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Shao W, Zhang X, Liang X, Tao W, Ma M, Chen S, Shi Y, He H, Zhu Y, Wang X. Cellulose Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposite Films with Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Fire-Resistant Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39087650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has been widely used as a flexible and lightweight polymer matrix for electromagnetic shielding and thermally conductive composite films because of its excellent mechanical strength, environmental performance, and low cost. However, the lack of flame retardancy seriously hinders its further application. Herein, renewable and biomass-sourced l-arginine (AR) was used to surface-modify ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and an environmentally friendly biobased flame retardant was synthesized by the coordination of zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), which was named AAZ. AAZ was deposited on the surface of CNF by electrostatic adsorption and Zn2+ complexation. The biobased compatibilizer Triton X-100 was employed to assist the exfoliation of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their dispersion in the CNF matrix. Due to the formation of a dense lamellar layer resembling a shell structure, the CNF/GNPs composite films with a tensile strength of 52 MPa were obtained via vacuum-assisted filtration. Because the phosphorus-containing group produces a protective layer of PxOy compound and promotes the formation of a carbon layer by CNF and the combustion releases ammonia gas, the fire-resistant performance of the composite films was greatly improved. Compared with the pure CNF film, the composite film exhibits 33% reduction in PHRR value and 40% reduction in THR. In addition, the CNF/GNPs composite film with 20 wt % GNPs possessed high conductivity (2079.2 S/m) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (37 dB). The ultrathin CNF/GNPs composite films have excellent potential for use as efficient flame retardant and EMI shielding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xutao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wenting Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Meng Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yanqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Huiwen He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yulu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plastic Modification and Processing Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
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Xu F, Ma W, Wang W, Wang H, An S, Zhu Z, Wang R. Fully bio-based intumescent flame retardant hybrid: A green strategy towards reducing fire hazard and improving degradation of polylactic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131985. [PMID: 38692538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising renewable polymer material with excellent biodegradability and good mechanical properties. However, the easy flammability and slow natural degradation limited its further applications, especially in high-security fields. In this work, a fully bio-based intumescent flame-retardant system was designed to reduce the fire hazard of PLA. Firstly, arginine (Arg) and phytic acid (PA) were combined through electrostatic ionic interaction, followed by the introduction of starch as a carbon source, namely APS. The UL-94 grade of PLA/APS composites reached V-0 grade by adding 3 wt% of APS and exhibited excellent anti-dripping performance. With APS addition increasing to 7 wt%, LOI value increased to 26 % and total heat release decreased from 58.4 (neat PLA) to 51.1 MJ/m2. Moreover, the addition of APS increased its crystallinity up to 83.5 % and maintained the mechanical strength of pristine PLA. Noteworthy, APS accelerated the degradation rate of PLA under submerged conditions. Compared with pristine PLA, PLA/APS showed more apparent destructive network morphology and higher mass and Mn loss, suggesting effective degradation promotion. This work provides a full biomass modification strategy to construct renewable plastic with both good flame retardancy and high degradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hanwen Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shijie An
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Materials Design & Engineering Department, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nanofiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Xue Y, Zhang T, Tian L, Feng J, Song F, Pan Z, Huang G, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Song P. How the chemical structure of phosphoramides affect the fire retardancy and mechanical properties of polylactide? Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130790. [PMID: 38484818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Phosphoramides, as a kind of high-efficient fire retardants, have been designed in many structures and endowed exceptional fire retardancy to polylactide (PLA). However, due to ignorance of the structure-property correlation, the effect of phosphoramides' structure on the fire retardancy and mechanical properties of PLA is still unclear. Herein, a series of biobased phosphoramides (phosphoramide (V1), linear polyphosphoramide (V2) and hyperbranched polyphosphamide (V3)) were designed and incorporated into PLA, and the structural effect of phosphoramides on the fire-retardant and mechanical properties of PLA was deeply researched. Among three kinds of phosphoramides, the hyperbranched polyphosphoramide is more effective than the corresponding linear polyphosphoramide and phosphoramide in improving the fire-retardant and anti-dripping properties of PLA, and only linear polyphosphoramide shows a positive effect in the mechanical strength of PLA. This work provides a feasible strategy for creating mechanically robust and fire-retardant polymer composites by molecularly tailoring the structure of fire retardants and uncovering their structure-property relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijiao Xue
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Tianchen Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Linfeng Tian
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jiabing Feng
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Fei Song
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Zheng Pan
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China.
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Toowoomba, Qld 4300, Australia; Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld 4300, Australia.
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Zhou X, Xiao C, Zhang B, Chen T, Yang X. Effects of microplastics on carbon release and microbial community in mangrove soil systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133152. [PMID: 38056259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are major carbon sink biomes and also a sink of microplastics (MPs). The final enrichment of MPs in sediments may have a significant impact on the microbial community and carbon turnover in the soil. However, the effects of MP pollution on the mangrove soil microbial communities and carbon release remain unknown. Here, we conducted a manipulative incubation experiment by adding MPs to soil at different soil depths to examine the effect of enriched MPs on soil microorganisms and its function (i.e., decomposition of soil carbon). The results showed that the addition of MPs had no significant effect on the microbial diversity and CO2 cumulative emission in the topsoil but significantly increased CO2 release from the subsoil. The promoting effect of polylactide (PLA) on the release of CO2 from the subsoil was stronger than that of polyethylene (PE) and aging PE. In the subsoil, the activity of soil extracellular enzymes related to N acquisition increased with the MP addition, indicating an increase in microbial N deficiency. The subsoil was more sensitive to MPs because of the exacerbated nitrogen limitation. MP addition reduced the microbial diversity of the subsoil and altered soil microbial interactions. The increasing abundance of some microbial taxa, especially bacteria related to the sulfur cycle, indicated more active electron transfer and organic carbon mineralization in the subsoil. Our findings suggest that MP contamination has potential effects on microbial communities, nutrient cycling, and carbon release in mangrove soils that vary depending on soil depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou)
| | - Cunde Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bingwei Zhang
- Zhuhai Branch of State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Tao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou).
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Xu P, Qi G, Lv D, Niu D, Yang W, Bai H, Yan X, Zhao X, Ma P. Enhanced flame retardancy and toughness of eco-friendly polyhydroxyalkanoate/bentonite composites based on in situ intercalation of P-N-containing hyperbranched macromolecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123345. [PMID: 36669635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a biodegradable polyester, and its application range is limited by the poor flame retardancy and low modulus. Bentonite (BNT) as a green inorganic filler can improve the modulus and flame retardancy of PHA to a certain extent. An in situ polymerization method was designed to intercalate P-N-containing hyperbranched macromolecules (HBM) among BNT layers (HBM-B) and to improve the flame retardancy while improving the dispersion of BNT in the PHA matrix. The layer spacing of BNT was increased from 1.2 nm to 4.5 nm. The effect law of the joint action of in situ intercalation of BNT and the HBM on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PHA was systematically studied. The HBM-B showed stronger flame retardancy when the mass ratio of HBM to BNT was 75/25. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PHA/HBM-B composite was increased to 27.6 % while maintaining good toughness. Compared to the physical blend of HBM and BNT (HBM/B), the elongation at break of PHA/HBM-B25 composites can be increased by up to 10 times. When the content of HBM-B is up to 15 wt%, the LOI of PHA-Based composites can reach 29.6 % and the UL-94 rating reaches V-0, which meets the standard of flame-retardant material. Therefore, the present work is expected to expand the application of PHA-based composites in the field of flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Gaopeng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongxuan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Deyu Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huiyu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiuping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Song T, Liu M, Tian J, Wang S, Li Q. Effect of PLA/TiO2/Lg filler competition and synergy on crystallization behavior, mechanics and functionality of composite foaming materials. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Fabrication of Phytic Acid/Urea Co-Modified Bamboo Biochar and Its Application as Green Flame Retardant for Polylactic Acid Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020360. [PMID: 36679241 PMCID: PMC9861367 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop green, sustainable additives to improve the thermal stability and flame retardancy of biopolymers. In this work, a synergistic modification of P/N elements to bamboo biochar (mBC) was successfully achieved by grafting a reaction of phytic acid and urea with preoxidized bamboo biochar. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance and scanning electron microscope determinations of the mBC demonstrated a successive grafting of phytic acid and urea to the originally porous surface. The ground mBC was blended with polylactic acid (PLA) to prepare mBC/PLA composites by extrusion and hot pressing. Mechanical strength studies showed a compromise in rigidity, which might originate from the mBC overdose and its limited miscibility with the resin. The thermogravimetric results supported the fact that the enhancement of thermal stability and flame retardancy of the composites with the mBC dosage, which showed that the mBC dosage in the PLA composites was not only lower than that of the conventional flame retardants, but also outperformed the counterparts using BC modified by inorganic phosphoric acid and urea. The mBC was prone to accelerate the earlier decomposition of the composites (30 °C lower in decomposition) and generate a continuous, dense residual carbon layer, which provides an effective shield resisting the mass and heat transfer between the combustion area and the underlying composite matrix. Only 10 wt% of mBC dosage could achieve a V-0 rating (UL94) for the composite, with a higher limiting oxygen index up to 28.3% compared to 20.7% for that of the virgin PLA; the cone colorimetric results also suggested that the flame retardancy had been greatly improved for all composites. In this work, biobased P-/N-containing bamboo biochar would be expected as a nontoxic biochar-based flame retardant that serves as green filler in polymer composites.
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Li C, Wang B, Yang Y, Chai J, Guo Z, Fang Z, Chen P, Li J. Synergistic effect of poly(ionic liquid) and phosphoramide on flame retardancy and crystallization of poly(lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1344-1355. [PMID: 36370854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystallinity and flame retardancy are two key properties for poly(lactic acid)(PLA) in applications. In this paper, a quaternary phosphonium salt poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) and a phosphamide (POFA) were prepared. The PIL, POFA and their blend were used to regulate the flame retardancy and crystallization behaviors of PLA using the limiting oxygen index, UL-94 vertical burning, and thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry etc. The results showed that a synergistic effect exists between PIL and POFA on flame retardancy. When 6 wt% PIL/POFA (2/1) was added into PLA, its LOI value is 28.0 vol%, and achieves the UL-94 V-0 rating while the PLA composites containing 6 wt% PIL or POFA just achieve the UL-94 V2. The PIL/POFA improves the flame retardancy of PLA by melting-away mode. In addition, the crystallization rate of PLA containing PIL/POFA is faster than that of PLA/PIL and PLA/POFA. The degradation of PLA induced by PIL/POFA produces some small molecular oligomers, which enhances the molecular chain mobility and rearrangement, thus contributes to better flame retardancy and faster crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingtao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Juan Chai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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