1
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Yang J, Song X, Chen D, Liu Y, Wang Y, Shi J. The improvement of flame retardancy and compatibility of PBAT/PLLA via a hybrid polyurethane. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133057. [PMID: 38866295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly (L-lactic acid) (PBAT/PLLA) is one of the most important biodegradable polymer combinations; however, they are flammable with heavy melt dripping and incompatible. To achieve the objective of flame retardation and compatibility, a hybrid polyurethane (PU) with multiple flame retardation elements is synthesized via a new ring-opening polymerization (ROP) method and integrated into PBAT/PLLA film. The PU not only dissolves in different organic solvents at mild temperature but also improves the compatibility of PBAT/PLLA. As PU with respect to PBAT/PLLA is 20 wt%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 reach 25.5 % and V-0 rating, respectively. In cone calorimeter test, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of PU/PBAT/PLLA is ahead of PBAT/PLLA, and the total heat release (THR) decreases to 25.85 MJ/m2. The fire safety is achieved successfully. The initial pyrolysis of PU promotes the formation of a seed carbon layer; it continuously breaks down into a series of phosphorus‑oxygen radicals and generates different inert gases, while the pyrolytic solid products accelerate the carbonization to form the carbon/silicon composite layer. Then the polymeric combustion is braked completely. Besides, the PU can also tune the mechanical properties of PBAT/PLLA film and enhance its hydrophobicity. This work opens a new window for developing multifunctional flame retardant and paves the way for the richening engineering application of PBAT/PLLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China; Jiangxi Center of Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, China.
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Jiangxi Center of Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China
| | - Yanhe Wang
- Jiangxi Center of Modern Apparel Engineering and Technology, Jiangxi Institute of Fashion Technology, China
| | - Jianguo Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, China
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2
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Ke Q, Bai J, Zhang G, Zhang J, Yang M. Simultaneously Enhancing the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, and Mechanical Properties of Flame-Retardant Polypropylene via a Linear Vinyl Polysiloxane-Coated Ammonium Polyphosphate. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092074. [PMID: 37177219 PMCID: PMC10181116 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to improve the water resistance, flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and balance of halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. For this purpose, a linear vinyl polysiloxane (PD) was synthesized and then self-crosslinked under benzoyl peroxide to prepare surface-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP@PD). Apparently, this linear vinyl polysiloxane self-crosslinking coating strategy was completely different from the commonly used sol-gel-coated APP with silane monomers. After coating, the water contact angles (WCA) of APP and APP@PD were 26.8° and 111.7°, respectively, showing high hydrophobicity. More importantly, PP/APP@PD/dipentaerythritol (DPER) showed a higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) and better UL-94 V-0 rate in comparison with PP/APP/DPER composites. After water immersion at 70 °C for 168 h, only PP/APP@PD/DPER kept the UL-94 V-0 rate and lowered the deterioration of the LOI, reflecting the better water-resistance property of APP@PD. Consistently, the cone calorimeter test results displayed a 26.2% and 16.7% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. Meanwhile, the time to peak smoke production rate (TPSPR) increased by 90.2%. The interfacial free energy (IFE) between APP@PD and PP was calculated to evaluate the interfacial interaction between PP and APP@PD. A reduction of 84.2% in the IFE between APP@PD and PP is responsible for the improvement in compatibility and the increase in flame retardancy, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qining Ke
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junchen Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshu Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Tang W, Zhu H, Xi W, Qiu Y, Qian L. Cage‐shaped octaphenyl silsesquioxane with micro‐nano dispersibility for strengthening intumescent flame retardancy in polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Benecke‐Changshun Auto Trim (Zhangjiagang) Co. Ltd Zhangjiagang Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Xi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing People's Republic of China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing People's Republic of China
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4
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He Q, Wu W, Hu H, Rui Z, Ye J, Wang Y, Wang Z. Achieving superior fire safety for
TPU 3D
‐printed workpiece with
EP
/
PBz
/
PDMS
coating. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian He
- Sino‐German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials, Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Sino‐German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials, Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Huanbo Hu
- R&D Department OECHSLER Plastic Products (Taicang) Co. Ltd Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhengguo Rui
- R&D Department OECHSLER Plastic Products (Taicang) Co. Ltd Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Junjian Ye
- R&D Department OECHSLER Plastic Products (Taicang) Co. Ltd Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Sino‐German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials, Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhengyi Wang
- Sino‐German Joint Research Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials, Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
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5
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Wen Q, Chen Y, Wang X, Pei H. Synergistic Effect of 4A Molecular Sieve on Intumescent Ternary H-Bonded Complex in Flame-Retarding of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020374. [PMID: 36679255 PMCID: PMC9861832 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a ternary hydrogen (H)-bonded complex intumescent flame retardant (TH-IFR) of melamine (ME) · phosphoric acid (PA)…pentaerythritol (PER) was synthesized through hydrothermal reaction. The combination of the synthesized TH-IFR with 4A molecular sieve as the synergist was used for the first time to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP). The involved structure, morphology, flame retardancy, flame-retarding mechanism and mechanical properties of the prepared PP composites were systematically investigated. The results show that incorporation of 1 wt% synergist 4A shows the optimum synergistic effect, and the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the flame-retarded (FR) PP composites are significantly improved. Incorporation of 4A could change the pyrolysis process of the entire system and promote the char-forming chemical interaction, thereby further enhancing the flame retardancy of FR PP composite. The synergistically flame-retarding mechanism of 4A is explained by the significantly improved quality and quantity of the solid-phase char layer, which is formed through generation of SiO2 and Al2O3 substances, and also participation of PP macromolecular chains in the final char layer formation during burning. Furthermore, the improved dispersion and compatibility of TH-IFR in the composite is largely beneficial to the improvement of flame retardancy and mechanical properties.
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6
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Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene-Based Flame Retardant Composites by Surface Modification of Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173524. [PMID: 36080598 PMCID: PMC9460618 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant refers to a substance that can be added to a material having the property of being efficiently combusted to improve the material physically and chemically. It should not affect the physical properties required for the final product. Halogen-based compounds are representative flame retardants with excellent flame retardancy. However, their use is limited due to restrictions on the use of chemicals introduced due to human safety. Magnesium hydroxide, one alternative material of halogen flame retardants, is widely used as an eco-friendly flame retardant. However, the most significant disadvantage is high load. To find a solution to this problem, many studies have been conducted by mixing magnesium hydroxide with other additives to create a synergistic effect. In this study, flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene-based flame retardant composites as a function of mixing surface-modified magnesium hydroxide with phosphorus-based flame retardants were investigated. All materials including PP, additives, and flame retardants were mixed using an extrusion process. Specimens were prepared by an injection process of the compound made after mixing. As a result of the evaluation of the mechanical properties by the modified flame retardant, the relational expression of the mechanical performance degradation as a function of the amount of addition was obtained, and the tensile (CBATS) and bending strength (CBABS) were performed on the amount of flame retardant added. The relational expression obtained in this study is considered to be a formula for predicting the strength reduction according to the addition amount of the modified flame retardant and can be used in industry. In addition, it was found that the addition amount of the modified flame retardant had a greater effect on the lowering of the bending strength.
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7
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Liang S, Liu J, Guo Y, Luo J, Liu H, Peng S. Role of expandable graphite on flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and acid resistance of polypropylene/magnesium hydroxide composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Jichun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Yiming Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Jie Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmaceutics Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
| | - Shuge Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Waste Resource Utilization Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang China
- Provincial and Ministerial Co‐construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Non‐ferrous Metal New Materials and Advanced Processing Technology Luoyang China
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8
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Sun S, Peng X, Pang H, Niu H. Synthesis and flame retardant behavior of siloxane functionalized polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xiaoting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Hongchang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Hui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
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9
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Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
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10
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Flame Retardancy Performance of Continuous Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Prepreg. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic resin matrix has a high melt viscosity, which is difficult to impregnate with fibers. The addition of flame retardant will further increase the viscosity of the melt and increase the difficulty of impregnation. It is possible to reduce the effect of flame retardant on melt viscosity by adding high-flow polypropylene. In this study, the effect of adding flame retardant on the impregnation quality of prepreg tape was investigated. By adding high-flow polypropylene to improve the melt viscosity of flame-retardant-modified polypropylene, continuous glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene flame-retardant prepreg tape was successfully prepared. Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was added at 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt% of the polypropylene matrixes, which were prepared by melt impregnation. The composites were analyzed with thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing, UL-94 flame retardancy testing, cone calorimeter testing (CCT) and scanning electron microscopy. Tests involving the flame retardant showed that when the added amount of flame retardant reached 25%, the UL-94 flame retardancy grade reached V0. Compared with the CCT sample heating data, taking economic considerations into account, 25 wt% IFR addition was the most suitable.
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11
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Sun Q, Wang J, Meng X, Zhang J, Yan H. A novel high-efficient P/N/Si-containing APP-based flame retardant with a silane coupling agent in its molecular structure for epoxy resin. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Lu X, Gu X. Fabrication of a bi-hydroxyl-bi-DOPO compound with excellent quenching and charring capacities for lignin-based epoxy resin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:539-552. [PMID: 35217079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lignin-based epoxy resins (EP) were fabricated using lignin, phenol and glyoxal as crosslinking reagents. For improving the flame retardancy, a bi-DOPO compound with bi-hydroxyl structure was successfully synthesized, containing excellent quenching and charring capacities. Good pyrolysis behaviors of as-synthesized flame retardant resulted in significant quenching effect via structure decomposition to release PO and PO2 free radicals for capturing reactive H and OH radicals produced from epoxy combustion. With addition of 0.18 wt% phosphorus, epoxy composite (10% LPG-ER-4) passed V-0 rating with high limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 35.2%. Cone calorimeter tests showed that heat release (including heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR)) from combustion was reduced with assistance of flame retardant. Char residue analyses illustrated that bi-hydroxyl structure in DOPO-based flame retardant benefited the formation of char layer with higher compactness and integrity to serve as a protective shell of interior epoxy matrix. Furthermore, exterior pore size of char residue was narrowed or blocked to avoid the release of heat and volatiles generated from combustion. This study provided a feasible method to improve flame retardancy of lignin-based EP and proposed flame-retardant mechanism both in gaseous and solid phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Lu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Products, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
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13
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Wu X, Gou T, Zhao Q, Chen L, Wang P. High-efficiency durable flame retardant with ammonium phosphate ester and phosphine oxide groups for cotton cellulose biomacromolecule. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:945-953. [PMID: 34838858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cotton fibers mainly consist of cellulose biological macromolecule, and its exceedingly flammable nature has severely restricted its application in the fields requiring flame retardancy. To endow cotton fabric with excellent flame retardancy and superior durability, a high-efficiency durable flame retardant (THPO-P) with ammonium phosphate ester and phosphine oxide groups was synthesized and chemically bonded to cotton fabric through padding-baking method. THPO-P showed high flame-retardant efficiency, and the add-on of 5.9% was sufficient to prepare cotton fabric with self-extinguished feature. With the add-on of 19.9%, treated fabric possessed excellent fire safety and durability. The total heat release and peak heat release rate values reduced by 77.1% and 91.8% in contrast to pristine fabric, respectively. Its LOI value still reached up to 33.4% even after 50 laundering cycles, which was far beyond the flame-retardant standard. THPO-P played flame-retardant role by restraining the release of flammable volatiles, liberating nonflammable gases and promoting the char formation during combustion. The flame-retardant treatment deteriorated the tensile strength, whiteness and softness of cotton fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tingting Gou
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qianyu Zhao
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China.
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14
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Enhance the interaction between ammonium polyphosphate and epoxy resin matrix through hydrophobic modification with cationic latex. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Flame Retardance and Char Analysis of an Eco-Friendly Polyurethane Hyperbranched Hybrid Using the Sol–Gel Method. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study used the sol–gel method to synthesize a non-halogenated, hyperbranched flame retardant containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon (HBNPSi), which was then added to a polyurethane (PU) matrix to form an organic–inorganic hybrid material. Using 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of P- and Si-mapping, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, this study determined the organic and inorganic dispersity, morphology, and flame retardance mechanism of the hybrid material. The condensation density of the hybrid material PU/HBNPSi was found to be 74.4%. High condensation density indicates a dense network structure of the material. The P- and Si-mapping showed that adding inorganic additives in quantities of either 20% or 40% results in homogeneous dispersion of the inorganic fillers in the polymer matrix without agglomeration, indicating that the organic and inorganic phases had excellent compatibility. In the burning test, adding HBNPSi to PU made the material pass the UL-94 test at the V2 level, unlike the pristine PU, which did not meet the standard. The results demonstrate that after non-halogenated flame retardant was added to PU, the material’s flammability and dripping were lower, thereby proving that flame retardants containing elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon exert an excellent flame-retardant synergistic effect.
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16
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Zhang Z, Wang S, Dong C, Liu J, Kong D, Sun H, Lu Z. Comparison of differences in the flame retardancy of cotton fabrics caused by the introduction of cyclic polysiloxane into P/N organic coatings. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic polysiloxane was introduced into P/N flame retardant coating to prepare Si/P/N synergistic FRs (ASPP-Si), which can improve the heat release and smoke release of cotton fabric and enhance the tensile strength of fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chaohong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dezheng Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Heng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Textile and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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17
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Fan Y, Wang H, Deng L, Wang Y, Kang D, Li C, Chen H. Enhanced adsorption of Pb(II) by nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped biochar derived from Camellia oleifera shells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110030. [PMID: 32827523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of a series of novel nitrogen- and phosphorus-enriched biochar (activated carbon, AC) nanocomposites via the co-pyrolysis of Camellia oleifera shells (COSs) with different weight ratios of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) (wAPP: wCOSs = 1-3:1). The physicochemical characteristics of these nanocomposites (APP@ACs) were investigated via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed that the APP@ACs exhibited richer N- and P-containing functional groups than unmodified AC. In addition, the removal performance of APP@AC-3 with respect to Pb(II) (723.6 mg g-1) was greatly improved relative to unmodified AC (264.2 mg g-1). Kinetic and equilibrium data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, respectively. The removal mechanism could be attributed to partial physisorption and predominant chemisorption. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms demonstrated that pore-volume properties could be an effective physical trap for Pb(II). Furthermore, the XPS and FTIR analysis revealed that the chemical removal mechanism of the APP@ACs is surface complexation via N-containing and P-containing functional groups. These findings indicate that the co-pyrolysis of COSs and APP leads to the formation of nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing functional groups that facilitate excellent activated carbon-based (biochar) adsorption performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Layun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Di Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Changzhu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
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18
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Pan Y, Luo Z, Wang B. Cross-Linking Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate via Ionic Exchange and Self-Assembly for Enhancing the Fire Safety Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112761. [PMID: 33238514 PMCID: PMC7700432 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) was prepared as a novel mono-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR) via the ionic exchange between ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and piperazine sulfonate, which is synthesized by self-assembly using 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) and p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (ASC) as raw materials. This all-in-one IFR integrating three functional elements (carbon, acid, and gas source) showed more efficient flame retardancy and excellent smoke suppression as well as better mechanical properties than the conventional APP. The incorporation of 22.5 wt.% MAPP into polypropylene (PP) eliminated the melt dripping phenomenon and passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. The results of the cone calorimetry test (CCT) revealed that the release of heat, smoke, and CO is significantly decreased, demonstrating that this novel IFR endows PP with excellent fire safety more effectively. For PP/MAPP composites, a possible IFR mechanism was proposed based on the analysis of the pyrolysis gas and char residues.
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19
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Chen X, Zhang X, Kuang S, Jiao C, Li S. Superior fire safety performances of chelates copper(
II
) salicylaldehyde complexes with intumescent flame retardant
TPU. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shaoping Kuang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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20
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Guo X, Geng J, Sun B, Xu Q, Li Y, Xie S, Xue Y, Yan H. Great enhancement of efficiency of intumescent flame retardants by titanate coupling agent and polysiloxane. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Jiangtao Geng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Bin Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Yibo Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Shiwei Xie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
| | - Hong Yan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education Taiyuan China
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21
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Seidi F, Movahedifar E, Naderi G, Akbari V, Ducos F, Shamsi R, Vahabi H, Saeb MR. Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081701. [PMID: 32751298 PMCID: PMC7464193 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Ghasem Naderi
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran 14965/115, Iran; (E.M.); (G.N.)
| | - Vahideh Akbari
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
| | - Franck Ducos
- Université de Lorraine, IUT de Moselle Est, IUTSGM, 57600 Forbach, France;
| | - Ramin Shamsi
- Research and Development Center, Marun Petrochemical Company, Mahshahr 63531 69311, Iran;
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France;
- Correspondence: (H.V.); or (M.R.S.); Tel.: +33-(0)38-793-9186 (H.V.); +98-912-826-4307 (M.R.S.); Fax: +33-(0)38-793-9101 (H.V.)
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Yang W, Liu Y, Li Q, Wei J, Li X, Zhang Y, Liu J. In situ formation of phosphorus-doped porous graphene via laser induction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23953-23958. [PMID: 35517339 PMCID: PMC9055076 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-doped graphene exhibits high energy storage performance when used as an active electrode, and which can been applied to various advanced applications, but challenging in synthesis, e.g., hazardous chemical reagents usage, difficult processing steps, and energy consumption. We demonstrated a ready, rapid and normal method for generating phosphorus-doped graphene (LIPG) using a CO2 laser on polyimide (PI) substrate mixed with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in ambient air. LIPG was approved and successfully synthesized via TEM, SEM, XRD and Raman observations. Moreover, we discussed the flame-retardant performance of APP for synthesizing LIPG on PI substrates, increasing the degree of graphitization. Furthermore, LIPG prepared using supercapacitors as an electrode showed good electrochemical performance. Remarkably, the highest specific capacitance of porous LIPG is about 206 F g-1 at the current density of 0.025 A g-1, the value is about 2 times higher than those undoped laser induced graphene (LIG). Such great performance of the LIPG electrode material is attributed to the formation of a hierarchical porous structure, phosphorus atom doping, and manufacturing deficiency. Hence, LIPG showed considerable potential in the electrochemical application field. The proposed preparation of LIPG is best suited for synthesis and applicable to the doping of other heteroatoms doped into graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Qiushi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100094 China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Xueli Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Vocational College of Science & Technology Weifang 261053 China
| | - Jiping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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23
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Wang P, Chen L, Xiao H, Zhan T. Nitrogen/sulfur-containing DOPO based oligomer for highly efficient flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Zhang N, Zhang J, Yan H, Guo X, Sun Q, Guo R. A novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP performing excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression for polypropylene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 373:856-865. [PMID: 31009907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the flammability and severe dripping of polypropylene (PP), a novel organic-inorganic hybrid K-HBPE@APP (microencapsulated APP by a hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) via silane coupling agent (KH-550)) was obtained and used as a high-efficient flame retardant and smoke suppressant. Herein, HBPE acted as the charring agent for APP. 20 wt% of K-HBPE@APP imparted PP excellent flame retardancy, V-0 rating (UL-94 test) and 82.6% decrease in the peak of heat release rate (PHRR). However, PP with 25 wt% of mechanically mixed APP and HBPE achieved V-1 rating (UL-94 test) and 77.3% decrease in PHRR. That is because the direct contact and sufficient interaction between APP and HBPE gives full play to their synergy. Besides, K-HBPE@APP accelerated the formation of cross-linked POC/SiOSi/SiOC/SiOP/POΦ structures, leading to a strong and compact char layer with a result of dramatic reduction in heat release rate and smoke production. Furthermore, K-HBPE@APP was highly water-resistant and has good compatibility with PP matrix. In particular, the flame-retarded PP had similar tensile strength to pure PP and enhanced impact strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naien Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Hong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Xiaorong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Ruijie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
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25
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Yu S, Xiao S, Zhao Z, Huo X, Wei J. Microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate by polyurethane with segment of dipentaerythritol and its application in flame retardant polypropylene. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Wu ZH, Zhou B, Fan QX, Cai YJ. Thermal degradation kinetics investigation on Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites processed via different fields. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the field of polymer processing, disperse phase exhibited better dispersion and distribution performance in elongational field rather than shearing field. This property commonly brought a better functional feature for polymer composites. It could also be applied to Nano-ZnO/IFR synergetic flame retarded polypropylene/ ethylene-propylene-diene monomer composites. An experiment was designed to study the mechanism of improving flame retardant properties. In the experiment, the same formulas of composites were extruded by vane extruder (represents elongational field) and three-screw extruder (represents shearing field). Then Kissinger method and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were used to mutually proved that Nano-ZnO with better dispersion condition catalysed a more intense esterification of IFR in the whole thermal degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Huan Wu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Oriented Automobile Die & Mould, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin300222, China
- National Mold Product Quality Supervision & Inspection Center (Guangdong), NO.10 lianhu road, Chang’an town, Dongguan city, Guangdong 523841, China
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Automobile Injection Mold Enterprise, Tianjin300222, PR China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of High Speed Cutting and Precision Machining, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin300222, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- National Mold Product Quality Supervision & Inspection Center (Guangdong), NO.10 lianhu road, Chang’an town, Dongguan city, Guangdong 523841, China
| | - Qi-Xiang Fan
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of High Speed Cutting and Precision Machining, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin300222, China
| | - Yu-Jun Cai
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Oriented Automobile Die & Mould, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin300222, China
- Key Laboratory of Tianjin Automobile Injection Mold Enterprise, Tianjin300222, PR China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of High Speed Cutting and Precision Machining, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin300222, China
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27
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Chen CH, Chiang CL. Preparation and Characteristics of an Environmentally Friendly Hyperbranched Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Hybrid Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Silicon. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040720. [PMID: 31010246 PMCID: PMC6523784 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NCO functional group of 3-isocyanatoproplytriethoxysilane (IPTS) and the OH functional group of 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10H-9-oxa-10-phospha-phenantbrene-10-oxide (DOPO-BQ) were used to conduct an addition reaction. Following completion of the reaction, triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) was introduced to conduct a ring-opening reaction. Subsequently, a sol–gel method was used to initiate a hydrolysis–condensation reaction on TGIC–IPTS–DOPO-BQ to form a hyperbranched nitrogen–phosphorous–silicon (HBNPSi) flame retardant. This flame retardant was incorporated into a polyurethane (PU) matrix to prepare a hybrid material. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and Raman analysis were conducted to characterize the structure and analyze the transparency, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and residual char to understand the flame retardant mechanism of the prepared hybrid material. After the flame retardant was added, the maximum degradation rate decreased from −36 to −17 wt.%/min, the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT) increased from 348 to 488 °C, and the char yield increased from 0.7 to 8.1 wt.%. The aforementioned results verified that the thermal stability of PU can be improved after adding HBNPSi. The LOI analysis indicated that the pristine PU was flammable because the LOI of pristine PU was only 19. When the content of added HBNPSi was 40%, the LOI value was 26; thus the PU hybrid became nonflammable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Hsing Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei City 11114, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Green Flame Retardant Material Research Laboratory, Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan.
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28
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Improving Thermal Stability of Polyurethane through the Addition of Hyperbranched Polysiloxane. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040697. [PMID: 30995825 PMCID: PMC6523278 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane with hydroxy groups was functionalized to form functionalized polydimethylsiloxane, which subsequently underwent an addition reaction with isophorone diisocyanate to form the prepolymer. Next, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) reacted with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) to produce bridged polysilsesquioxanes, and sol-gel technology was employed to form hyperbranched polysiloxane nanoparticles with hydroxy groups, APTS-GPTS, which was used as the additive. The hyperbranched polysiloxane and the prepolymer containing NCO functional groups then underwent an addition reaction to produce the hybrid materials. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance were used to characterize the structure of the polyurethane hybrid. Regarding thermal stability, after the hyperbranched polysiloxane nanoparticles was introduced, the integral procedural decomposition temperature increased from 348 °C for polyurethane matrix to 859 °C for the hybrid material. The results reveal that the thermal stability of the hybrid material substantially increased by approximately 247%.
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29
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Chen X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang X, Jiao C. Synergistic fire safety improvement between oyster shell powder and ammonium polyphosphate in
TPU
composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- College of Electromechanical EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao PR China
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30
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Peng Y, Xue B, Song Y, Wang J, Niu M. Preparation of a novel phosphorus‐containing organosilicon and its effect on the flame retardant and smoke suppression of polyethylene terephthalate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- College of Textile EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Yuci 030600 China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsTaiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Baoxia Xue
- College of Textile EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Yuci 030600 China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsTaiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Yinghao Song
- College of Textile EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Yuci 030600 China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsTaiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Textile EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Yuci 030600 China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsTaiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Mei Niu
- College of Textile EngineeringTaiyuan University of Technology Yuci 030600 China
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsTaiyuan University of Technology, Ministry of Education Taiyuan 030024 China
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