1
|
Nofar M, Salehiyan R, Barletta M. Tuning the Structure-Property Relationships in Binary and Ternary Blends of PLA/PBAT/PHBH. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1699. [PMID: 38932048 PMCID: PMC11207277 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While the brittle polylactide (PLA) has a high durability among bioplastics, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH) with certain ductility exhibits facile compostability. The addition of polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) may also be used to improve the ductility and toughness of brittle bioplastics. Binary and ternary blends of PLA/PBAT/PHBH based on either PLA or PHBH as the matrix have been manufactured using a twin-screw extruder. The melt rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties of the processed samples were examined. Binary blends of PLA/PHBH show superior strength, with the PLA75/PHBH25 blend exhibiting a tensile strength of 35.2 ± 3.0 MPa, which may be attributed to miscible-like morphology. In contrast, blends of PLA with PBAT demonstrate low strength, with the PLA50/PBAT50 blend exhibits a tensile strength of 9.5 ± 2.0 MPa due to the presence of large droplets in the matrix. PBAT-containing blends exhibit lower impact strengths compared to PHBH-containing blends. For instance, a PLA75/PBAT25 blend displays an impact strength of 1.76 ± 0.1 kJ/m2, whereas the PHBH75/PBAT25 blend displays an impact strength of 2.61 ± 0.3 kJ/m2, which may be attributed to uniformly dispersed PBAT droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Reza Salehiyan
- School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK;
| | - Massimiliano Barletta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via Vito Volterra 62, 00146 Roma, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yi L, Lu J, Su J, Zhai S, Han J. A nimble strategy for enabling bioderived flame retardants with strikingly enhanced interfacial compatibility in poly (lactic acid) composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132260. [PMID: 38734338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of bioderived flame retardants in biodegradable poly (lactic acid) (PLA) has profound practical implications for extending the widespread application of PLA composites and protecting the environment. Nevertheless, there are still certain challenges that require prompt attention, especially the ineffectiveness of bio-based flame retardants and their deterioration of the mechanical properties of PLA. This work introduced triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), which has multiple epoxy functions, into the self-assembly process of phytic acid (PA) and chitosan (CS). The epoxy-modified bioderived flame retardant PA@CS-TGIC (PCT) was well dispersed in the PLA matrix and had a strong interfacial adhesion, while also TGIC had a synergistic char-forming effect. By compounding epoxy-modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP), 3%PCT/MAPP-PLA composites may reach a LOI value of 28.8 % and UL-94 V-0 rating. Simultaneously, the melting droplets had been considerably reduced. Tensile strength of the 3%PCT/MAPP-PLA composites was 67.0 MPa, 10.8 % higher than that of pure PLA. This work paves a new avenue for the development of PLA composites with robust mechanical and flame retardant properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Yi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Su
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shimin Zhai
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Han
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pesaranhajiabbas E, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Recent progress on biodegradable polylactic acid based blends and their biocomposites: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126231. [PMID: 37567528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Being less dependent on non-renewable resources as well as protecting the environment from waste streams have become two critical primers for a global movement toward replacing conventional plastics with renewable and biodegradable polymers. Despite all these efforts, only a few biodegradable polymers have paved their way successfully into the market. Polylactic acid is one of these biodegradable polymers that has been investigated thoroughly by researchers as well as manufactured on a large industrial scale. It is synthesized from lactic acid obtained mainly from the biological fermentation of carbohydrates, which makes this material a renewable polymer. Besides its renewability, it benefits from some attractive mechanical performances including high strength and stiffness, though brittleness is a major drawback of this biopolymer. Accordingly, the development of blends and biocomposites based on polylactic acid with highly flexible biodegradable polymers, specifically poly(butylene adipate co terephthalate) has been the objective of many investigations recently. This paper focuses on the blends and biocomposites based on these two biopolymers, specifically their mechanical, rheological, and biodegradation, the main characteristics that are crucial for being considered as a biodegradable substitution for conventional non-biodegradable polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pesaranhajiabbas
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao X, Yu J, Wang X, Huang Z, Zhou W, Peng S. Strong synergistic toughening and compatibilization enhancement of carbon nanotubes and multi-functional epoxy compatibilizer in high toughened polylactic acid (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126204. [PMID: 37573914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Different carbon nanotubes (CNTs) contents on high-toughness polylactic acid (PLA)/poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends were prepared by one-step melt blending using multifunctional epoxy oligomers (ADR) as reactive compatibilizer. During reactive blending, the PLA or PBAT chains were grafted onto the CNTs by allowing the carboxyl or hydroxyl groups to react with epoxy groups and form a branched CNTs-based copolymer. The branched copolymer at the interface between PLA and PBAT was dispersed through emulsion to improve the polymer-polymer or polymer-nanoparticle entanglement between the molecular chains. Interfacial adhesion, interface layer stability, and system viscoelasticity and compatibility were improved as indicated by rheological curves and dynamic mechanical analysis. The strength and toughness of the sample were simultaneously improved by the addition of CNTs and ADR. The impact strength reached 35.3 kJ/m2, which was approximately 7 times that of the PLA/PBAT blend, and the tensile strength was also increased from 33.6 MPa to 42.8 MPa. The properties of PLA/PBAT blend synergistically modified by ADR and CNTs were obviously better than those of PLA/PBAT blend modified by ADR or CNTs. The toughening synergistic effect of ADR and CNTs on PLA/PBAT was observed with efficiency reaching 3.05. With the further understanding of the toughening mechanism, the branched CNTs-based copolymers and CNTs clusters induce a synergistic effect, which increased the interfacial adhesion and ability of energy dissipation and stress transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China.
| | - Jiajie Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zepeng Huang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, New Materials and Green Manufacturing Talent Introduction and Innovation Demonstration Base, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China; Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang 441000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In-situ reactive compatiblization modified poly(l-lactic acid) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends with improved toughening and thermal characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123419. [PMID: 36709812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) with multifunctional epoxy is used for reactive compatibilization of Poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends. Interfacial tension, FTIR and SEM results show that TGIC has greater affinity and stronger reactivity with PBAT. The mixing sequence of PLLA/PBAT/TGIC blends has a significant impact on the compatibility. The TGIC and PBAT are reactive blended first, followed by the PLLA, which is most advantageous to produce a substantial amounts of branched copolymers PLLA-g-PBAT at the interface for the (PBAT/4%T) /PLLA blend. The considerable improvement of interfacial compatibility and the thickening of interfacial layer promote the stress transfer from the matrix to the dispersed PBAT phase. In comparison to PLLA/PBAT blend, the breaking elongation of (PBAT/4%T)/PLLA blend is raised by 25.6 times up to 164.2 % and the tensile strength is enhanced up to 32.1 MPa. The present work offers valuable perspectives on how to encourage the efficient application of reactive compatibilizers with epoxy groups in polyester blends.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mousavi Z, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ. Compatibilized polylactide/polyamide 11 blends containing multiwall carbon nanotubes: Morphology, rheology, electrical and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
7
|
Fluorine-Containing Flow Modifier for BN/PPS Composites Enabled by Low Surface Energy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228066. [PMID: 36432166 PMCID: PMC9697440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a fluorine-containing flow modifier (Si-DF) with low surface energy is successfully synthesized, which is applied to fabricate ideal electronic packaging materials (BN/PPS composites) with high thermal conductivity, excellent dielectric properties, processability, and toughness by conventional melt blending. Si-DPF is located at the interface between the BN fillers and the PPS matrix, which not only improves the dispersion of BN fillers but also strengthens the interaction. With the help of 5 wt% Si-DF, BN/PPS/Si-DF (70/25/5) still exhibits the high thermally conductive coefficient (3.985 W/m·K) and low dielectric constant (3.76 at 100 MHz) although BN fillers are loaded as high as 70 wt%. Moreover, the sample processes a lower stable torque value (2.5 N·m), and the area under the stress-strain curves is also increased. This work provides an efficient way to develop high-performance polymer-based composites with high thermally conductive coefficients and low dielectric constants for electronic packaging applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Z, Zhang K, Wang H, Wu X, Wang H, Weng C, Li Y, Liu S, Yang J. Strengthening Interfacial Adhesion and Foamability of Immiscible Polymer Blends via Rationally Designed Reactive Macromolecular Compatibilizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:45832-45843. [PMID: 36169636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Foams made of immiscible polymer blends have attracted great interest in both academia and industry, because of the integration of desirable properties of different polymers in a hybrid foam. However, the foamability and end-use properties are hampered because of the poor interfacial strength within the immiscible blends. Furthermore, few investigations have been carried out on the mechanisms by which interfacial strength and structure affect the foamability of polymer blends. In this work, two different reactive interfacial compatibilizers, i.e., poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(l-lactide) and poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacry-late)-graft-poly(d-lactide), abbreviated as SG-g-PLLA and SG-g-PDLA, respectively, were designed and synthesized through reactive melt blending and subsequently applied to strengthen the interfacial strength and foamability of immiscible poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) blends. Both compatibilizers could remarkably enhance the interfacial strength and foamability of the PBAT/PLLA blends, as evidenced by the significantly elongated dispersed phase in the resulting cocontinuous phase and more than 7000-fold increase in the cell density. Furthermore, the improved foamability was quantitively explained by the reduced gas diffusion and increased melt strength. Strikingly, the SG-g-PDLA introduced a stereocomplex crystal at the interface (i-SC), providing highly strengthened interfaces and nanoscale heterogeneous nucleation sites, which led to an energetically favorable cell nucleation. Moreover, foams with specifically laminated cell structures were fabricated by combining pressure-induced flow processing and i-SC strengthened interfaces. This work provides insight into the relationship between interfacial strength and formability of immiscible polymer blends and offers new possibilities for controlling cell morphologies and designing unique cell structures for polymer foams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Kailiang Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hengti Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Wang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chenglong Weng
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yongjin Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanqiu Liu
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma YM, Gao FX, Zhang SL. Crystalline, Rheological and Mechanical Enhancement in PBAT/PPC/Silica Nanocomposites with Double Percolation Network. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Compatibilization strategies and analysis of morphological features of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT)/Poly(Lactic Acid) PLA blends: a state-of-art review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
11
|
Kim DY, Lee JB, Lee DY. Selective Localization of Nanofiller on Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) Nanocomposites via the Surface Energy and Melt Blending Technique. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Bin Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu X, Liu YX, Wu HP, Wu H, Wang HJ, Duan YX, Zhang JM. Cellulose Nanocrystals-mediated Phase Morphology of PLLA/TPU Blends for 3D Printing. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Liu Y, He H, He G, Zhao J, Yang Y, Tian G. Segregated polylactide/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/
MWCNTs
nanocomposites with excellent electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hezhi He
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Guoshan He
- National Quality Supervision and Inspection Center of Polymer Engineering Materials and Products Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute Guangzhou China
| | - Jianxiong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yike Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Guidong Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering (SCUT) Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mohammadi M, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ, Taguet A. Interfacial localization of CNCs in PLA/PBAT blends and its effect on rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
Coiai S, Di Lorenzo ML, Cinelli P, Righetti MC, Passaglia E. Binary Green Blends of Poly(lactic acid) with Poly(butylene adipate- co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(butylene succinate- co-butylene adipate) and Their Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2489. [PMID: 34372090 PMCID: PMC8348712 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most widely produced biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible polyester. Despite many of its properties are similar to those of common petroleum-based polymers, some drawbacks limit its utilization, especially high brittleness and low toughness. To overcome these problems and improve the ductility and the impact resistance, PLA is often blended with other biobased and biodegradable polymers. For this purpose, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) are very advantageous copolymers, because their toughness and elongation at break are complementary to those of PLA. Similar to PLA, both these copolymers are biodegradable and can be produced from annual renewable resources. This literature review aims to collect results on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends, as binary blends with and without addition of coupling agents. The effect of different compatibilizers on the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends properties is here elucidated, to highlight how the PLA toughness and ductility can be improved and tuned by using appropriate additives. In addition, the incorporation of solid nanoparticles to the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends is discussed in detail, to demonstrate how the nanofillers can act as morphology stabilizers, and so improve the properties of these PLA-based formulations, especially mechanical performance, thermal stability and gas/vapor barrier properties. Key points about the biodegradation of the blends and the nanocomposites are presented, together with current applications of these novel green materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Coiai
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Laura Di Lorenzo
- CNR-IPCB, National Research Council—Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Righetti
- CNR-IPCF, National Research Council—Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- CNR-ICCOM, National Research Council—Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nofar M, Mohammadi M, Carreau PJ. Nanoclay Migration and the Rheological Response of PBAT/LDPE Blends. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Blends of a poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and a low density polyethylene (LDPE) (80 wt%/20 wt%) were prepared through a twin screw extruder while incorporating 3 wt% Cloisite 30B (C30B) nanoclay that possessed a much higher affinity with PBAT. The blends were processed through three melt mixing strategies: ( i) direct mixing of all three components, (ii) mixing C30B and PBAT followed by mixing with LDPE, and (iii) mixing C30B and LDPE followed by mixing with PBAT. The rheological properties of each system were determined in small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) experiments. The migration of C30B nanoparticles from the LDPE minor phase towards the PBAT matrix was then monitored in the blend nanocomposites prepared through strategy (iii) via SAOS time sweep experiments. It was firstly understood that the C30B migration could be detected during time sweep SAOS experiments. The migration time was observed to be frequency dependent due to the smaller length scales probed at larger frequencies. Such migration occurred even faster when the SAOS time sweep experiments were conducted at a higher temperature due to the viscosity reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nofar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - M. Mohammadi
- Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| | - P. J. Carreau
- Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal , Quebec , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rasselet D, Pucci MF, Caro-Bretelle AS, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Taguet A. Peculiar Morphologies Obtained for 80/20 PLA/PA11 Blend with Small Amounts of Fumed Silica. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071721. [PMID: 34209980 PMCID: PMC8308147 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This work highlights the possibility of obtaining peculiar morphologies by adding fumed silica into 80/20 polylactic acid/polyamide11 (PLA/PA11) blends. Two kinds of fumed silica (A200 and trimethoxyoctylsilane modified R805 fumed silica) were dispersed (by twin-screw extrusion, TSE) at a weight amount of 5% in neat PLA, neat PA11 and a 80/20 PLA/PA11 blend. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was used to verify this 5 wt % amount. Oscillatory shear rheology tests were conducted on all the formulations: (1) on neat polymer nanocomposites (PLASi5, PLASiR5, PA11Si5, PA11SiR5); and (2) on polymer blend nanocomposites (PLA80Si5 and PLA80SiR5). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) characterizations and laser granulometry were conducted. Microscopic analysis performed on polymer blend nanocomposites evidenced a localization of A200 silica in the PA11 dispersed phase and R805 silica at the PLA/PA11 interface. Frequency sweep tests on neat polymer nanocomposites revealed a pronounced gel-like behavior for PLASi5 and PA11SiR5, evidencing a high dispersion of A200 in PLA and R805 in PA11. A yield behavior was also evidenced for both PLA80Si5 and PLA80SiR5 blends. For the blend nanocomposites, PA11 dispersed phases were elongated in the presence of A200 silica and a quasi-co-continuous morphology was observed for PLA80Si5, whereas PLA80SiR5 exhibits bridges of silica nanoparticles between the PA11 dispersed phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Rasselet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France; (D.R.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Monica Francesca Pucci
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, University Montpellier, CNRS, 30319 Ales, France; (M.F.P.); (A.-S.C.-B.)
| | | | - José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France; (D.R.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
| | - Aurélie Taguet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France; (D.R.); (J.-M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)466785687
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang J, Reyna-Valencia A, Favis BD. Surface Migration of Conductive PEBA in Ternary Polymer Blend Films with Different Wetting Morphologies. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rad VF, Babaei-Ghazvini A, Jamali R, Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi I, Moradi AR. Digital holographic microscopy for real-time investigation of 3D microstructural dynamics of starch-kefiran-based nanocomposite. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4706-4715. [PMID: 34143028 DOI: 10.1364/ao.423075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigating real-time phenomena in bio-polymers has received much attention because of their increasing demands in polymer substitution. The 3D morphometry of polymer surfaces may be very impactful in such studies. Here, digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is applied for quantitative measurement of the rare morphological changes of UV-A and UV-C exposed nanocomposites during their incubation with excess water. By reconstructing the recorded successive digital holograms, the time evolution of the swelled regions of the samples is derived. Our results clearly show that the higher water swelling of UV-A irradiated starch/kefiran/ZnO may be attributed to its higher hydrophilicity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Improving Impact Toughness of Polylactide/Ethylene-co-vinyl-acetate Blends via Adding Fumed Silica Nanoparticles: Effects of Specific Surface Area-dependent Interfacial Selective Distribution of Silica. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
21
|
Mohammadi M, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ, Taguet A. Morphological and Rheological Properties of PLA, PBAT, and PLA/PBAT Blend Nanocomposites Containing CNCs. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040857. [PMID: 33801672 PMCID: PMC8065413 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and rheological properties of poly(lactic acid), PLA (semicrystalline and amorphous), and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), PBAT, and their blends (75 wt%/25 wt%; PLA/PBAT) were investigated in the presence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared from solution casting followed by melt mixing. For the solution casting step, the CNCs were either incorporated into the matrix, the dispersed phase, or both. The dispersion and distribution of the CNCs in the neat polymers and localization in their blends were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The highly dispersed CNCs in the solution cast nanocomposites were agglomerated after melt mixing. In the blends with 1 wt% CNCs, the nanoparticles were mostly localized on the surface of the PBAT droplets irrespective of their initial localization. The rheological behavior of the single polymer matrix nanocomposites and their blends was determined in dynamic and transient shear flow in the molten state. Upon melt mixing the complex viscosity and storage modulus of the solution cast nanocomposites decreased markedly due to re-agglomeration of the CNCs. Under shearing at 0.1 s−1, a significant droplet coalescence was observed in the neat blends, but was prevented by the presence of the CNCs at the interface in the blend nanocomposites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mohammadi
- Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (M.M.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - Marie-Claude Heuzey
- Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (M.M.); (M.-C.H.)
| | - Pierre J. Carreau
- Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; (M.M.); (M.-C.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aurélie Taguet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30319 Ales, France;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ding Y, Zhang C, Luo C, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Yao B, Dong L, Du X, Ji J. Effect of talc and diatomite on compatible, morphological, and mechanical behavior of PLA/PBAT blends. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biodegradable nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) (70/30, w/w) with diatomite or talc (1–7%). From the SEM test, the particles were transported to the interface of two phases, which acted as an interface modifier to strengthen the interfacial adhesion between PLA and PBAT. Talc and diatomite acted as nucleating agents to improve the crystallization of PBAT in the blends by DSC analysis. Moreover, adding the particles improved the tensile and impact toughness of the blends. The elongation at break with 5% talc was 78% (vs ∼21%) and the impact strength was 15 kJ/m2 (vs ∼6.5 kJ/m2). The rheological measurement revealed that the talc and diatomite reduced the viscosity of the blends. The results showed a good possibility of using talc- and diatomite-filled PLA/PBAT blends with high toughness for green-packaging and bio-membranes application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Cai Zhang
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Congcong Luo
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Yingmei Zhou
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Bing Yao
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Liming Dong
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Xihua Du
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology , Xuzhou 221018 , China
| | - Junhui Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sarul DS, Arslan D, Vatansever E, Kahraman Y, Durmus A, Salehiyan R, Nofar M. Preparation and characterization of PLA/PBAT/CNC blend nanocomposites. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
24
|
Wang R, Sun X, Chen L, Liang W. Morphological and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(glycolic acid)/poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) blends with in situ compatibilization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1241-1249. [PMID: 35424121 PMCID: PMC8693435 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08813g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the biodegradable blends of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with in situ compatibilization using 4,4'-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) were prepared. The combined results of FTIR, DSC, SEM, DSC, POM, TGA and rheology demonstrated that the MDI was successfully reacted with PGA/PBAT, the complex viscosity and storage moduli (G') of the blends were increased. Melt elasticity and viscosity of the blends were also increased on increasing the concentration of PBAT. SEM results indicated that the compatibility was improved by in situ compatibilization. Due to the apparent differences in melting temperature (T m) between PGA and PBAT, the morphology of the dispersed phase evolved from a spherical structure to in situ microfiber when the content of PBAT was up to 60% during injection molding. The interfacial adhesion between PGA and PBAT was strengthened, consequently, the impact strength of the blend was sharply increased from 9.0 kJ m-2 to 22.2 kJ m-2. On account of the chain extension effect, the crystallinity, crystallization temperature and crystallization size were decreased, which was also of benefit for the improvement of toughness. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of the PGA was improved through blending with PBAT. A novel biodegradable blending material with enhanced toughness and thermal stability was prepared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xiang SY, Ye LSY, Huang YJ, Lv YD, Kong MQ, Li GX. Coalescence Suppression in Flowing Polymer Blends Using Silica Rods with Different Surface Chemistries. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Jalali Dil E, Arjmand M, Otero Navas I, Sundararaj U, Favis BD. Interface Bridging of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in Polylactic Acid/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate): Morphology, Rheology, and Electrical Conductivity. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Jalali Dil
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ivonne Otero Navas
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC, Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang S, Liu T, Zhao B, Verdi C, Liu W, Hao C, Zhang J. Shape memory Poly(lactic acid) binary blends with unusual fluorescence. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Nanoparticle Interactions and Molecular Relaxation in PLA/PBAT/Nanoclay Blends. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractOrgano-modified clay nanoparticles were mixed at 1 and 5 wt% concentrations with a molten blend of 75 wt% of polylactide (PLA) and 25 wt% poly[(butylene adipate)-co-terephthalate] (PBAT). Three mixing strategies were used to control the localization of nanoclay. Small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) and stress growth tests were conducted to clarify the nanoclay interactions with the blend components and its effect on the molecular relaxation behavior. SAOS and weighted relaxation spectra properties were determined before and after pre-shearing at a rate of 0.01 s−1. Molecular relaxation and its characteristics were influenced by PLA degradation, PBAT droplet coalescence, and nanoclay localization.
Collapse
|
29
|
Effect of PMMA/Silica Hybrid Particles on Interfacial Adhesion and Crystallization Properties of Poly(lactic acid)/Block Acrylic Elastomer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102231. [PMID: 32998345 PMCID: PMC7650821 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a relatively brittle polymer, and its low melt strength, ductility, and thermal stability limit its use in various industrial applications. This study aimed to investigate the effect of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PMMA/silica hybrid particles on the mechanical properties, interfacial adhesion, and crystallization behavior of PLA/block acrylic elastomer. PLA/block acrylic elastomer blends exhibit improved flexibility; however, phase separation occurs between PLA and block acrylic elastomer domains. Valid time-temperature superposition (TTS) measurements of viscoelastic behavior were obtained and exhibited interfacial adhesion with the addition of PMMA or PMMA/silica in PLA/block acrylic elastomer blends. In particular, the phase separation temperature was increased by the incorporation of PMMA/silica hybrid particles, which suggests a potential role for these particles in improving the phase stability. In addition, PMMA inhibits crystallization, while PMMA/silica acts as a nucleating agent, thus increasing the crystallization rate and crystallinity degree.
Collapse
|
30
|
Salehiyan R, Nofar M, Malkappa K, Ray SS. Effect of nanofillers characteristics and their selective localization on morphology development and rheological properties of melt‐processed polylactide/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blend composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Salehiyan
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University Maslak Turkey
| | - Kuruma Malkappa
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Raj A, Prashantha K, Samuel C. Compatibility in biobased poly(L‐lactide)/polyamide binary blends: From melt‐state interfacial tensions to (thermo)mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Raj
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Kalappa Prashantha
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| | - Cédric Samuel
- Département Technologie des Polymères et Composites & Ingénierie Mécanique (TPCIM)Ecole Nationale Supérieure Mines Telecom Lille Douai, Institut Mines Telecom Lille Douai (IMT Lille Douai) 941 rue Charles Bourseul, Douai, F‐59508 France
- Université de Lille Lille F‐59000 France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Valenti S, Yousefzade O, Puiggalí J, Macovez R. Phase-selective conductivity enhancement and cooperativity length in PLLA/TPU nanocomposite blends with carboxylated carbon nanotubes. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
33
|
Wang Y, Ying Z, Xie W, Wu D. Cellulose nanofibers reinforced biodegradable polyester blends: Ternary biocomposites with balanced mechanical properties. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115845. [PMID: 32059897 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Blending two biodegradable aliphatic polyesters with complementary bulk properties is an easy way of tuning their final properties. In this work, the ductile poly(butylene succinate) was mixed with polylactide, and as expectable, the blends show improved toughness with sharply reduced strengths. The pristine cellulose nanofibers were then used as the reinforcement for the blends. It is found that most nanofibers are dispersed in the polylactide phase because polylactide has better affinity to nanofibers, and the lower viscosity level of polylactide also favors driving nanofibers into the continuous polylactide phase during melting mixing. In this case, the strength and rigidity losses resulted from the presence of soft poly(butylene succinate) phase are compensated to some extent. To further improve mechanical properties, a two-step approach (reactive processing of blends, followed by the incorporation with nanofibers) was developed. This work provides an interesting way of fabricating fully biodegradable composites with well-balanced mechanical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuankun Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Zeren Ying
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China
| | - Wenyuan Xie
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China; Institution of Innovative Materials & Energy, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225002, PR China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China; Provincial Key Laboratories of Environmental Engineering & Materials, Jiangsu, Yangzhou, 225002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang G, Xie W, Wu D. Selective localization of starch nanocrystals in the biodegradable nanocomposites probed by crystallization temperatures. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115341. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Amoabeng D, Tempalski A, Young BA, Binks BP, Velankar SS. Fumed silica induces co-continuity across a wide composition range in immiscible polymer blends. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Yoshida S, Trifkovic M. Unraveling the Effect of 3D Particle Localization on Coarsening Dynamics and Rheological Properties in Cocontinuous Polymer Blend Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshida
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Films & Film Products Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 1-1, Sonoyama 1-chome, Otsu, Shiga 520-8558, Japan
| | - Milana Trifkovic
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reza Salehiyan
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nofar M, Oguz H, Ovalı D. Effects of the matrix crystallinity, dispersed phase, and processing type on the morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of polylactide-based binary blends with poly[(butylene adipate)-co
-terephthalate] and poly[(butylene succinate)-co
-adipate]. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Nofar Polymer Research Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak, Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Hazal Oguz
- Nofar Polymer Research Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak, Istanbul 34469 Turkey
| | - Didem Ovalı
- Nofar Polymer Research Laboratory, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak, Istanbul 34469 Turkey
- Mechanical Engineering Department; Osmaniye Korkut Ata University; Osmaniye 80000 Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nematollahi M, Jalali‐Arani A, Modarress H. Effect of nanoparticle localization on the rheology, morphology and toughness of nanocomposites based on poly(lactic acid)/natural rubber/nanosilica. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Nematollahi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color TechnologyAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Azam Jalali‐Arani
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color TechnologyAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Modarress
- Department of Chemical EngineeringAmirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Surface properties of the composite films based on poly(vinyl alcohol) and nanodiamonds as studied by wetting techniques and autoradiography. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
41
|
Poly (lactic acid) blends: Processing, properties and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 125:307-360. [PMID: 30528997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) is a commercial biobased, biodegradable, biocompatible, compostable and non-toxic polymer that has competitive material and processing costs and desirable mechanical properties. Thereby, it can be considered favorably for biomedical applications and as the most promising substitute for petroleum-based polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA has some significant shortcomings such as low melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, high brittleness, low toughness, and low service temperature, which limit its applications. To overcome these limitations, blending PLA with other polymers is an inexpensive approach that could also tailor the final properties of PLA-based products. During the last two decades, researchers investigated the synthesis, processing, properties, and development of various PLA-based blend systems including miscible blends of poly l-lactide (PLLA) and poly d-lactide (PDLA), which generate stereocomplex crystals, binary immiscible/miscible blends of PLA with other thermoplastics, multifunctional ternary blends using a third polymer or fillers such as nanoparticles, as well as PLA-based blend foam systems. This article reviews all these investigations and compares the syntheses/processing-morphology-properties interrelationships in PLA-based blends developed so far for various applications.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lu Y, Huang J, Ge L, Xie W, Wu D. Selective localization of cellulose nanocrystals in the biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blend composites prepared by Pickering emulsions. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
43
|
Kong M, Chen G, Xi S, Huang Y, Li G. Morphology Mapping of Nanoparticle-Filled Immiscible Polymer Blends in Flow: The Existence of a Critical Ratio between Nanoparticle Concentration and Droplet Concentration. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11550-11557. [PMID: 31459254 PMCID: PMC6645428 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The delicate flow-induced morphology of immiscible polypropylene/polystyrene blends in the presence of silica nanoparticles (NPs) is investigated in a multiparameter space. The morphology map constructed based on in situ morphology observation reveals that a critical ratio of NP concentration to droplet concentration, which strongly depends on the NP surface chemistries and the ratio of the NP concentration to the droplet concentration, exists. Below or above the critical ratio, the NPs display diverse effects on the morphology (promote or suppress droplet coalescence). These results can be interpreted by the competition between the bridging mechanism (acceleratory effect) and the enhanced viscoelasticity (inhibitory effect) exerted by the NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Guangling Chen
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Shuting Xi
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Yajiang Huang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| | - Guangxian Li
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics and College of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PRC
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Komrapit N, Punyodom W, Worajittiphon P. Compatibilizing and reinforcing an immiscible blend based on poly(lactic acid) with delaminated graphite: From raw graphite to enhanced polymer mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nopparat Komrapit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Graduate School; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Winita Punyodom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| | - Patnarin Worajittiphon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai 50200 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bai L, Sharma R, Cheng X, Macosko CW. Kinetic Control of Graphene Localization in Co-continuous Polymer Blends via Melt Compounding. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1073-1083. [PMID: 29035563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective localization of graphene in co-continuous polymer blends is an attractive method for preparing conductive polymer composites. Localization of graphene at the interface between the two polymer phases produces good conductivity at ultra-low concentrations. Although graphene localization is ultimately dependent on thermodynamic factors such as the surface energy of graphene and the two polymer components, kinetics also strongly affects the migration and localization of graphene in polymer blends during melt compounding. However, few studies have systemically investigated the important role of kinetics on graphene localization. Here, we introduced graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in polylactic acid (PLA)/polystyrene (PS) co-continuous polymer blends. Although GNPs in thermal equilibrium prefer the PS phase, we were able to kinetically trap GNPs at the interface of polymer blends via control of melt-compounding sequences, mixing times and shear rates. Utilizing morphological, rheological, and electrical measurements, we verified graphene localization and the suppression of coarsening in co-continuous polymer blends during annealing. When GNPs were premixed with the thermodynamically less-favorable PLA phase before mixing with the PS phase, GNPs can be kinetically trapped at the interface during melt compounding. Moreover, we show that a shorter melt-compounding time gives rise to a higher GNP interfacial coverage and a more effective morphology stabilization effect. Blends with as low as 0.5 wt % GNPs with only 30 s of melt compounding have a room-temperature conductivity of ∼10-6 S/cm, which is larger than blends with longer melt-compounding times and potentially useful for antistatic materials. The in-depth study on the kinetics of graphene localization in our work provides a general guideline for the kinetic control of the localization of platelike nanofillers in polymer blends. Our study also demonstrates a facile method for manufacturing conductive polymer blends with low percolation thresholds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Radhika Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher W Macosko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cellulose nanocrystal in poly(lactic acid)/polyamide11 blends: Preparation, morphology and co-continuity. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
47
|
Maubane L, Ray SS, Jalama K. Influence of Silica Size on Properties of Poly[(Butylene Succinate)-Co-Adipate]/Butyl-Etherified High-Amylose Starch Blend Composites. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lesego Maubane
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kalala Jalama
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hakim RH, Cailloux J, Santana OO, Bou J, Sánchez-Soto M, Odent J, Raquez JM, Dubois P, Carrasco F, Maspoch ML. PLA/SiO2
composites: Influence of the filler modifications on the morphology, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Hakim
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC); Terrassa 08222 Spain
| | - J. Cailloux
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC); Terrassa 08222 Spain
| | - O. O. Santana
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC); Terrassa 08222 Spain
| | - J. Bou
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (ETSEIB-UPC), Pavellò G, planta 1; Barcelona 08028 Spain
| | - M. Sánchez-Soto
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC); Terrassa 08222 Spain
| | - J. Odent
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials; Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS; Mons B-7000 Belgium
| | - J. M. Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials; Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS; Mons B-7000 Belgium
| | - P. Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials; Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons UMONS; Mons B-7000 Belgium
| | - F. Carrasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Agriculture and Food Technology; Universitat de Girona (UdG); Girona 17071 Spain
| | - M. Ll. Maspoch
- Centre Català del Plàstic (CCP), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech (EEBE-UPC); Terrassa 08222 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Amoabeng D, Roell D, Clouse KM, Young BA, Velankar SS. A composition-morphology map for particle-filled blends of immiscible thermoplastic polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
50
|
Nofar M, Tabatabaei A, Sojoudiasli H, Park C, Carreau P, Heuzey MC, Kamal M. Mechanical and bead foaming behavior of PLA-PBAT and PLA-PBSA blends with different morphologies. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|