1
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Veiga A, Foster O, Kaplan DL, Oliveira AL. Expanding the boundaries of silk sericin biomaterials in biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7020-7040. [PMID: 38935038 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00386a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Silk sericin (SS) has a long history as a by-product of the textile industry. SS has emerged as a sustainable material for biomedical engineering due to its material properties including water solubility, diverse impact on biological activities including antibacterial and antioxidant properties, and ability to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. This review addresses the origin, structure, properties, extraction, and underlying functions of this protein. An overview of the growing research studies and market evolution is presented, along with highlights of the most common fabrication matrices (hydrogels, bioinks, porous and fibrous scaffolds) and tissue engineering applications. Finally, the future trends with this protein as a multifaceted toolbox for bioengineering are explored, along with the challenges with SS. Overall, the present review can serve as a foundation for the creation of innovative biomaterials utilizing SS as a fundamental building block that hold market potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Veiga
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology & Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Olivia Foster
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St., Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Ana Leite Oliveira
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Moreno-Tortolero RO, Luo Y, Parmeggiani F, Skaer N, Walker R, Serpell LC, Holland C, Davis SA. Molecular organization of fibroin heavy chain and mechanism of fibre formation in Bombyx mori. Commun Biol 2024; 7:786. [PMID: 38951579 PMCID: PMC11217467 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroins' transition from liquid to solid is fundamental to spinning and underpins the impressive native properties of silk. Herein, we establish a fibroin heavy chain fold for the Silk-I polymorph, which could be relevant for other similar proteins, and explains mechanistically the liquid-to-solid transition of this silk, driven by pH reduction and flow stress. Combining spectroscopy and modelling we propose that the liquid Silk-I fibroin heavy chain (FibH) from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, adopts a newly reported β-solenoid structure. Similarly, using rheology we propose that FibH N-terminal domain (NTD) templates reversible higher-order oligomerization driven by pH reduction. Our integrated approach bridges the gap in understanding FibH structure and provides insight into the spatial and temporal hierarchical self-assembly across length scales. Our findings elucidate the complex rheological behaviour of Silk-I, solutions and gels, and the observed liquid crystalline textures within the silk gland. We also find that the NTD undergoes hydrolysis during standard regeneration, explaining key differences between native and regenerated silk feedstocks. In general, in this study we emphasize the unique characteristics of native and native-like silks, offering a fresh perspective on our fundamental understanding of silk-fibre production and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael O Moreno-Tortolero
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
| | - Yijie Luo
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Fabio Parmeggiani
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Ave, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Nick Skaer
- Orthox Ltd, Milton Park, 66 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Robert Walker
- Orthox Ltd, Milton Park, 66 Innovation Drive, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Sean A Davis
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.
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3
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Samborska K, Budziak-Wieczorek I, Matwijczuk A, Witrowa-Rajchert D, Gagoś M, Gładyszewska B, Karcz D, Rybak K, Jaskulski M, Barańska A, Jedlińska A. Powdered plant beverages obtained by spray-drying without carrier addition-physicochemical and chemometric studies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4488. [PMID: 38396043 PMCID: PMC10891148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-based beverages (PBs) are currently gaining interest among consumers who are seeking alternative sustainable options to traditional dairy drinks. The study aimed to obtain powdered plant beverages without the addition of carriers by spray drying method to implement them in the future as an alternative to the liquid form of dairy drinks. Some of the most well-known commercial beverages sources like soy, almond, rice and oat were analyzed in this work. The effect of different treatments (concentration, addition of oat fiber) and two approaches od spray drying (conventional high temperature spray drying-SD, and dehumidified air spray drying at low temperature-DASD) were presented. Moreover, moisture content, water activity, particle morphology and size of obtained powders were analyzed. It was possible to obtain PBs without the addition of carriers, although the drying yield of four basic beverages was low (16.1-37.4%). The treatments and change in spray drying approach enhanced the drying yield, especially for the concentrated beverage dried using DASD (59.2%). Additionally, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was applied to evaluate the differences in chemical composition of powdered PBs. FTIR analysis revealed differences in the range of the absorption frequency of amide I, amide II (1700-1500 cm-1) and carbohydrate region (1200-900 cm-1). Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to study the relationship between spray dried plant beverages samples based on the fingerprint region of FTIR spectra, as well as the physical characteristics. Additionally, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was employed to explore the clustering of the powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Samborska
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Budziak-Wieczorek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Matwijczuk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
- ECOTECH-COMPLEX-Analytical and Programme Centre for Advanced Environmentally-Friendly Technologies, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Głęboka 39, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dorota Witrowa-Rajchert
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Gagoś
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bożena Gładyszewska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Karcz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analytics, Krakow University of Technology, 31-155, Krakow, Poland
- ECOTECH-COMPLEX-Analytical and Programme Centre for Advanced Environmentally-Friendly Technologies, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Głęboka 39, 20-033, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rybak
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Jaskulski
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Łódź, Poland
| | - Alicja Barańska
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jedlińska
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences WULS-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Cho JL, Allain LG, Yoshida S. Study on the Influence of UV Light on Selective Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesized Utilizing Protein/Polypeptide-Rich Aqueous Extract from The Common Walkingstick, Diapheromera femorata. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:713. [PMID: 38591619 PMCID: PMC10856163 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Common walkingstick (Diapheromera femorata) aqueous extract (CWSAE) can induce the synthesis of useful bionanomaterials. CWSAE is rich in water-soluble organic compounds such as proteins and polypeptides that function as reducing/stabilizing agents for nanoparticle formation from Ag+ ion precursors. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited a moderately uniform size, with the majority falling within the range of 20-80 nm. These AgNPs were UV-treated and tested as antibacterial agents to inhibit the growth of four pathogenic bacteria (Burkholderia cenocepacia K-56, Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Staphylococcus aureus USA300), as well as one common bacterium (Escherichia coli BW25113). The disk diffusion test demonstrated that the UV-treated AgNPs significantly and selectively inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus USA300 and P. aeruginosa, while showing a small effect on the other two species. This suggests the potential application of green-chemically synthesized AgNPs as selective antibacterial agents. Furthermore, we studied the effects of short-term (1-2 min) and long-term (5-30 min) UV treatment on the selective cytotoxicity of the AgNPs and found that the cytotoxicity of the AgNPs could depend on the duration of UV exposure against certain bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanichiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA; (J.L.C.); (L.G.A.)
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5
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Mu X, Amouzandeh R, Vogts H, Luallen E, Arzani M. A brief review on the mechanisms and approaches of silk spinning-inspired biofabrication. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1252499. [PMID: 37744248 PMCID: PMC10512026 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk spinning, observed in spiders and insects, exhibits a remarkable biological source of inspiration for advanced polymer fabrications. Because of the systems design, silk spinning represents a holistic and circular approach to sustainable polymer fabrication, characterized by renewable resources, ambient and aqueous processing conditions, and fully recyclable "wastes." Also, silk spinning results in structures that are characterized by the combination of monolithic proteinaceous composition and mechanical strength, as well as demonstrate tunable degradation profiles and minimal immunogenicity, thus making it a viable alternative to most synthetic polymers for the development of advanced biomedical devices. However, the fundamental mechanisms of silk spinning remain incompletely understood, thus impeding the efforts to harness the advantageous properties of silk spinning. Here, we present a concise and timely review of several essential features of silk spinning, including the molecular designs of silk proteins and the solvent cues along the spinning apparatus. The solvent cues, including salt ions, pH, and water content, are suggested to direct the hierarchical assembly of silk proteins and thus play a central role in silk spinning. We also discuss several hypotheses on the roles of solvent cues to provide a relatively comprehensive analysis and to identify the current knowledge gap. We then review the state-of-the-art bioinspired fabrications with silk proteins, including fiber spinning and additive approaches/three-dimensional (3D) printing. An emphasis throughout the article is placed on the universal characteristics of silk spinning developed through millions of years of individual evolution pathways in spiders and silkworms. This review serves as a stepping stone for future research endeavors, facilitating the in vitro recapitulation of silk spinning and advancing the field of bioinspired polymer fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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6
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Wöltje M, Isenberg KL, Cherif C, Aibibu D. Continuous Wet Spinning of Regenerated Silk Fibers from Spinning Dopes Containing 4% Fibroin Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13492. [PMID: 37686298 PMCID: PMC10487761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The wet spinning of fibers from regenerated silk fibroin has long been a research goal. Due to the degradation of the molecular structure of the fibroin protein during the preparation of the regenerated silk fibroin solution, fibroin concentrations with at least 10% protein content are required to achieve sufficient viscosity for wet spinning. In this study, a spinning dope formulation of regenerated silk fibroin is presented that shows a rheological behavior similar to that of native silk fibroin isolated from the glands of B. mori silkworm larvae. In addition, we present a wet-spinning process that enables, for the first time, the continuous wet spinning of regenerated silk fibroin with only 4% fibroin protein content into an endless fiber. Furthermore, the tensile strength of these wet-spun regenerated silk fibroin fibers per percentage of fibroin is higher than that of all continuous spinning approaches applied to regenerated and native silk fibroin published so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wöltje
- Institute of Textile Machinery and High-Performance Material Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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7
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Cho JL, Liu S, Wang P, Park JW, Choi D, Evans RE. Silver nanoparticles induced with aqueous black carpenter ant extract selectively inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biotechnol Lett 2023:10.1007/s10529-023-03386-8. [PMID: 37166605 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous black carpenter ant extract (ABCAE) was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The ABCAE was rich in water-soluble compounds such as hydrophilic polypeptides that behaved as both reducing and stabilizing agents for generating AgNPs from Ag+ ion precursors. The diameter of the observed AgNPs was mostly in the range of 20-60 nm. The AgNPs were tested as an antibacterial agent for the growth inhibition of two pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 27661) and one common bacteria (Escherichia coli K12 ATCC 10798). Disk diffusion test showed that the AgNPs selectively inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa but not for the other two species, suggesting the potential application of the green-chemically synthesized AgNPs as a selective antibacterial agent without harming other beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lee Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, 70402, USA.
| | - Shaoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, 36082, USA
| | - Pixiang Wang
- Center for Materials and Manufacturing Sciences, Troy University, Troy, AL, 36082, USA
| | - Joong-Wook Park
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Troy University, Troy, AL, 36082, USA
| | - Doosung Choi
- Department of Mathematics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Riley Ethan Evans
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Troy University, Troy, AL, 36082, USA
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8
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Kamada A, Toprakcioglu Z, Knowles TPJ. Kinetic Analysis Reveals the Role of Secondary Nucleation in Regenerated Silk Fibroin Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1709-1716. [PMID: 36926854 PMCID: PMC10091410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Silk proteins obtained from the Bombyx mori silkworm have been extensively studied due to their remarkable mechanical properties. One of the major structural components of this complex material is silk fibroin, which can be isolated and processed further in vitro to form artificial functional materials. Due to the excellent biocompatibility and rich self-assembly behavior, there has been sustained interest in such materials formed through the assembly of regenerated silk fibroin feedstocks. The molecular mechanisms by which the soluble regenerated fibroin molecules self-assemble into protein nanofibrils remain, however, largely unknown. Here, we use the framework of chemical kinetics to connect macroscopic measurements of regenerated silk fibroin self-assembly to the underlying microscopic mechanisms. Our results reveal that the aggregation of regenerated silk fibroin is dominated by a nonclassical secondary nucleation processes, where the formation of new fibrils is catalyzed by the existing aggregates in an autocatalytic manner. Such secondary nucleation pathways were originally discovered in the context of polymerization of disease-associated proteins, but the present results demonstrate that this pathway can also occur in functional assembly. Furthermore, our results show that shear flow induces the formation of nuclei, which subsequently accelerate the process of aggregation through an autocatalytic amplification driven by the secondary nucleation pathway. Taken together, these results allow us to identify the parameters governing the kinetics of regenerated silk fibroin self-assembly and expand our current understanding of the spinning of bioinspired protein-based fibers, which have a wide range of applications in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kamada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Zenon Toprakcioglu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.,Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FE, U.K
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9
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Chakraborty J, Mu X, Pramanick A, Kaplan DL, Ghosh S. Recent advances in bioprinting using silk protein-based bioinks. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121672. [PMID: 35835001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has experienced swift growth for biological applications in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Essential features of bioprinting include determining the appropriate bioink, printing speed mechanics, and print resolution while also maintaining cytocompatibility. However, the scarcity of bioinks that provide printing and print properties and cell support remains a limitation. Silk Fibroin (SF) displays exceptional features and versatility for inks and shows the potential to print complex structures with tunable mechanical properties, degradation rates, and cytocompatibility. Here we summarize recent advances and needs with the use of SF protein from Bombyx mori silkworm as a bioink, including crosslinking methods for extrusion bioprinting using SF and the maintenance of cell viability during and post bioprinting. Additionally, we discuss how encapsulated cells within these SF-based 3D bioprinted constructs are differentiated into various lineages such as skin, cartilage, and bone to expedite tissue regeneration. We then shift the focus towards SF-based 3D printing applications, including magnetically decorated hydrogels, in situ bioprinting, and a next-generation 4D bioprinting approach. Future perspectives on improvements in printing strategies and the use of multicomponent bioinks to improve print fidelity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Chakraborty
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2155, USA
| | - Ankita Pramanick
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 2155, USA
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Department of Textile and Fibre Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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10
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Developing silk sericin-based and carbon dots reinforced bio-nanocomposite films and potential application to litchi fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Quintana Martinez S, Torregroza Fuentes EE, García-Zapateiro LA. Rheological and Microstructural Properties of Acidified Milk Drink Stabilized with Butternut Squash Pulp Hydrocolloids (BSPHs). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19235-19242. [PMID: 35721938 PMCID: PMC9202050 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hydrocolloids from butternut squash pulp (BSPH) have been employed as stabilizers for the development of acidified milk drinks to evaluate their physicochemical, rheological, and microstructural properties. BSPH was obtained in the alkaline medium (yield of 630 mg of hydrocolloids/100 g of pulp), presenting 79.97 ± 0.240% carbohydrate and non-Newtonian-type shear thinning. Four acidified milk drinks (AMDs) were obtained with 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00% BSPHs and a control sample without BSPHs. The addition of BSPHs did not alter the proximal composition of AMDs with similar proximal values; also, the samples present typical behavior of non-Newtonian-fluid-type shear thinning adjusted to the Carreau-Yasuda model. Storage (G') and loss (G″) moduli values were slightly dependent on the frequency in most of the studied systems. Then, the addition of BSPHs retained their uniform internal structure and contributed to the stabilization of the products.
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12
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Secondary structure of peptides mimicking the Gly-rich regions of major ampullate spidroin protein 1 and 2. Biophys Chem 2022; 284:106783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Laity PR, Holland C. Seeking Solvation: Exploring the Role of Protein Hydration in Silk Gelation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020551. [PMID: 35056868 PMCID: PMC8781151 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism by which arthropods (e.g., spiders and many insects) can produce silk fibres from an aqueous protein (fibroin) solution has remained elusive, despite much scientific investigation. In this work, we used several techniques to explore the role of a hydration shell bound to the fibroin in native silk feedstock (NSF) from Bombyx mori silkworms. Small angle X-ray and dynamic light scattering (SAXS and DLS) revealed a coil size (radius of gyration or hydrodynamic radius) around 12 nm, providing considerable scope for hydration. Aggregation in dilute aqueous solution was observed above 65 °C, matching the gelation temperature of more concentrated solutions and suggesting that the strength of interaction with the solvent (i.e., water) was the dominant factor. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy indicated decreasing hydration as the temperature was raised, with similar changes in hydration following gelation by freezing or heating. It was found that the solubility of fibroin in water or aqueous salt solutions could be described well by a relatively simple thermodynamic model for the stability of the protein hydration shell, which suggests that the affected water is enthalpically favoured but entropically penalised, due to its reduced (vibrational or translational) dynamics. Moreover, while the majority of this investigation used fibroin from B. mori, comparisons with published work on silk proteins from other silkworms and spiders, globular proteins and peptide model systems suggest that our findings may be of much wider significance.
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14
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Silk Sericin-Polyethyleneimine Hybrid Hydrogel with Excellent Structural Stability for Cr(VI) Removal. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Zhao Y, Liang L, Li Y, Hien KTT, Mizutani G, Rutt HN. Sum frequency generation spectroscopy of the attachment disc of a spider. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120161. [PMID: 34293667 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pyriform silk of the attachment disc of a spider was studied using infrared-visible vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The spider can attach dragline and radial lines to many kinds of substrates in nature (concrete, alloy, metal, glass, plant branches, leaves, etc.) with the attachment disc. The adhesion can bear the spider's own weight, and resist the wind on its orb web. From our SFG spectroscopy study, the NH group of arginine side chain and/or NH2 group of arginine and glutamine side chain in the amino acid sequence of the attachment silk proteins are suggested to be oriented in the disc. It was inferred from the observed doublet SFG peaks at around 3300 cm-1 that the oriented peptide contains two kinds of structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Lin Liang
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Yanrong Li
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Khuat Thi Thu Hien
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Goro Mizutani
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Harvey N Rutt
- School of Electronic and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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16
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17
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Trucco D, Sharma A, Manferdini C, Gabusi E, Petretta M, Desando G, Ricotti L, Chakraborty J, Ghosh S, Lisignoli G. Modeling and Fabrication of Silk Fibroin-Gelatin-Based Constructs Using Extrusion-Based Three-Dimensional Bioprinting. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3306-3320. [PMID: 34101410 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Robotic dispensing-based 3D bioprinting represents one of the most powerful technologies to develop hydrogel-based 3D constructs with enormous potential in the field of regenerative medicine. The optimization of hydrogel printing parameters, proper geometry and internal architecture of the constructs, and good cell viability during the bioprinting process are the essential requirements. In this paper, an analytical model based on the hydrogel rheological properties was developed to predict the extruded filament width in order to maximize the printed structure's fidelity to the design. Viscosity data of two natural hydrogels were imputed to a power-law model to extrapolate the filament width. Further, the model data were validated by monitoring the obtained filament width as the output. Shear stress values occurring during the bioprinting process were also estimated. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in the silk fibroin-gelatin (G)-based hydrogel, and a 3D bioprinting process was performed to produce cell-laden constructs. Live and dead assay allowed estimating the impact of needle shear stress on cell viability after the bioprinting process. Finally, we tested the potential of hMSCs to undergo chondrogenic differentiation by evaluating the cartilaginous extracellular matrix production through immunohistochemical analyses. Overall, the use of the proposed analytical model enables defining the optimal printing parameters to maximize the fabricated constructs' fidelity to design parameters before the process execution, enabling to achieve more controlled and standardized products than classical trial-and-error approaches in the biofabrication of engineered constructs. Employing modeling systems exploiting the rheological properties of the hydrogels might be a valid tool in the future for guaranteeing high cell viability and for optimizing tissue engineering approaches in regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Trucco
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aarushi Sharma
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Cristina Manferdini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Gabusi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Petretta
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio RAMSES, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.,RegenHu Ltd., CH-1690 Villaz St. Pierre, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Desando
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Laboratorio RAMSES, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics & AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Juhi Chakraborty
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Sourabh Ghosh
- Regenerative Engineering Laboratory, Department of Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, 110016 New Delhi, India
| | - Gina Lisignoli
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, SC Laboratorio di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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18
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Rühs PA, Bergfreund J, Bertsch P, Gstöhl SJ, Fischer P. Complex fluids in animal survival strategies. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3022-3036. [PMID: 33729256 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Animals have evolved distinctive survival strategies in response to constant selective pressure. In this review, we highlight how animals exploit flow phenomena by manipulating their habitat (exogenous) or by secreting (endogenous) complex fluids. Ubiquitous endogenous complex fluids such as mucus demonstrate rheological versatility and are therefore involved in many animal behavioral traits ranging from sexual reproduction to protection against predators. Exogenous complex fluids such as sand can be used either for movement or for predation. In all cases, time-dependent rheological properties of complex fluids are decisive for the fate of the biological behavior and vice versa. To exploit these rheological properties, it is essential that the animal is able to sense the rheology of their surrounding complex fluids in a timely fashion. As timing is key in nature, such rheological materials often have clearly defined action windows matching the time frame of their direct biological behavior. As many rheological properties of these biological materials remain poorly studied, we demonstrate with this review that rheology and material science might provide an interesting quantitative approach to study these biological materials in particular in context towards ethology and bio-mimicking material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Rühs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 218 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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19
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Schaefer C, Laity PR, Holland C, McLeish TCB. Stretching of Bombyx mori Silk Protein in Flow. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061663. [PMID: 33809814 PMCID: PMC8002474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The flow-induced self-assembly of entangled Bombyx mori silk proteins is hypothesised to be aided by the ‘registration’ of aligned protein chains using intermolecularly interacting ‘sticky’ patches. This suggests that upon chain alignment, a hierarchical network forms that collectively stretches and induces nucleation in a precisely controlled way. Through the lens of polymer physics, we argue that if all chains would stretch to a similar extent, a clear correlation length of the stickers in the direction of the flow emerges, which may indeed favour such a registration effect. Through simulations in both extensional flow and shear, we show that there is, on the other hand, a very broad distribution of protein–chain stretch, which suggests the registration of proteins is not directly coupled to the applied strain, but may be a slow statistical process. This qualitative prediction seems to be consistent with the large strains (i.e., at long time scales) required to induce gelation in our rheological measurements under constant shear. We discuss our perspective of how the flow-induced self-assembly of silk may be addressed by new experiments and model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley Schaefer
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter R. Laity
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (P.R.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; (P.R.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Tom C. B. McLeish
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
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20
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Seib FP. Emerging Silk Material Trends: Repurposing, Phase Separation and Solution-Based Designs. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1160. [PMID: 33804578 PMCID: PMC7957590 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Silk continues to amaze. This review unravels the most recent progress in silk science, spanning from fundamental insights to medical silks. Key advances in silk flow are examined, with specific reference to the role of metal ions in switching silk from a storage to a spinning state. Orthogonal thermoplastic silk molding is described, as is the transfer of silk flow principles for the triggering of flow-induced crystallization in other non-silk polymers. Other exciting new developments include silk-inspired liquid-liquid phase separation for non-canonical fiber formation and the creation of "silk organelles" in live cells. This review closes by examining the role of silk fabrics in fashioning facemasks in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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21
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Schaefer C, McLeish TCB. Power Law Stretching of Associating Polymers in Steady-State Extensional Flow. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:057801. [PMID: 33605750 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.057801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a tube model for the Brownian dynamics of associating polymers in extensional flow. In linear response, the model confirms the analytical predictions for the sticky diffusivity by Leibler-Rubinstein-Colby theory. Although a single-mode Doi-Edwards-Marrucci-Grizzuti approximation accurately describes the transient stretching of the polymers above a "sticky" Weissenberg number (product of the strain rate with the sticky-Rouse time), the preaveraged model fails to capture a remarkable development of a power law distribution of stretch in steady-state extensional flow: while the mean stretch is finite, the fluctuations in stretch may diverge. We present an analytical model that shows how strong stochastic forcing drives the long tail of the distribution, gives rise to rare events of reaching a threshold stretch, and constitutes a framework within which nucleation rates of flow-induced crystallization may be understood in systems of associating polymers under flow. The model also exemplifies a wide class of driven systems possessing strong, and scaling, fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley Schaefer
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C B McLeish
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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22
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Arndt T, Laity PR, Johansson J, Holland C, Rising A. Native-like Flow Properties of an Artificial Spider Silk Dope. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:462-471. [PMID: 33397078 PMCID: PMC7869106 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Recombinant
spider silk has emerged as a biomaterial that can circumvent
problems associated with synthetic and naturally derived polymers,
while still fulfilling the potential of the native material. The artificial
spider silk protein NT2RepCT can be produced and spun into fibers
without the use of harsh chemicals and here we evaluate key properties of NT2RepCT
dope at native-like concentrations. We show that NT2RepCT recapitulates
not only the overall secondary structure content of a native silk
dope but also emulates its viscoelastic rheological properties. We
propose that these properties are key to biomimetic spinning and that
optimization of rheological properties could facilitate successful
spinning of artificial dopes into fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Arndt
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Blickagången 16, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden
| | - Peter R Laity
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Blickagången 16, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rising
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Neo, Blickagången 16, Huddinge 141 52, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden
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23
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Belbéoch C, Lejeune J, Vroman P, Salaün F. Silkworm and spider silk electrospinning: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:1737-1763. [PMID: 33424525 PMCID: PMC7779161 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-020-01147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Issues of fossil fuel and plastic pollution are shifting public demand toward biopolymer-based textiles. For instance, silk, which has been traditionally used during at least 5 milleniums in China, is re-emerging in research and industry with the development of high-tech spinning methods. Various arthropods, e.g. insects and arachnids, produce silky proteinic fiber of unique properties such as resistance, elasticity, stickiness and toughness, that show huge potential for biomaterial applications. Compared to synthetic analogs, silk presents advantages of low density, degradability and versatility. Electrospinning allows the creation of nonwoven mats whose pore size and structure show unprecedented characteristics at the nanometric scale, versus classical weaving methods or modern techniques such as melt blowing. Electrospinning has recently allowed to produce silk scaffolds, with applications in regenerative medicine, drug delivery, depollution and filtration. Here we review silk production by the spinning apparatus of the silkworm Bombyx mori and the spiders Aranea diadematus and Nephila Clavipes. We present the biotechnological procedures to get silk proteins, and the preparation of a spinning dope for electrospinning. We discuss silk's mechanical properties in mats obtained from pure polymer dope and multi-composites. This review highlights the similarity between two very different yarn spinning techniques: biological and electrospinning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Belbéoch
- ENSAIT: Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Industries Textiles, Roubaix, France
| | - Joseph Lejeune
- ENSAIT: Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Industries Textiles, Roubaix, France
| | - Philippe Vroman
- ENSAIT: Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Industries Textiles, Roubaix, France
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT: Ecole Nationale Superieure des Arts et Industries Textiles, Roubaix, France
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24
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Koeppel A, Laity PR, Holland C. The influence of metal ions on native silk rheology. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:204-212. [PMID: 33007482 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Whilst flow is the basis for silk fibre formation, subtle changes in a silk feedstocks' chemical environment may serve to increase both energetic efficiency and control hierarchical structure development during spinning. Despite the role of pH being largely understood, the influence of metal ions is not, only being inferred by correlative work and observations. Through a combination of rheology and microscopy, we provide a causative study of how the most abundant metal ions in the silk feedstock, Ca2+ and K+, affect its flow properties and structure. Our results show that Ca2+ ions increase viscosity and prevent molecular alignment and aggregation, providing ideal storage conditions for unspun silk. In contrast, the addition of K+ ions promotes molecular alignment and aggregation and therefore seems to transfer the silk feedstock into a spinning state which confirms recent 'sticky reptation' modelling hypotheses. Additionally, we characterised the influence of the ubiquitous kosmotropic agent Li+, used to prepare regenerated silk solutions, and find that it promotes molecular alignment and prevents aggregation which may permit a range of interesting artificial silk processing techniques to be developed. In summary, our results provide a clearer picture of how metal ions co-ordinate, control and thus contribute towards silk protein self-assembly which in turn can inspire structuring approaches in other biopolymer systems.
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25
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Mu X, Fitzpatrick V, Kaplan DL. From Silk Spinning to 3D Printing: Polymer Manufacturing using Directed Hierarchical Molecular Assembly. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901552. [PMID: 32109007 PMCID: PMC7415583 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Silk spinning offers an evolution-based manufacturing strategy for industrial polymer manufacturing, yet remains largely inaccessible as the manufacturing mechanisms in biological and synthetic systems, especially at the molecular level, are fundamentally different. The appealing characteristics of silk spinning include the sustainable sourcing of the protein material, the all-aqueous processing into fibers, and the unique material properties of silks in various formats. Substantial progress has been made to mimic silk spinning in artificial manufacturing processes, despite the gap between natural and artificial systems. This report emphasizes the universal spinning conditions utilized by both spiders and silkworms to generate silk fibers in nature, as a scientific and technical framework for directing molecular assembly into high-performance structures. The preparation of regenerated silk feedstocks and mimicking native spinning conditions in artificial manufacturing are discussed, as is progress and challenges in fiber spinning and 3D printing of silk-composites. Silk spinning is a biomimetic model for advanced and sustainable artificial polymer manufacturing, offering benefits in biomedical applications for tissue scaffolds and implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Vincent Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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26
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Lee YK, Jung SK, Chang YH. Rheological properties of a neutral polysaccharide extracted from maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) roots with prebiotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:757-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Solomun JI, Totten JD, Wongpinyochit T, Florence AJ, Seib FP. Manual Versus Microfluidic-Assisted Nanoparticle Manufacture: Impact of Silk Fibroin Stock on Nanoparticle Characteristics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:2796-2804. [PMID: 32582839 PMCID: PMC7304816 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Silk has a long track record of clinical use in the human body, and new formulations, including silk nanoparticles, continue to reveal the promise of this natural biopolymer for healthcare applications. Native silk fibroin can be isolated directly from the silk gland, but generating sufficient material for routine studies is difficult. Consequently, silk fibroin, typically extracted from cocoons, serves as the source for nanoparticle formation. This silk requires extensive processing (e.g., degumming, dissolution, etc.) to yield a hypoallergenic aqueous silk stock, but the impact of processing on nanoparticle production and characteristics is largely unknown. Here, manual and microfluidic-assisted silk nanoparticle manufacturing from 60- and 90-min degummed silk yielded consistent particle sizes (100.9-114.1 nm) with low polydispersity. However, the zeta potential was significantly lower (P < 0.05) for microfluidic-manufactured nanoparticles (-28 to -29 mV) than for manually produced nanoparticles (-39 to -43 mV). Molecular weight analysis showed a nanoparticle composition similar to that of the silk fibroin starting stock. Reducing the molecular weight of silk fibroin reduced the particle size for degumming times ≤30 min, whereas increasing the molecular weight polydispersity improved the nanoparticle homogeneity. Prolonged degumming (>30 min) had no significant effect on particle attributes. Overall, the results showed that silk fibroin processing directly impacts nanoparticle characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana I. Solomun
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.
- Jena
Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - John D. Totten
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.
- EPSRC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and
Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University
of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Thidarat Wongpinyochit
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.
| | - Alastair J. Florence
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.
- EPSRC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and
Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University
of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, U.K.
| | - F. Philipp Seib
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.
- EPSRC
Future Manufacturing Research Hub for Continuous Manufacturing and
Advanced Crystallisation (CMAC), University
of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, U.K.
- Leibniz
Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Max
Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Schaefer C, Laity PR, Holland C, McLeish TCB. Silk Protein Solution: A Natural Example of Sticky Reptation. Macromolecules 2020; 53:2669-2676. [PMID: 32308215 PMCID: PMC7161084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Silk is one of the most intriguing examples of biomolecular self-assembly, yet little is understood of molecular mechanisms behind the flow behavior generating these complex high-performance fibers. This work applies the polymer physics of entangled solution rheology to present a first microphysical understanding of silk in the linear viscoelastic regime. We show that silk solutions can be approximated as reptating polymers with "sticky" calcium bridges whose strength can be controlled through the potassium concentration. This approach provides a new window into critical microstructural parameters, in particular identifying the mechanism by which potassium and calcium ions are recruited as a powerful viscosity control in silk. Our model constitutes a viable starting point to understand not only the "flow-induced self-assembly" of silk fibers but also a broader range of phenomena in the emergent field of material-focused synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley Schaefer
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Peter R Laity
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Tom C B McLeish
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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29
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Abstract
Silk is a natural polymer sourced mainly from spiders and silkworms. Due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties, it has been heavily investigated for biomedical applications. It can be processed into a number of formats, such as scaffolds, films, and nanoparticles. Common methods of production create constructs with limited complexity. 3D printing allows silk to be printed into more intricate designs, increasing its potential applications. Extrusion and inkjet printing are the primary ways silk has been 3D printed, though other methods are beginning to be investigated. Silk has been integrated into bioink with other polymers, both natural and synthetic. The addition of silk is primarily done to offer more desirable viscosity characteristics and mechanical properties for printing. Silk-based bioinks have been used to fabricate medical devices and tissues. This article discusses recent research and printing parameters important for 3D printing with silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K DeBari
- Material Science and Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mia N Keyser
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michelle A Bai
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rosalyn D Abbott
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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30
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Mu X, Wang Y, Guo C, Li Y, Ling S, Huang W, Cebe P, Hsu HH, De Ferrari F, Jiang X, Xu Q, Balduini A, Omenetto FG, Kaplan DL. 3D Printing of Silk Protein Structures by Aqueous Solvent-Directed Molecular Assembly. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e1900191. [PMID: 31433126 PMCID: PMC6980242 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical molecular assembly is a fundamental strategy for manufacturing protein structures in nature. However, to translate this natural strategy into advanced digital manufacturing like three-dimensional (3D) printing remains a technical challenge. This work presents a 3D printing technique with silk fibroin to address this challenge, by rationally designing an aqueous salt bath capable of directing the hierarchical assembly of the protein molecules. This technique, conducted under aqueous and ambient conditions, results in 3D proteinaceous architectures characterized by intrinsic biocompatibility/biodegradability and robust mechanical features. The versatility of this method is shown in a diversity of 3D shapes and a range of functional components integrated into the 3D prints. The manufacturing capability is exemplified by the single-step construction of perfusable microfluidic chips which eliminates the use of supporting or sacrificial materials. The 3D shaping capability of the protein material can benefit a multitude of biomedical devices, from drug delivery to surgical implants to tissue scaffolds. This work also provides insights into the recapitulation of solvent-directed hierarchical molecular assembly for artificial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Silk lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Chengchen Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Shengjie Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Peggy Cebe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Huan-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Fabio De Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Silk lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Qiaobing Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Silk lab, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Bowen CH, Reed TJ, Sargent CJ, Mpamo B, Galazka JM, Zhang F. Seeded Chain-Growth Polymerization of Proteins in Living Bacterial Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:2651-2658. [PMID: 31742389 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Microbially produced protein-based materials (PBMs) are appealing due to use of renewable feedstock, low energy requirements, tunable side-chain chemistry, and biodegradability. However, high-strength PBMs typically have high molecular weights (HMW) and repetitive sequences that are difficult to microbially produce due to genetic instability and metabolic burden. We report the development of a biosynthetic strategy termed seeded chain-growth polymerization (SCP) for synthesis of HMW PBMs in living bacterial cells. SCP uses split intein (SI) chemistry to cotranslationally polymerize relatively small, genetically stable material protein subunits, effectively preventing intramolecular cyclization. We apply SCP to bioproduction of spider silk in Escherichia coli, generating HMW spider silk proteins (spidroins) up to 300 kDa, resulting in spidroin fibers of high strength, modulus, and toughness. SCP provides a modular strategy to synthesize HMW, repetitive material proteins, and may facilitate bioproduction of a variety of high-performance PBMs for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan M. Galazka
- Space Biosciences Division, Ames Research Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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32
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Blamires SJ, Sellers WI. Modelling temperature and humidity effects on web performance: implications for predicting orb-web spider ( Argiope spp.) foraging under Australian climate change scenarios. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz083. [PMID: 31832193 PMCID: PMC6899225 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic features extending beyond the body, or EPs, may vary plastically across environments. EP constructs, such as spider webs, vary in property across environments as a result of changes to the physiology of the animal or interactions between the environment and the integrity of the material from which the EP is manufactured. Due to the complexity of the interactions between EP constructs and the environment, the impact of climate change on EP functional integrity is poorly understood. Here we used a dynamic model to assess how temperature and humidity influence spider web major ampullate (MA) silk properties. MA silk is the silk that absorbs the impact of prey striking the web, hence our model provides a useful interpretation of web performance over the temperature (i.e. 20-55°C) and humidity (i.e. 15-100%) ranges assessed. Our results showed that extremely high or low humidity had direct negative effects on web capture performance, with changes in temperature likely having indirect effects. Undeniably, the effect of temperature on web architecture and its interactive effect with humidity on web tension and capture thread stickiness need to be factored into any further predictions of plausible climate change impacts. Since our study is the first to model plasticity in an EP construct's functionality and to extrapolate the results to predict climate change impacts, it stands as a template for future studies that endeavour to make predictions about the influence of climate change on animal EPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Blamires
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - W I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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33
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Frydrych M, Greenhalgh A, Vollrath F. Artificial spinning of natural silk threads. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15428. [PMID: 31659185 PMCID: PMC6817873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Silk producing arthropods spin solid fibres from an aqueous protein feedstock apparently relying on the complex structure of the silk protein and its controlled aggregation by shear forces, alongside biochemical changes. This flow-induced phase-transition of the stored native silk molecules is irreversible, environmentally sound and remarkably energy efficient. The process seemingly relies on a self-assembling, fibrillation process. Here we test this hypothesis by biomimetically spinning a native-based silk feedstock, extracted by custom processes, into silk fibres that equal their natural models' mechanical properties. Importantly, these filaments, which featured cross-section morphologies ranged from large crescent-like to small ribbon-like shapes, also had the slender cross-sectional areas of native fibres and their hierarchical nanofibrillar structures. The modulation of the post-draw conditions directly affected mechanical properties, correlated with the extent of fibre crystallinity, i.e. degree of molecular order. We believe our study contributes significantly to the understanding and development of artificial silks by demonstrating successful biomimetic spinning relies on appropriately designed feedstock properties. In addition, our study provides inspiration for low-energy routes to novel synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frydrych
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Greenhalgh
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom.
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Brif A, Laity P, Claeyssens F, Holland C. Dynamic Photo-cross-linking of Native Silk Enables Macroscale Patterning at a Microscale Resolution. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:705-714. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Brif
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, U.K
| | - Peter Laity
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, U.K
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K
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35
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Wei Y, Hu L, Yao J, Shao Z, Chen X. Facile Dissolution of Zein Using a Common Solvent Dimethyl Sulfoxide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6640-6649. [PMID: 31041860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The conformation and stability of zein in solution are closely associated with its solvation process and influence the mechanical properties of the related zein-based materials. In this work, a common solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used to dissolve zein, rather than solvents frequently used such as aqueous ethanol and acetic acid. It was found that DMSO could dissolve zein readily and the solution was stable for at least 2 weeks. Rheological analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were employed to characterize the zein DMSO solution. Results of rheological analysis suggested a Huggins coefficient of 0.24, indicating DMSO to be a good solvent for zein. SAXS results revealed that zein adopted an elongated conformation and had dimensions of 2.8 nm × 2.8 nm × 14.8 nm in DMSO solution. Moreover, robust zein films were fabricated from zein DMSO solutions. The content of residual DMSO in the films was determined to be approximately 15 wt % by thermogravimetric analysis, in consistence with the value obtained by other two methods. The film showed a large breaking strain of 320.6% with a considerable breaking stress of 1.9 MPa, yielding a breaking energy of 376.2 MJ/m3. Therefore, the ease of dissolution and good mechanical performance of the final zein-based material make DMSO a potential solvent for fabrication of zein materials, thereby improving the scope of practical applications of zein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Linli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , 220 Handan Road , Shanghai 200433 , People's Republic of China
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Holland C, Numata K, Rnjak‐Kovacina J, Seib FP. The Biomedical Use of Silk: Past, Present, Future. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1800465. [PMID: 30238637 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Humans have long appreciated silk for its lustrous appeal and remarkable physical properties, yet as the mysteries of silk are unraveled, it becomes clear that this outstanding biopolymer is more than a high-tech fiber. This progress report provides a critical but detailed insight into the biomedical use of silk. This journey begins with a historical perspective of silk and its uses, including the long-standing desire to reverse engineer silk. Selected silk structure-function relationships are then examined to appreciate past and current silk challenges. From this, biocompatibility and biodegradation are reviewed with a specific focus of silk performance in humans. The current clinical uses of silk (e.g., sutures, surgical meshes, and fabrics) are discussed, as well as clinical trials (e.g., wound healing, tissue engineering) and emerging biomedical applications of silk across selected formats, such as silk solution, films, scaffolds, electrospun materials, hydrogels, and particles. The journey finishes with a look at the roadmap of next-generation recombinant silks, especially the development pipeline of this new industry for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The University of Sheffield Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street Sheffield South Yorkshire S1 3JD UK
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecules Research Team RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2‐1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351‐0198 Japan
| | - Jelena Rnjak‐Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - F. Philipp Seib
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden Dresden 01069 Germany
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences University of Strathclyde Glasgow G4 0RE UK
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37
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Holland C, Hawkins N, Frydrych M, Laity P, Porter D, Vollrath F. Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Native Silk Feedstock. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800228. [PMID: 30411857 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Native silk proteins, extracted directly from the silk gland prior to spinning, offer access to a naturally hydrated protein that has undergone little to no processing. Combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), it is possible to probe the thermal stability and hydration status of silk and thus investigate its denaturation and solidification, echoing that of the natural spinning process. It is found that native silk is stable between -10 °C and 55 °C, and both the high-temperature enthalpy of denaturation (measured via modulated temperature DSC) and a newly reported low-temperature ice-melting transition may serve as useful quality indicators in the future for artificial silks. Finally, compared to albumin, silk's denaturation enthalpy is much lower than expected, which is interpreted within a recently proposed entropic desolvation framework which can serve to unveil the low-energy aquamelt processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Holland
- Natural Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Nicholas Hawkins
- N. Hawkins, Dr. M. Frydrych, Dr. D. Porter, Prof. F. Vollrath, The Oxford Silk Group, Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Martin Frydrych
- N. Hawkins, Dr. M. Frydrych, Dr. D. Porter, Prof. F. Vollrath, The Oxford Silk Group, Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Peter Laity
- Natural Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - David Porter
- N. Hawkins, Dr. M. Frydrych, Dr. D. Porter, Prof. F. Vollrath, The Oxford Silk Group, Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- N. Hawkins, Dr. M. Frydrych, Dr. D. Porter, Prof. F. Vollrath, The Oxford Silk Group, Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
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38
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Koeppel A, Laity PR, Holland C. Extensional flow behaviour and spinnability of native silk. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8838-8845. [PMID: 30349916 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibres are assembled via flow. While changes in the physiological environment of the gland as well as the shear rheology of silk are largely understood, the effect of extensional flow fields on native silk proteins is almost completely unknown. Here we demonstrate that filament stretching on a conventional tensile tester is a suitable technique to assess silk's extensional flow properties and its ability to form fibres under extensional conditions characteristic of natural spinning. We report that native Bombyx mori silk responds differently to extensional flow fields when compared to synthetic linear polymers, as evidenced by a higher Trouton ratio which we attribute to silk's increased interchain interactions. Finally, we show that native silk proteins can only be spun into stable fibres at low extension rates as a result of dehydration, suggesting that extensional fields alone are unable to induce natural fibre formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeppel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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39
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Sparkes J, Holland C. The Energy Requirements for Flow‐Induced Solidification of Silk. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800229. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Sparkes
- Natural Materials GroupDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Natural Materials GroupDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street Sheffield S1 3JD UK
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40
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Laity PR, Baldwin E, Holland C. Changes in Silk Feedstock Rheology during Cocoon Construction: The Role of Calcium and Potassium Ions. Macromol Biosci 2018; 19:e1800188. [PMID: 30040173 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Variation in silk feedstocks is a barrier both to our understanding of natural spinning and biomimetic endeavors. To address this, compositional changes are investigated in feedstock specimens from the domesticated silkworm (Bombyx mori). It is found that the feedstock viscosity decreased systematically by over two orders of magnitude during cocoon construction. Potential factors such as protein concentration, molecular weight, pH, or the presence of trehalose are excluded, whereas a clear correlation appear between viscosity and the relative concentrations of Ca2+ and K+ ions. It is expected that Ca2+ ions would favor "salt bridges" between acidic (Asp and Glu) amino acids, leading to an increased viscosity, whereas K+ ions would compete for these sites, thereby reducing viscosity. Thus, these findings suggest a simple, systematic yet sophisticated control of feedstock viscosity in the silkworm, which in turn can be applied to future industrial silk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Laity
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Elizabeth Baldwin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
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41
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Shimanovich U, Pinotsi D, Shimanovich K, Yu N, Bolisetty S, Adamcik J, Mezzenga R, Charmet J, Vollrath F, Gazit E, Dobson CM, Schierle GK, Holland C, Kaminski CF, Knowles TPJ. Biophotonics of Native Silk Fibrils. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1700295. [PMID: 29377575 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Native silk fibroin (NSF) is a unique biomaterial with extraordinary mechanical and biochemical properties. These key characteristics are directly associated with the physical transformation of unstructured, soluble NSF into highly organized nano- and microscale fibrils rich in β-sheet content. Here, it is shown that this NSF fibrillation process is accompanied by the development of intrinsic fluorescence in the visible range, upon near-UV excitation, a phenomenon that has not been investigated in detail to date. Here, the optical and fluorescence characteristics of NSF fibrils are probed and a route for potential applications in the field of self-assembled optically active biomaterials and systems is explored. In particular, it is demonstrated that NSF can be structured into autofluorescent microcapsules with a controllable level of β-sheet content and fluorescence properties. Furthermore, a facile and efficient fabrication route that permits arbitrary patterns of NSF microcapsules to be deposited on substrates under ambient conditions is shown. The resulting fluorescent NSF patterns display a high level of photostability. These results demonstrate the potential of using native silk as a new class of biocompatible photonic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulyana Shimanovich
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7600, Israel
| | - Dorothea Pinotsi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Klimentiy Shimanovich
- The School of Electrical Engineering, University of Tel-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Na Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Sreenath Bolisetty
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Charmet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Fritz Vollrath
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Tel-Aviv, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Gabriele Kaminski Schierle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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42
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Sparkes J, Holland C. The rheological properties of native sericin. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:234-242. [PMID: 29408618 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Unlike spider silk, spinning silkworm silk has the added intricacy of being both fibre and micron-thick glue-like coating. Whilst the natural flow properties of the fibre feedstock fibroin are now becoming more established, our understanding of the coating sericin is extremely limited and thus presents both a gap in our knowledge and a hindrance to successful exploitation of these materials. In this study we characterise sericin feedstock from the silkworm Bombyx mori in its native state and by employing both biochemical, rheological and spectroscopic tools, define a natural gold standard. Our results demonstrate that native sericin behaves as a viscoelastic shear thinning fluid, but that it does so at a considerably lower viscosity than its partner fibroin, and that its upper critical shear rate (onset of gelation) lies above that of fibroin. Together these findings provide the first evidence that in addition to acting as a binder in the construction of the cocoon, sericin is capable of lubricating the flow of fibroin within the silk gland, which has implications for future processing, modelling and biomimetic use of these materials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE This study addresses one of the major gaps in our knowledge regarding natural silk spinning by providing rigorous rheological characterisation of the other major protein involved - sericin. This allows progress in silk flow modelling, biomimetic system design, and in assessing the quality of bioinspired and waste sericin materials by providing a better understanding of the native, undegraded system.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sparkes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S. Yorks S1 3JD, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S. Yorks S1 3JD, UK.
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43
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Humenik M, Lang G, Scheibel T. Silk nanofibril self-assembly versus electrospinning. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 10:e1509. [PMID: 29393590 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural silk fibers represent one of the most advanced blueprints for (bio)polymer scientists, displaying highly optimized mechanical properties due to their hierarchical structures. Biotechnological production of silk proteins and implementation of advanced processing methods enabled harnessing the potential of these biopolymer not just based on the mechanical properties. In addition to fibers, diverse morphologies can be produced, such as nonwoven meshes, films, hydrogels, foams, capsules and particles. Among them, nanoscale fibrils and fibers are particularly interesting concerning medical and technical applications due to their biocompatibility, environmental and mechanical robustness as well as high surface-to-volume ratio. Therefore, we introduce here self-assembly of silk proteins into hierarchically organized structures such as supramolecular nanofibrils and fabricated materials based thereon. As an alternative to self-assembly, we also present electrospinning a technique to produce nanofibers and nanofibrous mats. Accordingly, we introduce a broad range of silk-based dopes, used in self-assembly and electrospinning: natural silk proteins originating from natural spinning glands, natural silk protein solutions reconstituted from fibers, engineered recombinant silk proteins designed from natural blueprints, genetic fusions of recombinant silk proteins with other structural or functional peptides and moieties, as well as hybrids of recombinant silk proteins chemically conjugated with nonproteinaceous biotic or abiotic molecules. We highlight the advantages but also point out drawbacks of each particular production route. The scope includes studies of the natural self-assembly mechanism during natural silk spinning, production of silk fibrils as new nanostructured non-native scaffolds allowing dynamic morphological switches, as well as studying potential applications. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Peptide-Based Structures Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Humenik
- Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregor Lang
- Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), Research Center Bio-Macromolecules (BIOmac), Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), Bayreuth Center for Material Science (BayMAT), Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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44
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Sparkes J, Holland C. Analysis of the pressure requirements for silk spinning reveals a pultrusion dominated process. Nat Commun 2017; 8:594. [PMID: 28928362 PMCID: PMC5605702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silks are remarkable materials with desirable mechanical properties, yet the fine details of natural production remain elusive and subsequently inaccessible to biomimetic strategies. Improved knowledge of the natural processes could therefore unlock development of a host of bio inspired fibre spinning systems. Here, we use the Chinese silkworm Bombyx mori to review the pressure requirements for natural spinning and discuss the limits of a biological extrusion domain. This provides a target for finite element analysis of the flow of silk proteins, with the aim of bringing the simulated and natural domains into closer alignment. Supported by two parallel routes of experimental validation, our results indicate that natural spinning is achieved, not by extruding the feedstock, but by the pulling of nascent silk fibres. This helps unravel the oft-debated question of whether silk is pushed or pulled from the animal, and provides impetus to the development of pultrusion-based biomimetic spinning devices.The natural production of silks remains elusive and subsequently inaccessible to biomimetic strategies. Here the authors show that silks cannot be spun by pushing alone, and that natural spinning is dominated by pultrusion, which provides design guidelines for future biomimetic spinning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Sparkes
- The Natural Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - Chris Holland
- The Natural Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK.
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Herold HM, Scheibel T. Applicability of biotechnologically produced insect silks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 72:365-385. [DOI: 10.1515/znc-2017-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Silks are structural proteins produced by arthropods. Besides the well-known cocoon silk, which is produced by larvae of the silk moth Bombyx mori to undergo metamorphosis inside their silken shelter (and which is also used for textile production by men since millennia), numerous further less known silk-producing animals exist. The ability to produce silk evolved multiple independent times during evolution, and the fact that silk was subject to convergent evolution gave rise to an abundant natural diversity of silk proteins. Silks are used in air, under water, or like honey bee silk in the hydrophobic, waxen environment of the bee hive. The good mechanical properties of insect silk fibres together with their non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable nature renders these materials appealing for both technical and biomedical applications. Although nature provides a great diversity of material properties, the variation in quality inherent in materials from natural sources together with low availability (except from silkworm silk) impeded the development of applications of silks. To overcome these two drawbacks, in recent years, recombinant silks gained more and more interest, as the biotechnological production of silk proteins allows for a scalable production at constant quality. This review summarises recent developments in recombinant silk production as well as technical procedures to process recombinant silk proteins into fibres, films, and hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike M. Herold
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Kolloide und Grenzflächen (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
- Bayreuther Zentrum für Molekulare Biowissenschaften (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
- Institut für Bio-Makromoleküle (bio-mac), Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
- Bayreuther Materialzentrum (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
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Silk micrococoons for protein stabilisation and molecular encapsulation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15902. [PMID: 28722016 PMCID: PMC5524934 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally spun silks generate fibres with unique properties, including strength, elasticity and biocompatibility. Here we describe a microfluidics-based strategy to spin liquid native silk, obtained directly from the silk gland of Bombyx mori silkworms, into micron-scale capsules with controllable geometry and variable levels of intermolecular β-sheet content in their protein shells. We demonstrate that such micrococoons can store internally the otherwise highly unstable liquid native silk for several months and without apparent effect on its functionality. We further demonstrate that these native silk micrococoons enable the effective encapsulation, storage and release of other aggregation-prone proteins, such as functional antibodies. These results show that native silk micrococoons are capable of preserving the full activity of sensitive cargo proteins that can aggregate and lose function under conditions of bulk storage, and thus represent an attractive class of materials for the storage and release of active biomolecules. Silk fibres currently used in biotechnology are chemically reconstituted silk fibroins (RSF), which are more stable than native silk fibroin (NSF) but possess different biophysical properties. Here, the authors use microfluidic droplets to encapsulate and store NSF, preserving their native structure.
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Kwak HW, Ju JE, Shin M, Holland C, Lee KH. Sericin Promotes Fibroin Silk I Stabilization Across a Phase-Separation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2343-2349. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Won Kwak
- Department
of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Ju
- Department
of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Munju Shin
- Department
of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Chris Holland
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Ki Hoon Lee
- Department
of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Research
Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
- Center for Food & Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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Alghooneh A, Razavi SMA, Behrouzian F. Rheological characterization of hydrocolloids interaction: A case study on sage seed gum-xanthan blends. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Koeppel A, Holland C. Progress and Trends in Artificial Silk Spinning: A Systematic Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:226-237. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koeppel
- Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Holland
- Department of Materials
Science
and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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