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Cartuyvels E, Adriaens T, Baert K, Huysentruyt F, Van Den Berge K. Prevalence of Fox Tapeworm in Invasive Muskrats in Flanders (North Belgium). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:879. [PMID: 35405868 PMCID: PMC8997082 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One way in which invasive alien species affect their environment is by acting as pathogen hosts. Pathogens limited by the availability of the native host species can profit from the presence of additional hosts. The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is known to act as an intermediate host for the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis). From 2009 to 2017, 15,402 muskrats caught in Flanders and across the border with Wallonia and France were collected and dissected with the aim of understanding the prevalence of this parasite in muskrats. Visual examination of the livers revealed 202 infected animals (1.31%). Out of the 9421 animals caught in Flanders, we found 82 individuals (0.87%) infected with E. multilocularis. No increase in prevalence was observed during this study. All of the infected animals in Flanders were found in municipalities along the Walloon border. We did not observe a northward spread of E. multilocularis infection from Wallonia to Flanders. We hypothesise that the low prevalence is the result of the reduced availability of intermediate hosts and the successful control programme which is keeping muskrat densities in the centre of the region at low levels and is preventing influx from other areas. Our results illustrate that muskrats are good sentinels for E. multilocularis and regular screening can gain valuable insight into the spread of this zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Cartuyvels
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Wildlife Management and Invasive Species, Havenlaan 88, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; (T.A.); (K.B.); (F.H.); (K.V.D.B.)
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Umhang G, Bastid V, Avcioglu H, Bagrade G, Bujanić M, Bjelić Čabrilo O, Casulli A, Dorny P, van der Giessen J, Guven E, Harna J, Karamon J, Kharchenko V, Knapp J, Kolarova L, Konyaev S, Laurimaa L, Losch S, Miljević M, Miterpakova M, Moks E, Romig T, Saarma U, Snabel V, Sreter T, Valdmann H, Boué F. Unravelling the genetic diversity and relatedness of Echinococcus multilocularis isolates in Eurasia using the EmsB microsatellite nuclear marker. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 92:104863. [PMID: 33857665 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cestode Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a severe helminthic zoonotic disease distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. The lifecycle of the parasite is mainly sylvatic, involving canid and rodent hosts. The absence of genetic data from most eastern European countries is a major knowledge gap, affecting the study of associations with parasite populations in Western Europe. In this study, EmsB microsatellite genotyping of E. multilocularis was performed to describe the genetic diversity and relatedness of 785 E. multilocularis isolates from four western and nine eastern European countries, as well as from Armenia and the Asian parts of Russia and Turkey. The presence of the same E. multilocularis populations in the Benelux resulting from expansion from the historical Alpine focus can be deduced from the main profiles shared between these countries. All 33 EmsB profiles obtained from 528 samples from the nine eastern European countries belonged to the European clade, except one Asian profile form Ryazan Oblast, Russia. The expansion of E. multilocularis seems to have progressed from the historical Alpine focus through Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and southern Poland towards Latvia and Estonia. Most of the samples from Asia belong to the Asian clade, with one EmsB profile shared between Armenia and Turkey, and two between Turkey and Russia. However, two European profiles were described from two foxes in Turkey, including one harboring worms from both European and Asian clades. Three EmsB profiles from three Russian samples were associated with the Arctic clade. Two E. multilocularis profiles from rodents from Lake Baikal belonged to the Mongolian clade, described for the first time here using EmsB. Further worldwide studies on the genetic diversity of E. multilocularis using both mitochondrial sequencing and EmsB genotyping are needed to understand the distribution and expansion of the various clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Anses LRFSN, 54220 Malzéville, France.
| | - Vanessa Bastid
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Anses LRFSN, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Hamza Avcioglu
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Guna Bagrade
- Wildlife management, Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava", 111 Rigas str., LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia
| | - Miljenko Bujanić
- University of Zagreb, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Oliveira Bjelić Čabrilo
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Veterinary Helminthology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721, MA, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Esin Guven
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Jiri Harna
- State Veterinary Institute Olomouc, Jakoubka ze Stribra 1, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Vitaliy Kharchenko
- I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, vul. B. Khmelnyts'kogo, 15, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine
| | - Jenny Knapp
- UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-environnement, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon, France
| | - Libuse Kolarova
- National Reference Laboratory for Tissue Helminthoses, Institute for Immunology and Microbiology of the First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Studničkova 7, CZ-128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sergey Konyaev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Leidi Laurimaa
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Serge Losch
- Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Services Administration, Ministry of Agriculture, Viticulture and rural Development, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Milan Miljević
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Miterpakova
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Hlinkova 3040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Epp Moks
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit 190p, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viliam Snabel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Hlinkova 3040 01, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tamas Sreter
- National Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Fish and Bee Diseases, Directorate of Food Chain Safety Laboratories, National Food Chain Safety Office, 1095 Budapest, Mester utca 81, Hungary
| | - Harri Valdmann
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51003 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Franck Boué
- Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Anses LRFSN, 54220 Malzéville, France
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Walton Z, Hagenlund M, Østbye K, Samelius G, Odden M, Norman A, Willebrand T, Spong G. Moving far, staying close: red fox dispersal patterns revealed by SNP genotyping. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe genetic structure of a population can provide important insights into animal movements at varying geographical scales. Individual and social behaviors, such as philopatry and dispersal, affect patterns of relatedness, age and sex structure, shaping the local genetic structure of populations. However, these fine scale patterns may not be detected within broader population genetic structure. Using SNP genotyping for pairwise relatedness estimates, we investigated the spatial and genetic structuring of 141 red foxes within south-central Sweden at two scales. First, we looked at broad scale population structuring among red foxes at the regional level. We then estimated pairwise relatedness values to evaluate the spatial and genetic structure of male, female and mixed sex pairs for patterns of philopatry and dispersal at a more localized scale. We found limited genetic differentiation at the regional scale. However, local investigations revealed patterns of female philopatry and male biased dispersal. There were significant differences in pairwise geographic distances between highly related same sex pairs with the average distance between related males, 37.8 km, being six times farther than that of related females, averaging 6.3 km. In summary, the low levels of genetic differentiation found in this study illustrates the mobility and dispersal ability of red foxes across scales. However, relatedness plays a strong role in the spatial organization of red foxes locally, ultimately contributing to male biased dispersal patterns.
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Jansen F, Claes M, Bakkers E, Aryal A, Madimba KC, Gabriël S, Dermauw V, Van Hul A, Vervaeke M, Dorny P. Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in North Belgium: Prevalence and trends in distribution. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 22:100470. [PMID: 33308751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional systematic sampling was carried out during three consecutive winters from 2012 to 2015, to update the knowledge on the fox tapeworm (Echinococcus multilocularis) distribution in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Flanders. Earlier studies reported the low endemicity status of this tapeworm in the northern region of Belgium, in contrast to the south of the country and neighbouring countries. Using a modified Segmental Sedimentation and Counting Technique, followed by PCR-RFLP and sequencing, 923 foxes' intestines were examined for the presence of E. multilocularis. Based on microscopic examination, 38 out of 923 foxes were suspected to be infected with either E. multilocularis or Amoebotaenia spp., of which 19 were molecularly confirmed to be E. multilocularis, 18 were found positive for Amoebotaenia spp. and one was negative. The overall prevalence for E. multilocularis of 2.1% confirms the low endemicity of the fox tapeworm in Flanders. However, in one area in the most eastern part of Flanders (Voeren), neighbouring the Netherlands and Wallonia, a prevalence of 57% (12/21) was observed. Continuous monitoring of the fox tapeworm remains needed to assess spatio-temporal trends in distribution and to assess the risk of this zoonotic infection in Europe. The challenging differential diagnosis of E. multilocularis and Amoebotaenia spp. based on microscopic examination calls for attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Claes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Anim Core Facility, VUB Health Campus, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - E Bakkers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Aryal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Central Referal Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - K C Madimba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa 11, Democratique Republic of Congo.
| | - S Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - V Dermauw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - A Van Hul
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - M Vervaeke
- Agency for Nature and Forests, Flemish Government, Havenlaan 88 bus 75, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - P Dorny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 155 Nationalestraat, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 133 Salisburylaan, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Knapp J, Umhang G, Wahlström H, Al-Sabi MNS, Ågren EO, Enemark HL. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes from two Scandinavian countries: Denmark and Sweden. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 14:e00045. [PMID: 32095608 PMCID: PMC7033969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus multilocularis is an endemic parasite of red foxes in several European countries. This parasite has been present for decades in central Europe i.e. Switzerland, Eastern France, Southern Germany and Austria, which constitute the core endemic area of Europe. In the Scandinavian countries Sweden and Denmark, several recent findings were made in foxes. To better understand the dynamics and geographic spread of E. multilocularis in Europe, genetic studies have been undertaken using the DNA microsatellite marker EmsB. In Europe, the parasite spread in hitherto non-endemic areas was suspected to take place after founder events, in which the core endemic area presents a wider genetic diversity in comparison to newly endemic areas. However, identical parasite profiles can be shared between them, highlighting the parasite spreading in a mainland-island system. In this study, Swedish (27 adult worms from seven red foxes) and Danish (38 adult worms from nine red foxes) isolates were examined using fragment size analyses of the tandemly repeated microsatellite EmsB in order to compare the genetic profiles of the Scandinavian worms with a reference collection of European worm isolates from seven countries. Six EmsB profiles were detected in the Scandinavian panel. Three profiles were described in Denmark and four in Sweden. Only one of these profiles was detected in both countries. All profiles identified in the present study have previously been found in other European countries, suggesting an epidemiological link. Due to the relatively low number of Scandinavian E. multilocularis isolates analysed so far, firm conclusions cannot be made regarding the true genetic diversity. Nevertheless, the low genetic variation detected in Sweden and Denmark in this study is similar to the values obtained from peripheral areas of the main European endemic focus, which were more recently colonized by E. multilocularis; and continuous surveillance of this parasite is warranted to provide further insight into its epidemiology in Scandinavia. EmsB diversity of 65 Danish and Swedish isolates of E. multilocularis is described. Six different EmsB profiles were found, all previously identified in Europe. This reflects a possible link between Scandinavia and other European countries. Only one of the six different EmsB profiles was shared between Sweden and Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- Department of Chrono-environnement, UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, B.P. 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | | | - Mohammad Nafi Solaiman Al-Sabi
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Queen Alia Airport St. 594, P.O. Box 130, 11733 Amman, Jordan
| | - Erik O Ågren
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Echinococcosis has been recognized as one of the most important helminth zoonosis in China. Available models always consider dogs as the mainly definitive hosts. However, such models ignore the distinctions between domestic dogs and stray dogs. In this study, we propose a 10-dimensional dynamic model distinguishing stray dogs from domestic dogs to explore the special role of stray dogs and potential effects of disposing stray dogs on the transmission of Echinococcosis. The basic reproduction number R0, which measures the impact of both domestic dogs and stray dogs on the transmission, is determined to characterize the transmission dynamics. Global dynamic analysis of the model reveals that, without disposing the stray dogs, the Echinococcosis becomes endemic even the domestic dogs are controlled. Moreover, due to the difficulties in estimating the parameters involved in R0 with real data and the limitation of R0 in real-world applications, a new risk assessment tool called relative risk index Irisk is defined for the control of zoonotic diseases, and the studies of the risk assessment for Echinococcosis infection show that it is essential to distinguish stray dogs from domestic dogs in applications.
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Allende A, Barceló Culleres D, Gironés Llop R, Laval A, Robertson L, da Silva Felício MT, Gervelmeyer A, Ramos Bordajandi L, Liebana E. Request for scientific and technical assistance on proposed EU minimum quality requirements for water reuse in agricultural irrigation and aquifer recharge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2017.en-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Budgey R, Learmount J, Smith GC. Simulating control of a focal wildlife outbreak of Echinococcus multilocularis. Vet Parasitol 2017; 237:47-56. [PMID: 28249768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis is the causative agent of alveolar echinococcosis, a serious zoonotic infection present in Europe that can be fatal. The United Kingdom currently has E. multilocularis free status but the possibility of introduction exists, most likely via an imported or returning dog or other deliberately introduced animal that has not had anthelmintic treatment. We have developed a model to predict the probability of successfully eliminating a focal outbreak of E. multilocularis using a programme of anthelmintic bait distribution. We investigated three different potential control programmes, each with 36 monthly campaigns commencing five, ten or 15 years after disease introduction over an area of 2827km2. We assumed equilibrium disease prevalence of 30%, 40% and 55% based on the range of values reported across Europe. However, for all of these scenarios, equilibrium had not been reached at five to 15 years after introduction and simulated local prevalence values were between 0.5% and 28%. We found that it is possible to eliminate the disease with a 38%-86% success rate if control is started five years after introduction, dropping to 0% to 56% if control is delayed until 15 years after introduction, depending upon the prevalence equilibrium. We have also estimated the costs involved in these programmes to be from €7 to €12 million (2013 prices).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Budgey
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom.
| | - Jane Learmount
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom.
| | - Graham C Smith
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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Oksanen A, Siles-Lucas M, Karamon J, Possenti A, Conraths FJ, Romig T, Wysocki P, Mannocci A, Mipatrini D, La Torre G, Boufana B, Casulli A. The geographical distribution and prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis in animals in the European Union and adjacent countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:519. [PMID: 27682156 PMCID: PMC5039905 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to provide a systematic review on the geographical distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in definitive and intermediate hosts in the European Union (EU) and adjacent countries (AC). The relative importance of the different host species in the life-cycle of this parasite was highlighted and gaps in our knowledge regarding these hosts were identified. METHODS Six databases were searched for primary research studies published from 1900 to 2015. From a total of 2,805 identified scientific papers, 244 publications were used for meta-analyses. RESULTS Studies in 21 countries reported the presence of E. multilocularis in red foxes, with the following pooled prevalence (PP): low (≤ 1 %; Denmark, Slovenia and Sweden); medium (> 1 % to < 10 %; Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Romania and the Ukraine); and high (> 10 %; Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Liechtenstein and Switzerland). Studies from Finland, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Norway reported the absence of E. multilocularis in red foxes. However, E. multilocularis was detected in Arctic foxes from the Arctic Archipelago of Svalbard in Norway. CONCLUSIONS Raccoon dogs (PP 2.2 %), golden jackals (PP 4.7 %) and wolves (PP 1.4 %) showed a higher E. multilocularis PP than dogs (PP 0.3 %) and cats (PP 0.5 %). High E. multilocularis PP in raccoon dogs and golden jackals correlated with high PP in foxes. For intermediate hosts (IHs), muskrats (PP 4.2 %) and arvicolids (PP 6.0 %) showed similar E. multilocularis PP as sylvatic definitive hosts (DHs), excluding foxes. Nutrias (PP 1.0 %) and murids (PP 1.1 %) could play a role in the life-cycle of E. multilocularis in areas with medium to high PP in red foxes. In areas with low PP in foxes, no other DH was found infected with E. multilocularis. When fox E. multilocularis PP was >3 %, raccoon dogs and golden jackals could play a similar role as foxes. In areas with high E. multilocularis fox PP, the wolf emerged as a potentially important DH. Dogs and cats could be irrelevant in the life-cycle of the parasite in Europe, although dogs could be important for parasite introduction into non-endemic areas. Muskrats and arvicolids are important IHs. Swine, insectivores, murids and nutrias seem to play a minor or no role in the life-cycle of the parasite within the EU and ACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Oksanen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira (FINPAR), Elektroniikkatie 3, FI-90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Department of Parasitic Zoonoses, IRNASA, CSIC, Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Alessia Possenti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Rome, Italy
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- Universität Hohenheim, FG Parasitologie 220 B, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Wysocki
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alice Mannocci
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Mipatrini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Belgees Boufana
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Rome, Italy
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar echinococcosis (in humans and animals), Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
- European Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Rome, Italy
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar echinococcosis (in humans and animals), Rome, Italy
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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2014. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2013. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Antolová D, Miterpáková M, Radoňák J, Hudačková D, Szilágyiová M, Žáček M. Alveolar echinococcosis in a highly endemic area of northern Slovakia between 2000 and 2013. Euro Surveill 2014. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.34.20882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term surveillance of Echinococcus multilocularis occurrence in red foxes in Slovakia revealed the existence of highly endemic areas, with an overall prevalence rate of 41.6 % in the northern part of the country. Between 2000 and 2013, 26 human cases of alveolar echinococcosis were detected and only three of them were not in endemic localities in northern Slovakia. Remarkable is the occurrence of the disease in eight people younger than 35 years, including three patients aged eight, 14 and 19 years. Occurrence of E. multilocularis in red foxes throughout the country and high incidence of alveolar echinococcosis in young people indicate high infectious pressure in the environment of northern Slovakia. It can be assumed that the real incidence of alveolar echinococcosis is significantly higher than recorded by official data due to the lack of existing registration and reporting system. For effective management of prevention and control strategies for this disease improvement of the national surveillance system and engagement of specialists outside the medical community are necessary. Our study presents a comprehensive picture of the epidemiological situation of E. multilocularis in northern Slovakia. In addition, we report the first list of confirmed human cases of this serious parasitosis in Slovakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Miterpáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Radoňák
- First Department of Surgery, University Hospital Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - D Hudačková
- Childrens’ Faculty Hospital Košice, Department of Infectious Diseases, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Szilágyiová
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, University Hospital Martin, Martin,
| | - M Žáček
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Žilina, Žilina, Slovakia
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16
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Franssen F, Nijsse R, Mulder J, Cremers H, Dam C, Takumi K, van der Giessen J. Increase in number of helminth species from Dutch red foxes over a 35-year period. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:166. [PMID: 24708710 PMCID: PMC3978201 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is host to a community of zoonotic and other helminth species. Tracking their community structure and dynamics over decades is one way to monitor the long term risk of parasitic infectious diseases relevant to public and veterinary health. Methods We identified 17 helminth species from 136 foxes by mucosal scraping, centrifugal sedimentation/flotation and the washing and sieving technique. We applied rarefaction analysis to our samples and compared the resulting curve to the helminth community reported in literature 35 years ago. Results Fox helminth species significantly increased in number in the last 35 years (p-value <0.025). Toxascaris leonina, Mesocestoides litteratus, Trichuris vulpis and Angiostrongylus vasorum are four new veterinary-relevant species. The zoonotic fox tapeworm (E. multilocularis) was found outside the previously described endemic regions in the Netherlands. Conclusions Helminth fauna in Dutch red foxes increased in biodiversity over the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Franssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, P,O, Box 1, Bilthoven, BA 3720, The Netherlands.
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Echinococcosis in wild carnivorous species: epidemiology, genotypic diversity, and implications for veterinary public health. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:69-94. [PMID: 24698659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by helminths of the genus Echinococcus. The infection, one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization, has a cosmopolitan distribution and can be transmitted through a variety of domestic, synanthropic, and sylvatic cycles. Wildlife has been increasingly regarded as a relevant source of infection to humans, as demonstrated by the fact that a significant proportion of human emerging infectious diseases have a wildlife origin. Based on available epidemiological and molecular evidence, of the nine Echinococcus species currently recognized as valid taxa, E. canadensis G8-G10, E. felidis, E. multilocularis, E. oligarthrus, E. shiquicus, and E. vogeli are primarily transmitted in the wild. E. canadensis G6-G7, E. equinus, E. granulosus s.s., and E. ortleppi are considered to be transmitted mainly through domestic cycles. We summarize here current knowledge on the global epidemiology, geographical distribution and genotype frequency of Echinococcus spp. in wild carnivorous species. Topics addressed include the significance of the wildlife/livestock/human interface, the sympatric occurrence of different Echinococcus species in a given epidemiological scenario, and the role of wildlife as natural reservoir of disease to human and domestic animal populations. We have also discussed the impact that human activity and intervention may cause in the transmission dynamics of echinococcosis, including the human population expansion an encroachment on shrinking natural habitats, the increasing urbanization of wildlife carnivorous species and the related establishment of synanthropic cycles of Echinococcus spp., the land use (e.g. deforestation and agricultural practices), and the unsupervised international trade and translocation of wildlife animals. Following the 'One Health' approach, we have also emphasized that successful veterinary public health interventions in the field of echinococcosis requires an holistic approach to integrate current knowledge on human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental sciences.
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Ćirović D, Pavlović I, Kulišić Z, Ivetić V, Penezić A, Cosić N. Echinococcus multilocularis
in the European beaver (
Castor fibre
L.) from Serbia: first report. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.100879rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ćirović
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of BelgradeStudentski trg 16Belgrade11000Serbia
| | - I. Pavlović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of SerbiaVojvode Toze 14Belgrade11000Serbia
| | - Z. Kulišić
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of BelgradeBulevar Oslobodenja 18Belgrade11000Serbia
| | - V. Ivetić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of SerbiaVojvode Toze 14Belgrade11000Serbia
| | - A. Penezić
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of BelgradeStudentski trg 16Belgrade11000Serbia
| | - N. Cosić
- Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’University of BelgradeBulevar despota Stefana 142Belgrade11060Serbia
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Denzin N, Schliephake A, Fröhlich A, Ziller M, Conraths FJ. On the Move?Echinococcus multilocularisin Red Foxes of Saxony-Anhalt (Germany). Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:239-46. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Denzin
- Department 4, Veterinary Medicine; State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt; Stendal Germany
| | - A. Schliephake
- Department 4, Veterinary Medicine; State Office for Consumer Protection Saxony-Anhalt; Stendal Germany
| | - A. Fröhlich
- Institute of Epidemiology; Friedrich-Loeffler Institut; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Wusterhausen Germany
| | - M. Ziller
- Biomathematics Working Group; Friedrich-Loeffler Institut; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Greifswald Insel Riems Germany
| | - F. J. Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology; Friedrich-Loeffler Institut; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Wusterhausen Germany
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20
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Murphy T, Wahlström H, Dold C, Keegan J, McCann A, Melville J, Murphy D, McAteer W. Freedom from Echinococcus multilocularis: An Irish perspective. Vet Parasitol 2012; 190:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Ćirović D, Pavlović I, Kulišić Z, Ivetić V, Penezić A, Cosić N. Echinococcus multilocularis
in the European beaver (Castor fibre
L.) from Serbia: first report. Vet Rec 2012; 171:100. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ćirović
- Faculty of Biology; University of Belgrade; Studentski trg 16 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - I. Pavlović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia; Vojvode Toze 14 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - Z. Kulišić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Belgrade; Bulevar Oslobod − enja 18 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - V. Ivetić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia; Vojvode Toze 14 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - A. Penezić
- Faculty of Biology; University of Belgrade; Studentski trg 16 Belgrade 11000 Serbia
| | - N. Cosić
- Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’; University of Belgrade; Bulevar despota Stefana 142 Belgrade 11060 Serbia
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22
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Davidson RK, Romig T, Jenkins E, Tryland M, Robertson LJ. The impact of globalisation on the distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis. Trends Parasitol 2012; 28:239-47. [PMID: 22542923 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past three decades, Echinococcus multilocularis, the cause of human alveolar echinococcosis, has been reported in several new countries both in definitive hosts (canids) as well as in people. Unless treated, infection with this cestode in people is fatal. In previously endemic countries throughout the Northern Hemisphere, geographic ranges and human and animal prevalence levels seem to be increasing. Anthropogenic influences, including increased globalisation of animals and animal products, and altered human/animal interfaces are thought to play a vital role in the global emergence of this pathogenic cestode. Molecular epidemiological techniques are a useful tool for detecting and tracing introductions, and differentiating these from range expansions.
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Spatial clustering of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e652. [PMID: 20386601 PMCID: PMC2850315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine cysticercosis is caused by a zoonotic tapeworm, Taenia solium, which causes serious disease syndromes in human. Effective control of the parasite requires knowledge on the burden and pattern of the infections in order to properly direct limited resources. The objective of this study was to establish the spatial distribution of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania, to guide control strategies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study is a secondary analysis of data collected during the baseline and follow-up periods of a randomized community trial aiming at reducing the incidence rate of porcine cysticercosis through an educational program. At baseline, 784 randomly selected pig-keeping households located in 42 villages in 14 wards were included. Lingual examination of indigenous pigs aged 2-12 (median 8) months, one randomly selected from each household, were conducted. Data from the control group of the randomized trial that included 21 of the 42 villages were used for the incidence study. A total of 295 pig-keeping households were provided with sentinel pigs (one each) and reassessed for cysticercosis incidence once or twice for 2-9 (median 4) months using lingual examination and antigen ELISA. Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was computed in Epi Info 3.5. The prevalence and incidence of porcine cysticercosis were mapped at household level using ArcView 3.2. K functions were computed in R software to assess general clustering of porcine cysticercosis. Spatial scan statistics were computed in SatScan to identify local clusters of the infection. The overall prevalence of porcine cysticercosis was 7.3% (95% CI: 5.6, 9.4; n = 784). The K functions revealed a significant overall clustering of porcine cysticercosis incidence for all distances between 600 m and 5 km from a randomly chosen case household based on Ag-ELISA. Lingual examination revealed clustering from 650 m to 6 km and between 7.5 and 10 km. The prevalence study did not reveal any significant clustering by this method. Spatial scan statistics found one significant cluster of porcine cysticercosis prevalence (P = 0.0036; n = 370). In addition, the analysis found one large cluster of porcine cysticercosis incidence based on Ag-ELISA (P = 0.0010; n = 236) and two relatively small clusters of incidence based on lingual examination (P = 0.0012 and P = 0.0026; n = 241). These clusters had similar spatial location and included six wards, four of which were identified as high risk areas of porcine cysticercosis. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study has identified local clusters of porcine cysticercosis in Mbulu district, northern Tanzania, where limited resources for control of T. solium could be directed. Further studies are needed to establish causes of clustering to institute appropriate interventions.
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Van Gucht S, Van Den Berge K, Quataert P, Verschelde P, Le Roux I. No Emergence of Echinococcus multilocularis in Foxes in Flanders and Brussels Anno 2007-2008. Zoonoses Public Health 2010; 57:e65-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang Z, Wang X, Liu X. Echinococcosis in China, a review of the epidemiology of Echinococcus spp. ECOHEALTH 2008; 5:115-126. [PMID: 18787915 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-008-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly significant infectious diseases occurring worldwide and caused by metacestodes of tapeworms Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. Both human CE and AE have highest prevalence rates in western and northwestern China. Livestock is the main intermediate host of E. granulosus, and wild small mammal are the main intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis. Since they range freely in pastoral areas, prey on wild small mammals and offal of livestock after slaughter, and have close relationships with humans, domestic dogs are the most important definitive host of both Echinococcus spp. with the highest risk of transmitting CE and AE to humans. Pastoralism is the occupation with the highest risk of being infected with the both kinds of echinococcosis due to the proximity of livestock, dogs, and wildlife host species. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology of human echinococcosis, the situation of parasite transmission in animal hosts, and possible transmission patterns in China. In addition, human activities and their potential influence on the transmission of echinococcosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghuan Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, China
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Takumi K, de Vries A, Chu ML, Mulder J, Teunis P, van der Giessen J. Evidence for an increasing presence of Echinococcus multilocularis in foxes in The Netherlands. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:571-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) regarding the assessment of the risk of Echinococcosis introduction into the UK, Ireland, Sweden, Malta and Finland as a consequence of abandoning national rules. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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28
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Opinion of the Panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) on the safety and efficacy of the product Bonvital, a preparation of Enterococcus faecium, as a feed additive for piglets and pigs for fattening in accordance with R. EFSA J 2007. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2007.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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