1
|
Tao Y, Zhang Y, Xia T, Lin N. Melt Compounding of Poly(lactic acid)-Based Composites: Blending Strategies, Process Conditions, and Mechanical Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400380. [PMID: 39012274 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA), derived from renewable resources, has the advantages of rigidity, thermoplasticity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, and is widely used in many fields such as packaging, agriculture, and biomedicine. The excellent processability properties allow for melt processing treatments such as extrusion, injection molding, blow molding, and thermoforming in the preparation of PLA-based materials. However, the low toughness and poor thermal stability of PLA limit its practical applications. Compared with pure PLA, conditions such as processing technology, filler, and crystallinity affect the mechanical properties of PLA-based materials, including tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break. This review systematically summarizes various technical parameters for melt processing of PLA-based materials and further discusses the mechanical properties of PLA homopolymers, filler-reinforced PLA-based composites, PLA-based multiphase composites, and reactive composite strategies for PLA-based composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Tao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xia
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ning Lin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamaguchi A, Arai S, Arai N. Molecular insight into toughening induced by core-shell structure formation in starch-blended bioplastic composites. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 315:120974. [PMID: 37230615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Binary and ternary blends with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and thermoplastic starch (TPS) were prepared by a melt process to produce biodegradable biomass plastics with both economical and good mechanical properties. The mechanical and structural properties of each blend were evaluated. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were also conducted to examine the mechanisms underlying the mechanical and structural properties. PLA/PBS/TPS blends showed improved mechanical properties compared with PLA/TPS blends. The PLA/PBS/TPS blends with a TPS ratio of 25-40 wt% showed higher impact strength than PLA/PBS blends. Morphology observations showed that in the PLA/PBS/TPS blends, a structure similar to that of core-shell particles with TPS as the embedding phase and PBS as the coating phase was formed, and that the trends in morphology and impact strength changes were consistent. The MD simulations suggested that PBS and TPS tightly adhered to each other in a stable structure at a specific intermolecular distance. From these results, it is clear that PLA/PBS/TPS blends are toughened by the formation of a core-shell structure in which the TPS core and the PBS shell adhered well together and stress concentration and energy absorption occurred in the vicinity of the core-shell structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamaguchi
- Circular Industries Research Department, Production Engineering and MONOZUKURI Innovation Center, Research and Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., 2-9-2, Yoshida, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0817, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Arai
- Material and Solution Department, Supply Chain Resilience Division, Hitachi High-Tech Corp., 1-17-1, Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo 105-6409, Japan.
| | - Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Volpe V, Speranza V, Schrank T, Berer M, Pantani R. An investigation of crystallization kinetics of polyoxymethylene in processing conditions. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Volpe
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Fisciano Italy
| | - Vito Speranza
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Fisciano Italy
| | - Theresia Schrank
- Engineering Thermoplastics Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | - Michael Berer
- Engineering Thermoplastics Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Leoben Austria
| | - Roberto Pantani
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Salerno Fisciano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao X, Liu J, Li J, Liang X, Zhou W, Peng S. Strategies and techniques for improving heat resistance and mechanical performances of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biodegradable materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:115-134. [PMID: 35868408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has attracted much attention as a substitute for petroleum-based plastics, but its low heat resistance limits its application range in packaging fields and disposable products. This paper summarizes the structural factors affecting the heat resistance of PLA and systematically summarizes methods to improve its heat resistance. PLA is a semi-crystalline polymer, and crystallinity, crystal size, and other factors are important factors affecting heat resistance. This paper systematically analyzes the means to control the crystallization behavior of PLA, and summarizes the effects of nucleating agents, cross-linking, grafting, and annealing processes on the crystallization behavior and heat resistance of PLA. The effects of PLA molecular chain cross-linking and grafting on the motility of PLA molecular chains and the heat resistance of PLA materials are further discussed from the perspective of PLA molecular chain segment movement. The research work on combining PLA with reinforcements such as high heat-resistant polymer materials, fiber, and nanoparticles to improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of PLA by introducing rigid groups or structures is described in detail. Improving the heat resistance of PLA material is an important strategy to promote the application of biodegradable materials, and has broad research value and application prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China.
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Juncheng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Safari M, Kasmi N, Pisani C, Berthé V, Müller AJ, Habibi Y. Effect of the structural features of biobased linear polyester plasticizers on the crystallization of polylactides. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:128-139. [PMID: 35700846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents, for the first time, a detailed report on how the nucleation and crystallization of polylactide (PLLA) are affected by biobased aliphatic polyesters plasticizers. Three biobased polyesters were synthesized via solvent-free two-stage melt polycondensation of adipic acid (AdA) with three different biobased aliphatic diols and used as plasticizers for poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA). The molecular structure of the synthesized polyesters was proved using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. PLLA/AdA-based blends containing 10 wt% of the polyester plasticizers were studied by tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM). Adding the plasticizers to PLLA decreased Tg by up to 11 °C and significantly increased the elongation at break by about 8 times compared with neat PLLA. The addition of 10 wt% of any AdA-based plasticizer to PLLA increases the nucleation rate from the glassy state by around 50-110 % depending on the plasticizer. The overall crystallization rate from the glassy state was 2-3 times faster for the plasticized PLLAs than neat PLLA. These results are a consequence of the lower energy barrier for both nucleation and growth processes. The incorporation of AdA-based linear polyesters had an incremental impact on the crystal growth rate (or secondary nucleation) of PLLA spherulites from the melt and glassy states. In conclusion, the AdA-based aliphatic polyesters allowed to enhance PLLA crystallization rates and showed interesting potential for the formulation of fully biobased PLLA blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Safari
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nejib Kasmi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carla Pisani
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Berthé
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruilong Li, Fang W, Fan X, Jin Z, Zhou T. Preparation and Characterization of Polyoxymethlene/Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomer Blends Compatibilized by Maleic Anhydride Grafted ABS Copolymer. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
7
|
Liu Y, Zhang X, Gao Q, Huang H, Liu Y, Min M, Wang L. Structure and Properties of Polyoxymethylene/Silver/Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Polyolefin Elastomer Ternary Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1954. [PMID: 34208419 PMCID: PMC8231272 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, silver (Ag) nanoparticles and maleic anhydride-grafted polyolefin elastomer (MAH-g-POE) were used as enhancement additives to improve the performance of the polyoxymethylene (POM) homopolymer. Specifically, the POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites with varying Ag nanoparticles and MAH-g-POE contents were prepared by a melt mixing method. The effects of the additives on the microstructure, thermal stability, crystallization behavior, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of the ternary nanocomposites were studied. It was found that the MAH-g-POE played a role in the bridging of the Ag nanoparticles and POM matrix and improved the interfacial adhesion between the Ag nanoparticles and POM matrix, owing to the good compatibility between Ag/MAH-g-POE and the POM matrix. Moreover, it was found that the combined addition of Ag nanoparticles and MAH-g-POE significantly enhanced the thermal stability, crystallization properties, and mechanical properties of the POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites. When the Ag/MAH-g-POE content was 1 wt.%, the tensile strength reached the maximum value of 54.78 MPa. In addition, when the Ag/MAH-g-POE content increased to 15wt.%, the elongation at break reached the maximum value of 64.02%. However, when the Ag/MAH-g-POE content further increased to 20 wt.%, the elongation at break decreased again, which could be attributed to the aggregation of excessive Ag nanoparticles forming local defects in the POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites. Furthermore, when the Ag/MAH-g-POE content was 20 wt.%, the maximum decomposition temperature of POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites was 398.22 °C, which was 71.39 °C higher than that of pure POM. However, compared with POM, the storage modulus of POM/Ag/MAH-g-POE ternary nanocomposites decreased with the Ag/MAH-g-POE content, because the MAH-g-POE elastomer could reduce the rigidity of POM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center for Rope & Net, Hunan Xinhai Co., Ltd., Yiyang 413100, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quanxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Hongliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Minghua Min
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (Y.L.); (X.Z.); (Q.G.); (H.H.); (Y.L.)
- Joint Laboratory for Open Sea Fishery Engineering, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei Fang, Fan X, Li R, Jin Z, Zhou T. Characterizations and Properties of POM Toughened by Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomer. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Barletta M, Pizzi E. Optimizing crystallinity of engineered poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate) blends: The role of single and multiple nucleating agents. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa Pizzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Università degli Studi Roma Tre Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fang W, Fan X, Li R, Hu L, Zhou T. Polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyamide elastomer blends: Morphology, crystallization, mechanical, and antistatic properties. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083211009284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxymethylene/thermoplastic polyamide elastomer (POM/TPAE) blends were prepared through melt extrusion in an attempt to improve the toughness and electrical properties of POM. The TPAE used in the study had the permanent antistatic effect, and its brand was MV2080. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer grafted maleic anhydride (ABS-g-MAH) was added while preparing the POM/TPAE blends to improve the compatibility between TPAE and POM. The effects of TPAE and ABS-g-MAH on the morphologies, melting crystallization, dynamic mechanical analysis, surface resistivity and mechanical properties were examined in detail with various techniques. It was found that after adding 15 phr MV2080 as the modifier, the distribution of MV2080 in the blends was presented as many continuous long strips, which can be called “antistatic networks.” When using ABS-g-MAH as a compatibilizer, the surface resistivity of the samples 5#, 6#, and 7# which all containing 15 phr MV2080 with the best antistatic properties reached 107 Ω, and the impact strength of the above samples was all increased by more than 66%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
- Ningxia Coal Industry Group Corporation, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruilong Li
- Ningxia Coal Industry Group Corporation, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Hu
- Ningxia Coal Industry Group Corporation, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Jiang S, Yan W, He M, Qin J, Qin S, Yu J. Crystallization Morphology Regulation on Enhancing Heat Resistance of Polylactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071563. [PMID: 32679673 PMCID: PMC7407181 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To expand the use of polylactic acid (PLA) in high-temperature environments, crystallization morphology regulation was studied to enhance the heat resistance of PLA. PLA crystallinity was controlled using heat treatment and nucleating agent (zinc phenylphosphonate, brand TMC). The heat deflection temperatures of PLAs with same crystallinities considerably varied using different treatments. The crystallization morphology of PLA (4032D) and PLA/TMC composites was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized optical microscopy. XRD test results show that TMC can improve the crystallization rate and heat treatment can enhance the crystallinity and thickness of PLA, suggesting that the crystallization morphology improved after heat treatment. Nucleating agents can increase the crystallinity of PLA but cannot improve its crystallization morphology. The findings indicate that at the same crystallinity, PLAs exhibit improved crystallization morphology and high heat resistance; these results can provide guidance for improving the heat resistance of PLAs and facilitate the design of new nucleating agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Liu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.Q.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China;
| | - Siyuan Jiang
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.Q.)
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China;
| | - Min He
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.Q.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.L.); (S.J.); (J.Q.)
| | - Shuhao Qin
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China;
| | - Jie Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials, Guiyang 550014, China;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (J.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Andrzejewski J, Skórczewska K, Kloziński A. Improving the Toughness and Thermal Resistance of Polyoxymethylene/Poly(lactic acid) Blends: Evaluation of Structure-Properties Correlation for Reactive Processing. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E307. [PMID: 32028602 PMCID: PMC7077397 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study focuses on the development of polyoxymethylene (POM)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends with increased impact and thermal resistance. The study was conducted in two phases; in the first part, a series of unmodified blends with PLA content of 25, 50, and 75 wt.% was prepared, while the second part focused on the modification of the PLA/POM (50/50) blends. An ethylene/butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (E/BA/GMA) elastomer (EBA) was used to improve the impact strength of the prepared blends, while reactive blending was used to improve interfacial interactions. We used a multifunctional epoxy chain extender (CE) as the compatibilizer. Static tensile tests and notched Izod measurement were used to evaluate the mechanical performance of the prepared samples. The thermomechanical properties were investigated using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) analysis and heat deflection temperature (HDT)/Vicat softening temperature (VST) methods. The crystallinity was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS) measurements, while the rheology was evaluated using a rotational rheometer. The paper also includes a structure analysis performed using the SEM method. The structural tests show partial miscibility of the POM/PLA systems, resulting in the perfect compatibility of both phases. The impact properties of the final blends modified by the EBA/CE system were found to be similar to pure POM resin, while the E modulus was visibly improved. Favorable changes were also noticeable in the case of the thermomechanical properties. The results of most of the conducted measurements and microscopic observations confirm the high efficiency of the reaction for PLA as well as for the modified POM/PLA mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Andrzejewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Processing Division, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Kloziński
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li P, Zhang W, Zhu X, Kong M, Lv Y, Huang Y, Gong P, Li G. Simultaneous Improvement of the Foaming Property and Heat Resistance in Polylactide via One-step Branching Reaction Initiated by Cyclic Organic Peroxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Pengjian Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yan C, Jiang YP, Hou DF, Yang W, Yang MB. High-efficient crystallization promotion and melt reinforcement effect of diblock PDLA-b-PLLA copolymer on PLLA. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
Development of PLA/EVA Reactive Blends for Heat-Shrinkable Film. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121925. [PMID: 31766699 PMCID: PMC6961007 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-shrinkable films have widely been used for various applications such as shrinkable labels and cap seals. These plastics have generally a short life. The biodegradable polymers can thus be an ideal candidate for such applications. This work aimed to study the stretching and shrinking ratio of poly(lactic acid)/ethylene vinyl acetate through reactive blends system for heat-shrinkable films application. The reactive agents, Joncryl® and Perkadox were used as in situ compatibilizers. PLA/EVA with 100/0, 97/3, 95/5, 93/7, and 90/10 ratios were prepared in the twin screw extruder. Neat PLA and PLA/EVA films were fabricated by blown film extrusion. The results revealed that the elongation at break of PLA in the TD direction was improved when adding EVA. PLA and EVA film with 0.1 phr of Perkadox was found to be sufficient as evident by FESEM micrograph and DMTA results. The films were stretched and shrunk at a temperature of 70 °C. The percentage of shrinkage of the stretched PLA/EVA reactive blend films, two and three times were, 100%, approximately. On the other hand, the four-times stretched films shrunk less than 100% because of the excessive stretching, which resulted in film breakage and defect.
Collapse
|
16
|
Crystalline Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Hydration Behavior of Biodegradable Fibers Melt-Spun from Polyoxymethylene/Poly(l-lactic acid) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111753. [PMID: 31731470 PMCID: PMC6918227 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of polyoxymethylene (POM)/poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) blends were prepared by melt extrusion, and their spinnability was confirmed by rheological characterizations, successive self-nucleation, and annealing thermal fractionation analysis. The bicomponent fibers were prepared by means of the melt-spinning and post-drawing technologies using the above-obtained blends, and their morphology, crystalline orientation characteristics, mechanical performance, hydration behavior, and thermal degradation kinetics were studied extensively. The bicomponent fibers exhibited a uniform diameter distribution and compact texture at the ultimate draw ratio. Although the presence of PLLA reduced the crystallinity of the POM domain in the bicomponent fibers, the post-drawing process promoted the crystalline orientation of lamellar folded-chain crystallites due to the stress-induced crystallization effect and enhanced the crystallinity of the POM domain accordingly. As a result, the bicomponent fibers achieved the relatively high tensile strength of 791 MPa. The bicomponent fibers exhibited a partial hydration capability in both acid and alkali media and therefore could meet the requirement for serving as a type of biodegradable fibers. The introduction of PLLA slightly reduced the thermo-oxidative aging property and thermal stability of the bicomponent fibers. Such a combination of two polymers shortened the thermal lifetime of the bicomponent fibers, which could facilitate their natural degradation for ecological and sustainable applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Wang Y, Wang X, Wu D. Development of Polyoxymethylene/Polylactide Blends for a Potentially Biodegradable Material: Crystallization Kinetics, Lifespan Prediction, and Enzymatic Degradation Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1516. [PMID: 31540459 PMCID: PMC6780351 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reported the development of polyoxymethylene (POM)/polylactide (PLA) blends for a potentially biodegradable material. A series of POM/PLA blends at different weight ratios were prepared by melt extrusion with a twin-screw extruder, and their mechanical properties, crystallization behavior and kinetics, thermal degradation kinetics and stability, lifespan prediction and enzymatic degradation behavior were investigated extensively. POM and PLA were found to be partially miscible in the melt state at low temperature and become phase-separated at elevated temperatures, and their blends exhibited a typical lower critical solution temperature behavior. There were two distinct glass transition temperatures (Tg) observed for POM/PLA blends at any mass ratios when quenched from the homogeneous state, and both POM and PLA domains showed an apparent depression in their respective Tg's in the blends. Owing to the partial miscibility between two domains, the tensile strength and impact toughness of POM/PLA blends gradually decreased with an increase of PLA content, but their flexural strength and modulus presented an increasing trend with PLA content. The studies on non-isothermal and isothermal crystallization behaviors of the blends indicated that the crystallization rates of the blends decreased continually with increasing the PLA content, confirming that the crystallization of POM domain was controlled by the molecular-confined mechanism. The introduction of PLA into POM not only led to a slight increase of thermal stability of POM domain at low PLA contents but also shortened the lifespan of the blends, favoring the natural degradation of the blends. The POM/PLA blends exhibited an improvement in partially biodegradable performance with an increase of PLA content and their mass loss reached up to 25.3 wt % at the end of 48-h enzymatic degradation when 50 wt % of PLA was incorporated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Coal Chemical R & D Center, Kailuan Group Limited Liability Corporation, Tangshan 063018, China.
| | - Yatao Wang
- Coal Chemical R & D Center, Kailuan Group Limited Liability Corporation, Tangshan 063018, China.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dezhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gonzalez-Garzon M, Shahbikian S, Huneault MA. Properties of mineral filled poly(lactic acid)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Gonzalez-Garzon
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke; 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Shant Shahbikian
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke; 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Michel A. Huneault
- Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering; Université de Sherbrooke; 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xue B, He H, Zhu Z, Li J, Huang Z, Wang G, Chen M, Zhan Z. A Facile Fabrication of High Toughness Poly(lactic Acid) via Reactive Extrusion with Poly(butylene Succinate) and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate-Glycidyl Methacrylate. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1401. [PMID: 30961326 PMCID: PMC6401965 DOI: 10.3390/polym10121401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As is an excellent bio-based polymer material, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)'s brittle nature greatly restricts its extensive applications. Herein, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was introduced to toughening PLA by melt blending using a self-made triple screw extruder through in situ reactive with ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EGMA). The effect of EGMA concentrations on the mechanical properties, morphology, interfacial compatibility of PLA/PBS blends were studied. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) results demonstrated that the epoxy group of EGMA reacts with the hydroxyl groups of PLA and PBS, which proved the occurrence of interfacial reactions among the tri-component. The significantly improved compatibility between PLA and PBS after EGMA incorporation was made evident by scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization results. Meanwhile, the contact angle test predicted that the EGMA was selectively localized at the interface between PLA and PBS, and the result was verified by morphological analysis of cryofracture and etched samples. The EGMA improves the compatibility of PLA/PBS blends, and consequently leads to a significantly increased toughness with the elongation at break occurring 83 times more when 10 wt % EGMA was introduced than neat PLA, while impact strength also enhanced by twentyfold. Ultimately, the toughening mechanism of PLA based polymers was established based on the above analysis, exploring a new way for the extensive application for degradable material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hezhi He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jiqian Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Guozhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhiming Zhan
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Engineered poly(lactic acid)‐talc biocomposites for melt processing: Effects of co‐blending with poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) on thermal and mechanical behavior. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
22
|
Barletta M, Moretti P, Pizzi E, Puopolo M, Vesco S, Tagliaferri V. Thermal behavior of injection- and compression-molded custom-built polylactic acids. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Barletta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria; Università degli Studi di Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - Patrizia Moretti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Elisa Pizzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Michela Puopolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Silvia Vesco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| | - Vincenzo Tagliaferri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nanthananon P, Seadan M, Pivsa-Art S, Hamada H, Suttiruengwong S. Facile Preparation and Characterization of Short-Fiber and Talc Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Composite with In Situ Reactive Compatibilizers. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071183. [PMID: 29996535 PMCID: PMC6073708 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid composites of fillers and/or fibers reinforced polymer was generally produced by masterbatch dilution technique. In this work, the simplified preparation was introduced for the large volume production of 30 wt % short-fiber and talcum reinforced polymer hybrid composite by direct feeding into twin-screw extruder. Multifunctional epoxide-based terpolymer and/or maleic anhydride were selected as in situ reactive compatibilizers. The influence of fiber and talcum ratios and in situ reactive compatibilizers on mechanical, dynamic mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of hybrid composites were investigated. The morphological results showed the strong interfacial adhesion between fiber or talcum and Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix due to a better compatibility by reaction of in situ compatibilizer. The reactive PLA hybrid composite showed the higher tensile strength and the elongation at break than non-compatibilized hybrid composite without sacrificing the tensile modulus. Upon increasing the talcum contents, the modulus and storage modulus of hybrid composites were also increased while the tensile strength and elongation at break were slightly decreased compared to PLA/fiber composite. Talcum was able to induce the crystallization of PLA hybrid composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phornwalan Nanthananon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
| | - Manus Seadan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
| | - Sommai Pivsa-Art
- Department of Material and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand.
| | - Hiroyuki Hamada
- Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Supakij Suttiruengwong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Improvement of microstructures and properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends compatibilized with polyoxymethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
25
|
Kunnan Singh JS, Ching YC, Abdullah LC, Ching KY, Razali S, Gan SN. Optimization of Mechanical Properties for Polyoxymethylene/Glass Fiber/Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites Using Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E338. [PMID: 30966373 PMCID: PMC6414925 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the effects of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micro-particles on mechanical properties of polyoxymethylene (POM) composites. Since PTFE is immiscible with most polymers, the surface was etched using sodium naphthalene salt in tetrahydrofuran to increase its surface energy. The effects of two variables, namely PTFE content and PTFE etch time, on the mechanical properties of the composite were studied. Experiments were designed in accordance to response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design (CCD). Samples were prepared with different compositions of PTFE (1.7, 4.0, 9.5, 15.0, or 17.3 wt %) at different PTFE etch times (2.9, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, or 17.1 min). Four mechanical properties of the POM/GF/PTFE composites, that is, strength, stiffness, toughness, and hardness, were characterized as a function of two studied variables. The dependency of these mechanical properties on the PTFE etch conditions was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Overall desirability, D global index, was computed based on the combination of these mechanical properties for POM/GF/PTFE composites. The D global index was found to be 87.5%, when PTFE content and PTFE etch time were 6.5% and 10 min, respectively. Good correlation between experimental and RSM models was obtained using normal probability plots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Singh Kunnan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Kuan Yong Ching
- School of Foundation, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu, Educity, Iskandar Puteri Johor 79200, Malaysia.
| | - Shaifulazuar Razali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Seng Neon Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
PLA has limited applications due to its inherent brittleness, toughness and low elongation at break. One of the options for improvement is through blending with polyoxymethylene (POM). Melt blending of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyoxymethylene (POM) at 90/10 PLA/POM composition was carried out in a twin-screw extruder. The PLA/POM was loaded with 1 – 5 wt.% of nanoclay (Cloisite C20). The blends were then characterized for mechanical, morphological, chemical and thermal properties. It was found that tensile strength, Young's modulus, and elongation at break improved when the loadings of nanoclay were increased. Chemical analysis by FTIR revealed that PLA/POM blend is immiscible.
Collapse
|
27
|
Calderón BA, Sobkowicz MJ. Evidence of compatibility and thermal stability improvement of poly(propylene carbonate) and polyoxymethylene blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara A. Calderón
- Department of Plastics EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowell Massachusetts 01854
| | - Margaret J. Sobkowicz
- Department of Plastics EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts LowellLowell Massachusetts 01854
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aversa C, Barletta M, Gisario A, Pizzi E, Puopolo M, Vesco S. Improvements in mechanical strength and thermal stability of injection and compression molded components based on Poly Lactic Acids. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clizia Aversa
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Roma Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barletta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria; Università degli Studi Roma Tre; Roma Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Roma Italy
| | - Annamaria Gisario
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale; Sapienza Università degli Studi di Roma; Roma Italy
| | - Elisa Pizzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Roma Italy
| | - Michela Puopolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Roma Italy
| | - Silvia Vesco
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Impresa; Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata; Roma Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dasmahapatra AK. Effect of Composition Asymmetry on the Phase Separation and Crystallization in Double Crystalline Binary Polymer Blends: A Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5853-5866. [PMID: 28535355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer blends offer an exciting material for various potential applications due to their tunable properties by varying constituting components and their relative composition. Our simulation results unravel an intrinsic relationship between crystallization behavior and composition asymmetry. We report simulation results for nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization with weak and strong segregation strength to elucidate the composition dependent crystallization behavior. With increasing composition of low melting B-polymer, macrophase separation temperature changes nonmonotonically, which is attributed to the nonmonotonic change in diffusivity of both polymers. In weak segregation strength, however, at high enough composition of B-polymer, A-polymer yields relatively thicker crystals, which is attributed to the dilution effect exhibited by B-polymer. When B-polymer composition is high enough, it acts like a "solvent" while A-polymer crystallizes. Under this situation, A-polymer segments become more mobile and less facile to crystallize. As a result, A-polymer crystallizes at a relatively low temperature with the formation of thicker crystals. At strong segregation strength, the dilution effect is accompanied by the strong A-B repulsive interaction, which is reflected in a nonmonotonic trend of the mean square radius of gyration with the increasing composition of the B-polymer. Isothermal crystallization also reveals a strong nonmonotonic relationship between composition and crystallization behavior. Two-step, compared to one-step, isothermal crystallization yields better crystals for both polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Dasmahapatra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Poly(lactic acid)-Based Materials for Automotive Applications. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF POLY(LACTIC ACID) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2017_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
31
|
Dasmahapatra AK. Phase separation and crystallization in double crystalline symmetric binary polymer blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-0950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
Pracella M, Haque MMU, Paci M, Alvarez V. Property tuning of poly(lactic acid)/cellulose bio-composites through blending with modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:515-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|