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Yuan F, Zhang R, Li J, Lei Q, Wang S, Jiang F, Guo Y, Xiang M. CCR5-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells protect against experimental autoimmune uveitis: insights from single-cell transcriptome analysis. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:136. [PMID: 38802924 PMCID: PMC11131209 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a leading cause of severe vision loss, and animal models provide unique opportunities for studying its pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Here we employ scRNA-seq, RNA-seq and various molecular and cellular approaches to characterize mouse models of classical experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), revealing that EAU causes broad retinal neuron degeneration and marker downregulation, and that Müller glia may act as antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, EAU immune response is primarily driven by Th1 cells, and results in dramatic upregulation of CC chemokines, especially CCL5, in the EAU retina. Accordingly, overexpression of CCR5, a CCL5 receptor, in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhances their homing capacity and improves their immunomodulatory outcomes in preventing EAU, by reducing infiltrating T cells and activated microglia and suppressing Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Taken together, our data not only provide valuable insights into the molecular characteristics of EAU but also open an avenue for innovative MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jiani Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qiannan Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fanying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mengqing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Shirahama S, Okunuki Y, Lee MY, Karg MM, Refaian N, Krasniqi D, Connor KM, Gregory-Ksander MS, Ksander BR. Retinal microglia exacerbate uveitis by functioning as local antigen-presenting cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.23.586440. [PMID: 38585800 PMCID: PMC10996501 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.23.586440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a major cause of blindness in the working-age population of developed countries. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) depends on activation of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) specific CD4 + effector T cells that migrate systemically and infiltrate into the retina. Following systemic induction of retinal antigen-specific T cells, the development of EAU can be broken down into three phases: early phase when inflammatory cells begin to infiltrate the retina, amplification phase, and peak phase. Although studied extensively, the function of local antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within the retina remains unclear. Two potential types of APCs are present during uveitis, resident microglia and infiltrating CD11c + dendritic cells (DCs). MHC class II (MHC II) is expressed within the retina on both CD11c + DCs and microglia during the amplification phase of EAU. Therefore, we used microglia specific (P2RY12 and TMEM119) and CD11c + DC specific MHC II knockout mice to study the function of APCs within the retina using the conventional and adoptive transfer methods of inducing EAU. Microglia were essential during all phases of EAU development: the early phase when microglia were MHC Il negative, and amplification and peak phases when microglia were MHC II positive. Unexpectedly, retinal infiltrating MHC Il + CD11c + DCs were present within the retina but their antigen-presenting function was not required for all phases of uveitis. Our data indicate microglia are the critical APCs within the retina and an important therapeutic target that can prevent and/or diminish uveitis even in the presence of circulating IRBP-specific CD4 + effector T cells.
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Degroote RL, Schmalen A, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Unveiling Differential Responses of Granulocytes to Distinct Immunostimulants with Implications in Autoimmune Uveitis. Biomedicines 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 38275380 PMCID: PMC10812922 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The perception of circulating granulocytes as cells with a predetermined immune response mainly triggered by pathogens is evolving, recognizing their functional heterogeneity and adaptability, particularly within the neutrophil subset. The involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune uveitis has become increasingly clear, yet their exact role remains elusive. We used an equine model for autoimmune-mediated recurrent pan-uveitis to investigate early responses of granulocytes in different inflammatory environments. For this purpose, we performed differential proteomics on granulocytes from healthy and diseased horses stimulated with IL8, LPS, or PMA. Compared to healthy horses, granulocytes from the recurrent uveitis model significantly changed the cellular abundance of 384 proteins, with a considerable number of specific changes for each stimulant. To gain more insight into the functional impact of these stimulant-specific proteome changes in ERU pathogenesis, we used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis for pathway enrichment. This resulted in specific reaction patterns for each stimulant, with IL8 predominantly promoting Class I MHC-mediated antigen processing and presentation, LPS enhancing processes in phospholipid biosynthesis, and PMA, clearly inducing neutrophil degranulation. These findings shed light on the remarkably differentiated responses of neutrophils, offering valuable insights into their functional heterogeneity in a T-cell-driven disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian Schmalen
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (R.L.D.); (A.S.)
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Peng X, Zhang Y, Bai X, Li X, Zhao R. Phasic regulation of the ATP/P2X7 receptor signaling pathway affects the function of antigen-presenting cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110241. [PMID: 37141671 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R) is a purine type P2 receptor that is expressed on a variety of immune cells. Recent studies have shown that P2X7R signaling is required to trigger an immune response, and P2X7R antagonist-oxidized ATP (oxATP) effectively blocks P2X7R activation. In this study, we investigated the effect of phasic regulation of the ATP/P2X7R signaling pathway on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by constructing an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) disease model. Our results demonstrated that APCs isolated from the 1st, 4th, 7th and 11th days of EAU presented antigen function and could stimulate the differentiation of naive T cells. Moreover, after stimulation by ATP and BzATP (a P2X7R agonist), antigen presentation, promoting differentiation and inflammation were enhanced. The regulation of the Th17 cell response was significantly stronger than that of the Th1 cell response. In addition, we verified that oxATP blocked the P2X7R signaling pathway on APCs, attenuated the effect of BzATP, and significantly improved the adoptive transfer EAU induced by antigen-specific T cells cocultured with APCs. Our results demonstrated that at an early stage of EAU, the ATP/P2X7R signaling pathway regulation of APCs was time dependent, and the treatment of EAU could be achieved by intervening in P2X7R function on APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Peng
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfang Zhang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Bai
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- School of Medical Laboratory, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China; Institutional Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, 12th 5-Year Project of Shandong Province, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen N, Li H, Chen S, Cui X, Shao H, Wei L, Ma J, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang X. Pertussis toxin-induced inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in dendritic cells promotes an autoimmune response in experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:24. [PMID: 36739434 PMCID: PMC9898909 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have indicated that disrupting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in dendritic cells (DCs) may affect the progression of autoimmune inflammation; however, the factors and timing that regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling have not been clearly understood. METHODS Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) mice and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) patient samples were used to detect the expression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes. Western blot, real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA were performed to examine the expression of components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and inflammatory factors. DC-specific β-catenin knockout mice and 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) administered mice were used to observe the effect of disrupting the Wnt pathway on EAU pathogenesis. RESULTS Wnt/β-catenin signaling was inhibited in DCs during the induction phase of EAU. The inhibition was mediated by pertussis toxin (PTX), which promoted DC maturation, in turn promoting pathogenic T cell proliferation and differentiation. In vivo experiments confirmed that deleting β-catenin in DCs enhanced EAU severity, and pre-injection of PTX advanced EAU onset. Administration of a Wnt activator (BIO) limited the effects of PTX, in turn ameliorating EAU. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that PTX plays a key role as a virulence factor in initiating autoimmune inflammation via DCs by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling in EAU, and highlight the potential mechanism by which infection can trigger apparent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nu Chen
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Li
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuexue Cui
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Shao
- grid.266623.50000 0001 2113 1622Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Lai Wei
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianxing Ma
- grid.241167.70000 0001 2185 3318Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Song Zhang
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032Institute for Immunology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- grid.412729.b0000 0004 1798 646XTianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Hoffmann ALC, Hauck SM, Deeg CA, Degroote RL. Pre-Activated Granulocytes from an Autoimmune Uveitis Model Show Divergent Pathway Activation Profiles upon IL8 Stimulation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179555. [PMID: 36076947 PMCID: PMC9455241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathophysiology of autoimmune-mediated uveitis, granulocytes have emerged as possible disease mediators and were shown to be pre-activated in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous disease model. We therefore used granulocytes from ERU horses to identify early molecular mechanisms involved in this dysregulated innate immune response. Primary granulocytes from healthy and ERU horses were stimulated with IL8, and cellular response was analyzed with differential proteomics, which revealed significant differences in protein abundance of 170 proteins in ERU. Subsequent ingenuity pathway analysis identified three activated canonical pathways “PKA signaling”, “PTEN signaling” and “leukocyte extravasation”. Clustered to the leukocyte extravasation pathway, we found the membrane-type GPI-anchored protease MMP25, which was increased in IL8 stimulated ERU granulocytes. These findings point to MMP25 as a possible regulator of granulocyte extravasation in uveitis and a role of this molecule in the impaired integrity of the blood-retina-barrier. In conclusion, our analyses show a clearly divergent reaction profile of pre-activated granulocytes upon IL8 stimulation and provide basic information for further in-depth studies on early granulocyte activation in non-infectious ocular diseases. This may be of interest for the development of new approaches in uveitis diagnostics and therapy. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. C. Hoffmann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Ju Y, Wang J, Sun N, Tang Z, Gao H, Gu P, Ji J. Identification of immune hub genes participating in the pathogenesis and progression of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:936707. [PMID: 35958546 PMCID: PMC9358976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.936707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by bilateral granulomatous uveitis. The objective of this study was to identify immune hub genes involved in the pathogenesis and progression of VKH disease. Methods High throughput sequencing data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and an immune dataset was downloaded from ImmPort. Immune differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from their intersection in the GEO and ImmPort datasets. Immune hub genes for VKH disease were selected through differential expression analyses, including Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Disease Ontology (DO), protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and clustering analyses. Confidence in the immune hub genes was subsequently validated using box plots and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results A total of 254 DEGs were screened and after the intersection with ImmPort, 20 genes were obtained as immune DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the key genes were mainly involved in several types of immune pathways (such as the lymphocyte mediated and leukocyte mediated immune responses, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, and antigen binding) and immunodeficiency diseases. Following PPI network analysis, the top seven genes in cluster 1 were selected as potential immune hub genes in VKH. After evaluating the accuracy of the hub genes, one gene (GNLY) was excluded because its expression level was statistically similar in VKH patients and healthy controls. Finally, six immune hub genes, namely KLRC2, KLRC3 SH2D1B, GZMB, KIR2DL3, and KIR3DL2 were identified as playing important roles in the occurrence and development of VKH disease. Conclusion Six immune hub genes (KLRC2, KLRC3 SH2D1B, GZMB, KIR2DL3, and KIR3DL2) identified by our bioinformatics analyses may provide new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for VKH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yahan Ju
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqin Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Gu, ; Jing Ji,
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ping Gu, ; Jing Ji,
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Tang S, Meng J, Tan J, Liu X, Zhou H, Li N, Hou S. N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO regulates inflammatory cytokine secretion and tight junctions in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Clin Immunol 2022; 241:109080. [PMID: 35878734 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uveitis is an intraocular inflammatory disease. Epigenetics has been associated with its pathogenesis. However, the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in uveitis has not been reported. We aimed to examine the role of m6A and its regulatory mechanism in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). METHODS The mRNA expression of m6A-related methylase and demethylase of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) between mice with EAU and control mice was detected by RT-qPCR. The overall m6A level of ARPE-19 cells was detected by an m6A quantitative detection kit. Cell proliferation was observed by CCK-8 assays, and ELISA was used to test the secretion of inflammatory factors. The expression of tight junction proteins and the target genes of FTO were examined by western blotting and MeRIP-PCR. RESULTS A decreased expression of FTO in RPE cells was found in mice with EAU. Increased overall m6A%, proliferation of cells and secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 were found after FTO knockdown in ARPE-19 cells. However, ZO-1 and occludin protein expression was decreased. ATF4 protein expression was decreased in the FTO knockdown (shFTO) group as compared with the control (shNC) group. In contrast, the m6A level of ATF4 was elevated, as shown by MeRIP-PCR. Functional analysis showed that p-STAT3 expression was increased in the shFTO group, and the change in occludin expression was reversed in ATF4 rescue experiment. CONCLUSION FTO may affect the translation of ATF4 by regulating its m6A level, resulting in the increased expression of p-STAT3 and inflammatory factors, and leading to uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianyang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongxiu Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China.
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De Rossi G, Da Vitoria Lobo ME, Greenwood J, Moss SE. LRG1 as a novel therapeutic target in eye disease. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:328-340. [PMID: 34987199 PMCID: PMC8807626 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal diseases are major causes of blindness and visual impairment in the developed world and on the rise due to an ageing population and diabetes epidemic. Standard of care is centred around blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but despite having halved the number of patients losing sight, a high rate of patient non-response and loss of efficacy over time are key challenges. Dysregulation of vascular homoeostasis, coupled with fibrosis and inflammation, are major culprits driving sight-threatening eye diseases. Improving our knowledge of these pathological processes should inform the development of new drugs to address the current clinical challenges for patients. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an emerging key player in vascular dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis. Under physiological conditions, LRG1 is constitutively expressed by the liver and granulocytes, but little is known about its normal biological function. In pathological scenarios, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD), its expression is ectopically upregulated and it acquires a much better understood pathogenic role. Context-dependent modulation of the transforming growth-factor β (TGFβ) pathway is one of the main activities of LRG1, but additional roles have recently been emerging. This review aims to highlight the clinical and pre-clinical evidence for the pathogenic contribution of LRG1 to vascular retinopathies, as well as extrapolate from other diseases, functions which may be relevant to eye disease. Finally, we will provide a current update on the development of anti-LRG1 therapies for the treatment of nvAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Rossi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | | | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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10
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Cipriano M, Schlünder K, Probst C, Linke K, Weiss M, Fischer MJ, Mesch L, Achberger K, Liebau S, Mesquida M, Nicolini V, Schneider A, Giusti AM, Kustermann S, Loskill P. Human immunocompetent choroid-on-chip: a novel tool for studying ocular effects of biological drugs. Commun Biol 2022; 5:52. [PMID: 35027657 PMCID: PMC8758775 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02977-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of the eye leading to visual impairment are a major issue that affects millions of people. On the other side ocular toxicities were described for e.g. molecularly targeted therapies in oncology and may hamper their development. Current ocular model systems feature a number of limitations affecting human-relevance and availability. To find new options for pharmacological treatment and assess mechanisms of toxicity, hence, novel complex model systems that are human-relevant and readily available are urgently required. Here, we report the development of a human immunocompetent Choroid-on-Chip (CoC), a human cell-based in vitro model of the choroid layer of the eye integrating melanocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, covered by a layer of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Immunocompetence is achieved by perfusion of peripheral immune cells. We demonstrate controlled immune cell recruitment into the stromal compartments through a vascular monolayer and in vivo-like cytokine release profiles. To investigate applicability for both efficacy testing of immunosuppressive compounds as well as safety profiling of immunoactivating antibodies, we exposed the CoCs to cyclosporine and tested CD3 bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Cipriano
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- 3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schlünder
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Probst
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kirstin Linke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Martin Weiss
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mona Julia Fischer
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Mesch
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kevin Achberger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology (INDB), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Mesquida
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anneliese Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Kustermann
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Loskill
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- 3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.
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11
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Shome A, Mugisho OO, Niederer RL, Rupenthal ID. Blocking the inflammasome: A novel approach to treat uveitis. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2839-2857. [PMID: 34229084 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Uveitis is a complex ocular inflammatory disease often accompanied by bacterial or viral infections (infectious uveitis) or underlying autoimmune diseases (non-infectious uveitis). Treatment of the underlying infection along with corticosteroid-mediated suppression of acute inflammation usually resolves infectious uveitis. However, to develop more effective therapies for non-infectious uveitis and to better address acute inflammation in infectious disease, an improved understanding of the underlying inflammatory pathways is needed. In this review, we discuss the disease aetiology, preclinical in vitro and in vivo uveitis models, the role of inflammatory pathways, as well as current and future therapies. In particular, we highlight the involvement of the inflammasome in the development of non-infectious uveitis and how it could be a future target for effective treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Shome
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Odunayo O Mugisho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rachael L Niederer
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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12
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Wildner G. Tumors, tumor therapies, autoimmunity and the eye. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102892. [PMID: 34229046 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eye as an immune privileged organ is mostly spared from (auto)immune attacks. Intraocular inflammation like autoimmune uveitis is a rare event. Nevertheless, tumor-related destructive autoimmune responses can affect the eye, as observed in the case of cancer- associated retinopathy (CAR), an autoantibody-mediated destruction of retinal cells induced by the ectopic expression of ocular antigens by peripheral tumors. The new tumor therapies targeting immune checkpoints to enhance anti-tumor responses can also induce autoimmune responses and result in autoimmune diseases even in immune privileged organs like the eyes. Even MEK/BRAF-inhibitor therapies using small molecules to block tumor-specific signal transduction molecules have turned out to not just inhibit tumor growth and survival and render tumors more susceptible for immune recognition, but to have additional toxic effects on non-dividing retinal cells, destroying and making them potential targets of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhild Wildner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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13
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Shin T, Ahn M, Kim J, Jung K, Moon C, Kim MD. Visual Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and its Animal Model, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3484-3493. [PMID: 33745114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visual disabilities in central nervous system autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are important symptoms. Past studies have focused on neuro-inflammatory changes and demyelination in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. In MS, neuro-inflammatory lesions have been diagnosed in the visual pathway; the lesions may perturb visual function. Similarly, neuropathological changes in the retina and optic nerves have been found in animals with chronic EAE. Although the retina and optic nerves are immunologically privileged sites via the blood-retina barrier and blood-brain barrier, respectively, inflammation can occur via other routes, such as the uvea (e.g., iris and choroid) and cerebrospinal fluid in the meninges. This review primarily addresses the direct involvement of the blood-retina barrier and the blood-brain barrier in the development of retinitis and optic neuritis in EAE models. Additional routes, including pro-inflammatory mediator-filled choroidal and subarachnoid spaces, are also discussed with respect to their roles in EAE-induced visual disability and as analogues of MS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, 43267, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Doo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea
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14
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Bradley LJ, Ward A, Hsue MCY, Liu J, Copland DA, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Quantitative Assessment of Experimental Ocular Inflammatory Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630022. [PMID: 34220797 PMCID: PMC8250853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular inflammation imposes a high medical burden on patients and substantial costs on the health-care systems that mange these often chronic and debilitating diseases. Many clinical phenotypes are recognized and classifying the severity of inflammation in an eye with uveitis is an ongoing challenge. With the widespread application of optical coherence tomography in the clinic has come the impetus for more robust methods to compare disease between different patients and different treatment centers. Models can recapitulate many of the features seen in the clinic, but until recently the quality of imaging available has lagged that applied in humans. In the model experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), we highlight three linked clinical states that produce retinal vulnerability to inflammation, all different from healthy tissue, but distinct from each other. Deploying longitudinal, multimodal imaging approaches can be coupled to analysis in the tissue of changes in architecture, cell content and function. This can enrich our understanding of pathology, increase the sensitivity with which the impacts of therapeutic interventions are assessed and address questions of tissue regeneration and repair. Modern image processing, including the application of artificial intelligence, in the context of such models of disease can lay a foundation for new approaches to monitoring tissue health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Bradley
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Ward
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Madeleine C Y Hsue
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jian Liu
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Dick
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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15
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Trombke J, Loyal L, Braun J, Pleyer U, Thiel A, Pohlmann D. Analysis of peripheral inflammatory T cell subsets and their effector function in patients with Birdshot Retinochoroiditis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8604. [PMID: 33883633 PMCID: PMC8060342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Birdshot Retinochoroiditis (BSRC) is a progressive non-infectious intraocular inflammation that affects choroid and retina. Inflammatory processes have adverse effects on vision by affecting photoreceptor-bearing cells that do not regenerate. This study aimed at characterizing inflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in the peripheral blood of active and inactive BSRCs. Furthermore, we correlated phenotypical and functional immunological analyses with clinical data. We observed a slight increase of terminally differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) in blood of inactive, compared to active BSRCs. Moreover, we identified a trend for a decreased population of TH2 cells and increased TH1 frequencies in active BSRCs, a typical sign of ongoing autoimmune processes. Functional assays demonstrated severe and overall impairment of effector function of both, CD4+ and CD8+ inflammatory T cells, which might reflect T cell exhaustion. Although the eye is the main site of inflammation in BSRC, we observed altered T cell subset compositions in the peripheral blood, dependent on the disease status. Our results indicate that T cells may play a major role in BSRC pathology, although our cohort size is too limited for definitve conclusions. Future studies with larger BSRCs have to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Trombke
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Loyal
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a Science Framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Braun
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Si-M/"Der Simulierte Mensch" a Science Framework of Technische Universität Berlin and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Pohlmann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Chen YH, Eskandarpour M, Zhang X, Galatowicz G, Greenwood J, Lightman S, Calder V. Small-molecule antagonist of VLA-4 (GW559090) attenuated neuro-inflammation by targeting Th17 cell trafficking across the blood-retinal barrier in experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:49. [PMID: 33602234 PMCID: PMC7893745 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The integrin VLA-4 (α4β1) plays an important role in leukocyte trafficking. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel topical α4β1 integrin inhibitor (GW559090, GW) in a mouse model for non-infectious posterior uveitis (experimental autoimmune uveitis; EAU) and its effect on intraocular leukocyte subsets. Methods Mice (female; B10.RIII or C57Bl/6; aged 6–8 weeks) were immunized with specific interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) peptides to induce EAU. Topically administered GW (3, 10, and 30 mg/ml) were given twice daily either therapeutically once disease was evident, or prophylactically, and compared with vehicle-treated (Veh) and 0.1% dexamethasone-treated (Dex) controls. Mice were sacrificed at peak disease. The retinal T cell subsets were investigated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The immune cells within the retina, blood, and draining lymph nodes (dLNs) were phenotyped by flow cytometry. The effect of GW559090 on non-adherent, adherent, and migrated CD4+ T cell subsets across a central nervous system (CNS) endothelium was further assayed in vitro and quantitated by flow cytometry. Results There was a significant reduction in clinical and histological scores in GW10- and Dex-treated groups as compared to controls either administered therapeutically or prophylactically. There were fewer CD45+ leukocytes infiltrating the retinae and vitreous fluids in the treated GW10 group (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry data identified decreased levels of retinal Th17 cells (P ≤ 0.001) in the GW10-treated eyes, leaving systemic T cell subsets unaffected. In addition, fewer Ly6C+ inflammatory monocyte/macrophages (P = 0.002) and dendritic cells (P = 0.017) crossed the BRB following GW10 treatment. In vitro migration assays confirmed that Th17 cells were selectively suppressed by GW559090 in adhering to endothelial monolayers. Conclusions This α4β1 integrin inhibitor may exert a modulatory effect in EAU progression by selectively blocking Th17 cell migration across the blood-retinal barrier without affecting systemic CD4+ T cell subsets. Local α4β1 integrin-directed inhibition could be clinically relevant in treating a Th17-dominant form of uveitis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02080-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hsing Chen
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Malihe Eskandarpour
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Grazyna Galatowicz
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - John Greenwood
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Sue Lightman
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Virginia Calder
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK. .,Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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17
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Deviant proteome profile of equine granulocytes associates to latent activation status in organ specific autoimmune disease. J Proteomics 2020; 230:103989. [PMID: 32977044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous, remitting-relapsing autoimmune disease driven by the adaptive immune system. Although T cells are described as the main effector cells in pathogenesis, granulocytes have also emerged as possible disease mediators. To explore the role of these innate immune cells, we investigated the whole cell proteome of granulocytes from equine recurrent uveitis cases and healthy controls. Among the 2362 proteins identified by mass spectrometry, we found 96 proteins with significantly changed abundance between groups (p < 0.05, fold change >1.2), representing 4.1% of total granulocyte proteome. Within these differential identifications, calgranulin B, a protein associated with pathogenesis in other autoimmune diseases, showed highest abundance in equine recurrent uveitis (18 fold). For a better interpretation of the results from our hypothesis-generating approach, we added a threshold for biological significance (ratio ERU/controls >2: 36 proteins) to the proteins with increased abundance in equine recurrent uveitis and analyzed their allocation to the subsets within the Immune System superpathway. The 36 differentially abundant proteins predominantly associated to RAF/MAP kinase cascade, MHC-I-mediated antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, suggesting a latently activated phenotype of these innate immune cells in disease. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provides new insights into the protein repertoire of primary equine granulocytes and identifies protein abundance changes associated to equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ specific, spontaneously occurring autoimmune disease. We show that granulocyte proteins with increased abundance in ERU strongly associate to RAF/MAP kinase signaling, MHC-I antigen presentation and neutrophil degranulation, pointing to a more activated state of these cells in ERU cases. Since cells were obtained in quiescent stage of disease, latent activation of granulocytes underlines the role of these innate immune cells in ERU. These findings are highly relevant for veterinary medicine, further establishing the importance of granulocytes in this T cell-driven autoimmune disease. Moreover, they have translational quality for autoimmune uveitis in man, due to strong similarity in disease occurrence, progression and pathogenesis.
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18
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Tan J, Liu H, Huang M, Li N, Tang S, Meng J, Tang S, Zhou H, Kijlstra A, Yang P, Hou S. Small molecules targeting RORγt inhibit autoimmune disease by suppressing Th17 cell differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:697. [PMID: 32829384 PMCID: PMC7443190 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells, a lymphocyte subpopulation that is characterized by the expression of the transcription factor "retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma-t" (RORγt), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. The current study was set up to discover novel and non-steroidal small-molecule inverse agonists of RORγt and to determine their effects on autoimmune disease. Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) was used to find compounds targeting RORγt. Flow cytometry was used to detect the Th17 cell differentiation. Inverse agonists were intraperitoneally administered to mice undergoing experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) or type 1 diabetes. The effects of the inverse agonists were evaluated by clinical or histopathological scoring. Among 1.3 million compounds screened, CQMU151 and CQMU152 were found to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation without affecting the differentiation of Th1 and Treg lineages (both P = 0.001). These compounds also reduced the severity of EAU (P = 0.01 and 0.013) and functional studies showed that they reduced the number of Th17 cell and the expression of IL-17(Th17), but not IFN-γ(Th1) and TGF-β(Treg) in mouse retinas. Further studies showed that these compounds may reduce the expression of p-STAT3 by reducing the positive feedback loop of IL-17/IL-6/STAT3. These compounds also reduced the impaired blood-retinal barrier function by upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins. These compounds were also found to reduce the severity of EAE and type 1 diabetes. Our results showed that RORγt inverse agonists may inhibit the development of autoimmune diseases and may provide new clues for the treatment of Th17-mediated immune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- China
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Retinoic Acid Receptor gamma
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Minhao Huang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Shibing Tang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shiyun Tang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiu Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- Eye Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, P. R. China.
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19
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Nicholson LB, Blyuss KB, Fatehi F. Quantifying the Role of Stochasticity in the Development of Autoimmune Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E860. [PMID: 32252308 PMCID: PMC7226790 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose and analyse a mathematical model for the onset and development of autoimmune disease, with particular attention to stochastic effects in the dynamics. Stability analysis yields parameter regions associated with normal cell homeostasis, or sustained periodic oscillations. Variance of these oscillations and the effects of stochastic amplification are also explored. Theoretical results are complemented by experiments, in which experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) was induced in B10.RIII and C57BL/6 mice. For both cases, we discuss peculiarities of disease development, the levels of variation in T cell populations in a population of genetically identical organisms, as well as a comparison with model outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B. Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | | | - Farzad Fatehi
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;
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20
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Tsai T, Reinehr S, Maliha AM, Joachim SC. Immune Mediated Degeneration and Possible Protection in Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:931. [PMID: 31543759 PMCID: PMC6733056 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathomechanisms for glaucoma, one of the most common causes of blindness worldwide, are still not identified. In addition to increased intraocular pressure (IOP), oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and immunological processes seem to play a role. Several pharmacological or molecular/genetic methods are currently investigated as treatment options for this disease. Altered autoantibody levels were detected in serum, aqueous humor, and tissue sections of glaucoma patients. To further analyze the role of the immune system, an IOP-independent, experimental autoimmune glaucoma (EAG) animal model was developed. In this model, immunization with ocular antigens leads to antibody depositions, misdirected T-cells, retinal ganglion cell death and degeneration of the optic nerve, similar to glaucomatous degeneration in patients. Moreover, an activation of the complement system and microglia alterations were identified in the EAG as well as in ocular hypertension models. The inhibition of these factors can alleviate degeneration in glaucoma models with and without high IOP. Currently, several neuroprotective approaches are tested in distinct models. It is necessary to have systems that cover underlying pathomechanisms, but also allow for the screening of new drugs. In vitro models are commonly used, including single cell lines, mixed-cultures, and even organoids. In ex vivo organ cultures, pathomechanisms as well as therapeutics can be investigated in the whole retina. Furthermore, animal models reveal insights in the in vivo situation. With all these models, several possible new drugs and therapy strategies were tested in the last years. For example, hypothermia treatment, neurotrophic factors or the blockage of excitotoxity. However, further studies are required to reveal the pressure independent pathomechanisms behind glaucoma. There is still an open issue whether immune mechanisms directly or indirectly trigger cell death pathways. Hence, it might be an imbalance between protective and destructive immune mechanisms. Moreover, identified therapy options have to be evaluated in more detail, since deeper insights could lead to better treatment options for glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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21
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Abu El-Asrar AM, Berghmans N, Al-Obeidan SA, Gikandi PW, Opdenakker G, Van Damme J, Struyf S. The CC chemokines CCL8, CCL13 and CCL20 are local inflammatory biomarkers of HLA-B27-associated uveitis. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e122-e128. [PMID: 30242977 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the concentrations of the CC chemokines CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL20, CCL24 and CCL26 in aqueous humour (AH) samples from patients with specific uveitic entities. METHODS Aqueous humour samples from patients with active uveitis associated with Behçet's disease (BD) (n = 13), sarcoidosis (n = 8), HLA-B27-related inflammation (n = 12), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease (n = 12) and control patients (n = 9) were assayed with the use of a multiplex assay. RESULTS When considering all uveitis patients as one group, all chemokine levels except CCL2 were significantly increased compared to controls. CCL8, CCL13 and CCL20 were the most strongly upregulated, 48-fold, 118-fold and 173-fold, respectively, above control AH levels. CCL8 and CCL13 levels were significantly higher in HLA-B27-associated uveitis than in sarcoidosis and VKH disease. CCL20 levels were significantly higher in HLA-B27-associated uveitis than in BD, sarcoidosis and VKH disease. In addition, CCL20 levels were significantly higher in BD than in VKH disease. In HLA-B27-associated uveitis, CCL8, CCL13 and CCL20 were upregulated 111-fold, 255-fold and 465-fold, respectively, compared with controls. CCL8, CCL13 and CCL20 levels were significantly higher in nongranulomatous uveitis (BD and HLA-B27-associated uveitis) than in granulomatous uveitis (sarcoidosis and VKH disease). CONCLUSION Immune responses mediated by CCL8, CCL13 and CCL20 appear to be more potent in nongranulomatous uveitis, particularly in HLA-B27-associated uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Dr. Nasser Al-Rashid Research Chair in Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Saleh A. Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Priscilla W. Gikandi
- Department of Ophthalmology; College of Medicine; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Jo Van Damme
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Leuven; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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22
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Leal I, Rodrigues FB, Sousa DC, Romão VC, Duarte GS, Carreño E, Dick AD, Marques-Neves C, Costa J, Fonseca JE. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal anti-tumour necrosis factor drugs in adults with non-infectious uveitis - a systematic review. Acta Ophthalmol 2018; 96:e665-e675. [PMID: 29577629 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) drugs have been extensively used in non-infectious uveitis (NIU), when corticosteroids or conventional immunosuppressive drugs cannot adequately control inflammation or intolerable side-effects occur. However, systemic anti-TNF therapies are also associated with a myriad of side-effects. Therefore, intravitreal administration of anti-TNF biologics has been employed to minimize patient morbidity and systemic adverse effects, while maintaining therapeutic effectivity. We undertook a systematic review to determine evidence of efficacy and safety of intravitreal administration of anti-TNF drugs in adults with NIU. We conducted this systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42016041946). We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE, from inception to April 2017, as well as clinical trial registries and grey literature. The qualitative analysis included all studies of adult patients with a diagnosis of NIU and who received intravitreal anti-TNF drugs with a 4-week minimum follow-up. A total of 4840 references were considered for title and abstract screening. Seven full texts were screened, and five studies were considered for analysis. All studies were open-label, single-centre, prospective, non-randomized, interventional case series with a follow-up between 4 and 26 weeks, employing either adalimumab in two studies and infliximab in three. Three studies showed a treatment effect of anti-TNF intravitreal injections, while one study revealed short-term improvement and one study revealed no efficacy of anti-TNF intravitreal therapy. None of the studies reported ocular adverse effects but only two studies included electrophysiological assessment in the safety analysis and no study assessed systemic human anti-drug antibodies. The available evidence is not sufficiently robust to conclude about the clinical effectivity of intravitreal anti-TNF in NIU and so no recommendation can be made. In conclusion, intravitreal injection of anti-TNF antibodies remains a possible treatment option to be explored through robust clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre; Lisboa Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Centro de Estudos das Ciências da Visão; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Filipe B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
- Huntington's Disease Centre; University College London; London UK
| | - David Cordeiro Sousa
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre; Lisboa Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Centro de Estudos das Ciências da Visão; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Vasco C Romão
- Department of Rheumatology; Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre; Lisbon Portugal
- Rheumatology Research Unit; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Gonçalo S Duarte
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - Ester Carreño
- Clinical Research Unit; Bristol Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Bristol UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Clinical Research Unit; Bristol Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; Bristol UK
- School of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology; London UK
| | - Carlos Marques-Neves
- Department of Ophthalmology; Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre; Lisboa Portugal
- Department of Ophthalmology; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisboa Portugal
- Centro de Estudos das Ciências da Visão; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - João Costa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
- Evidence Based Medicine Centre; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
- Portuguese Collaborating Centre of the Cochrane Iberoamerican Network; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Department of Rheumatology; Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN; Lisbon Academic Medical Centre; Lisbon Portugal
- Rheumatology Research Unit; Instituto de Medicina Molecular; Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; Lisbon Portugal
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Huang Y, He J, Liang H, Hu K, Jiang S, Yang L, Mei S, Zhu X, Yu J, Kijlstra A, Yang P, Hou S. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Regulates Apoptosis and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1713. [PMID: 30090104 PMCID: PMC6068235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is characterized as a common cause of blindness worldwide. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor, has been implicated to play a role in human uveitis, although the exact mechanisms remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to enhance our knowledge concerning the role of AhR during intraocular inflammation. We immunized wild-type and AhR-knockout C57BL/6J mice with IRBP651–670 to induce experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Disease severity was evaluated with both clinical and histopathological grading. Blood–retinal barrier (BRB) integrity was tested by Evans blue and tight junction proteins qualifications. Apoptosis was measured using TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. Macrophage/microglia activation and polarization were studied by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Following EAU induction, AhR−/− mice had more severe clinical and histopathological manifestations of uveitis than AhR+/+ mice. Increased vascular permeability and apoptotic cells were observed in AhR−/− EAU mice when compared with AhR+/+ EAU mice. In addition, AhR−/− EAU mice showed evidence of a significantly increased macrophage/microglia cells and a stronger polarization from the M2 to the M1 phenotype as compared to AhR+/+ EAU mice. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β were increased in AhR−/− EAU mice, which was associated with the activation of NF-κB and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathways. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an agonist of AhR, caused a significant decrease in the clinical and histopathological manifestations, preserved BRB integrity, reduced apoptotic cells, inhibited macrophage/microglia activation, and shifted their polarization from M1 toward M2. Moreover, decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and inhibition of NF-κB and STAT pathways were found in EAU mice following TCDD treatment. In conclusion, AhR activation with TCDD exhibits an immunomodulatory effect by reducing BRB breakdown, inhibiting retinal cell apoptosis, and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression during EAU. The underlying mechanism may involve the modulation of macrophages/microglia polarization and the downregulation of NF-κB and STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchi He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Huaping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shaoqiu Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Suyin Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
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25
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Takeda A, Yamada H, Hasegawa E, Arima M, Notomi S, Myojin S, Yoshimura T, Hisatomi T, Enaida H, Yanai R, Kimura K, Ishibashi T, Sonoda KH. Crucial role of P2X 7 receptor for effector T cell activation in experimental autoimmune uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2018; 62:398-406. [PMID: 29572578 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-018-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the roles of P2X7 receptors (P2RX7) in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). STUDY DESIGN Experimental. METHODS Either wild-type (P2rx7 +/+ ) or P2rx7-deficient (P2rx7 -∕- ) mice were immunized with interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) peptide 1-20. Severity of EAU was evaluated clinically and histopathologically. The induction of IRBP-specific proliferation and cytokines in draining lymph nodes was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The frequency of activation markers was examined by flow cytometry. Furthermore, inhibitory roles of systemic administration of Brilliant Blue G (BBG), an antagonist for P2RX7, in EAU were also assessed in the wild-type mice. RESULTS The severity of EAU in P2rx7 -∕- mice was reduced as compared with that in P2rx7 +/+ mice, both clinically and histopathologically. IRBP-specific proliferation in P2rx7 -∕- on day 16 was slightly decreased compared to that in P2rx7 +/+ mice. The induction of IRBP-specific interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 in P2rx7 -∕- mice on day 16 was lower than that in P2rx7 +/+ mice. The up-regulation of surface expression of activation markers such as CD25, CD44, and CD69 in response to TCR stimulation in P2rx7 -∕- mice was decreased as compared with that in P2rx7 +/+ mice. Furthermore, neutralization of P2RX7 in vivo by BBG suppressed EAU clinically and histopathologically. IRBP-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 induction in BBG-treated mice was significantly lower than that in vehicle-treated mice. CONCLUSION The results suggest that P2RX7 is a novel preventative therapeutic target for uveitis as it suppresses the effector functions of both Th1 and Th17 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization, Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Arima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Notomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Myojin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeru Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Enaida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yanai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Epps SJ, Boldison J, Stimpson ML, Khera TK, Lait PJP, Copland DA, Dick AD, Nicholson LB. Re-programming immunosurveillance in persistent non-infectious ocular inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018. [PMID: 29530739 PMCID: PMC6563519 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular function depends on a high level of anatomical integrity. This is threatened by inflammation, which alters the local tissue over short and long time-scales. Uveitis due to autoimmune disease, especially when it involves the retina, leads to persistent changes in how the eye interacts with the immune system. The normal pattern of immune surveillance, which for immune privileged tissues is limited, is re-programmed. Many cell types, that are not usually present in the eye, become detectable. There are changes in the tissue homeostasis and integrity. In both human disease and mouse models, in the most extreme cases, immunopathological findings consistent with development of ectopic lymphoid-like structures and disrupted angiogenesis accompany severely impaired eye function. Understanding how the ocular environment is shaped by persistent inflammation is crucial to developing novel approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Epps
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Joanne Boldison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Madeleine L Stimpson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Tarnjit K Khera
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Philippa J P Lait
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David A Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew D Dick
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Lindsay B Nicholson
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK; School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Fatehi F, Kyrychko SN, Ross A, Kyrychko YN, Blyuss KB. Stochastic Effects in Autoimmune Dynamics. Front Physiol 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 29456513 PMCID: PMC5801658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among various possible causes of autoimmune disease, an important role is played by infections that can result in a breakdown of immune tolerance, primarily through the mechanism of “molecular mimicry”. In this paper we propose and analyse a stochastic model of immune response to a viral infection and subsequent autoimmunity, with account for the populations of T cells with different activation thresholds, regulatory T cells, and cytokines. We show analytically and numerically how stochasticity can result in sustained oscillations around deterministically stable steady states, and we also investigate stochastic dynamics in the regime of bi-stability. These results provide a possible explanation for experimentally observed variations in the progression of autoimmune disease. Computations of the variance of stochastic fluctuations provide practically important insights into how the size of these fluctuations depends on various biological parameters, and this also gives a headway for comparison with experimental data on variation in the observed numbers of T cells and organ cells affected by infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Fatehi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aleksandra Ross
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Yuliya N Kyrychko
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
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28
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On phagocytes and macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:98-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Pleyer U, Algharably EAH, Feist E, Kreutz R. Small molecules as therapy for uveitis: a selected perspective of new and developing agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1311-1323. [PMID: 28750572 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1361408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraocular inflammation (uveitis) remains a significant burden of legal blindness. Because of its immune mediated and chronic recurrent nature, common therapy includes corticosteroids, disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and more recently biologics as immune modulatory agents. The purpose of this article is to identify the role of new treatment approaches focusing on small molecules as therapeutic option in uveitis. Areas covered: A MEDLINE database search was conducted through February 2017 using the terms 'uveitis' and 'small molecule'. To provide ongoing and future perspectives in treatment options, also clinical trials as registered at ClinicalTrials.gov were included. Both, results from experimental as well as clinical research in this field were included. Since this field is rapidly evolving, a selection of promising agents had to be made. Expert opinion: Small molecules may interfere at different steps of the inflammatory cascade and appear as an interesting option in the treatment algorithm of uveitis. Because of their highly targeted molecular effects and their favorable bioavailability with the potential of topical application small molecules hold great promise. Nevertheless, a careful evaluation of these agents has to be made, since current experience is almost exclusively based on experimental uveitis models and few registered trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Pleyer
- a Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Department of Ophthalmology , Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin , Germany
| | - Engi Abdel-Hady Algharably
- b Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Berlin , Germany.,c Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Eugen Feist
- d Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Berlin , Germany
| | - Reinhold Kreutz
- b Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Berlin , Germany
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30
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Tode J, Richert E, Koinzer S, Klettner A, Pickhinke U, Garbers C, Rose-John S, Nölle B, Roider J. Intravitreal injection of anti-Interleukin (IL)-6 antibody attenuates experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice. Cytokine 2017; 96:8-15. [PMID: 28267649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of an intravitreally applied anti-IL-6 antibody for the treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). METHODS EAU was induced in female B10.RIII mice by Inter-Photoreceptor-Binding-Protein (IRBP) in complete Freund's adjuvant, boosted by Pertussis toxin. Single blinded intravitreal injections of anti-IL-6 antibody were applied 5-7days as well as 8-10days (3day interval) after EAU induction into the randomized treatment eye and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) into the fellow control eye. Clinical and fluorescein angiography scoring (6 EAU grades) was done at each injection day and at enucleation day 14. Enucleated eyes were either scored histologically (6 EAU grades) or examined by ELISA for levels of IL-6, IL-17 and IL-6 soluble Receptor (sIL-6R). RESULTS Uveitis developed in all 12 mice. Clinical uveitis score was significantly reduced (p=0.035) in treated eyes (median 2.0, range 0-4.0, n=12) compared to the fellow control eyes (median 3.0, range 1.0-4.0, n=12). Angiography scores were reduced in 9/12 treated eyes and histological scores in 3/4 treated eyes compared to the fellow control eyes. Cytokine levels were determined in 8 mice, of which 4 responded to anti-IL-6 treatment and 4 did not respond. All mice responding to treatment had a significant reduction of IL-6 (p<0.01) and IL-17 (p=0.01) levels in treated eyes compared to the fellow control eyes. This difference was not seen in non-responding mice. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal anti-IL-6 treatment significantly attenuates experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice. EAU activity correlates with ocular IL-6 and IL-17 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tode
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Richert
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Koinzer
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Pickhinke
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernhard Nölle
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Kiel, Germany
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31
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Walscheid K, Weinhage T, Foell D, Heinz C, Kasper M, Heiligenhaus A. Phenotypic changes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon corticosteroid treatment in idiopathic intermediate uveitis. Clin Immunol 2016; 173:S1521-6616(16)30534-4. [PMID: 27989897 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 9 patients with active idiopathic intermediate uveitis (IIU) before and after 6 and 12weeks of systemic corticosteroid (CS) treatment and compared to 28 healthy individuals. Monocytes from IIU patients showed increased MHCII expression compared with controls (p=0.09). Treatment reduced expression of MHCII, CD86, CD39 and CD124 (all p<0.05), whereas the percentage of CD121b-expressing monocytes was increased by week 6 (p=0.039). Patients showed alterations in T cell polarization (Th1/Th2 ratio: patients 5.2 versus controls 3.1, p=0.054; Th17/Treg ratio: 3.0 versus 1.7, p=0.027). S100A12 serum levels were higher in active IIU (p=0.057). Phagocytosis, oxidative burst and serum cytokine levels did not differ between patients and controls, and were not altered by treatment. In conclusion, monocytes from patients with active IIU show increased co-stimulatory capacities, which are modulated by systemic CS treatment, whereas innate immune cell functions are not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Walscheid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus-Hospital, Muenster, Germany; Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | - Toni Weinhage
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Heinz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus-Hospital, Muenster, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus-Hospital, Muenster, Germany
| | - Arnd Heiligenhaus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus-Hospital, Muenster, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-, Essen, Germany
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32
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Li X, Lu R, Xu P, Zhang X, Dai M, Dai X, Qu J, Lu F, Chi Z. S100A8 promotes migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in acute anterior uveitis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36140. [PMID: 27786310 PMCID: PMC5081561 DOI: 10.1038/srep36140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveitis, the pathologic condition of inflammation of the uvea, frequently leads to severe vision loss and blindness. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein which mainly expresses in granulocytes and monocytes and plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. Here, we determined the role of S100A8-positive cells in acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and keratitis. In rat models of endotoxin (lipopolisaccharide, LPS) -induced uveitis (EIU) and keratitis, S100A8-positive granulocytes and monocytes increased significantly in the iris-ciliary body and cornea as well as in the blood. Interestingly, Glucocorticoids slightly increased S100A8 levels in leukocytes, but reduced its presence significantly in the iris-ciliary body after LPS injection. Moreover, inhibition of NF-kB activation remarkably suppressed both progression of AAU and total S100A8 levels in leukocytes and the iris-ciliary body after LPS administration. Additionally, S100A8 protein level was also found to be elevated in the serum of AAU patients parallel with the progression of AAU through the designated clinical stages. Thus, S100A8 plays a pivotal role in the processes of AAU through involvement in migration and infiltration of S100A8-positive cells. Our findings suggest that serum levels of S100A8 protein can be used to monitor inflammatory activity in AAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zuhui Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Laihe Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rui Lu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuhong Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mali Dai
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Dai
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fan Lu
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zailong Chi
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, Wenzhou, China
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33
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Dick AD. Doyne lecture 2016: intraocular health and the many faces of inflammation. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:87-96. [PMID: 27636226 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogma for reasons of immune privilege including sequestration (sic) of ocular antigen, lack of lymphatic and immune competent cells in the vital tissues of the eye has long evaporated. Maintaining tissue and cellular health to preserve vision requires active immune responses to prevent damage and respond to danger. A priori the eye must contain immune competent cells, undergo immune surveillance to ensure homoeostasis as well as an ability to promote inflammation. By interrogating immune responses in non-infectious uveitis and compare with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), new concepts of intraocular immune health emerge. The role of macrophage polarisation in the two disorders is a tractable start. TNF-alpha regulation of macrophage responses in uveitis has a pivotal role, supported via experimental evidence and validated by recent trial data. Contrast this with the slow, insidious degeneration in atrophic AMD or in neovasular AMD, with the compelling genetic association with innate immunity and complement, highlights an ability to attenuate pathogenic immune responses and despite known inflammasome activation. Yolk sac-derived microglia maintains tissue immune health. The result of immune cell activation is environmentally dependent, for example, on retinal cell bioenergetics status, autophagy and oxidative stress, and alterations that skew interaction between macrophages and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). For example, dead RPE eliciting macrophage VEGF secretion but exogenous IL-4 liberates an anti-angiogenic macrophage sFLT-1 response. Impaired autophagy or oxidative stress drives inflammasome activation, increases cytotoxicity, and accentuation of neovascular responses, yet exogenous inflammasome-derived cytokines, such as IL-18 and IL-33, attenuate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Dick
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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34
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Zeka B, Hastermann M, Kaufmann N, Schanda K, Pende M, Misu T, Rommer P, Fujihara K, Nakashima I, Dahle C, Leutmezer F, Reindl M, Lassmann H, Bradl M. Aquaporin 4-specific T cells and NMO-IgG cause primary retinal damage in experimental NMO/SD. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:82. [PMID: 27503347 PMCID: PMC4977668 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica/spectrum disorder (NMO/SD) is a severe, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In the majority of patients, it is associated with the presence of pathogenic serum autoantibodies (the so-called NMO-IgGs) directed against the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and with the formation of large, astrocyte-destructive lesions in spinal cord and optic nerves. A large number of recent studies using optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated that damage to optic nerves in NMO/SD is also associated with retinal injury, as evidenced by retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and microcystic inner nuclear layer abnormalities. These studies concluded that retinal injury in NMO/SD patients results from secondary neurodegeneration triggered by optic neuritis.However, the eye also contains cells expressing AQP4, i.e., Müller cells and astrocytes in the retina, epithelial cells of the ciliary body, and epithelial cells of the iris, which raised the question whether the eye can also be a primary target in NMO/SD. Here, we addressed this point in experimental NMO/SD (ENMO) induced in Lewis rat by transfer of AQP4268-285-specific T cells and NMO-IgG.We show that these animals show retinitis and subsequent dysfunction/damage of retinal axons and neurons, and that this pathology occurs independently of the action of NMO-IgG. We further show that in the retinae of ENMO animals Müller cell side branches lose AQP4 reactivity, while retinal astrocytes and Müller cell processes in the RNFL/ganglionic cell layers are spared. These changes only occur in the presence of both AQP4268-285-specific T cells and NMO-IgG.Cumulatively, our data show that damage to retinal cells can be a primary event in NMO/SD.
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35
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Kim Y, Kim TW, Park YS, Jeong EM, Lee DS, Kim IG, Chung H, Hwang YI, Lee WJ, Yu HG, Kang JS. The Role of Interleukin-22 and Its Receptor in the Development and Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154904. [PMID: 27166675 PMCID: PMC4864334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-22 is a pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine that is mainly produced by T cells and NK cells. Recent studies have reported the increased number of IL-22 producing T cells in patients with autoimmune noninfectious uveitis; however, the correlation between IL-22 and uveitis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the specific role of IL-22 and its receptor in the pathogenesis of uveitis. Serum concentration of IL-22 was significantly increased in uveitis patients. IL-22Rα was expressed in the retinal pigment epithelial cell line, ARPE-19. To examine the effect of IL-22, ARPE-19 was treated with recombinant IL-22. The proliferation of ARPE-19 and the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 from ARPE-19 were clearly elevated. IL-22 induced MCP-1 which facilitated the migration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, IL-22 increased the IL-22Rα expression in ARPE-19 through the activation of PI3K/Akt. Experimental animal models of uveitis induced by interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein 1-20 (IRBP1-20) exhibited elevation of hyperplasia RPE and IL-22 production. When CD4+ T cells from the uveitis patients were stimulated with IRBP1-20, the production of IL-22 definitely increased. In addition, we examine the regulatory role of cysteamine, which has an anti-inflammatory role in the cornea, in uveitis through the down-regulation of IL-22Rα expression. Cysteamine effectively suppressed the IRBP1-20-induced IL-22Rα expression and prevented the development of IRBP1-20-induced uveitis in the experimental animal model. These finding suggest that IL-22 and its receptor have a crucial role in the development and pathogenesis of uveitis by facilitating inflammatory cell infiltration, and that cysteamine may be a useful therapeutic drug in treating uveitis by down-regulating IL-22Rα expression in RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Rheumatology Institute and Research for Sensory Organs Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seong Park
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sup Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hum Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-il Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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36
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Benhar I, Reemst K, Kalchenko V, Schwartz M. The retinal pigment epithelium as a gateway for monocyte trafficking into the eye. EMBO J 2016; 35:1219-35. [PMID: 27107049 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus epithelium within the brain ventricles orchestrates blood-derived monocyte entry to the central nervous system under injurious conditions, including when the primary injury site is remote from the brain. Here, we hypothesized that the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) serves a parallel role, as a gateway for monocyte trafficking to the retina following direct or remote injury. We found elevated expression of genes encoding leukocyte trafficking determinants in mouse RPE as a consequence of retinal glutamate intoxication or optic nerve crush (ONC). Blocking VCAM-1 after ONC interfered with monocyte infiltration into the retina and resulted in a local pro-inflammatory cytokine bias. Live imaging of the injured eye showed monocyte accumulation first in the RPE, and subsequently in the retina, and peripheral leukocytes formed close contact with the RPE Our findings further implied that the ocular milieu can confer monocytes a phenotype advantageous for neuroprotection. These results suggest that the eye utilizes a mechanism of crosstalk with the immune system similar to that of the brain, whereby epithelial barriers serve as gateways for leukocyte entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Benhar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kitty Reemst
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vyacheslav Kalchenko
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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37
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Systemic ocular antigen immunization leads only to a minor secondary immune response. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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38
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Du L, Kijlstra A, Yang P. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: Novel insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:84-111. [PMID: 26875727 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is one of the major vision-threatening diseases in certain populations, such as Asians, native Americans, Hispanics and Middle Easterners. It is characterized by bilateral uveitis that is frequently associated with neurological (meningeal), auditory, and integumentary manifestations. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of VKH disease need to be further elucidated, it is widely accepted that the clinical manifestations are caused by an autoimmune response directed against melanin associated antigens in the target organs, i.e. the eye, inner ear, meninges and skin. In the past decades, accumulating evidence has shown that genetic factors, including VKH disease specific risk factors (HLA-DR4) and general risk factors for immune mediated diseases (IL-23R), dysfunction of immune responses, including the innate and adaptive immune system and environmental triggering factors are all involved in the development of VKH disease. Clinically, the criteria of diagnosis for VKH disease have been further improved by the employment of novel imaging techniques for the eye. For the treatment, early and adequate corticosteroids are still the mainstream regime for the disease. However, immunosuppressive and biological agents have shown benefit for the treatment of VKH disease, especially for those patients not responding to corticosteroids. This review is focused on our current knowledge of VKH disease, especially for the diagnosis, pathogenesis (genetic factors and immune mechanisms), ancillary tests and treatment. A better understanding of the role of microbiome composition, genetic basis and ongoing immune processes along with the development of novel biomarkers and objective quantitative assays to monitor intraocular inflammation are needed to improve current management of VKH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, Limburg, The Netherlands; Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
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39
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Involvement of B cells in non-infectious uveitis. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e63. [PMID: 26962453 PMCID: PMC4771944 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-infectious uveitis-or intraocular inflammatory disease-causes substantial visual morbidity and reduced quality of life amongst affected individuals. To date, research of pathogenic mechanisms has largely been focused on processes involving T lymphocyte and/or myeloid leukocyte populations. Involvement of B lymphocytes has received relatively little attention. In contrast, B-cell pathobiology is a major field within general immunological research, and large clinical trials have showed that treatments targeting B cells are highly effective for multiple systemic inflammatory diseases. B cells, including the terminally differentiated plasma cell that produces antibody, are found in the human eye in different forms of non-infectious uveitis; in some cases, these cells outnumber other leukocyte subsets. Recent case reports and small case series suggest that B-cell blockade may be therapeutic for patients with non-infectious uveitis. As well as secretion of antibody, B cells may promote intraocular inflammation by presentation of antigen to T cells, production of multiple inflammatory cytokines and support of T-cell survival. B cells may also perform various immunomodulatory activities within the eye. This translational review summarizes the evidence for B-cell involvement in non-infectious uveitis, and considers the potential contributions of B cells to the development and control of the disease. Manipulations of B cells and/or their products are promising new approaches to the treatment of non-infectious uveitis.
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40
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Watanabe T, Keino H, Kudo A, Sato Y, Okada AA. MicroRNAs in retina during development of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 100:425-31. [PMID: 26541434 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-306924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the changes in the expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in retinas during the development of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in rats. METHODS The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were measured in aqueous humour samples and supernatants of homogenised posterior eye cups obtained from Lewis rats immunised with interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide (R14) and complete Freund's adjuvant. Microarray analysis was performed to determine the miRNA profiles in the retina of eyes with EAU on days 0 (baseline), 7, 14 and 21 after immunisation. RESULTS The levels of IL-1β and MCP-1 in the aqueous humour and the supernatants of posterior eye cups were significantly elevated in eyes with EAU, and the levels corresponded with the stage of the EAU. On day 14 after immunisation, the expressions of nine miRNAs (miRNA-223, 142-5p, 142-3p, 21, 146a, 146b, 1949, 1188-3p and 193) were significantly elevated, and the expressions of four miRNAs (miRNA-181a, 183*, 124* and 331) were downregulated relative to the baseline. Quantitative PCR analyses confirmed the elevation of miRNA-223 and miRNA-146 and the downregulation of miRNA-181a in retinas with EAU on day 14 after immunisation. In situ hybridisation confirmed increased expression of miR-223 and miR-146 in retinas with EAU. CONCLUSIONS Several miRNAs were significantly increased or decreased in retinas during the course of EAU. The expression of miR-223 and miR-146a corresponded with the clinical score of the EAU and elevation of IL-1β/MCP-1 in the eye with EAU. Further studies are required to clarify the role of miRNA in eyes with autoimmune uveoretinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayo Watanabe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Keino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Sato
- Division of Radioisotope Research, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annabelle A Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Przeździecka-Dołyk J, Węgrzyn A, Turno-Kręcicka A, Misiuk-Hojło M. Immunopathogenic Background of Pars Planitis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:127-37. [PMID: 26438050 PMCID: PMC4805694 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0361-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pars planitis is defined as an intermediate uveitis of unknown background of systemic disease with characteristic formations such as vitreous snowballs, snowbanks and changes in peripheral retina. The incidence of pars planitis varies 2.4–15.4 % of the uveitis patients. The pathogenesis of the disease is to be determined in future. Clinical and histopathological findings suggest an autoimmune etiology, most likely as a reaction to endogenous antigen of unknown source, with T cells predominant in both vitreous and pars plana infiltrations. T cells subsets play an important role as a memory-effector peripheral cell. Snowbanks are formed as an effect of post inflammatory glial proliferation of fibrous astrocytes. There is also a genetic predisposition for pars planitis by human leukocyte antigen and several other genes. A coexistence of multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis has been described in numerous studies. Epiretinal membrane, cataract, cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, retinal vasculitis, neovascularization, vitreous peripheral traction, peripheral hole formation, vitreous hemorrhage, disc edema are common complications observed in pars planitis. There is a need to expand the knowledge of the pathogenic and immunologic background of the pars planitis to create an accurate pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Przeździecka-Dołyk
- Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Węgrzyn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Turno-Kręcicka
- Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
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ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are differentially expressed on blood-retinal barrier cells during experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2015; 137:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Niven J, Hoare J, McGowan D, Devarajan G, Itohara S, Gannagé M, Teismann P, Crane I. S100B Up-Regulates Macrophage Production of IL1β and CCL22 and Influences Severity of Retinal Inflammation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26204512 PMCID: PMC4512682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a Ca2+ binding protein and is typically associated with brain and CNS disorders. However, the role of S100B in an inflammatory situation is not clear. The aim of the study was to determine whether S100B is likely to influence inflammation through its effect on macrophages. A murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and primary bone marrow derived macrophages were used for in vitro studies and a model of retinal inflammatory disease in which pathogenesis is highly dependent on macrophage infiltration, Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis, for in vitro study. Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis is a model for the human disease posterior endogenous uveoretinitis, a potentially blinding condition, with an autoimmune aetiology, that mainly affects the working age group. To date the involvement of S100B in autoimmune uveoretinitis has not been investigated. Real-time PCR array analysis on RAW 246.7 cells indicated up-regulation of gene expression for various cytokines/chemokines in response to S100B, IL-1β and CCL22 in particular and this was confirmed by real-time PCR. In addition flow cytometry and ELISA confirmed up-regulation of protein production in response to S100B for pro-IL-1β and CCL22 respectively. This was the case for both RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow derived macrophages. Induction of EAU with retinal antigen in mice in which S100B had been deleted resulted in a significantly reduced level of disease compared to wild-type mice, as determined by topical endoscopic fundus imaging and histology grading. Macrophage infiltration was also significantly reduced in S100B deleted mice. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that this was associated with reduction in CCL22 and IL-1β in retinas from S100B knock-out mice. In conclusion S100B augments the inflammatory response in uveoretinitis and this is likely to be, at least in part, via a direct effect on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Niven
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joseph Hoare
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie McGowan
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gayathri Devarajan
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Monique Gannagé
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Teismann
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Crane
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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44
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Crawford GL, Boldison J, Copland DA, Adamson P, Gale D, Brandt M, Nicholson LB, Dick AD. The role of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in a murine model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122093. [PMID: 25874928 PMCID: PMC4398387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation is, in part, regulated via hydrolysis of oxidised low density lipoproteins by Lipoprotein-Associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), resulting in increased macrophage migration, pro-inflammatory cytokine release and chemokine expression. In uveitis, tissue damage is mediated as a result of macrophage activation; hence inhibition of Lp-PLA2 may limit macrophage activation and protect the tissue. Utilising Lp-PLA2 gene-deficient (KO) mice and a pharmacological inhibitor of Lp-PLA2 (SB-435495) we aimed to determine the effect of Lp-PLA2 suppression in mediating retinal protection in a model of autoimmune retinal inflammation, experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Following immunisation with RBP-3 (IRBP) 1–20 or 161–180 peptides, clinical disease was monitored and severity assessed, infiltrating leukocytes were enumerated by flow cytometry and tissue destruction quantified by histology. Despite ablation of Lp-PLA2 enzyme activity in Lp-PLA2 KO mice or wild-type mice treated with SB-435495, the number of infiltrating CD45+ cells in the retina was equivalent to control EAU animals, and there was no reduction in disease severity. Thus, despite the reported beneficial effects of therapeutic Lp-PLA2 depletion in a variety of vascular inflammatory conditions, we were unable to attenuate disease, show delayed disease onset or prevent progression of EAU in Lp-PLA2 KO mice. Although EAU exhibits inflammatory vasculopathy there is no overt defect in lipid metabolism and given the lack of effect following Lp-PLA2 suppression, these data support the hypothesis that sub-acute autoimmune inflammatory disease progresses independently of Lp-PLA2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. L. Crawford
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - J. Boldison
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - D. A. Copland
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - P. Adamson
- Ophthiris Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - D. Gale
- Ophthiris Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Brandt
- Platform Technology Sciences, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - L. B. Nicholson
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - A. D. Dick
- Academic unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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45
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Choi JH, Roh KH, Oh H, Park SJ, Ha SM, Kang MS, Lee JH, Jung SY, Song H, Yang JW, Park S. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester lessens disease symptoms in an experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:53-62. [PMID: 25795054 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is an autoimmune disease that models human uveitis. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a phenolic compound isolated from propolis, possesses anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. CAPE demonstrates therapeutic potential in several animal disease models through its ability to inhibit NF-κB activity. To evaluate these therapeutic effects in EAU, we administered CAPE in a model of EAU that develops after immunization with interphotoreceptor retinal-binding protein (IRBP) in B10.RIII and C57BL/6 mice. Importantly, we found that CAPE lessened the severity of EAU symptoms in both mouse strains. Notably, treated mice exhibited a decrease in the ocular infiltration of immune cell populations into the retina; reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ serum levels: and inhibited TNF-α mRNA expression in retinal tissues. Although CAPE failed to inhibit IRBP-specific T cell proliferation, it was sufficient to suppress cytokine, chemokine, and IRBP-specific antibody production. In addition, retinal tissues isolated from CAPE-treated EAU mice revealed a decrease in NF-κB p65 and phospho-IκBα. The data identify CAPE as a potential therapeutic agent for autoimmune uveitis that acts by inhibiting cellular infiltration into the retina, reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokine, and IRBP-specific antibody and blocking NF-κB pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeog Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kug-Hwan Roh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Oh
- Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol-Ji Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Ha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Seon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkeun Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Yang
- Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - SaeGwang Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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46
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Kuiper J, Rothova A, de Boer J, Radstake T. The immunopathogenesis of birdshot chorioretinopathy; a bird of many feathers. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 44:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Karlstetter M, Scholz R, Rutar M, Wong WT, Provis JM, Langmann T. Retinal microglia: just bystander or target for therapy? Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 45:30-57. [PMID: 25476242 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resident microglial cells can be regarded as the immunological watchdogs of the brain and the retina. They are active sensors of their neuronal microenvironment and rapidly respond to various insults with a morphological and functional transformation into reactive phagocytes. There is strong evidence from animal models and in situ analyses of human tissue that microglial reactivity is a common hallmark of various retinal degenerative and inflammatory diseases. These include rare hereditary retinopathies such as retinitis pigmentosa and X-linked juvenile retinoschisis but also comprise more common multifactorial retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and uveitis as well as neurological disorders with ocular manifestation. In this review, we describe how microglial function is kept in balance under normal conditions by cross-talk with other retinal cells and summarize how microglia respond to different forms of retinal injury. In addition, we present the concept that microglia play a key role in local regulation of complement in the retina and specify aspects of microglial aging relevant for chronic inflammatory processes in the retina. We conclude that this resident immune cell of the retina cannot be simply regarded as bystander of disease but may instead be a potential therapeutic target to be modulated in the treatment of degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Karlstetter
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rebecca Scholz
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matt Rutar
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan M Provis
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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48
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Corraliza I. Recruiting specialized macrophages across the borders to restore brain functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:262. [PMID: 25228859 PMCID: PMC4151038 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although is well accepted that the central nervous system has an immune privilege protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and maintained by the glia, it is also known that in homeostatic conditions, peripheral immune cells are able to penetrate to the deepest regions of brain without altering the structural integrity of the BBB. Nearly all neurological diseases, including degenerative, autoimmune or infectious ones, compromising brain functions, develop with a common pattern of inflammation in which macrophages and microglia activation have been regarded often as the “bad guys.” However, recognizing the huge heterogeneity of macrophage populations and also the different expression properties of microglia, there is increasing evidence of alternative conditions in which these cells, if primed and addressed in the correct direction, could be essential for reparative and regenerative functions. The main proposal of this review is to integrate studies about macrophage’s biology at the brain borders where the ultimate challenge is to penetrate through the BBB and contribute to change or even stop the course of disease. Thanks to the efforts made in the last century, this special wall is currently recognized as a highly regulated cooperative structure, in which their components form neurovascular units. This new scenario prompted us to review the precise cross-talk between the mind and body modes of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Corraliza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura Cáceres, Spain
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49
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Blyuss KB, Nicholson LB. Understanding the roles of activation threshold and infections in the dynamics of autoimmune disease. J Theor Biol 2014; 375:13-20. [PMID: 25150457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Onset and development of autoimmunity have been attributed to a number of factors, including genetic predisposition, age and different environmental factors. In this paper we discuss mathematical models of autoimmunity with an emphasis on two particular aspects of immune dynamics: breakdown of immune tolerance in response to an infection with a pathogen, and interactions between T cells with different activation thresholds. We illustrate how the explicit account of T cells with different activation thresholds provides a viable model of immune dynamics able to reproduce several types of immune behaviour, including normal clearance of infection, emergence of a chronic state, and development of a recurrent infection with autoimmunity. We discuss a number of open research problems that can be addressed within the same modelling framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Blyuss
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - L B Nicholson
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine & School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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50
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Takeda A, Hasegawa E, Fukuhara T, Hirakawa S, Yamada H, Yang Y, Yoshimura T, Hisatomi T, Oshima Y, Yoshida H, Sonoda KH, Ishibashi T. EBI3 is pivotal for the initiation of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:107-13. [PMID: 24929202 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is a model for human autoimmune uveitis, whose pathogenesis is caused by both Th1 and Th17 cell responses. Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) is a component of the heterodimeric cytokines: interleukin (IL)-27 and IL-35. Although IL-27 was shown to initiate Th1 cell development, it is also recognized as a negative regulator of fully activated CD4+ T cells, including Th17 cells. Recently, IL-35 also has also been reported to play immunosuppressive roles in autoimmunity. To investigate the roles of EBI3 in EAU, EBI3(-/-) mice were immunized with human interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein peptide 1-20 (IRBP) to induce EAU. We observed that the clinical score in EBI3(-/-) mice was diminished compared with that in EBI3(+/+) mice up to day 22 after immunization, whereas the score in EBI3(-/-) mice reached the same levels as that of EBI3(+/+) mice after day 28. Histological analysis revealed a significant reduction of cellular infiltration into the retina in EBI3(-/-) mice on day 16. Although Th1 cell responses and IRBP-specific IL-10 production were reduced in EBI3(-/-) mice, the development of Th17 cell responses was unaffected on day 9. On day 21, Th1 cell responses and IRBP-specific IL-10 production was restored to the same levels as that in EBI3(+/+) mice, and Th17 cell responses significantly increased in EBI3(-/-) mice. Furthermore, Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells was comparable between EBI3(+/+) and EBI3(-/-) mice on days 9 and 21. Therefore, these results indicate that EBI3 may be important in EAU initiation by Th1 cell responses and may suppress EAU by inhibition of both Th1 and Th17 cell responses in the late/maintenance phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunobu Takeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takako Fukuhara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Sayaka Hirakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hisakata Yamada
- Division of Host Defense, Research Center for Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeru Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuji Oshima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunosciences, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1 Nabeshima Saga, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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