1
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Wang B, Qiu S, Chen Z, Hu Y, Shi G, Zhuo H, Zhang H, Zhong L. Assembling nanocelluloses into fibrous materials and their emerging applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120008. [PMID: 36876760 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses, derived from various plants or specific bacteria, represent the renewable and sophisticated nano building blocks for emerging functional materials. Especially, the assembly of nanocelluloses as fibrous materials can mimic the structural organization of their natural counterparts to integrate various functions, thus holding great promise for potential applications in various fields, such as electrical device, fire retardance, sensing, medical antibiosis, and drug release. Due to the advantages of nanocelluloses, a variety of fibrous materials have been fabricated with the assistance of advanced techniques, and their applications have attracted great interest in the past decade. This review begins with an overview of nanocellulose properties followed by the historical development of assembling processes. There will be a focus on assembling techniques, including traditional methods (wet spinning, dry spinning, and electrostatic spinning) and advanced methods (self-assembly, microfluidic, and 3D printing). In particular, the design rules and various influencing factors of assembling processes related to the structure and function of fibrous materials are introduced and discussed in detail. Then, the emerging applications of these nanocellulose-based fibrous materials are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives, key opportunities, and critical challenges on future research trends within this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Ge Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Hao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, China.
| | - Linxin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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2
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Redondo A, Mortensen N, Djeghdi K, Jang D, Ortuso RD, Weder C, Korley LTJ, Steiner U, Gunkel I. Comparing Percolation and Alignment of Cellulose Nanocrystals for the Reinforcement of Polyurethane Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7270-7282. [PMID: 35077647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites can be achieved through alignment or percolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). Here, we compare the efficacy of these reinforcement mechanisms in thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer nanocomposites containing thermally stable cotton CNCs. CNC alignment was achieved by melt spinning nanocomposite fibers, while a percolating CNC network was generated by solvent casting nanocomposite films with CNC contents up to 20 wt %. While in films both the CNCs and the PU matrix were entirely isotropic at all concentrations as confirmed by wide-angle X-ray scattering and birefringence analysis, the CNCs in the fibers exhibited a preferential orientation, which improved with increasing CNC concentration. Increasing the CNC concentration in the fibers reduces, however, the alignment of the PU chains, resulting in an entirely isotropic PU matrix at high CNC contents. The mechanical properties of films and fibers were evaluated using stress-strain measurements. Nanocomposite fibers with low CNC content exhibited superior stiffness, extensibility, and strength compared to the films, while the films displayed superior mechanical properties at high CNC concentrations. These findings are rationalized using common semiempirical models describing the reinforcing effects of CNC alignment in fibers (Halpin-Tsai) and CNC percolation in films (percolation model). The formation of a percolating CNC network leads to a stronger reinforcement than CNC alignment, as the reinforcing effect of the latter is limited by the comparably low aspect ratio of CNCs extracted from cotton. As a consequence, above the percolation threshold for cotton CNCs, isotropic nanocomposite PU films show a higher stiffness than aligned nanocomposite PU fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Redondo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Mortensen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kenza Djeghdi
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberto D Ortuso
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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3
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Surfactant-Mediated Co-Existence of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks and Cellulose Nanocrystal Mesophases. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11113059. [PMID: 34835823 PMCID: PMC8624387 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids comprising cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and percolated networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) may serve for the casting of hybrid materials with improved optical, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, CNC-dispersed SWNTs are depleted from the chiral nematic (N*) phase and enrich the isotropic phase. Herein, we report that SWNTs dispersed by non-ionic surfactant or triblock copolymers are incorporated within the surfactant-mediated CNC mesophases. Small-angle X-ray measurements indicate that the nanostructure of the hybrid phases is only slightly modified by the presence of the surfactants, and the chiral nature of the N* phase is preserved. Cryo-TEM and Raman spectroscopy show that SWNTs networks with typical mesh size from hundreds of nanometers to microns are distributed equally between the two phases. We suggest that the adsorption of the surfactants or polymers mediates the interfacial interaction between the CNCs and SWNTs, enhancing the formation of co-existing meso-structures in the hybrid phases.
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4
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Kumar V, Alam MN, Manikkavel A, Song M, Lee DJ, Park SS. Silicone Rubber Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nanofillers and Their Hybrids for Various Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142322. [PMID: 34301079 PMCID: PMC8309633 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Without fillers, rubber types such as silicone rubber exhibit poor mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. Carbon black (CB) is traditionally used as a filler in the rubber matrix to improve its properties, but a high content (nearly 60 per hundred parts of rubber (phr)) is required. However, this high content of CB often alters the viscoelastic properties of the rubber composite. Thus, nowadays, nanofillers such as graphene (GE) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used, which provide significant improvements to the properties of composites at as low as 2–3 phr. Nanofillers are classified as those fillers consisting of at least one dimension below 100 nanometers (nm). In the present review paper, nanofillers based on carbon nanomaterials such as GE, CNT, and CB are explored in terms of how they improve the properties of rubber composites. These nanofillers can significantly improve the properties of silicone rubber (SR) nanocomposites and have been useful for a wide range of applications, such as strain sensing. Therefore, carbon-nanofiller-reinforced SRs are reviewed here, along with advancements in this research area. The microstructures, defect densities, and crystal structures of different carbon nanofillers for SR nanocomposites are characterized, and their processing and dispersion are described. The dispersion of the rubber composites was reported through atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of these nanofillers on the mechanical (compressive modulus, tensile strength, fracture strain, Young’s modulus, glass transition), thermal (thermal conductivity), and electrical properties (electrical conductivity) of SR nanocomposites is also discussed. Finally, the application of the improved SR nanocomposites as strain sensors according to their filler structure and concentration is discussed. This detailed review clearly shows the dependency of SR nanocomposite properties on the characteristics of the carbon nanofillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (V.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.M.); (D.-J.L.)
| | - Md Najib Alam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (V.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.M.); (D.-J.L.)
| | - Amutheesan Manikkavel
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (V.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.M.); (D.-J.L.)
| | - Minseok Song
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Dong-Joo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (V.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.M.); (D.-J.L.)
| | - Sang-Shin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea; (V.K.); (M.N.A.); (A.M.); (D.-J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Continuous stabilization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) - carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers by Joule heating. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Liu W, Wang M, Cao W. In Situ Tracing for the Crystalline Structure of a Polyacrylonitrile/Cellulose Nanocrystals Complex during Thermal Stabilization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- Department of Future Industry-Oriented Basic Science and Materials, Toyota Technological Institute, Tempaku, Nagoya 461-8511, Japan
| | - Weiyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry on Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Biswas MC, Bush B, Ford E. Glucaric acid additives for the antiplasticization of fibers wet spun from cellulose acetate/acetic acid/water. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116510. [PMID: 32718621 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate (CA) receives notable attention as an environmentally friendly, biodegradable polymer from renewable, low-cost resources. CA polymers are believed to have a critical role in shaping a greener and more circular textile economy. However, the mechanical properties of CA fibers are among the lowest in terms of its tensile strength, poor wet strength, and low flexural strength. This study investigates the effect of biobased additives for antiplasticizing the mechanical performance and structure of CA fibers. At up to 5 % of CA, glucaric acid (GA) and its monoammonium salt were added to CA fibers. With 1.5 % GA additive, tensile modulus improved by 155%, tensile strength by 55 %, and CA flexibility according to knot to straight fiber tenacity ratios improved by 107 % when compared to neat CA fibers. Based on the results, green small molecule antiplasticizers do exist, but their performance improvements are observed at low percentages of loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Chandra Biswas
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Bailey Bush
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ericka Ford
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, The Nonwovens Institute, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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8
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Lu M, Gulgunje PV, Arias‐Monje PJ, Luo J, Ramachandran J, Sahoo Y, Agarwal S, Kumar S. Structure, properties, and applications of polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanotube (
CNT
) fibers at low
CNT
loading. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Lu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Prabhakar V. Gulgunje
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Pedro J. Arias‐Monje
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Jeffrey Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Jyotsna Ramachandran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
| | | | | | - Satish Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
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9
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Stimuli induced cellulose nanomaterials alignment and its emerging applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Redondo A, Chatterjee S, Brodard P, Korley LTJ, Weder C, Gunkel I, Steiner U. Melt-Spun Nanocomposite Fibers Reinforced with Aligned Tunicate Nanocrystals. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1912. [PMID: 31757006 PMCID: PMC6960881 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of nanocomposite films and fibers based on cellulose nanocrystals (P-tCNCs) and a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer is reported. High-aspect-ratio P-tCNCs were isolated from tunicates using phosphoric acid hydrolysis, which is a process that affords nanocrystals displaying high thermal stability. Nanocomposites were produced by solvent casting (films) or melt-mixing in a twin-screw extruder and subsequent melt-spinning (fibers). The processing protocols were found to affect the orientation of both PU hard segments and the P-tCNCs within the PU matrix and therefore the mechanical properties. While the films were isotropic, both the polymer matrix and the P-tCNCs proved to be aligned along the fiber direction in the fibers, as shown using SAXS/WAXS, angle-dependent Raman spectroscopy, and birefringence analysis. Tensile tests reveal that fibers and films, at similar P-tCNC contents, display Young's moduli and strain-at-break that are within the same order of magnitude, but the stress-at-break was found to be ten-times higher for fibers, conferring them a superior toughness over films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Redondo
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Sourav Chatterjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.C.); (L.T.J.K.)
| | - Pierre Brodard
- College of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles 80, CH-1705 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - LaShanda T. J. Korley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.C.); (L.T.J.K.)
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Ilja Gunkel
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.W.)
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.W.)
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11
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Jiang E, Maghe M, Zohdi N, Amiralian N, Naebe M, Laycock B, Fox BL, Martin DJ, Annamalai PK. Influence of Different Nanocellulose Additives on Processing and Performance of PAN-Based Carbon Fibers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9720-9730. [PMID: 31460062 PMCID: PMC6649255 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose, as a biobased versatile nanomaterial that can be derived with tailorable surface functionalities, dimensions, and morphologies, has considerable implications for modifying the rheology, mechanical reinforcement, and influencing the carbonization efficiency in the production of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers. Herein, we report the influence of three different nanocellulose types, varying in the derivatization method, source, and aspect ratio, on the mechanical properties and thermal transformations of solution-spun PAN/nanocellulose nanocomposite fibers into carbon fibers. The incorporation of 0.1 wt % nanocellulose into solution-spun PAN fibers led to a 7-19% increase in tensile modulus and 0-27% increase in tensile strength in the solution-spun fibers, compared to a control PAN fiber. These improvements varied depending on the nanocellulose type. After low-temperature carbonization at 1200 °C, improvements in the mechanical properties of the nanocellulose-reinforced carbon fibers, compared with a PAN fiber, were also observed. In contrast to the precursor fibers, the improvement % in the carbonized fibers was found to be dependent on the nanocellulose morphology and was linearly correlated with increasing aspect ratio of nanocellulose. For example, in carbon fibers with a cotton-derived low-aspect-ratio cellulose nanocrystal and spinifex-derived high-aspect-ratio CNC and nanofiber, up to 4, 87, and 172% improvements in tensile moduli were observed, respectively. Due to the processing methods used, the nanocellulose aspect ratio and crystallinity are inversely related, and as such, the increase in the carbon fiber mechanical properties was also related to a decrease in crystallinity of the nanocellulose reinforcers. Raman spectra and electron microscopy analysis suggest that mechanical improvement after carbonization is due to internal reinforcement by highly ordered regions surrounding the carbonized nanocellulose, within the turbostratic carbon fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Jiang
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maxime Maghe
- Carbon
Nexus, Deakin University, Institute for
Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nima Zohdi
- Carbon
Nexus, Deakin University, Institute for
Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Nasim Amiralian
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Minoo Naebe
- Carbon
Nexus, Deakin University, Institute for
Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Laycock
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Queensland, Advanced Engineering
Building, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bronwyn L. Fox
- Carbon
Nexus, Deakin University, Institute for
Frontier Materials, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
- Manufacturing
Futures Research Institute, Swinburne University
of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Darren J. Martin
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pratheep K. Annamalai
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Younas M, Noreen A, Sharif A, Majeed A, Hassan A, Tabasum S, Mohammadi A, Zia KM. A review on versatile applications of blends and composites of CNC with natural and synthetic polymers with mathematical modeling. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:591-626. [PMID: 30447361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is world's most abundant, renewable and recyclable polysaccharide on earth. Cellulose is composed of both amorphous and crystalline regions. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are extracted from crystalline region of cellulose. The most attractive feature of CNC is that it can be used as nanofiller to reinforce several synthetic and natural polymers. In this article, a comprehensive overview of modification of several natural and synthetic polymers using CNCs as reinforcer in respective polymer matrix is given. The immense activities of CNCs are successfully utilized to enhance the mechanical properties and to broaden the field of application of respective polymer. All the technical scientific issues have been discussed highlighting the recent advancement in biomedical and packaging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younas
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aqdas Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sharif
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Majeed
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abida Hassan
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Tabasum
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Mohammadi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Institute of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38030, Pakistan.
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13
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Surface-modified microcrystalline cellulose for reinforcement of chitosan film. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 201:367-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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15
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Wanasekara ND, Eichhorn SJ. Injectable Highly Loaded Cellulose Nanocrystal Fibers and Composites. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1066-1070. [PMID: 35650944 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite fibers were successfully produced in situ by injection into a hydrophobic solvent. Using a similar principle, a single step manufacturing method of injectable composites was developed by injection of a CNC solution into a hydrophobic resin. Molecular orientation and deformation of the fibers and composites were obtained using Raman spectroscopy. CNCs were found to be highly aligned along the fiber's axes, as confirmed by 2-fold symmetry of polar plots and second and fourth order orientation parameters. A shift in the position of a characteristic Raman band, initially located at ∼1095 cm-1, corresponding to vibrations of the cellulose backbone polymer chains was followed under tensile deformation. Using this shift, it was possible to estimate the fiber modulus as being ∼33 GPa, which is remarkably high. Stress transfer between the hydrophobic resin and the injected CNC fibers was quantified in this new type of composite using a modified shear-lag theory showing that appreciable reinforcement occurs. Our approach presents a new way to introduce highly loaded CNC fibers in situ into a composite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandula D. Wanasekara
- College of Engineering, Mathematics
and Physical Sciences, North Park Road, University of Exeter, Exeter EX44QL United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Eichhorn
- College of Engineering, Mathematics
and Physical Sciences, North Park Road, University of Exeter, Exeter EX44QL United Kingdom
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