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Wang J, Li P, Wang C, Liu N, Xing D. Molecularly or atomically precise nanostructures for bio-applications: how far have we come? MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:3304-3324. [PMID: 37365977 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
A huge variety of nanostructures are promising for biomedical applications, but only a few have been practically applied. Among the various reasons, the limited structural preciseness is a critical one, as it increases the difficulty in product quality control, accurate dosing, and ensuring the repeatability of material performance. Constructing nanoparticles with molecule-like preciseness is becoming a new research field. In this review, we focus on the artificial nanomaterials that can currently be molecularly or atomically precise, including DNA nanostructures, some metallic nanoclusters, dendrimer nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures, describing their syntheses, bio-applications and limitations, in view of up-to-date studies. A perspective on their potential for clinical translation is also given. This review is expected to provide a particular rationale for the future design of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ping Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chao Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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2
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Huang W, Wang L, Zou Y, Ding X, Geng X, Li J, Zhao H, Qi R, Li S. Preparation of gastrodin-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2810. [PMID: 36408880 PMCID: PMC9759136 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to evaluate the feasibility of multifunctional gastrodin (GAS)-containing nano-drug carrier system against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). METHODS The drug-loaded nanocomposite (Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS) with certain encapsulation efficiency (EE) was prepared by physical adsorption method using different proportions of GAS and drug-carrying system (Au-G5.NHAc-PS). High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the drug loading and EE. Cultured rat astrocytes and hypothalamic neurons were assigned into four groups: PBS, Au-G5.NHAc-PS, Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS, and GAS. CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to examine the cell viability, apoptosis, and the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 in the astrocytes and hypothalamic neurons, respectively. Cellular uptake of GAS and Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS was analyzed by using Hoechst 33342 staining. The animal model with focal cerebral ischemia was generated by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in healthy male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, and pathological changes of brain tissue and major organs in the rats were identified by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Apoptosis in rat astrocytes and hypothalamic neurons was detected by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS Au-G5.NHAc-PS had a spherical shape with a uniform size of 157.3 nm. Among the nanoparticles, Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS with an EE of 70.3% displayed the best release delay effect. Moreover, we observed that in vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS were higher than those of GAS, whereas the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was significantly downregulated in Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS group as compared to G5.NHAc-PS group. Notably, HE staining revealed that although Au-G5.NHAc-PS/GAS had no toxic and side effects on the main organs of rats, it alleviated the damage of brain tissue in the MCAO rats. Besides, Au-G5.NHAc/GAS markedly reduced MCAO-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSION Au-G5.NHAc-PS showed favorable surface morphology, sustained drug release ability, no measurable toxicity, and good biocompatibility, indicating that GAS exerts anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lanlin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yanghong Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangqian Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin Geng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hexiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Renli Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shipeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Mikagi A, Manita K, Tsuchido Y, Kanzawa N, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. Boronic Acid-Based Dendrimers with Various Surface Properties for Bacterial Recognition with Adjustable Selectivity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5255-5263. [PMID: 36318469 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The need for a selective bacterial recognition method is evident to overcome the global problem of antibiotic resistance. Even though researchers have focused on boronic acid-based nanoprobes that immediately form boronate esters with saccharides at room temperature, the mechanism has not been well studied. We have developed boronic acid-modified poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with various surface properties to investigate the mechanism of bacterial recognition. The boronic acid-based nanoprobes showed selectivity toward strains, species, or a certain group of bacteria by controlling their surface properties. Our nanoprobes showed selectivity toward Gram-positive bacteria or Escherichia coli K12W3110 without having to modify the boronic acid recognition sites. The results were obtained in 20 min and visible to the naked eye. Selectivity toward Gram-positive bacteria was realized through electrostatic interaction between the bacterial surface and the positively charged nanoprobes. In this case, the recognition target was lipoteichoic acid on the bacterial surface. On the other hand, pseudo-zwitterionic nanoprobes showed selectivity for E. coli K12W3110, indicating that phenylboronic acid did not recognize the outermost O-antigen on the lipopolysaccharide layer. Boronic acid-based nanoprobes with optimized surface properties are expected to be a powerful clinical tool to recognize multidrug-resistant strains or highly pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayame Mikagi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan
| | - Koichi Manita
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuji Tsuchido
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University (TWIns), 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo162-8480, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanzawa
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo102-8554, Japan
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4
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Liao Y, Chan YT, Molakaseema V, Selvaraj A, Chen HT, Wang YM, Choo YM, Kao CL. Facile Solid-Phase Synthesis of Well-Defined Defect Lysine Dendrimers. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:22896-22905. [PMID: 35811872 PMCID: PMC9260950 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An efficient solid-phase method has been reported to prepare well-defined lysine defect dendrimers. Using orthogonally protected lysine residues, pure G2 to G4 lysine defect dendrimers were prepared with 48-95% yields within 13 h. Remarkably, high-purity products were collected via precipitation without further purification steps. This method was applied to prepare a pair of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid-decorated defect dendrimers (16 and 17), which possessed the same number of boronic acids. The binding affinity of 16, in which the ε-amines of G1 lysine are fractured, for glucose and sorbitol was 4 times that of 17. This investigation indicated the role of allocation and distribution of peripheries for the dendrimer's properties and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liao
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Chan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Vijayasimha Molakaseema
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Anand Selvaraj
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ting Chen
- Department
of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung
University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ming Wang
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Institute
of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Center
for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chai-Lin Kao
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug
Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University
Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department
of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- College
of Professional Studies, National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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5
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Torres-Pérez SA, Vallejo-Castillo L, Vázquez-Leyva S, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Herbert-Pucheta JE, Severac C, Dague E, Pérez-Tapia SM, Ramón-Gallegos E. Structural and physicochemical characteristics of one-step PAMAM dendrimeric nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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England RM, Sonzini S, Buttar D, Treacher K, Ashford M. Investigating the properties of L-lysine dendrimers through physico-chemical characterisation techniques and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) dendrimers up to generation 6, both as their ammonium trifluoroacetate salts and their boc-protected intermediates were characterised using multi-detector size exclusion chromatography (MD-SEC) and Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA)...
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7
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Wang X, Limpouchová Z, Procházka K, Liu Y, Min Y. Phase equilibria and conformational behavior of dendrimers in porous media: Towards chromatographic analysis of dendrimers. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:830-839. [PMID: 34689112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The intricate entropy-enthalpy interplay of dendrimers confined in pores affects their conformation and retention in the porous stationary phase. This work aims at providing important insights into its impacts on partitioning and chromatographic separation in both size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and interaction chromatography (IC) regimes. SIMULATIONS Using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, we investigated the bulk-pore phase equilibria and the conformational behavior of flexible dendrimers differing in generation, in spacer length and in fraction of modified terminal groups interacting differently with pore walls than the majority building units. FINDINGS With increasing interaction strength, a distinct transition from a roughly spherical shape caused by simultaneous interactions with two walls to an ellipsoidal (or even disklike) conformation tenaciously adhering to only one wall was observed for moderately confined dendrimers. The strongly deformed dendrimers subjected to severe confinement gain high energy and the samples differing in the degree of modification become chromatographically discernable thanks to large energy differences. Consequently, our results suggest that the column fillings with fairly narrow pores which are ineffective in SEC, are highly efficient separation media for dendrimer studies by IC above the critical adsorption point (CAP). Overall, our simulations reveal useful information for advancing and optimizing experimental liquid chromatography studies of dendrimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zuzana Limpouchová
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Procházka
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, Prague 2 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Yidong Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yonggang Min
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Kaup R, Ten Hove JB, Bunschoten A, van Leeuwen FWB, Velders AH. Multicompartment dendrimicelles with binary, ternary and quaternary core composition. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15422-15430. [PMID: 34505610 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically built-up multicompartment nanoaggregate systems are of interest for, e.g., novel materials and medicine. Here we present a versatile strategy to generate and unambiguously characterize complex coacervate-core micelles by exploiting four different dendrimeric subcomponents as core-units. The resulting mesoscale structures have a hydrodynamic diameter of 50 nm and a core size of 33 nm, and host about thirty 6th generation polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. We have used FRET (efficiency of ∼0.2) between fluorescein and rhodamine moieties immobilized on separate PAMAM dendrimers (G6-F and G6-R, respectively) to prove synchronous encapsulation in the micelle core. Tuning the proximity of the FRET pair molecules either by varying the G6-F : G6-R ratio, or by co-assembling non-functionalized dendrimer (G6-E) in the core, reveals the optimal FRET efficiency to occur at a minimum of 70% loading with G6-F and G6-R. Additional co-encapsulation of 6th generation gold dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (G6-Au) in the micelle core shows a dramatic reduction of the FRET efficiency, which can be restored by chemical etching of the gold nanoparticles from within the micellar core with thiols, leaving the micelle itself intact. This study reveals the controlled co-assembly of up to four different types of subcomponents in one single micellar core and concomitantly shows the wide variety of structures that can be made with a well-defined basic set of subcomponents. It is straightforward to design related strategies, to incorporate inside one micellar core, e.g., even more than 4 different dendrimers, or other classes of (macro)molecules, with different functional groups, other FRET pairs or different encapsulated metal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Kaup
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Bart Ten Hove
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Bunschoten
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H Velders
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Instituto Regional de Investigacion Cientifica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Pyo K, Xu H, Han SM, Saxena S, Yoon SY, Wiederrecht G, Ramakrishna G, Lee D. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Light-Harvesting Gold Nanoclusters Fully Functionalized with Antenna Chromophores. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004836. [PMID: 33559347 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient light-harvesting systems is important to understand the key aspects of solar-energy conversion processes and to utilize them in various photonic applications. Here, atomically well-defined gold nanoclusters are reported as a new platform to fabricate artificial light-harvesting systems. An efficient amide coupling method is developed to synthesize water-soluble Au22 clusters fully protected with pyrene chromophores by taking advantage of their facile phase-transfer reaction. The synthesized Au22 clusters with densely packed 18 pyrene chromophores (Au22 -PyB18 ) exhibit triple-emission in blue, green, and red wavelength regions arising respectively from pyrene monomer, pyrene excimer, and Au22 emission, producing bright white light emission together. The photoluminescence of Au22 is enhanced by more than tenfold, demonstrating that pyrenes at the periphery efficiently channel the absorbed energy to the luminescent Au22 at the center. A combination of femtosecond transient absorption and anisotropy measurements of Au22 -PyB18 explicitly reveals three main decay components of 220 fs, 3.5 ps, and 160 ps that can be assigned to energy migration between pyrenes and energy transfer processes from pyrene monomer and excimer to the central Au22 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunglim Pyo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myeong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shivi Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Sook Young Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Gary Wiederrecht
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Guda Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008, USA
| | - Dongil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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10
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Liao M, Chen Y, Brook MA. Spatially Controlled Highly Branched Vinylsilicones. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060859. [PMID: 33799627 PMCID: PMC8000532 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched silicones possess interesting properties as oils, including their viscoelastic behavior, or as precursors to controlled networks. However, highly branched silicone polymers are difficult to form reliably using a “grafting to” strategy because functional groups may be bunched together preventing complete conversion for steric reasons. We report the synthesis of vinyl-functional highly branched silicone polymers based, at their core, on the ability to spatially locate functional vinyl groups along a silicone backbone at the desired frequency. Macromonomers were created and then polymerized using the Piers–Rubinsztajn reaction with dialkoxyvinylsilanes and telechelic HSi-silicones; molecular weights of the polymerized macromonomers were controlled by the ratio of the two reagents. The vinyl groups were subjected to iterative (two steps, one pot) hydrosilylation with alkoxysilane and Piers–Rubinsztajn reactions, leading to high molecular weight, highly branched silicones after one or two iterations. The vinyl-functional products can optionally be converted to phenyl/methyl-modified branched oils or elastomers.
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Chen J, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Garofalo S, Dey AK, Tang J, Jiang Y, Clément F, Marche PN, Liu X, Kaminska B, Santoni A, Limatola C, Rossi JJ, Zhou J, Peng L. Synthesis and use of an amphiphilic dendrimer for siRNA delivery into primary immune cells. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:327-351. [PMID: 33277630 PMCID: PMC8830918 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using siRNAs to genetically manipulate immune cells is important to both basic immunological studies and therapeutic applications. However, siRNA delivery is challenging because primary immune cells are often sensitive to the delivery materials and generate immune responses. We have recently developed an amphiphilic dendrimer that is able to deliver siRNA to a variety of cells, including primary immune cells. We provide here a protocol for the synthesis of this dendrimer, as well as siRNA delivery to immune cells such as primary T and B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and primary microglia. The dendrimer synthesis entails straightforward click coupling followed by an amidation reaction, and the siRNA delivery protocol requires simple mixing of the siRNA and dendrimer in buffer, with subsequent application to the primary immune cells to achieve effective and functional siRNA delivery. This dendrimer-mediated siRNA delivery largely outperforms the standard electroporation technique, opening a new avenue for functional and therapeutic studies of the immune system. The whole protocol encompasses the dendrimer synthesis, which takes 10 days; the primary immune cell preparation, which takes 3-10 d, depending on the tissue source and cell type; the dendrimer-mediated siRNA delivery; and subsequent functional assays, which take an additional 3-6 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Chen
- Aix-Marseille Université, Center Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, CNRS, Marseille, France
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, Center of Advanced Pharmaceutics and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arindam K Dey
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Jingjie Tang
- Aix-Marseille Université, Center Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Aix-Marseille Université, Center Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Flora Clément
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Patrice N Marche
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble-Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, Center of Advanced Pharmaceutics and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Monrovia, CA, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Monrovia, CA, USA.
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille Université, Center Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Bhattacharjee S, Frank DS, Cannon J, Baker JR. Thermosensitivity studies of hyperbranched dendrimers and branched polymer with terminal N-isopropylamide. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Li TF, Cheng YY, Wang Y, Wang H, Chen DF, Liu YT, Zhang L, Han WZ, Liu RD, Wang ZJ, Yang CM, Jafta CJ, Clemens D, Keiderling U. Analysis of Dimer Impurity in Polyamidoamine Dendrimer Solutions by Small-angle Neutron Scattering. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-019-2260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Fischer-Durand N, Lizinska D, Guérineau V, Rudolf B, Salmain M. ‘Clickable’ cyclopentadienyl iron carbonyl complexes for bioorthogonal conjugation of mid-infrared labels to a model protein and PAMAM dendrimer. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fischer-Durand
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM); Sorbonne Université; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Daria Lizinska
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Lodz; Tamka 12 91-403 Lodz Poland
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301; Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Bogna Rudolf
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Lodz; Tamka 12 91-403 Lodz Poland
| | - Michèle Salmain
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM); Sorbonne Université; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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15
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Rabanel JM, Adibnia V, Tehrani SF, Sanche S, Hildgen P, Banquy X, Ramassamy C. Nanoparticle heterogeneity: an emerging structural parameter influencing particle fate in biological media? NANOSCALE 2019; 11:383-406. [PMID: 30560970 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04916e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug nanocarriers' surface chemistry is often presumed to be uniform. For instance, the polymer surface coverage and distribution of ligands on nanoparticles are described with averaged values obtained from quantification techniques based on particle populations. However, these averaged values may conceal heterogeneities at different levels, either because of the presence of particle sub-populations or because of surface inhomogeneities, such as patchy surfaces on individual particles. The characterization and quantification of chemical surface heterogeneities are tedious tasks, which are rather limited by the currently available instruments and research protocols. However, heterogeneities may contribute to some non-linear effects observed during the nanoformulation optimization process, cause problems related to nanocarrier production scale-up and correlate with unexpected biological outcomes. On the other hand, heterogeneities, while usually unintended and detrimental to nanocarrier performance, may, in some cases, be sought as adjustable properties that provide NPs with unique functionality. In this review, results and processes related to this issue are compiled, and perspectives and possible analytical developments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Rabanel
- Centre INRS Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Vahid Adibnia
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Soudeh F Tehrani
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Steven Sanche
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Patrice Hildgen
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Xavier Banquy
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Centre INRS Institut Armand-Frappier, 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada.
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16
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Puskas JE, Castano M, Mulay P, Dudipala V, Wesdemiotis C. Method for the Synthesis of γ-PEGylated Folic Acid and Its Fluorescein-Labeled Derivative. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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All-atomistic molecular dynamics (AA-MD) studies and pharmacokinetic performance of PAMAM-dendrimer-furosemide delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:545-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Messmer D, Kröger M, Schlüter AD. Pushing Synthesis toward the Maximum Generation Range of Dendritic Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Merzel R, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Distributions: The Importance of the Chemist's Molecular View for Biological Materials. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1469-1484. [PMID: 29663809 PMCID: PMC5954352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of materials with biological applications and assessment of physiological effects of therapeutic interventions are critical for translating research to the clinic and preventing adverse reactions. Analytical techniques typically used to characterize targeted nanomaterials and tissues rely on bulk measurement. Therefore, the resulting data represent an average structure of the sample, masking stochastic (randomly generated) distributions that are commonly present. In this Perspective, we examine almost 20 years of work our group has done in different fields to characterize and control distributions. We discuss the analytical techniques and statistical methods we use and illustrate how we leverage them in tandem with other bulk techniques. We also discuss the challenges and time investment associated with taking such a detailed view of distributions as well as the risks of not fully appreciating the extent of heterogeneity present in many systems. Through three case studies showcasing our research on conjugated polymers for drug delivery, collagen in bone, and endogenous protein nanoparticles, we discuss how identification and characterization of distributions, i.e., a molecular view of the system, was critical for understanding the observed biological effects. In all three cases, data would have been misinterpreted and insights missed if we had only relied upon spatially averaged data. Finally, we discuss how new techniques are starting to bridge the gap between bulk and molecular level analysis, bringing more opportunity and capacity to the research community to address the challenges of distributions and their roles in biology, chemistry, and the translation of science and engineering to societal challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
L. Merzel
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradford G. Orr
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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Gupta A, Ahmad A, Singh H, Kaur S, K M N, Ansari MM, Jayamurugan G, Khan R. Nanocarrier Composed of Magnetite Core Coated with Three Polymeric Shells Mediates LCS-1 Delivery for Synthetic Lethal Therapy of BLM-Defective Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:803-815. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Gupta
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Hardeep Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sharanjeet Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Neethu K M
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Md. Meraj Ansari
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | | | - Rehan Khan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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21
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Ten Hove JB, Wang J, van Leeuwen FWB, Velders AH. Dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticle-core micelles as a modular strategy for particle-in-a-box-in-a-box nanostructures. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:18619-18623. [PMID: 29182183 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchically controlled synthesis and characterization of self-assembling macromolecules and particles are key to explore and exploit new nanomaterials. Here we present a versatile strategy for constructing particle-in-a-box-in-a-box systems by assembling dendrimer-encapsulated gold nanoparticles (DENs) into dendrimicelles. This is realized by combining positively charged PAMAM dendrimers with a negative-neutral block copolymer. The number of particles per dendrimicelle can be controlled by mixing DENs with empty PAMAM dendrimers. The dendrimicelles are stable in solution for months and provide improved resistance for the nanoparticles against degradation. The dendrimicelle strategy provides a flexible platform with a plethora of options for variation in the type of nanoparticles, dendrimers and block copolymers used, and hence is tunable for applications ranging from nanomedicine to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Ten Hove
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University & Research, Axis, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Function Oriented Molecular Design: Dendrimers as Novel Antimicrobials. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101581. [PMID: 28934169 PMCID: PMC6151464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years innovative nanostructures are attracting increasing interest and, among them, dendrimers have shown several fields of application. Dendrimers can be designed and modified in plentiful ways giving rise to hundreds of different molecules with specific characteristics and functionalities. Biomedicine is probably the field where these molecules find extraordinary applicability, and this is probably due to their multi-valency and to the fact that several other chemicals can be coupled to them to obtain desired compounds. In this review we will describe the different production strategies and the tools and technologies for the study of their characteristics. Finally, we provide a panoramic overview of their applications to meet biomedical needs, especially their use as novel antimicrobials.
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23
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Ficker M, Paolucci V, Christensen JB. Improved large-scale synthesis and characterization of small and medium generation PAMAM dendrimers. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are promising polymers for biomedical applications; however, most dendrimer formulations have failed to move from laboratory science to upscaled products for preclinical testing or GMP production. This publications reports on an improved large-scale PAMAM dendrimer synthesis that is suitable to manufacture large amounts of highly pure and monodisperse dendrimers of generations G0–G5. Furthermore, an extended analytical guideline how to characterize PAMAM dendrimers with NMR, HPLC, SEC-MALS, ESI, MALDI, UV–vis, fluorescence, and IR spectroscopy is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ficker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871 Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871 Denmark
| | - Valentina Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871 Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871 Denmark
| | - Jørn B. Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871 Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, DK-1871 Denmark
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24
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Merzel RL, Frey C, Chen J, Garn R, van Dongen M, Dougherty CA, Kandaluru AK, Low PS, Marsh ENG, Banaszak Holl MM. Conjugation Dependent Interaction of Folic Acid with Folate Binding Protein. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2350-2360. [PMID: 28731321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum proteins play a critical role in the transport, uptake, and efficacy of targeted drug therapies, and here we investigate the interactions between folic acid-polymer conjugates and serum folate binding protein (FBP), the soluble form of the cellular membrane-bound folate receptor. We demonstrate that both choice of polymer and method of ligand conjugation affect the interactions between folic acid-polymer conjugates and serum FBP, resulting in changes in the folic acid-induced protein aggregation process. We have previously demonstrated that individual FBP molecules self-aggregate into nanoparticles at physiological concentrations. When poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-folic acid conjugates bound to FBP, the distribution of nanoparticles was preserved. However, the dendritic conjugates produced larger nanoparticles than those formed in the presence of physiologically normal human levels of folic acid, and the conjugation method affected particle size distribution. In contrast, poly(ethylene glycol)-folic acid conjugates demonstrated substantially reduced binding to FBP, did not cause folic acid-induced aggregation, and fully disrupted FBP self-aggregation. On the basis of these results, we discuss the potential implications for biodistribution, trafficking, and therapeutic efficacy of targeted nanoscale therapeutics, especially considering the widespread clinical use of poly(ethylene glycol) conjugates. We highlight the importance of considering specific serum protein interactions in the rational design of similar nanocarrier systems. Our results suggest that prebinding therapeutic nanocarriers to serum FBP may allow folate-specific metabolic pathways to be exploited for delivery while also affording benefits of utilizing an endogenous protein as a vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ananda Kumar Kandaluru
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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25
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Application of chemometric methods to the purity analysis of PAMAM dendrimers. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-016-0070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Bugno J, Hsu HJ, Hong S. Tweaking dendrimers and dendritic nanoparticles for controlled nano-bio interactions: potential nanocarriers for improved cancer targeting. J Drug Target 2016; 23:642-50. [PMID: 26453160 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1052077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have shown great promise in the treatment of cancer, with a demonstrated potential in targeted drug delivery. Among a myriad of nanocarriers that have been recently developed, dendrimers have attracted a great deal of scientific interests due to their unique chemical and structural properties that allow for precise engineering of their characteristics. Despite this, the clinical translation of dendrimers has been hindered due to their drawbacks, such as scale-up issues, rapid systemic elimination, inefficient tumor accumulation and limited drug loading. In order to overcome these limitations, a series of reengineered dendrimers have been recently introduced using various approaches, including: (i) modifications of structure and surfaces; (ii) integration with linear polymers and (iii) hybridization with other types of nanocarriers. Chemical modifications and surface engineering have tailored dendrimers to improve their pharmacokinetics and tissue permeation. Copolymerization of dendritic polymers with linear polymers has resulted in various amphiphilic copolymers with self-assembly capabilities and improved drug loading efficiencies. Hybridization with other nanocarriers integrates advantageous characteristics of both systems, which includes prolonged plasma circulation times and enhanced tumor targeting. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the newly emerging drug delivery systems that involve reengineering of dendrimers in an effort to precisely control their nano-bio interactions, mitigating their inherent weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bugno
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Hao-Jui Hsu
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA and
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois , Chicago , IL , USA and.,b Integrated Science and Engineering Division, Underwood International College, Yonsei University , Seoul , Korea
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27
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Vaidyanathan S, Kaushik M, Dougherty C, Rattan R, Goonewardena SN, Banaszak Holl MM, Monano J, DiMaggio S. Increase in Dye:Dendrimer Ratio Decreases Cellular Uptake of Neutral Dendrimers in RAW Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1540-1545. [PMID: 28286863 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neutral generation 3 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were labeled with Oregon Green 488 (G3-OGn) to obtain materials with controlled fluorophore:dendrimer ratios (n = 1-2), a mixture containing mostly 3 dyes per dendrimer, a mixture containing primarily 4 or more dyes per dendrimer (n = 4+), and a stochastic mixture (n = 4avg). The UV absorbance of the dye conjugates increased linearly as n increased and the fluorescence emission decreased linearly as n increased. Cellular uptake was studied in RAW cells and HEK 293A cells as a function of the fluorophore:dendrimer ratio (n). The cellular uptake of G3-OG n (n = 3, 4+, 4avg) into RAW cells was significantly lower than G3-OG n (n = 1, 2). The uptake of G3-OG n (n = 3, 4+, 4avg) into HEK 293A cells was not significantly different from G3-OG1. Thus, the fluorophore:dendrimer ratio was observed to change the extent of uptake in the macrophage uptake mechanism but not in the HEK 293A cell. This difference in endocytosis indicates the presence of a pathway in the macrophage that is sensitive to hydrophobicity of the particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Milan Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Casey Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rahul Rattan
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, 9220 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, SPC 5648, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, 9220 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, SPC 5648, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Veterans Affairs Health System, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States; Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, 3062C H.H. Dow Building, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Janet Monano
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
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28
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Chen J, van Dongen MA, Merzel RL, Dougherty CA, Orr BG, Kanduluru AK, Low PS, Marsh ENG, Banaszak Holl MM. Substrate-Triggered Exosite Binding: Synergistic Dendrimer/Folic Acid Action for Achieving Specific, Tight-Binding to Folate Binding Protein. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:922-7. [PMID: 26815158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-ligand conjugates are designed to bind proteins for applications as drugs, imaging agents, and transport scaffolds. In this work, we demonstrate a folic acid (FA)-triggered exosite binding of a generation five poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer scaffold to bovine folate binding protein (bFBP). The protein exosite is a secondary binding site on the protein surface, separate from the FA binding pocket, to which the dendrimer binds. Exosite binding is required to achieve the greatly enhanced binding constants and protein structural change observed in this study. The G5Ac-COG-FA1.0 conjugate bound tightly to bFBP, was not displaced by a 28-fold excess of FA, and quenched roughly 80% of the initial fluorescence. Two-step binding kinetics were measured using the intrinsic fluorescence of the FBP tryptophan residues to give a KD in the low nanomolar range for formation of the initial G5Ac-COG-FA1.0/FBP* complex, and a slow conversion to the tight complex formed between the dendrimer and the FBP exosite. The extent of quenching was sensitive to the choice of FA-dendrimer linker chemistry. Direct amide conjugation of FA to G5-PAMAM resulted in roughly 50% fluorescence quenching of the FBP. The G5Ac-COG-FA, which has a longer linker containing a 1,2,3-triazole ring, exhibited an ∼80% fluorescence quenching. The binding of the G5Ac-COG-FA1.0 conjugate was compared to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates of FA (PEGn-FA). PEG2k-FA had a binding strength similar to that of FA, whereas other PEG conjugates with higher molecular weight showed weaker binding. However, no PEG conjugates gave an increased degree of total fluorescence quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ananda Kumar Kanduluru
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - E Neil G Marsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Liang S, Li X, Wang WJ, Li BG, Zhu S. Toward Understanding of Branching in RAFT Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate through a Cleavable Dimethacrylate. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shiping Zhu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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30
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Lloyd JR, Jayasekara PS, Jacobson KA. Characterization of Polyamidoamino (PAMAM) Dendrimers Using In-Line Reversed Phase LC Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2016; 8:263-269. [PMID: 26997980 PMCID: PMC4792036 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay01995h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Generation 3 (G3) PAMAM dendrimers are symmetrical, highly branched polymers widely reported in the scientific literature as therapeutic agents themselves or as carrier scaffolds for various therapeutic agents. A large number of analytical techniques have been applied to study PAMAM dendrimers, but one that has been missing is in-line reversed phase LC electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (RP/LC/ESI/MS). To translate PAMAM dendrimers into therapeutic agents, a better understanding of their purity, stability and structure is required, and in-line RP/LC/ESI/MS is widely applied to all three of these analytical questions. In this study, we developed a robust in-line RP/LC/ESI/MS method for assessing stability, purity and structure of the G3 PAMAM dendrimers, and we also examined the reasons why previous attempts at method development failed. Using the RP/LC/ESI/MS method we uncovered several unique aspects of the chemistry of G3 PAMAM dendrimers. They are interconverted between two isomeric forms by dialysis, and under higher concentration levels there is an inter-molecular displacement reaction resulting, which degrades PAMAM dendrimers. Purification of G3 dendrimers by RP/LC was also previously unreported; so we slightly modified the LC/MS method for isolating individual components from a complex dendrimer mixture. Thus, we have developed a robust, comprehensive method for characterizing PAMAM dendrimers and their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Lloyd
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - P. Suresh Jayasekara
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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31
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Shakya A, Dougherty CA, Xue Y, Al-Hashimi HM, Banaszak Holl MM. Rapid Exchange Between Free and Bound States in RNA-Dendrimer Polyplexes: Implications on the Mechanism of Delivery and Release. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:154-64. [PMID: 26595195 PMCID: PMC5070374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A combination of solution NMR, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and fluorescence quenching assays were employed to obtain insights into the dynamics and structural features of a polyplex system consisting of HIV-1 transactivation response element (TAR) and PEGylated generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (G5-PEG). NMR chemical shift mapping and (13)C spin relaxation based dynamics measurements depict the polyplex system as a highly dynamic assembly where the RNA, with its local structure and dynamics preserved, rapidly exchanges (
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Shakya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
| | - Yi Xue
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hashim M. Al-Hashimi
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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32
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Ornelas C. Brief Timelapse on Dendrimer Chemistry: Advances, Limitations, and Expectations. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ornelas
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas - Unicamp; Campinas SP 13083-970 Brazil
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33
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Shaunak S. Perspective: Dendrimer drugs for infection and inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:435-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Manono J, Dougherty CA, Jones K, DeMuth J, Holl MMB, DiMaggio S. Generation 3 PAMAM dendrimer TAMRA conjugates containing precise dye/dendrimer ratios. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2015; 4:86-92. [PMID: 26549978 PMCID: PMC4631223 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation, and characterization of generation 3 poly(amidoamine) (G3 PAMAM) dendrimer containing precise ratios of 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dye (n = 1-3) per polymer particle are reported. Stochastic conjugation of TAMRA dye to the dendrimer was followed by separation into precise dye-polymer ratios using rp-HPLC. The isolated materials were characterized by rp-UPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Manono
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kirsten Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
| | - Joshua DeMuth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Stassi DiMaggio
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans LA 70125, USA
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Hennig R, Veser A, Kirchhof S, Goepferich A. Branched Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Multivalent Blockade of Angiotensin II Receptors. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3292-302. [PMID: 26252154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for treatment of ocular diseases associated with neovascularizations, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, shows tremendous promise but is presently limited due to short intravitreal half-life. Conjugation of ARB molecules to branched polymers could vastly augment their therapeutic efficacy. EXP3174, a potent non-peptide ARB, was conjugated to branched poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers: 7.8 ligand molecules were tethered to each 40 kDa PEG molecule whereas 16.7 ligand molecules were linked to each PAMAM generation 5 dendrimer. The multivalent PEG and PAMAM conjugates blocked AT1R signaling with an IC50 of 224 and 36.3 nM, respectively. The 6-fold higher affinity of the multivalent ligand-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers was due to their unique microarchitecture and ability to suppress polymer-drug interactions. Remarkably, both polymer-drug conjugates exhibited no cytotoxicity, in stark contrast to plain PAMAM dendrimers. With sufficiently long vitreous half-lives, both synthesized polymer-ARB conjugates have the potential to pave a new path for the therapy of ocular diseases accompanied by retinal neovascularizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hennig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anika Veser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirchhof
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
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Dougherty CA, Vaidyanathan S, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Fluorophore:dendrimer ratio impacts cellular uptake and intracellular fluorescence lifetime. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:304-15. [PMID: 25625297 DOI: 10.1021/bc5005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
G5-NH2-TAMRAn (n = 1-4, 5+, and 1.5(avg)) were prepared with n = 1-4 as a precise dye:dendrimer ratio, 5+ as a mixture of dendrimers with 5 or more dye per dendrimer, and 1.5(avg) as a Poisson distribution of dye:dendrimer ratios with a mean of 1.5 dye per dendrimer. The absorption intensity increased sublinearly with n whereas the fluorescence emission and lifetime decreased with an increasing number of dyes per dendrimer. Flow cytometry was employed to quantify uptake into HEK293A cells. Dendrimers with 2-4 dyes were found to have greater uptake than dendrimer with a single dye. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) showed that the different dye:dendrimer ratio alone was sufficient to change the fluorescence lifetime of the material observed inside cells. We also observed that the lifetime of G5-NH2-TAMRA5+ increased when present in the cell as compared to solution. However, cells treated with G5-NH2-TAMRA1.5(avg) did not exhibit the high lifetime components present in G5-NH2-TAMRA1 and G5-NH2-TAMRA5+. In general, the effects of the dye:dendrimer ratio on fluorescence lifetime were of similar magnitude to environmentally induced lifetime shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Department of Physics, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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37
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Congdon T, Wilmet C, Williams R, Polt J, Lilliman M, Gibson MI. Diversely functionalised carbohydrate-centered oligomers and polymers. Thermoresponsivity, lectin binding and degradability. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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38
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Tintaru A, Ungaro R, Liu X, Chen C, Giordano L, Peng L, Charles L. Structural characterization of new defective molecules in poly(amidoamide) dendrimers by combining mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 853:451-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang J, Voets IK, Fokkink R, van der Gucht J, Velders AH. Controlling the number of dendrimers in dendrimicelle nanoconjugates from 1 to more than 100. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7337-7345. [PMID: 25088086 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01143k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a facile strategy to controllably build up dendrimicelles by self-assembly of anionic PAMAM dendrimers with cationic-neutral diblock copolymers. We present a systematic study incorporating a full decade (0-9) of dendrimer generations, tracing the gradual variation from aggregates (G0 and G1) to self-assembled micelles (G2-G8), and an unidendrimer micelle structure (G9) by different scattering techniques (light and X-ray). The formed micelles (G2-G9) are spherical in shape with a hydrodynamic radius of about 25 nm. Interestingly, the micellar size, structure and number of incorporated block copolymers are independent of the dendrimer generation (for G2 to G9), while the aggregation number of the dendrimers decreases from 108 to 1, and the stability of the micelles increases upon an increase in the dendrimer generation. Moreover, the micelles with lower generation dendrimers transform from spherical into worm-like structures upon an increase in the positive charge fraction (excess polymers) or ionic strength, while micelles with higher generation dendrimers do not show such a transition. This differential behavior is in-line with a change from a flexible configuration into rigid globular nanoparticles with increasing dendrimer generation. The reported systematic investigation of dendrimicelles comprising a full decade of dendrimer generations provides the basis for versatile strategies focused on building up new (multi)functional materials, e.g. by packing multiple types of dendrimers with different functional groups or encapsulated cargos controllably within one micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyou Wang
- Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 6, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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Wen Z, Jincheng W, Kai S, Yi Z. Preparation of novel dendritic flame-retardant polymer and its application in EPDM composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wen
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai University of Engineering Science; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Jincheng
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai University of Engineering Science; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Kai
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai University of Engineering Science; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Yi
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai University of Engineering Science; Shanghai 201620 People's Republic of China
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van Dongen MA, Rattan R, Silpe J, Dougherty C, Michmerhuizen NL, Van Winkle M, Huang B, Choi SK, Sinniah K, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-methotrexate conjugates: the mechanism of interaction with folate binding protein. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4049-58. [PMID: 25222480 PMCID: PMC4224518 DOI: 10.1021/mp500608s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Generation
5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) methotrexate (MTX) conjugates
employing two small molecular linkers, G5-(COG-MTX)n, G5-(MFCO-MTX)n were prepared along with the conjugates of the G5-G5 (D)
dimer, D-(COG-MTX)n, D-(MFCO-MTX)n. The monomer G5-(COG-MTX)n conjugates exhibited only a weak, rapidly reversible binding
to folate binding protein (FBP) consistent with monovalent MTX binding.
The D-(COG-MTX)n conjugates exhibited
a slow onset, tight-binding mechanism in which the MTX first binds
to the FBP, inducing protein structural rearrangement, followed by
polymer–protein van der Waals interactions leading to tight-binding.
The extent of irreversible binding is dependent on total MTX concentration
and no evidence of multivalent MTX binding was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Biomedical Engineering, §Physics, and ∥the Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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van Dongen M, Dougherty CA, Banaszak Holl MM. Multivalent polymers for drug delivery and imaging: the challenges of conjugation. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3215-34. [PMID: 25120091 PMCID: PMC4157765 DOI: 10.1021/bm500921q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent polymers offer a powerful opportunity to develop theranostic materials on the size scale of proteins that can provide targeting, imaging, and therapeutic functionality. Achieving this goal requires the presence of multiple targeting molecules, dyes, and/or drugs on the polymer scaffold. This critical review examines the synthetic, analytical, and functional challenges associated with the heterogeneity introduced by conjugation reactions as well as polymer scaffold design. First, approaches to making multivalent polymer conjugations are discussed followed by an analysis of materials that have shown particular promise biologically. Challenges in characterizing the mixed ligand distributions and the impact of these distributions on biological applications are then discussed. Where possible, molecular-level interpretations are provided for the structures that give rise to the functional ligand and molecular weight distributions present in the polymer scaffolds. Lastly, recent strategies employed for overcoming or minimizing the presence of ligand distributions are discussed. This review focuses on multivalent polymer scaffolds where average stoichiometry and/or the distribution of products have been characterized by at least one experimental technique. Key illustrative examples are provided for scaffolds that have been carried forward to in vitro and in vivo testing with significant biological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory
A. van Dongen
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Casey A. Dougherty
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Chemistry Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
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Förstner P, Bayer F, Kalu N, Felsen S, Förtsch C, Aloufi A, Ng DYW, Weil T, Nestorovich EM, Barth H. Cationic PAMAM dendrimers as pore-blocking binary toxin inhibitors. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2461-74. [PMID: 24954629 PMCID: PMC4215879 DOI: 10.1021/bm500328v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are unique highly branched macromolecules with numerous groundbreaking biomedical applications under development. Here we identified poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers as novel blockers for the pore-forming B components of the binary anthrax toxin (PA63) and Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin (C2IIa). These pores are essential for delivery of the enzymatic A components of the internalized toxins from endosomes into the cytosol of target cells. We demonstrate that at low μM concentrations cationic PAMAM dendrimers block PA63 and C2IIa to inhibit channel-mediated transport of the A components, thereby protecting HeLa and Vero cells from intoxication. By channel reconstitution and high-resolution current recording, we show that the PAMAM dendrimers obstruct transmembrane PA63 and C2IIa pores in planar lipid bilayers at nM concentrations. These findings suggest a new potential role for the PAMAM dendrimers as effective polyvalent channel-blocking inhibitors, which can protect human target cells from intoxication with binary toxins from pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Förstner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center , D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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44
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van Dongen MA, Orr BG, Banaszak Holl MM. Diffusion NMR study of generation-five PAMAM dendrimer materials. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7195-202. [PMID: 24901764 PMCID: PMC4076006 DOI: 10.1021/jp504059p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Commercial generation-five poly(amidoamine)
dendrimer material
(G5c) was fractionated into its major structural components. Monomeric
G5 (G5m; 21–30 kDa) was isolated to compare its functional
properties to the G5c material. Diffusion-ordered nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy was employed to measure the self-diffusion
coefficients and corresponding hydrodynamic radii of G5m and other
G5c components as a function of dendrimer size (i.e., molecular weight)
and tertiary structure (i.e., generational or oligomeric nature).
It was found that the hydrodynamic radius (RH) scales with approximate numbers of atoms in the trailing
generations, G5m, and oligomeric material at a rate of RH ∝ N0.35, in good
agreement with previous reports of RH scaling
for PAMAM dendrimer with generation. G5c materials can be thought
of as a heterogeneous mixture of dendrimers ranging in size from trailing
generation two to tetramers of G5, approximately the same in size
as a G7 dendrimer, with G5m comprising ∼65% of the material.
The radius of hydration for G5m was measured to be 3.1 ± 0.1
nm at pH 7.4. The 10% swelling in response to a drop in pH observed
for the G5c material was not observed for isolated G5m; however, the
isolated G5–G5 dimers had an increase of 44% in RH, indicating that the G5c pH response results from the
increase in RH of the oligomeric fraction
upon protonation. Finally, the data allow for an experimental test
of the “slip” and “stick” boundary models
of the Stokes–Einstein equation for PAMAM dendrimer in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Department of Physics, and §Program in Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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45
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van Dongen MA, Silpe JE, Dougherty CA, Kanduluru AK, Choi SK, Orr BG, Low PS, Banaszak Holl MM. Avidity mechanism of dendrimer-folic acid conjugates. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1696-706. [PMID: 24725205 PMCID: PMC4018099 DOI: 10.1021/mp5000967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Multivalent conjugation of folic
acid has been employed to target
cells overexpressing folate receptors. Such polymer conjugates have
been previously demonstrated to have high avidity to folate binding
protein. However, the lack of a monovalent folic acid–polymer
material has prevented a full binding analysis of these conjugates,
as multivalent binding mechanisms and polymer-mass mechanisms are
convoluted in samples with broad distributions of folic acid-to-dendrimer
ratios. In this work, the synthesis of a monovalent folic acid–dendrimer
conjugate allowed the elucidation of the mechanism for increased binding
between the folic acid–polymer conjugate and a folate binding
protein surface. The increased avidity is due to a folate-keyed interaction
between the dendrimer and protein surfaces that fits into the general
framework of slow-onset, tight-binding mechanisms of ligand/protein
interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A van Dongen
- Department of Chemistry and ⊥Department of Physics, ‡Program in Macromolecular Sciences and Engineering, and §Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019, United States
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46
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Dougherty CA, Furgal JC, van Dongen MA, Goodson T, Banaszak Holl MM, Manono J, DiMaggio S. Isolation and characterization of precise dye/dendrimer ratios. Chemistry 2014; 20:4638-45. [PMID: 24604830 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes are commonly conjugated to nanomaterials for imaging applications using stochastic synthesis conditions that result in a Poisson distribution of dye/particle ratios and therefore a broad range of photophysical and biodistribution properties. We report the isolation and characterization of generation 5 poly(amidoamine) (G5 PAMAM) dendrimer samples containing 1, 2, 3, and 4 fluorescein (FC) or 6-carboxytetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester (TAMRA) dyes per polymer particle. For the fluorescein case, this was achieved by stochastically functionalizing dendrimer with a cyclooctyne "click" ligand, separation into sample containing precisely defined "click" ligand/particle ratios using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by reaction with excess azide-functionalized fluorescein dye. For the TAMRA samples, stochastically functionalized dendrimer was directly separated into precise dye/particle ratios using RP-HPLC. These materials were characterized using (1)H and (19)F NMR spectroscopy, RP-HPLC, UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, lifetime measurements, and MALDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Dougherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055 (USA)
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47
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van Dongen MA, Vaidyanathan S, Banaszak Holl MM. PAMAM Dendrimers as Quantized Building Blocks for Novel Nanostructures. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:10.1039/C3SM52250D. [PMID: 24319491 PMCID: PMC3852679 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52250d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The desire to synthesize soft supramolecular structures with size scales similar to biological systems has led to work in assembly of polymeric nanomaterials. Recent advances in the isolation of generationally homogenous poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer enables their use as quantized building blocks. Here, we report their assembly into precise nanoclusters. In this work, click-functional ligands are stochastically conjugated to monomeric generation 5 PAMAM dendrimer and separated via reverse-phase HPLC to isolate dendrimers with precise numbers of click ligands per dendrimer particle. The click-ligand/dendrimer conjugates are then employed as modular building blocks for the synthesis of defined nanostructures. Complimentary click chemistry employing dendrimers with 1, 2, 3, or 4 ring-strained cyclooctyne ligands and dendrimers with 1 azide ligand were utilized to prepare megamer structures containing 2 to 5 ~30,000 kDa monomer units as characterized by mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, and reverse-phase liquid chromatography. The resulting structures are flexible with masses ranging from 60,000 to 150,000 kDa, and are soluble in water, methanol, and dimethylsulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory A. van Dongen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. Vaidyanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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