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Kim Y, Gunnarsdóttir OB, Viveiros A, Reichart D, Quiat D, Willcox JAL, Zhang H, Chen H, Curran JJ, Kim DH, Urschel S, McDonough B, Gorham J, DePalma SR, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Oudit GY. Genetic Contribution to End-Stage Cardiomyopathy Requiring Heart Transplantation. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2023; 16:452-461. [PMID: 37767697 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.123.004062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cardiovascular disorders propel the development of advanced heart failure that necessitates cardiac transplantation. When treatable causes are excluded, studies to define causes are often abandoned, resulting in a diagnosis of end-stage idiopathic cardiomyopathy. We studied whether DNA sequence analyses could identify unrecognized causes of end-stage nonischemic cardiomyopathy requiring heart transplantation and whether the prevalence of genetic causes differed from ambulatory cardiomyopathy cases. METHODS We performed whole exome and genome sequencing of 122 explanted hearts from 101 adult and 21 pediatric patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy from a single center. Data were analyzed for pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes and assessed for nonhuman microbial sequences. The frequency of damaging genetic variants was compared among cardiomyopathy cohorts with different clinical severity. RESULTS Fifty-four samples (44.3%) had pathogenic/likely pathogenic cardiomyopathy gene variants. The frequency of pathogenic variants was similar in pediatric (42.9%) and adult (43.6%) samples, but the distribution of mutated genes differed (P=8.30×10-4). The prevalence of causal genetic variants was significantly higher in end-stage than in previously reported ambulatory adult dilated cardiomyopathy cases (P<0.001). Among remaining samples with unexplained causes, no damaging mitochondrial variants were identified, but 28 samples contained parvovirus genome sequences, including 2 samples with 6- to 9-fold higher levels than the overall mean levels in other samples. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic variants and viral myocarditis were identified in 45.9% of patients with unexplained end-stage cardiomyopathy. Damaging gene variants are significantly more frequent among transplant compared with patients with ambulatory cardiomyopathy. Genetic analyses can help define cause of end-stage cardiomyopathy to guide management and risk stratification of patients and family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (Y.K., B.M., C.E.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Oddný Brattberg Gunnarsdóttir
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Anissa Viveiros
- Department of Medicine (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.), University of Alberta
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.)
| | - Daniel Reichart
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany (D.R.)
| | - Daniel Quiat
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (D.Q.)
| | - Jon A L Willcox
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Medicine (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.), University of Alberta
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.)
| | - Huachen Chen
- Department of Medicine (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.), University of Alberta
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.)
| | - Justin J Curran
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Daniel H Kim
- Department of Medicine (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.), University of Alberta
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.)
| | - Simon Urschel
- Department of Pediatrics (S.U.), University of Alberta
- Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (S.U.)
| | - Barbara McDonough
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (Y.K., B.M., C.E.S.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (B.M., S.R.D., C.E.S.)
| | - Joshua Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Steven R DePalma
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (B.M., S.R.D., C.E.S.)
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Christine E Seidman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (Y.K., B.M., C.E.S.)
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., O.B.G., D.R., D.Q., J.A.L.W., J.J.C., J.G., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (B.M., S.R.D., C.E.S.)
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.), University of Alberta
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Canada (A.V., H.Z., H.C., D.H.K., G.Y.O.)
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12
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Garcia-Pavia P, Kim Y, Restrepo-Cordoba MA, Lunde IG, Wakimoto H, Smith AM, Toepfer CN, Getz K, Gorham J, Patel P, Ito K, Willcox JA, Arany Z, Li J, Owens AT, Govind R, Nuñez B, Mazaika E, Bayes-Genis A, Walsh R, Finkelman B, Lupon J, Whiffin N, Serrano I, Midwinter W, Wilk A, Bardaji A, Ingold N, Buchan R, Tayal U, Pascual-Figal DA, de Marvao A, Ahmad M, Garcia-Pinilla JM, Pantazis A, Dominguez F, John Baksi A, O’Regan DP, Rosen SD, Prasad SK, Lara-Pezzi E, Provencio M, Lyon AR, Alonso-Pulpon L, Cook SA, DePalma SR, Barton PJ, Aplenc R, Seidman JG, Ky B, Ware JS, Seidman CE. Genetic Variants Associated With Cancer Therapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2019; 140:31-41. [PMID: 30987448 PMCID: PMC6613726 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.037934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer therapy-induced cardiomyopathy (CCM) is associated with cumulative drug exposures and preexisting cardiovascular disorders. These parameters incompletely account for substantial interindividual susceptibility to CCM. We hypothesized that rare variants in cardiomyopathy genes contribute to CCM. METHODS We studied 213 patients with CCM from 3 cohorts: retrospectively recruited adults with diverse cancers (n=99), prospectively phenotyped adults with breast cancer (n=73), and prospectively phenotyped children with acute myeloid leukemia (n=41). Cardiomyopathy genes, including 9 prespecified genes, were sequenced. The prevalence of rare variants was compared between CCM cohorts and The Cancer Genome Atlas participants (n=2053), healthy volunteers (n=445), and an ancestry-matched reference population. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were assessed and stratified by genotypes. A prevalent CCM genotype was modeled in anthracycline-treated mice. RESULTS CCM was diagnosed 0.4 to 9 years after chemotherapy; 90% of these patients received anthracyclines. Adult patients with CCM had cardiovascular risk factors similar to the US population. Among 9 prioritized genes, patients with CCM had more rare protein-altering variants than comparative cohorts ( P≤1.98e-04). Titin-truncating variants (TTNtvs) predominated, occurring in 7.5% of patients with CCM versus 1.1% of The Cancer Genome Atlas participants ( P=7.36e-08), 0.7% of healthy volunteers ( P=3.42e-06), and 0.6% of the reference population ( P=5.87e-14). Adult patients who had CCM with TTNtvs experienced more heart failure and atrial fibrillation ( P=0.003) and impaired myocardial recovery ( P=0.03) than those without. Consistent with human data, anthracycline-treated TTNtv mice and isolated TTNtv cardiomyocytes showed sustained contractile dysfunction unlike wild-type ( P=0.0004 and P<0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Unrecognized rare variants in cardiomyopathy-associated genes, particularly TTNtvs, increased the risk for CCM in children and adults, and adverse cardiac events in adults. Genotype, along with cumulative chemotherapy dosage and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, improves the identification of patients who have cancer at highest risk for CCM. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifiers: NCT01173341; AAML1031; NCT01371981.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., F.D., L.A.-P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
- University Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P.)
| | - Yuri Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Y.K.)
| | - Maria Alejandra Restrepo-Cordoba
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., F.D., L.A.-P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
| | - Ida G. Lunde
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Norway (I.G.L.)
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Amanda M. Smith
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Christopher N. Toepfer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- University of Oxford (C.N.T.)
| | - Kelly Getz
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Joshua Gorham
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Parth Patel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA (P.P., C.E.S.)
| | - Kaoru Ito
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Jonathan A. Willcox
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Jian Li
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Anjali T. Owens
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Risha Govind
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Beatriz Nuñez
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (B.N., M.P.)
| | - Erica Mazaika
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
- Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (A.B.-G., J. Lupon)
| | - Roddy Walsh
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Brian Finkelman
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Josep Lupon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
- Hospital Universitario Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain (A.B.-G., J. Lupon)
| | - Nicola Whiffin
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College UK (N.W., D.P.O., S.A.C., J.S.W., C.E.S., A.d.M.)
| | - Isabel Serrano
- Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII. IISPV, Rovira Virgili University, Spain (I.S., A.B.)
| | - William Midwinter
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Alicja Wilk
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Alfredo Bardaji
- Hospital Universitario de Tarragona Joan XXIII. IISPV, Rovira Virgili University, Spain (I.S., A.B.)
| | - Nathan Ingold
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Rachel Buchan
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Upasana Tayal
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Domingo A. Pascual-Figal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia. Spain (D.A.P.-F.)
| | - Antonio de Marvao
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College UK (N.W., D.P.O., S.A.C., J.S.W., C.E.S., A.d.M.)
| | - Mian Ahmad
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Malaga, Spain (J.M.G.-P.)
| | - Antonis Pantazis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Fernando Dominguez
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., F.D., L.A.-P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
| | - A. John Baksi
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Declan P. O’Regan
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College UK (N.W., D.P.O., S.A.C., J.S.W., C.E.S., A.d.M.)
| | - Stuart D. Rosen
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Sanjay K. Prasad
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (E.L.-P.)
| | - Mariano Provencio
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain (B.N., M.P.)
| | - Alexander R. Lyon
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Luis Alonso-Pulpon
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., F.D., L.A.-P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain (P.G.-P., M.A.R.-C., A.B.-G., J. Lupon, D.A.P.-F., J.M.G.-P., F.D., E.L.-P., L.A.-P.)
| | - Stuart A. Cook
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College UK (N.W., D.P.O., S.A.C., J.S.W., C.E.S., A.d.M.)
- National Heart Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore (S.A.C.)
| | - Steven R. DePalma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.R.D., C.E.S.)
| | - Paul J.R. Barton
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
| | - Richard Aplenc
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - Jonathan G. Seidman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
| | - Bonnie Ky
- Perelman School of Medicine and University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia (A.M.S., K.G., Z.A., J. Li, A.T.O., B.F., R.A., B.K.)
| | - James S. Ware
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., E.L.-P., A.R.L., S.A.C., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK (R.G., E.M., R.W., N.W., W.M., A.W., N.I., R.B., U.T., A.d.M., M.A., A.P., A.J.B., S.D.R., S.K.P., A.R.L., P.J.R.B., J.S.W.)
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College UK (N.W., D.P.O., S.A.C., J.S.W., C.E.S., A.d.M.)
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.K., I.G.L., H.W., C.N.T., J.G., P.P., K.I., J.A.W., S.R.D., J.G.S., C.E.S.)
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College UK (N.W., D.P.O., S.A.C., J.S.W., C.E.S., A.d.M.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD (S.R.D., C.E.S.)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA (P.P., C.E.S.)
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