that preoxidation can always promote the subsequent hydroconversion of lignin, revealed the influence of lignin property, preoxidation degree, and reaction conditions on the subsequent hydroconversion of preoxidized lignin, and presented the new insight into the preoxidation-hydroconversion strategy for lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Longlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China; Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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Jayathilake M, Rudra S, Akhtar N, Christy AA. Characterization and Evaluation of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Char from Alkali Lignin in Subcritical Temperatures. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113024. [PMID: 34199518 PMCID: PMC8199676 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) char is investigated in this work. Morphological studies, N2 adsorption behavior, FTIR analysis, thermal behavior, and elemental composition are studied. The HTL char yield showed an increase with higher operating temperatures. It increased from 11.02% to 33% when the temperature increased from 573 K to 623 K. At lower temperatures, the residence time showed an impact on the yield, while close to the critical point, residence time became less impactful. Elemental analysis showed that both higher operating temperatures and longer residence times increased the nitrogen content of the chars from 0.32% to 0.51%. FTIR analysis suggested the char became more aromatic with the higher temperatures. The aliphatic groups present diminished drastically with the increasing temperature. Residence time did not show a significant impact as much as the temperature when considering the functional group elimination. An increase in operating temperatures and residence times produced thermally stable chars. HTL char produced at the lowest operating temperature and showed both the highest surface area and pore volume. When temperature and residence time increase, more polyaromatic char is produced due to carbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhawa Jayathilake
- Department of Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway; (M.J.); (N.A.)
| | - Souman Rudra
- Department of Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway; (M.J.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-37233036
| | - Naureen Akhtar
- Department of Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, University of Agder, 4879 Grimstad, Norway; (M.J.); (N.A.)
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Lignin-derived (nano)materials for environmental pollution remediation: Current challenges and future perspectives. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:394-423. [PMID: 33636266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The supply of affordable drinking and sufficiently clean water for human consumption is one of the world's foremost environmental problems and a large number of scientific research works are addressing this issue Various hazardous/toxic environmental contaminants in water bodies, both inorganic and organic (specifically heavy metals and dyes), have become a serious global problem. Nowadays, extensive efforts have been made to search for novel, cost effective and practical biosorbents derived from biomass resources with special attention to value added, biomass-based renewable materials. Lignin and (nano)material adorned lignin derived entities can proficiently and cost effectively remove organic/inorganic contaminants from aqueous media. As low cost of preparation is crucial for their wide applications in water/wastewater treatment (particularly industrial water), future investigations must be devoted to refining and processing the economic viability of low cost, green lignin-derived (nano)materials. Production of functionalized lignin, lignin supported metal/metal oxide nanocomposites or hydrogels is one of the effective approaches in (nano)technology. This review outlines recent research progresses, trends/challenges and future prospects about lignin-derived (nano)materials and their sustainable applications in wastewater treatment/purification, specifically focusing on adsorption and/or catalytic reduction/(photo)degradation of a variety of pollutants.
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Cui Z, Cheng F, Jarvis JM, Brewer CE, Jena U. Roles of Co-solvents in hydrothermal liquefaction of low-lipid, high-protein algae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 310:123454. [PMID: 32388353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valorization of algal biomass is often limited by its low lipid content. Here, different alcohols: ethanol, isopropanol, and glycerol, were studied as co-solvents to improve the conversion efficiency of a lipid-poor microalgae, Galdieria sulphuraria, by hydrothermal liquefaction. Bio-crude oil yield increases, from 13 to 73 wt% (on dry algae basis), were attributed to the alcohols facilitating the transfer of algal protein-derived fragments from the aqueous phase into the oil phase. A series of characterization results showed that bio-crude oil formation was mainly the result of alcohols reacting with algal fragments via Maillard reactions, alkylation, and esterification, respectively. Insights into the synergistic effect of low-lipid feed and alcohol provide mechanistic support for choosing an alcohol-rich waste, crude glycerol, to improve bio-crude oil production from HTL of wastewater-grown G. sulphuraria. Promising improvements in yield and energy recovery indicates competitive economics for a low-lipid biomass waste-to-biofuel conversion technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cui
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA 01609, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Jarvis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA
| | - Catherine E Brewer
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Umakanta Jena
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
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Conversion of biomass lignin to high-value polyurethane: A review. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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19
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Review on Mechanisms and Kinetics for Supercritical Water Oxidation Processes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a promising wastewater treatment technology owing to its various advantages such as rapid reactions and non-polluting products. However, problems like corrosion and salt decomposition set obstacles to its commercialization. To address these problems, researchers have been developing the optimal reactor design and strengthening measures based on sufficient understandings of the degradation kinetics. The essence of the SCWO process and the roles of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide are summarized in this work. Then, the research status and progress of empirical models, semi-empirical models, and detailed chemical kinetic models (DCKMs) are systematically reviewed. Additionally, this paper is the first to summarize the research progress of quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics simulation. The challenge and further development of kinetics models for the optimization of reactors and the directional transformation of pollutants are pointed out.
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20
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Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate global warming, humankind has been forced to develop new efficient energy solutions based on renewable energy sources. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology that can efficiently produce bio-oil from several biomass sources. The HTL process uses sub- or supercritical water for producing bio-oil, water-soluble organics, gaseous products and char. Black liquor mainly contains cooking chemicals (mainly alkali salts) lignin and the hemicellulose parts of the wood chips used for cellulose digestion. This review explores the effects of different process parameters, solvents and catalysts for the HTL of black liquor or black liquor-derived lignin. Using short residence times under near- or supercritical water conditions may improve both the quality and the quantity of the bio-oil yield. The quality and yield of bio-oil can be further improved by using solvents (e.g., phenol) and catalysts (e.g., alkali salts, zirconia). However, the solubility of alkali salts present in black liquor can lead to clogging problem in the HTL reactor and process tubes when approaching supercritical water conditions.
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Hydrothermal Depolymerization of Biorefinery Lignin-Rich Streams: Influence of Reaction Conditions and Catalytic Additives on the Organic Monomers Yields in Biocrude and Aqueous Phase. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13051241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal depolymerization of lignin-rich streams (LRS) from lignocellulosic ethanol was successfully carried out in a lab-scale batch reactors unit. A partial depolymerization into oligomers and monomers was achieved using subcritical water as reaction medium. The influence of temperature (300–350–370 °C) and time (5–10 minutes) was investigated to identify the optimal condition on the monomers yields in the lighter biocrude (BC1) and aqueous phase (AP) fractions, focusing on specific phenolic classes as well as carboxylic acids and alcohols. The effect of base catalyzed reactions (2–4 wt. % of KOH) was compared to the control tests as well as to acid-catalyzed reactions obtained with a biphasic medium of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) and subcritical water. KOH addition resulted in enhanced overall depolymerization without showing a strong influence on the phenolic generation, whereas sCO2 demonstrated higher phenolic selectivity even though no effect was observed on the overall products mass yields. In conclusion, a comparison between two different biocrude collection procedures was carried out in order to understand how the selected chemical extraction mode influences the distribution of compounds between BC1 and AP.
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22
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Wanmolee W, Beltramini JN, Atanda L, Bartley JP, Laosiripojana N, Doherty WOS. Effect of HCOOK/Ethanol on Fe/HUSY, Ni/HUSY, and Ni-Fe/HUSY Catalysts on Lignin Depolymerization to Benzyl Alcohols and Bioaromatics. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16980-16993. [PMID: 31646245 PMCID: PMC6796940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the production of benzyl alcohols and bioaromatics via the reductive lignin depolymerization process over Fe/H-style ultrastable Y (HUSY), Ni/HUSY, and Ni-Fe/HUSY catalysts using HCOOK/ETOH in air. Synergy effect between HCOOK and the catalysts improved the depolymerization process, resulting in a higher bio-oil recovery. HCOOK does not act solely as an in situ hydrogen source; it also interacts with lignin to enable its initial depolymerization via a base-catalyzed mechanism to low-molecular-weight fragments, and in tandem with the catalyst, the hydrogenolysis rate of the depolymerized lignin monomers was enhanced. Fe/HUSY displayed an excellent activity for the catalytic reductive step in contrast to Ni/HUSY and Ni-Fe/HUSY by facilitating methoxy group removal via hydrogenolysis, thereby contributing to the yield and stabilization of the low-molecular-weight aromatics [diethyl ether (DEE)-soluble products]. Fe/HUSY gave the highest DEE product yield of >99 wt % and a total benzyl alcohol yield of 16 wt % with a total selectivity of 47 wt % (60 wt % for aromatic alcohols). Fe/HUSY was reused for the lignin depolymerization reaction without much loss of its initial activity, giving 13 wt % yield of benzyl alcohols with a selectivity of 58 wt % (77 wt % for aromatic alcohols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwitoo Wanmolee
- The
Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Jorge N. Beltramini
- IROAST—Chemistry
Department, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities and School of Chemistry,
Physics and
Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Luqman Atanda
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities and School of Chemistry,
Physics and
Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - John P. Bartley
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities and School of Chemistry,
Physics and
Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The
Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
- BIOTEC-JGSEE
Integrative Biorefinery Laboratory, Innovation Cluster 2 Building, 113 Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - William O. S. Doherty
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities and School of Chemistry,
Physics and
Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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Rajesh Banu J, Kavitha S, Yukesh Kannah R, Poornima Devi T, Gunasekaran M, Kim SH, Kumar G. A review on biopolymer production via lignin valorization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121790. [PMID: 31350071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Lignin based biopolymer (value added products) production is the most promising technology in the perspective of lignin valorization and sustainable development. Valorization of lignin gain the potentials to produce biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates, polyhydroxybutyrates, polyurethane etc. However, lignin valorization processes still needs development due to the recalcitrant nature of lignin which restricts its potential to produce valuable products. Many novel extraction strategies have been developed to fragment the lignin structure and make ease the recovery of valuable products. Achieving in depth insights on lignin characteristics and structure will help to understand the metabolic and catalytic degradative pathways needed for lignin valorization. In the view of multipurpose characteristics of lignin for biopolymer production, this review will spot light the potential applications of lignin and lignin based derivatives on biopolymer production, various lignin separation technologies, lignin depolymerization process, biopolymers production strategies and the challenges in lignin valorization will be addressed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rajesh Banu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - S Kavitha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - R Yukesh Kannah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - T Poornima Devi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - M Gunasekaran
- Department of Physics, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Green Processing, Bioremediation and Alternative Energies Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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25
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Wu Z, Zhao X, Zhang J, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang F. Ethanol/1,4-dioxane/formic acid as synergistic solvents for the conversion of lignin into high-value added phenolic monomers. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 278:187-194. [PMID: 30703636 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mixture solvent of ethanol/1,4-dioxane/formic acid (FA) is firstly reported to efficaciously depolymerize industrial lignin to produce high-value added phenolic monomers, in which 1,4-dioxane acts as lignin solvent, ethanol acts as solvent, reactant and in situ hydrogen donor, and FA acts as acid catalyst and in situ hydrogen donor. The effects of solvent composition and reaction conditions on the lignin conversion and product yields were explored, resulting in a low residue yield of 6.57% and a high phenolic monomers yield of 22.4% at 300 °C for 2 h when Kraft lignin was depolymerized in the mixture solvent of ethanol/1,4-dioxane/FA (10:10:2, v/v). Moreover, possible reaction mechanism on lignin depolymerization in the mixture solvent was illustrated, suggesting a favorable synergistic effect among the three components of the mixture solvent. In addition, the satisfactory applicability of the mixture solvent was approved through the feedstock adaptability and recyclability experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Xinxu Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xun Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing 210037, China.
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26
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Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery: Valorization of Lignin-Rich Stream through Hydrothermal Liquefaction. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin-rich stream from lignocellulosic ethanol production at an industrial scale was carried out in a custom-made batch test bench. Light and heavy fractions of the HTL biocrude were collected following an ad-hoc developed two-steps solvent extraction method. A full factorial design of experiment was performed, investigating the influence of temperature, time and biomass-to-water mass ratio (B/W) on product yields, biocrude elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon balance. Total biocrude yields ranged from 39.8% to 65.7% w/w. The Temperature was the main influencing parameter as regards the distribution between the light and heavy fractions of the produced biocrude: the highest amount of heavy biocrude was recovered at 300 °C, while at 350 and 370 °C the yield of the light fraction increased, reaching 41.7% w/w at 370 °C. Instead, the B/W ratio did not have a significant effect on light and heavy biocrude yields. Feedstock carbon content was mainly recovered in the biocrude (up to 77.6% w/w). The distribution between the light and heavy fractions followed the same trend as the yields. The typical aromatic structure of the lignin-rich stream was also observed in the biocrudes, indicating that mainly hydrolysis depolymerization occurred. The weight-average molecular weight of the total biocrude was strictly related to the process temperature, decreasing from 1146 at 300 °C to 565 g mol−1 at 370 °C.
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27
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Solvothermal Conversion of Lignosulfonate Assisted by Ni Catalyst: Investigation of the Role of Ethanol and Ethylene Glycol as Solvents. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8110502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, reductive solvolysis of lignosulfonate using Ni-based catalysts in ethylene glycol (EG) and ethanol (EtOH) at 250 °C was investigated. The liquefied fractions, regarded as oil, were carefully analyzed using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with flame ionization detection (GC-MS-FID). The oil yields from catalytic conversion in EtOH and EG were similar, being 31 and 32 wt.%, respectively. The oil fractions from depolymerization in EtOH had lower molecular weight compared to the oil products in EG, indicating a higher degree of degradation of liquefied products in EtOH. On the other hand, EG showed superior activity in inhibiting condensation reactions; 16 and 46 wt.% tetrahydrofuran (THF) soluble and THF insoluble solid fractions were obtained from conversion in EtOH, while those numbers in EG were 45 and 23 wt.%, respectively. The Ni-based catalyst was introduced to provide active sites for hydrogenation of lignosulfonate fragments released into the solvent. The presence of NiS in the spent catalyst, formed from reaction between Ni and sulfur in the lignosulfonate, was confirmed. The sulfur content in the oil obtained in EtOH was 0.38 wt.%, which in comparison to lignosulfonate with 3.1 wt.% sulfur, indicated a high level of desulfurization.
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28
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Ahmad Z, Mahmood N, Yuan Z, Paleologou M, Xu CC. Effects of Process Parameters on Hydrolytic Treatment of Black Liquor for the Production of Low-Molecular-Weight Depolymerized Kraft Lignin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102464. [PMID: 30261610 PMCID: PMC6222783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research work aimed at hydrolytic treatment of kraft black liquor (KBL) at 200–300 °C for the production of low-molecular-weight depolymerized kraft lignin (DKL). Various process conditions such as reaction temperature, reaction time, initial kraft lignin (KL) substrate concentration, presence of a catalyst (NaOH), capping agent (phenol) or co-solvent (methanol) were evaluated. The research demonstrated effective depolymerization of KL in KBL at 250–300 °C with NaOH as a catalyst at a NaOH/lignin ratio of about 0.3 (w/w) using diluted KBL (with 9 wt. % KL). Treatment of the diluted KBL at 250 °C for 2 h with 5% addition of methanol co-solvent produced DKL with a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 2340 Da, at approx. 45 wt. % yield, and a solid residue at a yield of ≤1 wt. %. A longer reaction time favored the process by reducing the Mw of the DKL products. Adding a capping agent (phenol) helped reduce repolymerization/condensation reactions thereby reducing the Mw of the DKL products, enhancing DKL yield and increasing the hydroxyl group content of the lignin. For the treatment of diluted KBL (with 9 wt. % KL) at 250 °C for 2 h, with 5% addition of methanol co-solvent in the presence of NaOH/lignin ≈ 0.3 (w/w), followed by acidification to recover the DKL, the overall mass balances for C, Na and S were measured to be approx. 74%, 90% and 77%, respectively. These results represent an important step towards developing a cost-effective approach for valorization of KBL for chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Ahmad
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Nubla Mahmood
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Zhongshun Yuan
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | | | - Chunbao Charles Xu
- Institute for Chemicals and Fuels from Alternative Resources (ICFAR), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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29
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Wang C, Zhang S, Wu S, Cao Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Jiang F, Lyu J. Effect of oxidation processing on the preparation of post-hydrothermolysis acid from cotton stalk. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 263:289-296. [PMID: 29753262 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The typical properties and yield of the refined hydrothermolytic acid (RHTA) and refined hydrothermolytic oxidation acid (RHOA) respectively prepared from cotton stalk by the hydrothermolysis process with and without hydrogen peroxide at 180-280 °C were investigated. The pH of RHOA at 180-260 °C is lower than that of RHTA. The yield of RHOA prepared at 180-280 °C is higher than that of RHTA except 230 °C. Besides, the variation trend of RHOA yield at 180-260 °C is in accordance with that of RHTA yield at 200-280 °C. The composition of RHTA and RHOA were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The acids content of RHOA at 200 °C reaches the maximum. The phenols of RHOA at 200-230 °C is significantly higher than that of RHTA. Under oxidation atmosphere, the formation of ketones is inhibited and the secondary reactions of furan derivatives is promoted. Overall, the oxidation processing can alleviate the severe hydrothermolysis conditions for preparing post-hydrothermolysis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiwei Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouyu Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shunyan Wu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyao Cao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghao Jiang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfu Lyu
- Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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30
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Shao L, Zhang Q, You T, Zhang X, Xu F. Microwave-assisted efficient depolymerization of alkaline lignin in methanol/formic acid media. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 264:238-243. [PMID: 29843111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted degradation of alkaline lignin in methanol/formic acid media was investigated, concerning the effect of formic acid (FA) amount, reaction temperature, and reaction time on lignin depolymerization. The highest bio-oil yield of 72.0 wt% including 6.7 wt% monomers was achieved at 160 °C and a FA-to-lignin mass ratio of 4 after a reaction time of 30 min. Among the monomers, the yield of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran was the highest (3.00 wt%), followed by p-coumaric acid (1.59 wt%). Formic acid acted mainly through acid-catalyzed cleavage of the linkages in lignin. Oligomers in bio-oil were mainly composed of dimers (molecular weight: 253-378) and trimers (molecular weight: 379-510) according to the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. A possible mechanism about microwave-assisted depolymerization of lignin in methanol/formic acid media was proposed. This study will provide an efficient approach for lignin depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupeng Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingting You
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueming Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China.
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Duan Z, Shen R, Liu B, Yao M, Jia R. Comprehensive investigation of a dye-decolorizing peroxidase and a manganese peroxidase from Irpex lacteus F17, a lignin-degrading basidiomycete. AMB Express 2018; 8:119. [PMID: 30019324 PMCID: PMC6049852 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Irpex lacteus F17 is well-known for its ability to degrade recalcitrant aromatic pollutants, which mainly results from the action of the manganese peroxidase (MnP) that it is able to produce. Recently, the genome sequencing and annotation of this strain provided comprehensive picture of the ligninolytic peroxidase gene family. In addition to revealing the presence of 13 MnPs, genes for five dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) were also discovered in the I. lacteus F17 genome, which are unrelated to the fungal class II peroxidases. In the present study, amino acid sequences of five DyPs and 13 MnPs, representing two different families of heme peroxidases, were analyzed. Of these, two enzymes, a DyP (Il-DyP4) and a MnP (Il-MnP6) were expressed respectively in Escherichia coli, and were characterized by comparing their molecular models, substrate specificities, and catalytic features. The results showed that Il-DyP4 possessed a higher catalytic efficiency for some representative substrates, and a stronger decolorizing ability to a wide range of synthetic dyes in acidic conditions. Based on electrochemical measurements, Il-DyP4 was found to have a high redox potential of 27 mV at pH 3.5, which was superior to that of Il-MnP6 (− 75 mV), thereby contributing to its ability to oxidize high redox potential substrates, such as veratryl alcohol and polymeric dye Poly R-478. The results highlighted the potential of Il-DyP4 for use in industrial and environmental applications.
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Yang T, Wang J, Li B, Kai X, Xing W, Li R. Behaviors of rice straw two-step liquefaction with sub/supercritical ethanol in carbon dioxide atmosphere. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 258:287-294. [PMID: 29547851 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study extended previous work investigating two-step liquefaction by supercritical ethanol of rice straw under CO2 atmosphere at temperatures of 270-345 °C. Subcritical CO2-subcritical ethanol (SubCO2-SubEtOH) pretreatment decreased the content of lignin in the rice stalk from 22.94 to 21.43 wt%. The results showed that although oxygen-transfer reaction, transesterification, carbonylation, and other reactions may occur with the supercritical CO2-supercritical ethanol (ScCO2-ScEtOH) liquefaction reactions, transesterification was the main reaction. The "de-oxygen-transfer" reaction mainly comprised de-oxygenation and decarboxylation. For temperatures exceeding 320 °C, the bio-oil yield decreased because the effects of esters decreased. The residence time affected the H/C and O/C ratios to a minor extent. It was shown that the nucleophilic and hydrolytic functions of ethanol might be strengthened, generating higher amounts of ester, phenolic, acidic, and hydrocarbon derivatives in the bio-oil fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Bingshuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xingping Kai
- School of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Wanli Xing
- School of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Rundong Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang Aerospace University, Key Laboratory of Clean Energy, Shenyang 110036, China
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33
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Hydrodeoxygenation of fast pyrolysis oil with novel activated carbon-supported NiP and CoP catalysts. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Hakonen KJ, González Escobedo JL, Meriö-Talvio H, Hashmi SF, Karinen RS, Lehtonen J. Ethanol Organosolv Lignin Depolymerization with Hydrogen over a Pd/C Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Johanna Hakonen
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Aalto University; Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - J. Luis González Escobedo
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Aalto University; Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Heidi Meriö-Talvio
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Aalto University; Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Syed F. Hashmi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems; Aalto University; Vuorimiehentie 1 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Reetta S. Karinen
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Aalto University; Kemistintie 1 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Juha Lehtonen
- Bioenergy & Thermochemical Processes; VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; Biologinkuja 5 02150 Espoo Finland
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35
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36
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Cheng C, Shen D, Gu S, Luo KH. State-of-the-art catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin for the production of aromatic chemicals. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin is overviewed, concerning the cleavage of typical inter-unit linkages and the production of aromatic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Cheng
- Key lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Dekui Shen
- Key lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Sai Gu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Surrey
- UK
| | - Kai Hong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
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Duarte ARC, Santo VE, Gomes ME, Reis RL. Supercritical Fluid Technology as a Tool to Prepare Gradient Multifunctional Architectures Towards Regeneration of Osteochondral Injuries. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1058:265-278. [PMID: 29691826 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76711-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platelet lysates (PLs) are a natural source of growth factors (GFs) known for its stimulatory role on stem cells which can be obtained after activation of platelets from blood plasma. The possibility to use PLs as growth factor source for tissue healing and regeneration has been pursued following different strategies. Platelet lysates are an enriched pool of growth factors which can be used as either a GFs source or as a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel. However, most of current PLs-based hydrogels lack stability, exhibiting significant shrinking behavior. This chapter focuses on the application of supercritical fluid technology to develop three-dimensional architectures of PL constructs, crosslinked with genipin. The proposed technology allows in a single step operation the development of mechanically stable porous structures, through chemical crosslinking of the growth factors present in the PL pool, followed by supercritical drying of the samples. Furthermore gradient structures of PL-based structures with bioactive glass are also presented and are described as an interesting approach to the treatment of osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita C Duarte
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal. .,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Vitor E Santo
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Gomes
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Barco/Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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38
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Jia Y, Wen Y, Han X, Qi J, Liu Z, Zhang S, Li G. Electrocatalytic degradation of rice straw lignin in alkaline solution through oxidation on a Ti/SnO2–Sb2O3/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 anode and reduction on an iron or tin doped titanium cathode. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00307f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure for selective production of biomass-based compounds by electrochemical conversion has been developed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Jia
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yeqian Wen
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Xiao Han
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jian Qi
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Songmei Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Gang Li
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Hebei University of Technology
- Tianjin
- China
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39
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Catalytic ethanolysis of Kraft lignin to small-molecular liquid products over an alumina supported molybdenum nitride catalyst. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Ma Z, Tang J, Li S, Suo E. Reactivity improvement of cellulolytic enzyme lignin via mild hydrothermal modification. Bioorg Chem 2017; 75:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Chen M, Ma X, Ma R, Wen Z, Yan F, Cui K, Chen H, Li Y. Ethanolysis of Kraft Lignin over a Reduction-Modified MoO3 Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongdan Li
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Kemistintie 1, Espoo, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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42
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Huang X, Atay C, Zhu J, Palstra SWL, Korányi TI, Boot MD, Hensen EJM. Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin and Woody Biomass in Supercritical Ethanol: Influence of Reaction Temperature and Feedstock. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2017; 5:10864-10874. [PMID: 29142789 PMCID: PMC5678292 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The one-step ethanolysis approach to upgrade lignin to monomeric aromatics using a CuMgAl mixed oxide catalyst is studied in detail. The influence of reaction temperature (200-420 °C) on the product distribution is investigated. At low temperature (200-250 °C), recondensation is dominant, while char-forming reactions become significant at high reaction temperature (>380 °C). At preferred intermediate temperatures (300-340 °C), char-forming reactions are effectively suppressed by alkylation and Guerbet and esterification reactions. This shifts the reaction toward depolymerization, explaining high monomeric aromatics yield. Carbon-14 dating analysis of the lignin residue revealed that a substantial amount of the carbon in the lignin residue originates from reactions of lignin with ethanol. Recycling tests show that the activity of the regenerated catalyst was strongly decreased due to a loss of basic sites due to hydrolysis of the MgO function and a loss of surface area due to spinel oxide formation of the Cu and Al components. The utility of this one-step approach for upgrading woody biomass was also demonstrated. An important observation is that conversion of the native lignin contained in the lignocellulosic matrix is much easier than the conversion of technical lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Huang
- Schuit
Institute of Catalysis, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ceylanpinar Atay
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical
University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jiadong Zhu
- Schuit
Institute of Catalysis, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne W. L. Palstra
- Centre
for Isotope Research, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute
Groningen, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 6, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamás I. Korányi
- Schuit
Institute of Catalysis, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael D. Boot
- Combustion
Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- Schuit
Institute of Catalysis, Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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43
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Shin GJ, Jeong SY, Lee JW. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the residues generated from ethanol concentration of lignocellulosic biomass using pervaporation. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Dier TKF, Rauber D, Durneata D, Hempelmann R, Volmer DA. Sustainable Electrochemical Depolymerization of Lignin in Reusable Ionic Liquids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5041. [PMID: 28698638 PMCID: PMC5505966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin's aromatic building blocks provide a chemical resource that is, in theory, ideal for substitution of aromatic petrochemicals. Moreover, degradation and valorization of lignin has the potential to generate many high-value chemicals for technical applications. In this study, electrochemical degradation of alkali and Organosolv lignin was performed using the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate and triethylammonium methanesulfonate. The extensive degradation of the investigated lignins with simultaneous almost full recovery of the electrolyte materials provided a sustainable alternative to more common lignin degradation processes. We demonstrate here that both the presence (and the absence) of water during electrolysis and proton transport reactions had significant impact on the degradation efficiency. Hydrogen peroxide radical formation promoted certain electrochemical mechanisms in electrolyte systems "contaminated" with water and increased yields of low molecular weight products significantly. The proposed mechanisms were tentatively confirmed by determining product distributions using a combination of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, allowing measurement of both polar versus non-polar as well as volatile versus non-volatile components in the mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias K F Dier
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dan Durneata
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Hempelmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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45
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Sharypov VI, Kusnetsov BN, Yakovlev VA, Beregovtsova NG, Baryshnikov SV. Studying the thermal conversion of acetone lignin in supercritical butanol in the presence of NiCuMo/SiO2 catalysts. CATALYSIS IN INDUSTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s2070050417020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Yang T, Wang J, Li B, Kai X, Li R. Effect of residence time on two-step liquefaction of rice straw in a CO 2 atmosphere: Differences between subcritical water and supercritical ethanol. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 229:143-151. [PMID: 28110231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of temperature and residence time on liquefaction of rice straw in subcritical CO2-subcritical water (subCO2-subH2O) and in subcritical CO2-supercritical ethanol (subCO2-scEtOH), considering the final reaction temperatures (270-345°C) and residence times (15 and 30min). Residence time was identified as a crucial parameter in the subCO2-subH2O liquefaction, whereas residence time had a marginal influence on subCO2-scEtOH liquefaction. When reaction conditions were 320°C and 15min, solvents have weak impact on the quality of bio-oil, HHV 28.57MJ/kg and 28.62MJ/kg, respectively. There was an obvious difference between the subCO2-subH2O and subCO2-scEtOH liquefaction mechanisms. In subCO2-subH2O, CO2 promoted the carbonyl reaction. In subCO2-scEtOH, supercritical ethanol have the function of donating hydrogen and promoting the reaction of hydroxyl-alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China
| | - Bingshuo Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xingping Kai
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China
| | - Rundong Li
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy of Liaoning, College of Energy and Environment, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, PR China.
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47
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Liu Q, Li P, Liu N, Shen D. Lignin depolymerization to aromatic monomers and oligomers in isopropanol assisted by microwave heating. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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48
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Kim JY, Park SY, Lee JH, Choi IG, Choi JW. Sequential solvent fractionation of lignin for selective production of monoaromatics by Ru catalyzed ethanolysis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of lignin structure, especially its average molecular weight (Mw) on the distribution of catalytically depolymerized products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Kim
- Department of Forest Sciences
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Young Park
- Department of Forest Sciences
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Forest Sciences
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Forest Sciences
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Science
- Seoul National University
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology
- Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology
- Seoul National University
- Pyeongchang 232-916
- Republic of Korea
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49
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Xue BL, Huang PL, Sun YC, Li XP, Sun RC. Hydrolytic depolymerization of corncob lignin in the view of a bio-based rigid polyurethane foam synthesis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26318f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corncob lignin was efficiently depolymerized in an isopropanol–water mixture with NaOH as catalyst into bio-polyols with low molecular weight and suitable hydroxyl number in view of the preparation of a bio-based rigid polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Liang Xue
- College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering
| | - Pan-Li Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Yong-Chang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region
- Ministry of Education
- Chang'an University
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Xin-Ping Li
- College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Science & Technology
- Xi'an
- China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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50
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Naseem A, Tabasum S, Zia KM, Zuber M, Ali M, Noreen A. Lignin-derivatives based polymers, blends and composites: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:296-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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