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Yang L, Nickmilder P, Verhoogt H, Hoeks T, Leclère P. Probing Viscoelastic Properties and Interfaces in High-Density Polyethylene Vitrimers at the Nanoscale Using Dynamic Mode Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38501-38510. [PMID: 38993000 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitrimers are a new class of heterogeneous polymers that combine the best features of thermosets with those of thermoplastics. The introduction of cross-links strongly changes the viscoelastic behavior of vitrimer materials. However, the characterization and understanding of the nanostructures and interfaces in vitrimers resulting from dynamic cross-linking formation remain a major challenge. Here, using dynamic modes of atomic force microscopy (AFM), namely intermodulation AFM (ImAFM) and AFM-based dynamic mechanical analysis (AFM-nDMA), local viscoelastic properties and interfaces at the nanoscale length of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) vitrimer materials are reported. ImAFM imaging in combination with the k-means clustering algorithm clearly reveals two distinct phases in the vitrimer system with highly different viscoelastic properties. AFM-nDMA further provides quantitative nanoviscoelastic properties at the nanoscale to confirm that there is a cross-linking-rich aggregation area forming a nanosize network structure in the cross-linking-poor matrix phase. The cross-linking-rich region shows a similar elastic modulus but much higher adhesion force measured by AFM compared to the cross-linking-poor HDPE matrix. Furthermore, the frequency influence on the local viscoelastic properties of HDPE vitrimer at the nanoscale was initially screened. The observed HDPE vitrimer nanostructures and viscoelastic properties at the nanoscale also provide explanations on the observed bulk HDPE vitrimer crystallinity decrease and dimensional stability increase compared to HDPE. Therefore, probing the viscoelastic properties and interfaces of HDPE vitrimer provides important insights into understanding of the correlations between the vitrimer nanostructure and the bulk mechanical and rheological behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanti Yang
- Analytical Science Europe, Corporate T&I, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom 4612 PX, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Nickmilder
- Laboratory for Physics of Nanomaterials and Energy (LPNE), Research Institute in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
| | - Henk Verhoogt
- High Performance Materials, Corporate T&I, SABIC, Geleen 6167 RD, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Hoeks
- Corporate T&I, SABIC, Plasticslaan 1, Bergen op Zoom 4612 PX, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Physics of Nanomaterials and Energy (LPNE), Research Institute in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Mons B-7000, Belgium
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Karatrantos AV, Couture O, Hesse C, Schmidt DF. Molecular Simulation of Covalent Adaptable Networks and Vitrimers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1373. [PMID: 38794566 PMCID: PMC11125108 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers are novel polymers with dynamic reversible bond exchange reactions for crosslinks, enabling them to modulate their properties between those of thermoplastics and thermosets. They have been gathering interest as materials for their recycling and self-healing properties. In this review, we discuss different molecular simulation efforts that have been used over the last decade to investigate and understand the nanoscale and molecular behaviors of covalent adaptable networks and vitrimers. In particular, molecular dynamics, Monte Carlo, and a hybrid of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo approaches have been used to model the dynamic bond exchange reaction, which is the main mechanism of interest since it controls both the mechanical and rheological behaviors. The molecular simulation techniques presented yield sufficient results to investigate the structure and dynamics as well as the mechanical and rheological responses of such dynamic networks. The benefits of each method have been highlighted. The use of other tools such as theoretical models and machine learning has been included. We noticed, amongst the most prominent results, that stress relaxes as the bond exchange reaction happens, and that at temperatures higher than the glass transition temperature, the self-healing properties are better since more bond BERs are observed. The lifetime of dynamic covalent crosslinks follows, at moderate to high temperatures, an Arrhenius-like temperature dependence. We note the modeling of certain properties like the melt viscosity with glass transition temperature and the topology freezing transition temperature according to a behavior ruled by either the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation or the Arrhenius equation. Discrepancies between the behavior in dissociative and associative covalent adaptable networks are discussed. We conclude by stating which material parameters and atomistic factors, at the nanoscale, have not yet been taken into account and are lacking in the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios V. Karatrantos
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
| | - Olivier Couture
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Channya Hesse
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
- University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (O.C.); (C.H.); (D.F.S.)
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Du L, Zhong Y, Zhao L, Hu C, Shen L, Yang Y, Zhong J. Self-healing polyacrylates based on dynamic disulfide and quadruple hydrogen bonds. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3612-3619. [PMID: 38619442 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a self-healing polyacrylate system was successfully prepared by introducing crosslinking agents containing disulfide bonds and monomers capable of forming quadruple hydrogen bonds through free radical copolymerization. This polymer material exhibited good toughness and self-healing properties through chemical and physical dual dynamic networks while maintaining excellent mechanical properties, which expanded the development path of self-healing acrylate materials. Compared to uncrosslinked and single dynamically crosslinked polymers, its elongation at break was as high as 437%, and its tensile strength was 5.48 MPa. Due to the presence of dual reversible dynamic bonds in the copolymer system, good self-healing was also achieved at 60 °C. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis measurements confirmed that the thermal stability and glass transition temperature of the material were improved owing to the presence of physical and chemical cross-linking networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjin Du
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Waterborne Coatings, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Zhong
- School of Education, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
| | - Linying Zhao
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Waterborne Coatings, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
| | - Chengzhen Hu
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Waterborne Coatings, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Shen
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Waterborne Coatings, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
| | - Yuping Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Waterborne Coatings, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
| | - Jiang Zhong
- Jiangxi Provincial Engineering Research Center for Waterborne Coatings, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China.
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Paez-Amieva Y, Martín-Martínez JM. Dynamic Non-Covalent Exchange Intrinsic Self-Healing at 20 °C Mechanism of Polyurethane Induced by Interactions among Polycarbonate Soft Segments. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:924. [PMID: 38611182 PMCID: PMC11013852 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Two polyurethanes (PUs) were similarly synthesized by reacting a cycloaliphatic isocyanate with 1,4-butanediol and two polyols of different nature (polyester, polycarbonate diol) with molecular weights of 1000 Da. Only the PU synthesized with polycarbonate diol polyol (YCD) showed intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C. For assessing the mechanism of intrinsic self-healing of YCD, a structural characterization by molecular weights determination, infrared and X-ray photoelectronic spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was carried out. The experimental evidence concluded that the self-healing at 20 °C of YCD was due to dynamic non-covalent exchange interactions among the polycarbonate soft segments. Therefore, the chemical nature of the polyol played a key role in developing PUs with intrinsic self-healing at 20 °C.
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Liu Y, Wang S, Dong J, Huo P, Zhang D, Han S, Yang J, Jiang Z. External Stimuli-Induced Welding of Dynamic Cross-Linked Polymer Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38475305 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermosets have been crucial in modern engineering for decades, finding applications in various industries. Welding cross-linked components are essential in the processing of thermosets for repairing damaged areas or fabricating complex structures. However, the inherent insolubility and infusibility of thermoset materials, attributed to their three-dimensional network structure, pose challenges to welding development. Incorporating dynamic chemical bonds into highly cross-linked networks bridges the gap between thermosets and thermoplastics presenting a promising avenue for innovative welding techniques. External stimuli, including thermal, light, solvent, pH, electric, and magnetic fields, induce dynamic bonds' breakage and reformation, rendering the cross-linked network malleable. This plasticity facilitates the seamless linkage of two parts to an integral whole, attracting significant attention for potential applications in soft actuators, smart devices, solid batteries, and more. This review provides a comprehensive overview of dynamic bonds employed in welding dynamic cross-linked networks (DCNs). It extensively discusses the classification and fabrication of common epoxy DCNs and acrylate DCNs. Notably, recent advancements in welding processes based on DCNs under external stimuli are detailed, focusing on the welding dynamics among covalent adaptable networks (CANs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jidong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuaiyuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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Choi K, Noh A, Kim J, Hong PH, Ko MJ, Hong SW. Properties and Applications of Self-Healing Polymeric Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4408. [PMID: 38006132 PMCID: PMC10674826 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-healing polymeric materials, engineered to autonomously self-restore damages from external stimuli, are at the forefront of sustainable materials research. Their ability to maintain product quality and functionality and prolong product life plays a crucial role in mitigating the environmental burden of plastic waste. Historically, initial research on the development of self-healing materials has focused on extrinsic self-healing systems characterized by the integration of embedded healing agents. These studies have primarily focused on optimizing the release of healing agents and ensuring rapid self-healing capabilities. In contrast, recent advancements have shifted the focus towards intrinsic self-healing systems that utilize their inherent reactivity and interactions within the matrix. These systems offer the advantage of repeated self-healing over the same damaged zone, which is attributed to reversible chemical reactions and supramolecular interactions. This review offers a comprehensive perspective on extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing approaches and elucidates their unique properties and characteristics. Furthermore, various self-healing mechanisms are surveyed, and insights from cutting-edge studies are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwon Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyeon Noh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsil Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Montreal, 2900 Edouard Montpeit Blvc, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Pyong Hwa Hong
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31056, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Ko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Hong
- Green and Sustainable Materials R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 89 Yangdaegiro-gil, Ipjang-myeon, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan-si 31056, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Solutions to Electromagnetic Interference in Future-Mobility, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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Hussien MA, Ashour GR, Albukhari SM, Saleh TS, Hussein MA. Favorable Heteroaromatic Thiazole-Based Polyurea Derivatives as Interesting Biologically Active Products. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2662. [PMID: 37376308 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This research sought to synthesize a new set of heteroaromatic thiazole-based polyurea derivatives with sulfur links in the polymers' main chains, which were denoted by the acronyms PU1-5. Using pyridine as a solvent, a diphenylsulfide-based aminothiazole monomer (M2) was polymerized via solution polycondensation with varied aromatic, aliphatic, and cyclic diisocyanates. Typical characterization methods were used to confirm the structures of the premonomer, monomer, and fully generated polymers. The XRD results revealed that aromatic-based polymers had higher crystallinity than aliphatic and cyclic derivatives. SEM was used to visualize the surfaces of PU1, PU4, and PU5, revealing spongy and porous shapes, shapes resembling wooden planks and sticks, and shapes resembling coral reefs with floral shapes at various magnifications. The polymers demonstrated thermal stability. The numerical results for PDTmax are listed in the following order, ranked from lowest to highest: PU1 < PU2 < PU3 < PU5 < PU4. The FDT values for the aliphatic-based derivatives (PU4 and PU5) were lower than those for the aromatic-based ones (616, 655, and 665 °C). PU3 showed the greatest inhibitory impact against the bacteria and fungi under investigation. In addition, PU4 and PU5 demonstrated antifungal activities that, in contrast with the other products, were on the lower end of the spectrum. Furthermore, the intended polymers were also tested for the presence of the proteins 1KNZ, 1JIJ, and 1IYL, which are frequently utilized as model organisms for E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria), S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), and C. albicans (fungal pathogens). This study's findings are consistent with the outcomes of the subjective screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Hussien
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gadeer R Ashour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, P.O. Box 24451, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha M Albukhari
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamer S Saleh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Sun Y, Zheng X, Guo Y. A molecular dynamics simulation on tunable and self-healing epoxy-polyimine network based on imine bond exchange reactions. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqin Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Sun
- Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Zheng
- Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yafang Guo
- Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang A, Li J, Fan H, Xiang J, Wang L, Yan J. Effect of mechanical properties on the self‐healing behavior of waterborne polyurethane coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Wen N, Song T, Ji Z, Jiang D, Wu Z, Wang Y, Guo Z. Recent advancements in self-healing materials: Mechanicals, performances and features. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chen X, Shen Z, Jia H, Gao Y, Zhang M, Luo Y, Luo Z. Understanding the Self‐Healing Mechanism of Polyurethane Elastomer Based on Hydrogen Bonding Interactions through Molecular Dynamics Simulation. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianling Chen
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhihua Shen
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Huan Jia
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products CAF Nanjing 210042 China
| | - Yanlong Luo
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhenyang Luo
- College of Science Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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