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Yu Y, Chen J, Ding A, Wang C, Wang Y, Yang L. Synthesis of a Novel P/N-Triazine-Containing Ring Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:871. [PMID: 38611130 PMCID: PMC11013841 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To meet the environmental protection and flame retardancy requirements for epoxy resins (EPs) in certain fields, in this study, a novel triazine-ring-containing DOPO-derived compound (VDPD), derived from vanillin, 2,4-Diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), was synthesized using a one-pot method. Flame-retardant epoxy resin (FREP) was prepared by adding various ratios of VDPD to EP and curing with 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). The curing behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant properties of the FREP were examined in various tests. According to the results, when the amount of VDPD added to the EP increased, the glass transition temperature of the FREP decreased linearly, and the flame-retardant properties gradually improved. With a 0.4 wt.% P content, the vertical burning rating of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 (according to the theoretical content of VDPD) reached the V-0 level, and the LOI value reached 33.1%. In addition, the results of a CCT showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased by 32% in comparison with that of the EP. Furthermore, compared with those of the EP, the tensile strength of EP/DDM/VDPD-0.4 decreased from 80.2 MPa to 74.3 MPa, only decreasing by 6 MPa, and the tensile modulus increased. Overall, VDPD can maintain the mechanical properties of EP and effectively improve its flame-retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Junlei Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Anxin Ding
- Institute of Advanced Material Manufacturing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Changzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Y.); (C.W.); (Y.W.)
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2
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Li P, Wang J, Wang C, Xu C, Ni A. The Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of the Epoxy Modified by an Efficient DOPO-Based Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:631. [PMID: 38475315 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the mechanical performance reduction caused by excessive phosphorus content in the halogen-free flame-retardant EP has been an obstacle to its extensive application. This study presents the effective synthesis of a novel flame-retardant BDD with great efficiency, achieving an optimum phosphorus level of merely 0.25 wt %. The structure of BDD was verified by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR and XPS spectra. To investigate the flame-retardant properties of BDD, several EPs with various phosphorus levels were synthesized. The addition of phosphorus to the EP significantly increases its LOI value from 25.8% to 33.4% at a phosphorus level of 0.25 wt%. Additionally, the resin achieves a V-0 grade in the UL 94 test. The P-HRR and THR of the modified resin measured by the cone calorimeter are also significantly reduced. At the same time, the addition of a modest quantity of BDD has a minimal impact on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. This study shows that the removal of hydroxyl groups significantly enhances the fire resistance of phosphate-based flame retardants, thereby providing a novel approach to synthesizing efficient flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jihui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changzeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengxin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aiqing Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Ma X, Kang N, Zhang Y, Min Y, Yang J, Ban D, Zhao W. Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression in Epoxy Resin Composites with Sulfur-Phosphorous Reactive Flame Retardant. Molecules 2023; 29:227. [PMID: 38202810 PMCID: PMC10780495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of massive amounts of toxic volatiles and smoke during combustion is a very serious problem facing epoxy resin (EP) composites. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) can simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and reduce the release of smoke and fatal gases. Herein, a novel sulfur-phosphorous reactive flame retardant (SPMS) was synthesized for epoxy resin. The high efficiency of smoke suppression and flame retardancy of the EP/SPMS-APP hybrid was investigated using a cone calorimeter, a vertical burning test, and limited oxygen index measurements. Compared with those of pure EP, the composite with 20 wt% SPMS-APP reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the peak smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production rate (TSR) by 82%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. The results showed a remarkable suppressed effect of alleviating the fire hazard of EP using a sulfur-phosphorus flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ni Kang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yonghang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yang Min
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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4
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Pan Y, Zhou Y, Du X, Xu W, Lu Y, Wang F, Jiang M. Preparation of Bio-Foam Material from Steam-Exploded Corn Straw by In Situ Esterification Modification. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092222. [PMID: 37177369 PMCID: PMC10180570 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we engineered a corn-straw-based bio-foam material under the inspiration of the intrinsic morphology of the corn stem. The explosion pretreatment was applied to obtain a fibrillated cellulose starting material rich in lignin. The in situ esterification of cellulose was adopted to improve the cross-linking network of the as-developed foam bio-material. The esterification of lignin was observed in the same procedure, which provides a better cross-linking interaction. The esterified corn-straw-derived bio-foam material showed excellent elastic resilience performance with an elastic recovery ratio of 83% and an elastic modulus of 20 kPa. Meanwhile, with surface modification by hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene-functionalized lignin as the flame retardant (Lig-HCCP), the as-obtained bio-foam material demonstrated quite a good flame retardancy (with 27.3% of the LOI), as well as a heat insulation property. The corn-straw-derived bio-foam material is prospected to be a potential substitution packaging material for widely used petroleum-derived products. This work provides a new value-added application of the abundant agricultural straw biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yufan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaoqing Du
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Wangjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), Chengdu 610031, China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Waldin NA, Jamain Z. The Effect of Alkyl Terminal Chain Length of Schiff-Based Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives towards Epoxy Resins on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061431. [PMID: 36987211 PMCID: PMC10051550 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of Schiff-based cyclotriphosphazenes with different alkyl chain length terminal ends, 4a (dodecyl) and 4b (tetradecyl), were synthesized and the structures were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The flame-retardant and mechanical properties of the epoxy resin (EP) matrix were examined. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 4a (26.55%) and 4b (26.71%) revealed a good increment compared to pure EP (22.75%). The LOI results corresponded to their thermal behavior studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the char residue analyzed under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The mechanical properties of EP showed a positive impact on tensile strength with a trend of EP < 4a < 4b. The tensile strength went from 8.06 N/mm2 (pure EP) to 14.36 and 20.37 N/mm2, indicating that the additives were compatible with epoxy resin.
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6
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Hou Z, Ye X, Qi Y, Xu S, Xu Z, Bao D, Zhang D, Cai X, Zou G, Wen Z. Effect of compound system of bifunctional flame-retardant based on DOPS/phosphazene structure and ammonium polyphosphate on flame retardancy of epoxy resin. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2136669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuzhao Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Songjiang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhiyan Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dongmei Bao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guanglong Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, China
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7
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A crosslinked organic/inorganic functionalized graphene containing hybrid engineering to improve the flame retardancy of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Amino Phenyl Copper Phosphate-Bridged Reactive Phosphaphenanthrene to Intensify Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020623. [PMID: 36677680 PMCID: PMC9861604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To improve the compatibility between flame retardant and epoxy resin (EP) matrix, amino phenyl copper phosphate-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxygen-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (CuPPA-DOPO) is synthesized through surface grafting, which is blended with EP matrix to prepare EP/CuPPA-DOPO composites. The amorphous structure of CuPPA-DOPO is characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the agglomeration of hybrids is improved, resisting the intense intermolecular attractions on account of the acting force between CuPPA and DOPO. The results of thermal analysis show that CuPPA-DOPO can promote the premature decomposition of EP and increase the residual amount of EP composites. It is worth mentioning that EP/6 wt% CuPPA-DOPO composites reach UL-94 V-1 level and limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.6%. Meanwhile, their peak heat release rate (PHRR), peak smoke production release (PSPR) and CO2 production (CO2P) are decreased by 52.5%, 26.1% and 41.4%, respectively, compared with those of EP. The inhibition effect of CuPPA-DOPO on the combustion of EP may be due to the release of phosphorus and ammonia free radicals, as well as the catalytic charring ability of metal oxides and phosphorus phases.
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9
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Lu J, Cai B, Xu W, Wang L, Luo Z, Wang B. A Nitrogen-Rich DOPO-Based Derivate for Increasing Fire Resistance of Epoxy Resin with Comparable Transparency. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16020519. [PMID: 36676259 PMCID: PMC9865245 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To endow synergistically epoxy resin (EP) with excellent fire resistance and high optical transparency, a nitrogen-rich DOPO-based derivate (named as FATP) was synthesized and incorporated into EP. It showed that the incorporation of the FATP reduced the fire hazard of the EP, as demonstrated by the fact that the EP/4% FATP blends gained a UL-94 V-0 rating and an LOI value of 35%, with the lowest values of the THR (86.7 MJ/m2), the PHRR (1059.3 kW/m2), and the TSP (89.6 MJ/m2). The presence of the FATP also reduced the thermal stability and the crosslinking density whilst improving the curing reaction and the storage modulus of the EP/FATP blends. The TG-FTIR spectra showed that •HPO/•PO free radicals and some nonflammable gases (HN3 and NH3) were produced during the pyrolysis, and the characterization (SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS) of char residues confirmed that the FATP facilitated the formation of continuous and compact carbon layers of greater graphitization degree. It was thus concluded that the FATP played the flame-retardant roles in both the gas and condensed phases. Furthermore, the FREPs kept almost identical transparency as the pristine EP, and mechanical properties were also slightly enhanced. The FREPs presented in this work show promising applications in the fields of advanced optical technology.
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Sun H, Zhu Y, Xu H, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Ma Y, Sui X, Wang B, Feng X, Mao Z. Fire retardant polyethylene terephthalate containing 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol-substituted cyclotriphosphazene microspheres. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221145881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphazene derivatives are gaining popularity due to their eco-friendly character and high content of flame-retardant components. Herein, a polyphosphazene derivative (PZAF) microsphere was successfully synthesized utilizing an in-situ template approach, which was then employed as an additive flame retardant in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to improve the fire safety. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PZAF promoted the pyrolysis of PET in advance to generate a stable char layer that protects the matrix from heat, consequently increasing char residues. With addition of 10 wt% PZAF, the PET nanocomposites obtained a V-0 grade in vertical combustion test and its LOI value increased from 24.2 vol% to 32.1 vol%. Moreover, the peak heat release and carbon monoxide production decreased by 46.6% and 50.6%, respectively. This was because the phosphonic acid fragments and pyridine ring compounds produced by the PZAF pyrolysis encouraged the development of a robust char layer. Meanwhile, the •PO radicals generated by the pyrolysis of PZAF could capture free radicals in the gas phase, ultimately ending the chain reaction of combustion. Also, mechanical properties of the PET nanocomposites were noticeably enhanced by the addition of 3 or 5 wt% PZAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Sun
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuanzhao Zhu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- National Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing & Finishing Technology, Shandong Zhongkang Guochuang Research Institute of Advanced Dyeing & Finishing Technology Co., Ltd., Taian City, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Linping Zhang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yimeng Ma
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Bijia Wang
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Textile Intelligent Manufacturing, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Stakhanov AI, Elmanovich IV, Kravchenko EI, Khakina EA, Pavlov AA, Kharitonova EP, Lokshin BV, Gallyamov MO. New fluorinated cyclophosphazenes: synthesis, properties, applications. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2150850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey I. Stakhanov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V. Elmanovich
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia I. Kravchenko
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Khakina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander A. Pavlov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Elena P. Kharitonova
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Boris V. Lokshin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marat O. Gallyamov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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12
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Nergiz K, Demirhan N. Synthesis of a new phenoxy-cyclophosphazene derivative Schiff base and its Ru(II), Co(III) complexes. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-220039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new phenoxy cyclophosphazene derivative bis(2-formyl-phenyl)4,4,6,6-bis[spiro(2’,2”-dioxy-1’,1”biphenylyl)]cyclotriphosphazene (P2) was synthesis in by the reactions between 2,2-dichloro-4,4,6,6-bis[spiro(2’,2”-dioxy-1’,1”biphenylyl)]cyclotriphosphazene (P1) with salicyl aldehyde in presence of K2CO3 at room temperature in THF under argon atmosphere, and the new phenoxy cyclophosphazene derivative Schiff bases which are containing long-chain alkyl groups and salicyl aldehyde, bis[spiro(2’,2”-dioxy-1’,1”biphenylyl)2,3-diphenoxy-2-imidododesyl]cyclotriphosphazene (P3) synthesized by condensation reactions in suitable conditions with (P2) and dodecylamine. Synthesized ligands have been investigated with the methods of FTIR, 31P NMR, Uv-vis, MS spectroscopies, elemental and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC). Co(III), Ru(II) complexes were synthesized (L/M) 1:2 ratio and characterized FTIR, UV-vis and MS spectra, together with elemental and thermal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Nergiz
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nebahat Demirhan
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
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Afshari M, Dinari M. Improving the Reaction-to-Fire Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane by New Phosphazene-Triazinyl-Based Covalent Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49003-49013. [PMID: 36282083 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an approach to simultaneously improve fire resistance and mechanical performance of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was introduced through the penetration of a conjugated network containing nitrogen and phosphorus elements. For this purpose, a Bg-HCCP COF was synthesized through a solvothermal method from benzoguanamine (Bg) and hexachlorophosphazene (HCCP) monomers. Then, it was combined with TPU using the wet mixing method. The TPU/Bg-HCCP composites showed better mechanical strength than the untreated sample. The fire safety of TPU/Bg-HCCP composites was greatly improved by increasing the Bg-HCCP contents. The reduction of the peak heat release rate and the total heat release for the TPU/Bg-HCCP composite with 3 wt % Bg-HCCP were about 44.8 and 60.4%, respectively. Besides, the results showed that adding Bg-HCCP to TPU significantly improved the suppression of smoke generation so that 3% by weight of the fire retardant reduced the total smoke released by 53.1%. It also decreased the peak of the carbon monoxide production rate by 26.5%. Generally, our research provides a promising strategy for constructing flame-retardant composites with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Afshari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan84156-83111, Islamic Republic of Iran
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14
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Cai B, Qian L, Qiu Y, Wang J, Xi W, Chen Y, Tang W. Group aggregation effect of polyphenolic phosphaphenanthrene macromolecule on enhancing fire safety and toughness of epoxy thermoset. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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15
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Zhou X, Chu F, Qiu S. Effects of phenylphosphonate and aliphatic phosphonate structures on the flame retardant performance of bismaleimide. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Liu Y, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Developing intrinsic halogen-free and phosphorus-free flame retardant biobased benzoxazine resins with superior thermal stability and high strength. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Guo Y, Rong H, Chen Z, Chen T, Yu Y, Zhang X, Chu Y, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. A novel DOPO derivative containing multifunctional groups aiming to improve fire safety, thermal stability and curing state towards epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Usri SNK, Jamain Z, Makmud MZH. Fire Retardancy and Dielectric Strength of Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds with Schiff Base and Ester Linking Units Attached to the Electron-Withdrawing Side Arm. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204378. [PMID: 36297959 PMCID: PMC9611927 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of compounds with Schiff base and ester linking units attached to the electron-withdrawing side arm (Cl, NO2, and OH) have been successfully synthesized through four schemes of the chemical route. These compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis. The epoxy resin was used as a matrix of molding to observe the refinement of fire-retardant properties of the modified cyclotriphosphazene compounds. The fire-retardant testing was done using Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI). The LOI value of pure epoxy resin was increased from 22.75% to 24.71% when incorporated with 1 wt.% of hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Interestingly, all the final compounds gave a positive increment in the LOI value and the highest LOI value was obtained from the compound containing a nitro side arm with LOI value of 26.90%. In order to understand the thermal stability of these compounds, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was carried out. The compound with the nitro group at the terminal end has the highest char residue which is 34.2% at 700 °C. This indicated that the presence of the nitro withdrawing group was able to enhance the fire retardancy of the materials. Based on SEM observation, the shape of the final compound’s char residue demonstrated the formation of a porous protective layer with a dense surface. The dielectric property was conducted according to ASTM D149 AC breakdown voltage to determine its dielectric strength. The results showed that the highest dielectric strength value belonged to the compound containing a nitro group side arm with 24.41 kV/mm−1 due to the π electron delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Khalidah Usri
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zuhair Jamain
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Future Material and Sustainable Energy (FuSE) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud
- Future Material and Sustainable Energy (FuSE) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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19
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Improvement of the flame retardant and thermomechanical properties of epoxy resins by a vanillin-derived cyclotriphosphazene-cored triazole compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Enhanced fire-proofing performance and crystallizability of bio-based poly(L-lactic acid): Dual functions of a Schiff base-containing synergistic flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:305-324. [PMID: 36150571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) is a kind of important bio-macromolecule which can be prepared via fermentation of starch of maize and sweet potato. Flammability and extremely poor crystallizability limited its wide application. In this work, a novel Schiff base derivate (CP) was synthesized and, combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as a synergistic flame retardant and nucleating agent to investigate its effects on LOI, UL-94 rating, thermal stability, combustion behavior and crystallizability of PLA. With loading of 5%CP/10%APP, PLA showed a significantly enhanced LOI and passed V-0 fire-safety rating with self-extinguish effect. PLA/5%CP/10%APP presented the lowest pHRR, THR and TSR, and highest char residue yield, FPI and FRI in cone calorimetry test, indicating an excellent flame retardancy effect, enhanced fire safety and longer escaping time in the fire. A continuous, compact and thick char layer structure formed as a protective barrier in combustion process, to enhance heat-insulating and oxygen resistance property, thermal stability and smoke-suppressing capacity of PLA. Flame retardancy mechanism was proposed and discussed based on comprehensive and in-depth characterization techniques. Also, 5%CP/10%APP presented a good nucleation effect to enormously increase crystallizability and shorten crystallization time of PLA.
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21
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Mohd Taip NA, Jamain Z, Palle I. Fire-Retardant Property of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives with Schiff Base Linking Unit Applied as an Additives in Polyurethane Coating for Wood Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183768. [PMID: 36145913 PMCID: PMC9503959 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphaze derivatives containing Schiff base linkages were successfully synthesized and characterized. The series contains different terminal substituents of pentyl and tetradecyl. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHN) elemental analysis were used to characterize the intermediates and final compounds, while the thermal stability of the final compounds is evaluated with a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test. The final compounds are physically added to the polyurethane coating formulation and then applied to the wood panel using a brush and the compound’s fire-retardant properties are evaluated using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. In this research, compound 3b showed good thermal stability compared to compound 3a. In terms of LOI results, polyurethane with an LOI value of 21.90% was employed as a matrix for wood coating and the value increased to 24.90% when this polyurethane is incorporated with 1 wt.% of the compound 3b. The increase in the LOI value indicates that the wood coating containing hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds exhibits excellent fire-retardant properties as additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Atiqah Mohd Taip
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zuhair Jamain
- Organic Synthesis and Advanced Materials (OSAM) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ismawati Palle
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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22
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Wang J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Zhu Z, Huang Y, Tian T, Zhou Y, Bi L. Low flammability epoxy resin enabled by a phosphaphenanthrene-based oligomer. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Zhang Y, Pan D, Chang C, Liu H, Liu Z. Preparation of a multifunctional flame retardant epoxy resin containing phosphorus and nitrogen and study of its properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Dawei Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Changfan Chang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Research and Development Sino Polymer Co., Ltd of East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Zuozhen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Department of Research and Development Sino Polymer Co., Ltd of East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
- Shanghai Huayi resin Co., Ltd Shanghai China
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24
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Cui J, Yu H, Li T, Zhu Y, Zhu A, Mao X, Qi C, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Tian L. Improvement of mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resin by phosphorylated cyclotriphosphazene hyperbranched polymeric flame retardants. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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25
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Pyrolysis Combustion Characteristics of Epoxy Asphalt Based on TG-MS and Cone Calorimeter Test. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144973. [PMID: 35888440 PMCID: PMC9315708 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To examine the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of epoxy asphalt, the heat and smoke release characteristics were analyzed via TG-MS and cone calorimeter tests, and the surface morphology of residual carbon after pyrolysis and combustion was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the smoke produce rate of epoxy asphalt was high in the early stage, and then sharply decreased. Moreover, the total smoke produced was close to that of base asphalt, and the surface of residual carbon presented an irregular network structure, which was rough and loose, and had few holes, however most of them existed in the form of embedded nonpenetration. The heat and smoke release characteristics of epoxy asphalt showed that it is not a simple fusion of base asphalt and epoxy resin. Instead, they promote, interact with, and affect each other, and the influence of epoxy resin was greater than that of base asphalt.
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26
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Seraji SM, Gan H, Le N, Zhang J, Varley RJ. The effect of DOPO concentration and epoxy‐amine stoichiometry on the rheological, thermal, mechanical and fire‐retardant properties of crosslinked networks. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Seraji
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Houlei Gan
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Nguyen‐Duc Le
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Juan Zhang
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Russell J. Varley
- Carbon Nexus at the Institute for Frontier Materials Deakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
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27
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Zhi M, Yang X, Fan R, Yue S, Zheng L, Liu Q, He Y. A comprehensive review of reactive flame-retardant epoxy resin: fundamentals, recent developments, and perspectives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems containing non-reactive DOPO based phosphorus additives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Şenkuytu E, Akbaş N, Yıldırım T, Çiftçi GY. The bioactive new type paraben decorated dispiro-cyclotriphosphaze compounds: synthesis, characterization and cytotoxic activity studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Ding H, Luo Z, Wang B. A phosphorus/sulfur‐containing compound toward simultaneously endowing epoxy resin with good flame retardancy and high transparency. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu China
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31
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Sun Y, Wang Z, Wu D, Wang X, Yu J, Yuan R, Li F. A phosphorus-containing flame retardant with thermal feature suitable for polyamide 6 and its filaments with enhanced anti-dripping performance. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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33
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Yu H, Tian L, Zhu Y, Zhu A, Mao X, Yang B, Guo J, Mu B, Cui J. Effect of cyclophosphazene nucleated hyperbranched polyester on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Yingxue Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Anjun Zhu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Baoping Yang
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Junhong Guo
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Bo Mu
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
| | - Jinfeng Cui
- School of Petrochemical Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China
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34
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Wang Y, Yang N, Soldatov M, Liu H. A novel phosphazene-based amine-functionalized porous polymer with high adsorption ability for I2, dyes and heavy metal ions. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Wang X, Zhou C, Dai S, Wang J, Pan Z, Zhou H. Function of chitosan in a
DOPO
‐based flame retardant modified epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chenyu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shengsong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Junjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhiquan Pan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan China
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36
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DOPO/Silicon/CNT Nanohybrid Flame Retardants: Toward Improving the Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030565. [PMID: 35160554 PMCID: PMC8838260 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel DOPO/silicon/CNT nanohybrid flame retardants (FR-CNTs) were synthesized and FR-CNTs were introduced into epoxy resins through thermal curing process. The SEM and TEM results indicate that CNTs distribute uniformly in epoxy resins due to the good dispersion of CNTs in DOPO/silicon/CNT nanohybrid flame retardants. The thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of EP/FR-CNTs composites are improved, which is attributed to the good dispersion of DOPO/silicon/CNT nanohybrid. The cone calorimeter results demonstrate that FR-CNTs can reduce peak heat release and the release of toxic gas effectively compared with EP/CNTs and EP/CNT/FR composites. The char-residue analysis indicates that the improved flame-retardant properties are due to the char-reinforcing effects and the catalyzing charring effect of FR-CNTs, which provides enough time for flame retardants to trap radicals. Generally, the char layers, which act as insulating barrier, can reduce the releasing of flammable gases and protect the underlying epoxy resins from the heat source.
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37
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Qiu S, Liang J, Hou Y, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Wang J, Zou B, Xing W, Hu Y. Hindered phenolic antioxidant passivation of black phosphorus affords air stability and free radical quenching. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 606:1395-1409. [PMID: 34492475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As an antioxidant, hindered phenol scavenges free radicals. Due to the oxidative degradation of black phosphorus (BP) in the presence of water and oxygen, free radical quenching of hindered phenol antioxidants can solve this issue and improve the environmental stability and flame retardant efficiency of BP. Herein, hydroxyl-modified BP (BP-OH) with active groups on the surface was obtained by hydroxylation, and then the hindered phenol antioxidant was grafted onto the surface of BP-OH through an isophorone diisocyanate bridging covalent reaction to obtain hindered phenol-modified BP (BP-HPL). The fire hazard of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) can be significantly reduced by introducing BP-HPL into TPU. Adding 2 wt% BP-HPL can reduce the heat release rate and total heat release values of TPU by 49.9% and 49.0%, respectively. In addition, the reductions in smoke volume and carbon monoxide production were also significant. Compared with BP-OH, the environmental stability of BP-HPL is significantly improved. This work provides a reference for the application of BP in the field of fire safety and simultaneously achieves the improvement of the environmental stability and flame retardant performance of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuilai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Jing Liang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yanbei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
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38
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Jeevananthan V, Shanmugan S. Halogen-free layered double hydroxide-cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate flame retardants: effects of cyclotriphosphazene di, tetra and hexacarboxylate intercalation on layered double hydroxides against the combustible epoxy resin coated on wood substrates. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23322-23336. [PMID: 36090417 PMCID: PMC9380775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of halogen-free flame retardants as environmentally friendly and renewable materials for heat and fire-resistant applications in the field of electronics is important to ensure safety measures. In this regard, we have proposed a simple and halogen-free strategy for the synthesis of flame retardant LDH-PN materials to decrease the fire hazards of epoxy resin (EP), via a co-precipitation reaction between Mg(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 and the subsequent incorporation of different cyclotriphosphazene (PN) carboxylate anions. The cyclotriphosphazene-based di, tetra and hexacarboxylate-intercalated layered double hydroxides are designated as LDH-PN-DC, LDH-PN-TC and LDH-PN-HC, respectively. Furthermore, the intercalation of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate anions into the LDH layers was confirmed by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, solid-state 31P NMR, nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis (BET), HR-SEM and XPS. Evaluation of the flame retardant (vertical burning test and limiting oxygen index) properties was demonstrated by formulating the LDH-PN materials with epoxy resin (EP) in different ratios coated on wood substrates to achieve the desired behaviour of the EP/LDH-PN composites. Structure–property analysis reveals that EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt% achieved a V0 rating in the UL-94 V test and achieved higher LOI values (27.7 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and 29 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt%) compared to the epoxy-coated wood substrate (23.2 vol%), whereas EP/LDH-PN-DC failed in the vertical burning test for various weight percentages of LDH-PN-DC from 5 wt% to 20 wt% in the composites, with a lower LOI value of 22.1 vol%. Excellent flame retardancy was observed for EP/LDH-PN-TC and EP/LDH-PN-HC due to the presence of more binding sites of carboxylate anions in the LDH layers and less or no spiro groups in cyclotriphosphazene compared to that in EP/LDH-PN-DC. In addition, the synergistic flame retardant effect of the combination of LDH and cyclotriphosphazene on the epoxy resin composites remains very effective in creating a non-volatile protective film on the surface of the wood substrate to shelter it from air, absorb the heat and increase the ignition time, which prevents the supply of oxygen during the combustion process. The results of this study show that the proposed strategy for designing flame-retardant properties represents the state-of-the-art, competent coating of inorganic materials for the protection and functionalization of wood substrates. The flame retardant properties of the different types of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate-intercalated LDH materials are emphasized by increasing the number of binding sites and decreasing the number of spiro groups in the cyclotriphosphazene core.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Jeevananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Shanmugan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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39
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Peng W, Xu YX, Nie SB, Yang W. A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30943-30954. [PMID: 35498916 PMCID: PMC9041298 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades. However, a satisfactory flame retardant effect requires high loading of most phosphorus-containing flame retardants, resulting in the deterioration of the thermo-mechanical properties of the flame retardant epoxy materials. To obtain the flame retardant EP with excellent comprehensive properties, a furfurylamine-derived bis-DOPO derivative (FA-bis-DOPO) was synthesized from bio-mass as a co-curing agent for the flame retardant EP. The incorporation of FA-bis-DOPO improved the mechanical strength, the storage modulus and the glass transition temperature of the flame retardant epoxy materials, owing to its stiffness and reactivity with the epoxy matrix to enhance the crosslinking density. The EP material containing 5.0 wt% of FA-bis-DOPO had an LOI of 31.0% and UL-94 V-0 rating, while the pristine EP had an LOI of 23.5% and failed in the UL-94 test, manifesting the high flame retardant efficiency of FA-bis-DOPO. Besides, the cone calorimeter results demonstrated that the PHRR, THR, and TSP values of the EP/FA-bis-DOPO-5.0 were 28.0%, 27.3%, and 9.9% lower than those of the pristine EP, respectively. The flame retardant mechanism of FA-bis-DOPO could be attributed to the combined vapor and condensed phase mechanisms which involved the interruption of the combustion chain reaction by quenching radicals and the inhibition of the transfer of pyrolytic volatile products by catalytic formation of an intact and compact char layer. Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xuan Xu
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Shi-Bin Nie
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Safety Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 P. R. China
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Liu SH, Ke CY, Chiang CL. Thermal Stability, Smoke Density, and Flame Retardance of Ecotype Bio-Based Flame Retardant Agricultural Waste Bagasse/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172977. [PMID: 34503018 PMCID: PMC8434128 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, agricultural waste bagasse was used as a bio-based flame retardant for reducing the flammability of epoxy. Specifically, an interpenetrating network (IPN) was formed through a ring opening reaction between the hydroxyl functional group of bagasse and the epoxy group of triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), forming Bagasse@TGIC. Next, 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) was mixed with Bagasse@TGIC, inducing a reaction between the active hydrogen of DOPO and the epoxy group of TGIC, ultimately forming Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO with an IPN structure. Finally, the novel flame retardant was added to epoxy to create a composite. The integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) of pure epoxy is 619 °C; after the introduction of the 30 wt% flame retardant, the IPDT of the resultant composite material increased to 799 °C, greatly increasing the thermal stability by 29%. After the addition of the Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO flame retardant, the limiting oxygen index increased from 21% for the pure epoxy to 29% for the composite, and the UL-94 rating improved from failing rating for the pure epoxy and V-0 rating for the composite. The Raman spectrum indicated that the addition of Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO IPN substantially increased the biochar yield during the burning process, increasing thermal stability. These results confirmed that the epoxy/Bagasse@TGIC@DOPO composite had substantial flame retarding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hao Liu
- Department of Ammunition Engineering and Explosion Technology, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
| | - Cing-Yu Ke
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2631-8652-4008
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Usri SNK, Jamain Z, Makmud MZH. A Review on Synthesis, Structural, Flame Retardancy and Dielectric Properties of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2916. [PMID: 34502956 PMCID: PMC8433970 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is a ring compound consisting of an alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atom with two chlorine substituents attached to the phosphorus atom. The six chlorine atoms attached to this cyclo compound can be substituted with any different nucleophile that leads to changes in different chemical and physical properties. The major topics that were investigated in this research are the flame retardancy and dielectric properties of cyclotriphosphazene compounds. Cyclotriphosphazene compounds have high potential to act as a flame retardant, and this compound consists of two active elements attributed to its high flame-retardant character. This compound also demonstrated good ability as a flame retardant due to its low toxicity and less smoke produced. In addition, cyclotriphosphazene compounds were also investigated for their dielectric properties. Cyclotriphosphazene has high potential in the electrical field since it has dielectric properties that can be widely studied in the investigation of any potential application. This review presented literature studies focused on recent research development and studies in the field of cyclotriphosphazene that focused on synthesis, structural, flame retardancy, and dielectric properties of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuhair Jamain
- Sustainable Materials and Renewable Energy (SMRE) Research Group, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia; (S.N.K.U.); (M.Z.H.M.)
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İbişoğlu H, Ün ŞŞ, Erdemir E, Tümay SO. Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of cyclotriphosphazenes containing quinoline-4-aldehyde- p-oxyanil moieties. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2021.1920591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanife İbişoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Şule Şahin Ün
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Eda Erdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Süreyya Oğuz Tümay
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Ning K, Zhou LL, Zhao B. A novel aminothiazole-based cyclotriphosphazene derivate towards epoxy resins for high flame retardancy and smoke suppression. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Preparation of a halogen-free flame retardant and its effect on the poly(L-lactic acid) as the flame retardant material. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The
Bi‐DOPO
derivative functionalized graphene oxide: Preparation and its flame‐retardation on epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fang M, Qian J, Wang X, Chen Z, Guo R, Shi Y. Synthesis of a Novel Flame Retardant Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Silicon and Its Application in Epoxy Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7094-7105. [PMID: 33748623 PMCID: PMC7970578 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (TDA) containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon was synthesized successfully via a controllable ring-opening addition reaction between 1,3,5-triglycidyl isocyanurate, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and TDA was then blended with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A to prepare flame-retardant epoxy resins (EPs). The chemical structure and components of TDA were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that after the introduction of TDA, cured EP maintained good thermal stability with a minimum initial decomposition temperature of 337.6 °C, and the char yields of a EP/TDA-5 sample significantly increased by 76.2% compared with that of the neat EP thermoset. Additionally, with the addition of 25.0 wt % TDA (1.05 wt % phosphorus loading), the limited oxygen index value of cured EP increased from 22.5% of pure EP to 33.4%, and vertical burning V-0 rating was easily achieved. Meanwhile, after the incorporation of TDA, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP/TDA-5 sample obviously reduced by 28.9 and 27.7% in the cone calorimeter test, respectively. Flame-retardant performances and flame-retardant mechanisms were further analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, energy-dispersive spectrometry, and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon plays an excellent flame-retardant role in both gaseous and condensed phases. In addition, the mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of cured EP thermosets are well maintained rather than destroyed. All the results demonstrate that TDA endows epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy and possesses great promise in the industrial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruilin Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Specially Functional Polymeric Materials and Related
Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science
and Engineering, East China University of
Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yifeng Shi
- Hangzhou
Rongfang Pressure Sensitive New Material Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200237, China
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Promotion of the flame retardancy of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide grafted natural rubber using expandable graphite. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Dagdag O, Bachiri AE, Hamed O, Haldhar R, Verma C, Ebenso E, Gouri ME. Dendrimeric Epoxy Resins Based on Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene as a Reactive Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-01900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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