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Zheng J, Zhang X, Liu D, Zhang L, Guo Y, Liu W, Zhao S, Li L. Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression in EPDM Rubber Using Sepiolite-Based Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2281. [PMID: 39204501 PMCID: PMC11359910 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The burning of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer (EPDM) rubber generates substantial smoke, posing a severe threat to the environment and personal safety. Considering the growing emphasis on safety and environmental protection, conventional non-smoke-suppressing flame retardants no longer satisfy the present application requirements. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop a novel flame retardant capable of suppressing smoke formation while providing flame retardancy. Sepiolite (SEP), a porous silicate clay mineral abundant in silica and magnesium, exhibits notable advantages in the realm of flame retardancy and smoke suppression. This research focuses on the synthesis of two highly efficient flame-retardant smoke suppression systems, namely AEGS and PEGS, using Enteromorpha (EN), graphene (GE), sepiolite (SEP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and/or piperazine pyrophosphate (PPAP). The studied flame-retardant systems were then applied to EPDM rubber and the flame-retardant and smoke suppression abilities of EPDM/AEGS and EPDM/PEGS composites were compared. The findings indicate that the porous structure of sepiolite plays a significant role in reducing smoke emissions for EPDM composites during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawang Zheng
- Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Dawei Liu
- Rike Chemical Co., Ltd., Weifang 262400, China; (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Liwei Zhang
- Rike Chemical Co., Ltd., Weifang 262400, China; (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuxia Guo
- Rike Chemical Co., Ltd., Weifang 262400, China; (D.L.); (L.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China; (J.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
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Ma X, Kang N, Zhang Y, Min Y, Yang J, Ban D, Zhao W. Enhancing Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression in Epoxy Resin Composites with Sulfur-Phosphorous Reactive Flame Retardant. Molecules 2023; 29:227. [PMID: 38202810 PMCID: PMC10780495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence of massive amounts of toxic volatiles and smoke during combustion is a very serious problem facing epoxy resin (EP) composites. Therefore, flame retardants (FRs) can simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and reduce the release of smoke and fatal gases. Herein, a novel sulfur-phosphorous reactive flame retardant (SPMS) was synthesized for epoxy resin. The high efficiency of smoke suppression and flame retardancy of the EP/SPMS-APP hybrid was investigated using a cone calorimeter, a vertical burning test, and limited oxygen index measurements. Compared with those of pure EP, the composite with 20 wt% SPMS-APP reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR), the peak smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production rate (TSR) by 82%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. The results showed a remarkable suppressed effect of alleviating the fire hazard of EP using a sulfur-phosphorus flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ni Kang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yonghang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yang Min
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jianhua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Daming Ban
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (X.M.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
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Xiang S, Tang B, Feng J, Lin X, Liu F, Yang H, Feng X, Wan C. Eco-Friendly One-Pot Supramolecular-Assembly of P-N Flame Retardant for Fire-Safe Epoxy Resin. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300358. [PMID: 37572054 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant treatment of epoxy resins (EP) to reduce their flammability for extending their range of applications attracts considerable attention. However, the synthesis process of conventional flame retardants is complicated and involves organic hazardous solvents. Meanwhile, how to ensure both the flame-retardant and mechanical properties is a long-standing and actual difficult problem. In this work, a supramolecular flame retardant (named ATPFR) is facilely created by one-pot reaction, using cheap and accessible raw materials in an ecologically benign aqueous solvent. ATPFR is applied to improve the fire safety of EP. With only 5 wt% ATPFR addition, EP can reach the limiting oxygen index of 28.5% and the UL-94 V-0 rating with a significant "blow-out effect." The cone calorimetry test reveals that the EP thermoset with 5 wt% ATPFR has a 75.8% reduction in the peak heat release rate (p-HRR) and a 67.3% reduction in the peak smoke production rate (p-SPR), respectively, compared with the pure EP. Additionally, EP composites with the small amount of ATPFR exhibit a slight decrease and maintain good mechanical properties. Therefore, the facile synthesis and application of this supramolecular flame retardant provide a reliable way for the construction of polymer materials with environment-friendly and effective flame-retardant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chaojun Wan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400044, China
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Zhou X, Jiang F, Hu Z, Wu F, Gao M, Chai Z, Wang Y, Gu X, Wang Y. Study on the Flame Retardancy of Rigid Polyurethane Foam with Phytic Acid-Functionalized Graphene Oxide. Molecules 2023; 28:6267. [PMID: 37687096 PMCID: PMC10488967 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite was prepared by compounding phytic acid (PA)-functionalized Graphite oxide (PA-GO) with flame-retardant poly (Ammonium phosphate) (APP) and expandable graphite (EG). The effects of PA-GO on the thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties of RPUF were studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer, a limiting oxygen index (LOI) tester, a UL-94 vertical combustion tester, a cone calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy, and a universal tensile testing machine. The results indicated that there was a significant synergistic flame-retardant effect between PA-GO and the intumescent flame retardants (IFR) in the RPUF matrix. Compared with RPUF-1, the addition of 0.3 wt% PA-GO could increase LOI from 25.7% to 26.5%, increase UL-94 rating from V-2 to V-0, and reduce the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) by 28.5% and 22.2%, respectively. Moreover, the amount of residual char increased from 22.2 wt% to 24.6 wt%, and the char layer was continuous and dense, with almost no holes. Meanwhile, the loss of mechanical properties was apparently lightened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Feng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Zhiyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Faqun Wu
- Dean’s Office, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China;
| | - Ming Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhihua Chai
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology, School of Chemical Safety, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Sanhe 065201, China; (X.Z.); (M.G.); (Z.C.); (Y.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Yanxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
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He X, Qin W, Xie Y. Degradation of Tetracycline with Photocatalysis by CeO 2-Loaded Soybean Powder Carbon. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1076. [PMID: 36985970 PMCID: PMC10053631 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the process of using photocatalysts to treat tetracycline (TC) wastewater, the degradation efficiency of soybean powder carbon material (SPC) can be improved by loading it with cerium oxide (CeO2). In this study, firstly, SPC was modified by phytic acid. Then, the CeO2 was deposited on modified SPC using the self-assembly method. Catalyzed cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate (CeH3NO4) was treated with alkali and calcined at 600 °C under nitrogen. XRD, XPS, SEM, EDS, UV-VIS /DRS, FTIR, PL and N2 adsorption-desorption methods were used to characterize the crystal structure, chemical composition, morphology, surface physical and chemical properties. The effects of catalyst dosage, monomer contrast, pH value and co-existing anions on TC oxidation degradation were investigated, and the reaction mechanism of a 600 Ce-SPC photocatalytic reaction system was discussed. The results show that the 600 Ce-SPC composite presents uneven gully morphology, which is similar to the natural "briquettes". The degradation efficiency of 600 Ce-SPC reached about 99% at 60 min under light irradiation when the optimal catalyst dosage and pH were 20 mg and 7. Meanwhile, the reusability of the 600 Ce-SPC samples showed good stability and catalytic activity after four cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze He
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Wenzhen Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yu Xie
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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Yu C, Wu T, Yang F, Wang H, Rao W, Zhao HB. Interfacial engineering to construct P-loaded hollow nanohybrids for flame-retardant and high-performance epoxy resins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:851-863. [PMID: 36029599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nano flame retardants, as one of the key flame retardants in recent years, have been limited by poor efficiency and weak compatibility. In this study, we propose an interfacial hollow engineering strategy to tackle this problem by assembling P-phytic acid into the hollow cavity of mesoporous SiO2 grafted with a polydopamine transition metal. In this design, the grafted polydopamine-metal coatings on the hybrids can greatly improve their interface compatibility with the polymer matrix, while the loaded phytic acid in the cavity contributes to enhance flame retardancy. Consequently, the resultant hierarchical P-loaded nanohybrids show both high flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement for the polymer. Taking epoxy resin (EP, a typical thermosetting resin used in large quantities) as a representative, at only 1 wt% loading of the nanohybrids, the impact strength of the nanocomposites improved by 35.7% compared to pure EP. Remarkably, the hybrids can simultaneously endow EP with high flame retardancy (low heat release rate) and satisfactory smoke inhibition. Additionally, the flame-retardant mechanism analysis confirmed that the nanohybrid had a better catalytic carbonization effect on promoting the highly graphitized carbon layer, thereby suppressing the fire hazard of epoxy resins. This research offers a new interfacial hollow engineering method for the construct and design of high-performance EP with nanohybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbai Yu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Feihao Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenhui Rao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Non-ferrous Metals and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Shi X, Wei B, Gao H. Enhanced flame retardancy of epoxy composites containing melamine polyphosphate‐modified boron nitride. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Pingdingshan University Pingdingshan China
| | - Baoting Wei
- School of Experimental Technology Henan Chemical Technician College Kaifeng China
| | - Hang Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Pingdingshan University Pingdingshan China
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A Phosphorous-Based Bi-Functional Flame Retardant Based on Phosphaphenanthrene and Aluminum Hypophosphite for an Epoxy Thermoset. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911256. [PMID: 36232556 PMCID: PMC9569656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphorous-based bi-functional compound HPDAl was used as a reactive-type flame retardant (FR) in an epoxy thermoset (EP) aiming to improve the flame retardant efficiency of phosphorus-based compounds. HPDAl, consisting of two different P-groups of aluminum phosphinate (AHP) and phosphophenanthrene (DOPO) with different phosphorous chemical environments and thus exerting different FR actions, exhibited an intramolecular P-P groups synergy and possessed superior flame-retardant efficiency compared with DOPO or AHP alone or the physical combination of DOPO/AHP in EP. Adding 2 wt.% HPDAl made EP composites acquire a LOI value of 32.3%, pass a UL94 V-0 rating with a blowing-out effect, and exhibit a decrease in the heat/smoke release. The flame retardant modes of action of HPDAl were confirmed by the experiments of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS). The results indicate that the phosphorous-based FRs show different influences on the flame retardancy of composites, mainly depending on their chemical structures. HPDAl had a flame inhibition effect in the gas phase and a charring effect in the condensed phase, with a well-balanced distribution of P content in the gas/condensed phase. Furthermore, the addition of HPDAl hardly impaired the mechanical properties of the matrix due to the link by chemical bonds between them.
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Shi X, Wei B, Han Y, Du X, He G. Epoxy/melamine polyphosphate modified silicon carbide composites: Thermal conductivity and flame retardancy analyses. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) was modified by melamine polyphosphate (MPP)-modified silicone to form SiC-MPP, then incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for developing thermally resistant composites, which showed thermal conductivity and flame retardancy performance. The EP/SiC-MPP composites were prepared by blending and cured under 60°C for 2 h and 150°C for 8 h. The grafting degree of SiC-MPP was analyzed using Fourier transform Infrared, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric measurements. The flame retardancy of the EP/SiC-MPP composites was studied by UL-94 vertical combustion and cone calorimetry test. The results showed that for EP/SiC-MPP containing 20 wt%, the UL-94 was case V1. Also compared to pure epoxy, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of composites was reduced from 800 to 304 kW·m−2. The thermal conductivity of EP/SiC-M20 composites was 0.53 W·m−1·K−1, almost 2.5-fold higher than pure epoxy (0.21 W·m−1·K−1). The as-prepared EP/SiC-MPP composites exhibited enhanced flame retardancy and thermal conductivity. Based on analyses performed, these composites took credit-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Baoting Wei
- School of Experimental Technology, Henan Chemical Technician College , Kaifeng , 475000 , China
| | - Yongjun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
| | - Guoxu He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pingdingshan University , Pingdingshan , 467099 , China
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Fang Q, Zhan Y, Chen X, Wu R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wu X, He Y, Zhou J, Yuan B. A bio-based intumescent flame retardant with biomolecules functionalized ammonium polyphosphate enables polylactic acid with excellent flame retardancy. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shi X, Luo S, Du X, Li Q, Cheng S. Improvement the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy Composites via Melamine Polyphosphate-Modified Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153091. [PMID: 35956608 PMCID: PMC9370361 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface chemical modification of carbon nanotubes can enhance the compatibility with polymers and improve flame retardancy performances. In this work, the double bond active sites were constructed on the surface of carbon nanotubes modified by the γ-methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (KH570). Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was further grafted onto the surface of carbon nanotubes via free radical polymerization. Finally, the flame retardant melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was bonded to the surface of carbon nanotubes by the ring-opening reaction. This modification process was proved to be achieved by infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric test. The carbon nanotubes modified by flame retardant were added into the epoxy matrix and cured to prepare flame retardant and thermal conductive composites. The flame retardancy of composites were studied by cone calorimetry, UL94 vertical combustion test and limiting oxygen index. The thermal conductivity of composites was characterized by laser thermal conductivity instrument. The results showed that when the addition amount of flame retardant MPP-modified carbon nanotubes in composites was 10 wt%, the flame retardant level of UL94 reached to V2, the limiting oxygen index increased from 25.1 of pure epoxy resin to 28.3, the PHRR of pure epoxy resin was reduced from 800 kW/m2 to 645 kW/m2 of composites and thermal conductivity of composites was enhanced from 0.21 W/m·K−1 of pure epoxy resin to 0.42 W/m·K−1 of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Shiying Luo
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Qingbin Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China; (X.S.); (S.L.); (X.D.)
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Shiping Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Eco-Economic Woody Plant, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (S.C.)
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A novel polyaromatic ring phosphor-nitrogen imidazole derivative endowing epoxy resin with remarkable flame retardancy and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Wang H, Yuan J, Wang Y, Ma Y, Lyu S, Zhu Z. A nitrogen heterocyclic/phosphaphenanthrene derivative as a reactive additive for simultaneous improvement of flame retardancy, mechanical and dielectric properties of epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems containing non-reactive DOPO based phosphorus additives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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17
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Phytic acid doped polyaniline-coupled g-C3N4 nanosheets for synergizing with APP promoting fire safety and waterproof performance of epoxy composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Qiao H, Su L, Liu C, Zhang H, Chen M. From laboratory to industrialization: Eco‐friendly flame retardant endowing epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, transparency, and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Qiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Liping Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Canpei Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huagui Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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19
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Sun Y, Peng Y, Zhang Y. A Study on the Synthesis, Curing Behavior and Flame Retardance of a Novel Flame Retardant Curing Agent for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:245. [PMID: 35054651 PMCID: PMC8781762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a flame retardant curing agent (DOPO-MAC) composed of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide DOPO and methyl acrylamide (MAC) was synthesized successfully, and the structure of the compound was characterized by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. The non-isothermal kinetics of the epoxy resin/DOPO-MAC system with 1% phosphorus was studied by non-isothermal DSC method. The activation energy of the reaction (Ea), about 46 kJ/mol, was calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa method, indicating that the curing reaction was easy to carry out. The flame retardancy of the epoxy resin system was analyzed by vertical combustion test (UL94) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. The results showed that epoxy resin (EP) with 1% phosphorus successfully passed a UL-94 V-0 rating, and the LOI value increased along with the increasing of phosphorus content. It confirmed that DOPO-MAC possessed excellent flame retardance and higher curing reactivity. Moreover, the thermal stability of EP materials was also investigated by TGA. With the DOPO-MAC added, the residual mass of EP materials increased remarkably although the initial decomposition temperature decreased slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
| | - Yongli Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China;
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20
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Luo Y, Wang H, Wang H, Jin L, Du Z, Wang H, Cheng X. Preparation and performance of waterborne polyurethane coatings based on the synergistic flame retardant of ferrocene, phosphorus and nitrogen. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofa Luo
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Haoliang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Linzhao Jin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Chengdu China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education Chengdu China
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21
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Facile construction of lamellar-like phosphorus-based triazole-zinc complex for high-performance epoxy resins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:513-522. [PMID: 34802764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EP) possessing superior flame retardancy, mechanical properties and glass transition temperature are urgently needed to meet the ever-increasing requirement of high performance for the practical application of EP. Herein, lamellar-like phosphorus-based triazole-zinc complex (Zn-PT) was firstly constructed through coordination reaction in a facile condition to address the above issue. The results revealed that Zn-PT was well dispersed in epoxy matrix, and with 3 wt% Zn-PT, the tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of epoxy composites were remarkably increased from 71, 112 and 2982 MPa of neat epoxy resin (EP) to 80, 162 and 3482 MPa respectively. The glass transition temperature was higher than EP. Besides, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased to 28.3%, and UL-94V-1 level was available. Meanwhile, the cone calorimeter test (CCT) results showed that epoxy composites displayed less heat release and smoke production. Generally, this work provides a feasible strategy to prepare high-performance epoxy composites, which has the potential to satisfy the requirement of epoxy in the practical application.
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22
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A Study of Thermal Degradation and Fire Behaviour of Polymer Composites and Their Gaseous Emission Assessment. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14217070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of polymer composite materials in the aeronautics and automotive sectors has increased dramatically, and their fire behaviour has become a critical parameter in terms of fire safety. On this premise, it is critical to demonstrate that these composite materials constitute elements whose safety justifies a high level of confidence. This is based on their combustibility and the rate at which flammable and toxic gaseous species are emitted. Thus, strict fire safety regulations are enforced by the relevant authorities concerned because of their potential fire risk. This study analysed papers published between 1970 and 2021 that described the devices used to characterise the thermal behaviour of composite materials at various scales. The objective was to highlight the thermophysical phenomena, making it possible to accurately assess the flammability and thermal stability of polymer composite materials. The results of this research reveal that the small-scale facilities provide detailed understanding and mastery of the thermal reaction properties of the composites. While with the medium scale, the extended fire reaction parameters, which are the key indicators of the fire safety performance, can be determined. On a large scale, the tests were carried out using devices such as the NexGen burner recommended by the FAA. Therefore, with such assays, it is possible to assess the rates of thermal degradation as well as quantified pyrolysis gases. However, compared to other scales, there were very few works on a large scale. In addition, by focusing on the polluting nature of synthetic composite materials, there is also few research studies aimed at designing new polymer composite materials from biological sources.
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23
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Wan M, Shen J, Sun C, Gao M, Yue L, Wang Y. Ionic liquid modified graphene oxide for enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wan
- School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Beijing China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Liaoning Technical University Fuxin China
| | - Chunfeng Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering North China Institute of Science and Technology Yanjiao Beijing China
- Heibei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology Langfang China
| | - Ming Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering North China Institute of Science and Technology Yanjiao Beijing China
- Heibei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology Langfang China
| | - Lina Yue
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering North China Institute of Science and Technology Yanjiao Beijing China
- Heibei Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Technology School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology Langfang China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering North China Institute of Science and Technology Yanjiao Beijing China
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24
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Mizera K, Sałasińska K, Ryszkowska J, Kurańska M, Kozera R. Effect of the Addition of Biobased Polyols on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane and Poly(urea)urethane Elastomers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071805. [PMID: 33917460 PMCID: PMC8038665 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to the current trends in sustainable development and the reduction in the use of fossil fuels (Green Deal strategy and the circular economy), and thus, the increased interest of the polyurethane industry in polyols derived from renewable sources, it is important to study the impact of these polyols on the flammability of new bioelastomers. The goal of this study was to check the influence of biobased polyols, such as tall oil (TO)-based polyols, soybean oil (SO)-based polyol, and rapeseed oil (RO)-based polyol, on the reduction in the burning and fume emissions of polyurethane and poly(urea)urethane elastomers (EPURs and EPUURs). The thermal stability of these materials was tested using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In turn, the flame retardancy and smoke emissions were checked using a cone calorimetry test. The released gases were identified using TGA coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (TGA/FT-IR). Moreover, the morphological and structural characteristics of the char residues were characterized using FT-IR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The obtained data were compared to the results received for elastomers produced with petroleum substrates. The addition of biobased polyols led to a reduction in the burning as a result of the formation of char, especially RO polyol. Moreover, the TO and RO polyols increased the thermal stability of the elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Mizera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.)
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Rafał Kozera
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (R.K.)
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25
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Effects of innovative aromatic phosphorus containing flame-retardant polyols on rigid polyurethane foams. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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27
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Guo Y, Zhou M, Yin GZ, Kalali E, Wang N, Wang DY. Basalt Fiber-Based Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites: Preparation, Thermal Properties, and Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:902. [PMID: 33672823 PMCID: PMC7918737 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the impact of surface modification of basalt fiber (BF) on the mechanical properties of basalt fiber-based epoxy composites. Four different types of pretreatment approaches to BF were used; then a silane coupling agent (KH550) was applied to further modify the pretreated BF, prior to the preparation of epoxy resin (EP)/BF composites. The combination of acetone (pre-treatment) and KH550 (formal surface treatment) for basalt fiber (BT-AT) imparted the EP/BF composite with the best performance in both tensile and impact strengths. Subsequently, such modified BF was introduced into the flame-retardant epoxy composites (EP/AP750) to prepare basalt fiber reinforced flame-retardant epoxy composite (EP/AP750/BF-AT). The fire behaviors of the composites were evaluated by vertical burning test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and cone calorimetry. In comparison to the flame-retardant properties of EP/AP750, the incorporation of BF-AT slightly reduced LOI value from 26.3% to 25.1%, maintained the good performance in vertical burning test, but increased the peak of the heat release rate. Besides, the thermal properties and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), universal tensile test, impact test and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Guo
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - Meihui Zhou
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.G.); (M.Z.)
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipan, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; (G.-Z.Y.); (E.K.)
| | - Ehsan Kalali
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; (G.-Z.Y.); (E.K.)
| | - Na Wang
- Sino-Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (Y.G.); (M.Z.)
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; (G.-Z.Y.); (E.K.)
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28
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Nickel hydroxide and zinc hydroxystannate dual modified graphite carbon nitride for the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Geoffroy L, Davesne AL, Parent F, Sanchette F, Samyn F, Jimenez M, Bourbigot S. Combining Low-Emissivity Thin Coating and 3D-Printed Original Designs for Superior Fire-Protective Performance. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27857-27863. [PMID: 33163768 PMCID: PMC7643117 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a very flexible process to design various objects of original shapes. Previous works highlighted the preparation of new multimaterials composed of an original sandwich structure made of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer containing 30 wt % of aluminum trihydroxide in which a hydrogel phase made of agar and vermiculite was incorporated. This original material revealed an extremely low heat release rate (HRR) (with a reduction of 86 and 64% with regard to the peak of the HRR and total heat release, respectively, when compared to the same sample without hydrogel filling) during its heat exposure at 50 kW/m2 according to the mass loss cone calorimetry test. However, the time to ignition (TTI) of this material was not improved. This work consequently focuses on delaying the time to ignition of this hydrogel sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial. Solution consists in depositing by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering a low-emissivity thin coating on the exposed skin surface. This coating reflects most of the infrared rays responsible for heat absorption and thus delays the ignition of the underlying material. The thermal resistance performances of this coated sandwich 3D-printed multimaterial were evaluated, and a mechanism of action was proposed to explain the dramatic enhancement of the properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Geoffroy
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Lise Davesne
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Parent
- ICD
LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR6281, CNRS,
Antenne de Nogent, Pôle Technologique de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
- NICCI,
LRC CEA-ICD LASMIS, UTT, Antenne de Nogent-52, Pôle Technologique
de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
| | - Frédéric Sanchette
- ICD
LASMIS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, UMR6281, CNRS,
Antenne de Nogent, Pôle Technologique de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
- NICCI,
LRC CEA-ICD LASMIS, UTT, Antenne de Nogent-52, Pôle Technologique
de Haute-Champagne, 52800 Nogent, France
| | - Fabienne Samyn
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Maude Jimenez
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, UMR 8207—UMET—Unité
Matériaux et Transformations, F-59000 Lille, France
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30
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Salasinska K, Celiński M, Mizera K, Kozikowski P, Leszczyński M, Gajek A. Synergistic effect between histidine phosphate complex and hazelnut shell for flammability reduction of low-smoke emission epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Chen YK, Lu QX, Zhong G, Zhang HG, Chen MF, Liu CP. DOPO
‐based curing flame retardant of epoxy composite material for char formation and intumescent flame retardance. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Kun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Qing Xin Lu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Gang Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Hua Gui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Ming Feng Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Can Pei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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32
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Zhang W, Zhang W, Qin Z, Zhang X, Yang F, Qiao L, Yang R. Mechanical and flame‐retardant properties and thermal decomposition of vinyl ester resin modified by different phenyl silsesquioxanes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhaolu Qin
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Fan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Liang Qiao
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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33
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Cheng Z, Liao D, Hu X, Li W, Xie C, Zhang H, Yang W. Synergistic fire retardant effect between expandable graphite and ferrocene-based non-phosphorus polymer on polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Sulfathiazole derivative with phosphaphenanthrene group: Synthesis, characterization and its high flame-retardant activity on epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Soltani S, Razinobakht SA, Asmatulu R. Effect of carbon black silanization on isothermal curing kinetics of epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Soltani
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringFlorida Polytechnic University Lakeland Florida
| | | | - Ramazan Asmatulu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringWichita State University Wichita Kansas
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36
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Xie W, Huang S, Tang D, Liu S, Zhao J. Synthesis of a furfural-based DOPO-containing co-curing agent for fire-safe epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1956-1965. [PMID: 35494575 PMCID: PMC9048244 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A furfural-based DOPO-containing flame retardant, 6,6′-(((methylenebis(4,1-phenylene))bis(azanediyl))bis(furan-2-ylmethylene))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (MBF-DOPO), was synthesized and utilized as a co-curing agent of 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) for fire-safe epoxy thermosets. For the cured epoxy resin containing 4.0% MBF-DOPO, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 32.9% (with the V-0 rating in UL-94 test), and the peak heat release rate and total smoke production values were respectively decreased by 29.3% and 33.6%, compared to pure epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results confirmed that the furfural-based flame retardant MBF-DOPO promoted the charring formation of the epoxy matrix, which effectively isolated the gas and heat transfer during combustion and thus enhanced the fire-safety performance of the epoxy thermosets. This work provides an effective route for synthesizing a furfural-based flame retardant, which possesses great potential for application in fire-safe epoxy thermosets. A novel furfural-based DOPO-containing flame retardant MBF-DOPO was successfully synthesized and acted as a co-curing agent for fire-safe epoxy resins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Donglin Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering
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Yao Z, Qian L, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Xu B, Li J. Flame retardant and toughening behaviors of bio‐based DOPO‐containing curing agent in epoxy thermoset. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Yao
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
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Hu X, Yang H, Jiang Y, He H, Liu H, Huang H, Wan C. Facile synthesis of a novel transparent hyperbranched phosphorous/nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in reducing the fire hazard of epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 379:120793. [PMID: 31252341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel hyperbranched phosphorus/nitrogen-containing flame retardant (HPNFR) was facilely synthesized via the transesterification reaction of dimethyl methylphosphonate and tris (2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate and characterized successfully by 1H NMR and FTIR. The sample with 4 wt% HPNFR can achieve V-0 rating in UL-94 test and possess a LOI value as high as 34.5%. Conspicuous blowing-out effect was observed during the vertical burning test. TG results indicated that the presence of HPNFR significantly improved the thermal stability of EP thermosets. From cone test, THR, p-HRR, p-SPR and TSP values of HPNFR/EP composites were decreased in comparison to those of pure EP, revealing the reduced fire hazard of EP composites with HPNFR. SEM images of EP thermoset with 4 wt% of HPNFR after cone test exhibited compact and continuous char layers, while those of pure EP are fragmentary and broken. From TG-IR test, the yield of toxic CO and other pyrolysis products was significantly reduced, indicating a decrease in toxicity. Phosphorus-containing compounds were detected in gas phase, which verified the gaseous phase flame retardant effect of HPNFR. Besides, HPNFR would not significantly damage the transparence of EP thermosets, consequently reserved it's application value in some special fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of New Building Materials and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
| | - Yuping Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hualing He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hongyin Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Chaojun Wan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Chongqing 400044, PR China
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Zhang S, Xu F, Liu ZQ, Chen YS, Luo YL. Novel electrochemical sensors from poly[N-(ferrocenyl formacyl) pyrrole]@multi-walled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:085503. [PMID: 31675739 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab53bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Novel multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated with poly[N-(ferrocenyl formacyl) pyrrole] (MWCNTs@PFFP) nanocomposites were prepared through the in situ oxidation polymerization reaction of N-(ferrocenyl formacyl) pyrrole in the presence of MWCNTs. The MWCNTs@PFFP nanocomposites were characterized by FT-IR, Raman, TGA, XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM techniques. The MWCNTs@PFFP nanocomposites were fabricated into novel electrochemical sensors for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The electrochemical behavior of the MWCNTs@PFFP/GCE sensors was examined, and the parameters that influence electrochemical signals were optimized. The experimental results showed that the fabricated modified electrode sensors exhibited good sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, repeatability and a long lifetime, remaining the initial current of at least 92.5% after 15 days storage in air. The sensors possessed a linear response concentration range over 200-400 μM for AA, 2-16 μM for both DA and UA, and a limit of detection as low as 40.0, 1.1 and 7.3 × 10-1 μM for AA, DA and UA, respectively. They are expected to be used as a potential tool for the simultaneous detection of DA, AA and UA in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
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Li W, Liao D, Hu X, Cheng Z, Xie C. Synergistic improvement of fire retardancy and mechanical properties of ferrocene‐based polymer in intumescent polypropylene composite. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Xiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Dui‐Jun Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Xiao‐Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Chang‐Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
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