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Barnes AP, Sparks N, Helgesen IS, Soliman T. Financial impacts of a housing order on commercial free range egg layers in response to highly pathogenic avian influenza. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106209. [PMID: 38714017 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Recent annual outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) have led to mandatory housing orders on commercial free-range flocks. Indefinite periods of housing, after poultry have had access to range, could have production and financial consequences for free range egg producers. The impact of these housing orders on the performance of commercial flocks is seldom explored at a business level, predominantly due to the paucity of commercially sensitive data. The aim of this paper is to assess the financial and production impacts of a housing order on commercial free-range egg layers. We use a unique data set showing week by week performance of layers gathered from 9 UK based farms over the period 2020-2022. These data cover an average of 100,000 laying hens and include two imposed housing orders, in 2020/2021 and in 2021/22. We applied a random intercept linear regression to assess impacts on physical outputs and inputs, bird mortality and the impacts on revenue, feed costs and margin over feed cost. Feed use and feed costs per bird increased during the housing order which is a consequence of increased control over diet intake in housed compared to ranged birds. An increase in revenue was also found, ostensibly due to a higher proportion of large eggs produced, leading to a higher margin over feed cost. Overall, these large commercial poultry sheds were able to mitigate some of the potential adverse economic effects of housing orders. Potential negative impacts may occur dependant on the duration of the housing order and those farms with less control over their input costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Barnes
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK.
| | - Nick Sparks
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Irmelin S Helgesen
- Department of Economics, NTNU, Postboks 8900, Trondheim, Torgarden 7491, Norway
| | - Tarek Soliman
- Department of Rural Economy, Environment and Society, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3JG, UK
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2
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Sodagari HR, Agrawal I, Yudhanto S, Varga C. Longitudinal analysis of differences and similarities in antimicrobial resistance among commensal Escherichia coli isolated from market swine and sows at slaughter in the United States of America, 2013-2019. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 407:110388. [PMID: 37699314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in swine enteric bacteria poses a significant public health challenge. Our study evaluated publicly available data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria (NARMS) between 2013 and 2019 at slaughter plants across the United States of America, focusing on commensal E. coli isolated from swine cecal contents originating from two distinct swine production systems: market hogs (n = 2090) and sows (n = 1147). In both production types, the highest pairwise correlations were detected among β-lactam antimicrobials, including resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, and cefoxitin, suggesting a co-selection for resistance. Compared to 2013, an increase in the rate of E. coli isolates that were resistant to β-lactam antimicrobials was higher in 2017, 2018, and 2019, and this increase was more pronounced in isolates obtained from market hogs. Differences in antimicrobial resistance between these two distinct swine production systems warrant production-type focused mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Isha Agrawal
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Setyo Yudhanto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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3
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O’Neill L, Manzanilla EG, Ekhlas D, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance in Commensal Escherichia coli of the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1616. [PMID: 37998818 PMCID: PMC10669415 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Escherichia coli of animal origin presents a threat to human health. Although animals are not the primary source of human infections, humans may be exposed to AMR E. coli of animal origin and their AMR genes through the food chain, direct contact with animals, and via the environment. For this reason, AMR in E. coli from food producing animals is included in most national and international AMR monitoring programmes and is the subject of a large body of research. As pig farming is one of the largest livestock sectors and the one with the highest antimicrobial use, there is considerable interest in the epidemiology of AMR in E. coli of porcine origin. This literature review presents an overview and appraisal of current knowledge of AMR in commensal E. coli of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with a focus on its evolution during the pig lifecycle and the relationship with antimicrobial use. It also presents an overview of the epidemiology of resistance to extended spectrum cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and colistin in pig production. The review highlights the widespread nature of AMR in the porcine commensal E. coli population, especially to the most-used classes in pig farming and discusses the complex interplay between age and antimicrobial use during the pig lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcan O’Neill
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
| | - Daniel Ekhlas
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork P61 C996, Ireland; (E.G.M.); (D.E.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin D15 DY05, Ireland
| | - Finola C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland;
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Sodagari HR, Varga C. Evaluating Antimicrobial Resistance Trends in Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Cecal Samples of Swine at Slaughter in the United States, 2013-2019. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041033. [PMID: 37110456 PMCID: PMC10142105 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal and pathogenic enteric bacteria of swine is a public health threat. This study evaluated publicly available AMR surveillance data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) by assessing AMR patterns and temporal trends in commensal E. coli isolated from cecal samples of swine at slaughter across the United States. We applied the Mann-Kendall test (MKT) and a linear regression trend line to detect significant trends in the proportion of resistant isolates to individual antimicrobials over the study period. A Poisson regression model assessed differences among years in the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant. Among the 3237 E. coli isolates, a very high prevalence of resistance for tetracycline (67.62%), and high resistance for streptomycin (24.13%), and ampicillin (21.10%) were identified. The MKT and the linear trend line showed a significantly increasing temporal trend for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, azithromycin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Compared to 2013 the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant was significantly higher in the years 2017, 2018, and 2019. The increasing temporal trend of resistance to important antimicrobials for human medicine (e.g., third-generation cephalosporins) and the increase in multidrug resistance in the later years of the study are concerning and should be followed up by studies to identify sources and risk factors for the selection of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Sodagari
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Samanta P, Horn H, Saravia F. Removal of Diverse and Abundant ARGs by MF-NF Process from Pig Manure and Digestate. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070661. [PMID: 35877864 PMCID: PMC9317629 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistances are emerging as one main threat to worldwide human health and are expected to kill 10 million people by 2050. Intensive livestock husbandry, along with biogas digestate, are considered as one of the biggest ARG reservoirs. Despite major concerns, little information is available on the diversity and abundance of various ARGs in small to large scale pig farms and biogas digestate slurry in Germany, followed by their consequent removal using microfiltration (MF)-nanofiltration (NF) process. Here, we report the identification and quantification of 189 ARGs in raw manure and digestate samples, out of which 66 ARGs were shared among manures and 53 ARGs were shared among both manure and digestate samples. The highest reported total ARG copy numbers in a single manure sampling site was 1.15 × 108 copies/100 µL. In addition, we found the absolute concentrations of 37 ARGs were above 105 copies/100 μL. Filtration results showed that the highly concentrated ARGs (except aminoglycoside resistance ARGs) in feed presented high log retention value (LRV) from 3 to as high as 5 after the MF-NF process. Additionally, LRV below 2 was noticed where the initial absolute ARG concentrations were ≤103 copies/100 μL. Therefore, ARG removal was found to be directly proportional to its initial concentration in the raw manure and in digestate samples. Consequently, some ARGs (tetH, strB) can still be found within the permeate of NF with up to 104 copies/100 μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prantik Samanta
- DVGW-Research Center at the Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.H.); (F.S.)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Harald Horn
- DVGW-Research Center at the Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.H.); (F.S.)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florencia Saravia
- DVGW-Research Center at the Engler-Bunte-Institut, Water Chemistry and Water Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (H.H.); (F.S.)
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Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data-Part I, Methodology Development. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111492. [PMID: 34832647 PMCID: PMC8618382 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores methodologies for the data integration of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) results within and across three food animal species, surveyed at the farm-level by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). The approach builds upon existing CIPARS methodology and principles from other AMU and AMR surveillance systems. Species level data integration involved: (1) standard CIPARS descriptive and temporal analysis of AMU/AMR, (2) synthesis of results, (3) selection of AMU and AMR outcomes for integration, (4) selection of candidate AMU indicators to enable comparisons of AMU levels between species and simultaneous assessment of AMU and AMR trends, (5) exploration of analytic options for studying associations between AMU and AMR, and (6) interpretation and visualization. The multi-species integration was also completed using the above approach. In addition, summarized reporting of internationally-recognized indicators of AMR (i.e., AMR adjusted for animal biomass) and AMU (mg/population correction unit, mg/kg animal biomass) is explored. It is envisaged that this approach for species and multi-species AMU-AMR data integration will be applied to the annual CIPARS farm-level data and progressively developed over time to inform AMU-AMR integrated surveillance best practices for further enhancement of AMU stewardship actions.
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Agunos A, Gow SP, Deckert AE, Léger DF. Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data-Part II, Application. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111491. [PMID: 34832646 PMCID: PMC8621420 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the methodology developed for integrated analysis and reporting of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data, farm-level surveillance data were synthesized and integrated to assess trends and explore potential AMU and AMR associations. Data from broiler chicken flocks (n = 656), grower-finisher pig herds (n = 462) and turkey flocks (n = 339) surveyed by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) at the farm-level (2015-2019) were used. The analyses showed a reduction in mean flock/herd level number of defined daily doses using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA) adjusted for kg animal biomass that coincided with the decline in % resistance in the three species. This was noted in most AMU-AMR pairs studied except for ciprofloxacin resistant Campylobacter where resistance continued to be detected (moderate to high levels) despite limited fluoroquinolone use. Noteworthy was the significantly negative association between the nDDDvetCA/kg animal biomass and susceptible Escherichia coli (multispecies data), an early indication that AMU stewardship actions are having an impact. However, an increase in the reporting of diseases in recent years was observed. This study highlighted the value of collecting high-resolution AMU surveillance data with animal health context at the farm-level to understand AMR trends, enable data integration and measure the impact of AMU stewardship actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Agunos
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON N1H 7M7, Canada; (A.E.D.); (D.F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-4007895
| | - Sheryl P. Gow
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Anne E. Deckert
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON N1H 7M7, Canada; (A.E.D.); (D.F.L.)
| | - David F. Léger
- Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON N1H 7M7, Canada; (A.E.D.); (D.F.L.)
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Aljowaie RM, Abdel Gawwad MR, Al Farraj DA, H JK, Rajendran P. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of lipopeptide against drug resistant Vibrio species. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1887-1892. [PMID: 34711526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unrestricted application of antibiotics increased antimicrobial resistance in bacteria through horizontal gene transfer of resistant genes from the pathogenic sources and the evolution of multi-drug resistance organisms. The application of antibiotics caused severe risk to human health because animals may transmit diseases to humans. Hence, the search of novel antimicrobial agents from microbial sources is an urgent need. METHODS A lipopeptide producing stain SU05 was isolated from the pond water by serial dilution method. The lipopeptide yield was improved after optimization method and the yield was analyzed using High Performance Liquid chromatography. The influence of wheat bran (0.5%-2.5%) and rice bran (0.5%-2.5%), pH (5.5-8.5), temperature (25-40 °C) were screened to improve the production of lipopeptides by stain SU05 in submerged fermentation. Antibacterial activity of crude lipopeptide was tested against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio salmonicida, Vibrio septicus, Vibrio fischeri, and Vibrio splendidus. The influence of lipopeptide on enzymes and antimicrobial property was analyzed. RESULTS Lipopeptide production was improved after nutrient supplements and optimization of physical factors. Lipopeptide showed potent activity against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains such as, V. anguillarum, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. salmonicida, V. septicus, V. fischeri, and V. splendidus. Lipopeptide shows stability on various enzymes and this clearly revealed that the purified lipopeptide was highly stable in the presence of proteolytic enzymes. The findings suggest that lipopeptide SU05 characterized from the bacteria can survive at acidic environment in the intestine, and could be used to formulate fish feed. CONCLUSIONS The finding showed that the characterized lipopepties synthesized by B. amyloliquefaciens SU05 had a broad spectrum antibiotic potential against multidrug resistant Vibriosis causing bacterial pathogens. They were highly stable at broad temperature and pH ranges. These results demonstrated stability of lipopeptide at extreme conditions. The stability and activity of lipopeptide at extreme climatic condition is also useful for the application in pharmaceutical and food processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Aljowaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R Abdel Gawwad
- Genetics & Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Dunia A Al Farraj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jose Kingsly H
- Vizhinjam Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - P Rajendran
- Kanyakumari Field Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kanyakumari, India
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Burow E, Grobbel M, Tenhagen BA, Simoneit C, Szabó I, Wendt D, Kürbis C, Ladwig-Wiegard M, Banneke S, Käsbohrer A. Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli from Broiler Chickens After Amoxicillin Treatment in an Experimental Environment. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 26:1098-1107. [PMID: 32915693 PMCID: PMC7482129 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2019.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Groupwise antibiotic treatments are common in broiler chicken production. They induce selection for antibiotic resistance in commensal Escherichia coli. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance after individual (I, drenching) or groupwise treatment (G, by water) with amoxicillin, and after contact with I or G (KI or KG), compared with untreated broilers without contact with treated broilers (C), and pretreatment values. Finally, we compared antibiotic resistance from broilers (G) after a second treatment, with a treatment in the contact animals (KG), and a first treatment in the control animals (C). Resistance to ampicillin and other antibiotics was significantly increased in groups G and I within 2 days, suggesting (co-)selection of resistance. The increase was lower in groups KI, KG, and C during the first treatment (days 1-5). The increased resistance in group C was interpreted as a change in the microbiota after initial moving and first feeding. After treatment, resistance rates decreased to initial or lower values in all groups. During the second treatment period (days 34-38), all three groups' (G, KG, and C) resistance levels increased to equally high levels. Cephalosporin resistance was low, and did not change over the experimental period. On days 3 and 38, resistance rates of E. coli from duodenum, jejunum, and cecum did not differ between segments and treatment routes. Overall, the baseline levels of antibiotic resistance in E. coli were high. Amoxicillin triggered an increase in resistance levels, irrespective of the mode of treatment. Substantial resistance dynamics in untreated controls warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burow
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Céline Simoneit
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - István Szabó
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Wendt
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Kürbis
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mechthild Ladwig-Wiegard
- Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Banneke
- Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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A Retrospective, Observational Study on Antimicrobial Drug Use in Beef Fattening Operations in Northwestern Italy and Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated with Increased Antimicrobial Usage. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071925. [PMID: 34203490 PMCID: PMC8300168 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial usage in veterinary medicine is thought to be a source of antimicrobial resistance, with possible implications for human health. Certain antibiotics are considered critical for human health, and their use is being judiciously reduced in animal productions. The monitoring of antimicrobial consumption in animal production is key to lowering the risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance. With this study, we quantified antimicrobial usage in beef fattening operations in northwestern Italy before the implementation of a program intended to control antimicrobial usage in veterinary medicine. We found that antimicrobials defined as critical for human health (e.g., fluroquinolones) were often used also for metaphylactic treatment. Abstract The abuse or misuse of antimicrobials in animal production is thought to be a potential factor in the development of antimicrobial resistance in veterinary and human medicine. With this study, we wanted to quantify antimicrobial usage in beef fattening operations in northwestern Italy and to identify factors potentially influencing antimicrobial usage. The sample was composed of 26 beef fattening operations that import heifers and bulls from France. Data were extracted from the 2014 and 2015 treatment registers kept by the farmers. The mean (±SD) number of animal daily doses per animal (nADDa) per year for each farm was 3 (±2.1) during the study period (2014–2015). Group antimicrobial treatments (57.5% of all treatments) were often administered orally (70.5%) and consisted overwhelmingly of doxycycline (97%). Individual treatments (42.5% of all treatments) were administered parenterally (98.1%) and the most often used active substances were florfenicol (19.9%), marbofloxacin (19.5%), and tylosin (12.4%). There was a negative correlation between the nADDa for total and group treatments and average batch weight at arrival and between the amount of straw added per animal per day and the nADDa (p ≤ 0.05). Our data show that antimicrobials critical for human medicine were often used in beef fattening operations in northwestern Italy before the European guidelines for the prudent use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine were issued. Additionally, the use of antimicrobials as a preventive group treatment was still widespread, mostly in lighter weight animals.
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11
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De Lucia A, Card RM, Duggett N, Smith RP, Davies R, Cawthraw SA, Anjum MF, Rambaldi M, Ostanello F, Martelli F. Reduction in antimicrobial resistance prevalence in Escherichia coli from a pig farm following withdrawal of group antimicrobial treatment. Vet Microbiol 2021; 258:109125. [PMID: 34033985 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An important element in the control of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is reduction in antimicrobial usage. In the veterinary sector individual antimicrobial treatment of livestock, rather than the use of group treatment, can help achieve this goal. The aim of this study was to investigate how cessation of group antimicrobial treatment impacted the prevalence of AMR in commensal Escherichia coli in pigs at one farm over an 11-month period. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of eight antimicrobials were determined for 259 E. coli isolates collected during the study. A significant reduction in the prevalence of multidrug resistance and a significant increase in the proportion of full susceptibility to the panel of nine antimicrobials tested was seen after 11 months. Whole genome sequencing of 48 multidrug resistant isolates revealed E. coli clones that persisted across multiple visits and provided evidence for the presence of plasmids harbouring AMR genes shared across multiple E. coli lineages. E. coli were also isolated from on-farm environmental samples. Whole genome sequencing of one multidrug resistant isolate obtained from cleaning tools showed it was clonal to pig-derived E. coli that persisted on the farm for 11 months. In this study we provide evidence that withdrawal of group antimicrobial use leads to significant reductions in key indicators for AMR prevalence and the importance of the farm environment as a reservoir of resistant bacteria. These findings support policy makers and producers in the implementation of measures to control AMR and reduce antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Lucia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Università di Bologna, Italy; Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - R M Card
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - N Duggett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - R P Smith
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - R Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - S A Cawthraw
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M F Anjum
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - M Rambaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Università di Bologna, Italy.
| | - F Ostanello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie Università di Bologna, Italy.
| | - F Martelli
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
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12
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Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolated from Sheep and Beef Farms in England and Wales: A Comparison of Disk Diffusion Interpretation Methods. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040453. [PMID: 33923678 PMCID: PMC8073771 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Little data exist on the levels of antimicrobial resistance from bacteria isolated from British sheep and beef cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns on sheep and beef farms in England and Wales using multiple interpretation methods. Fecal samples (n = 350) from sheep and beef cattle were collected from 35 farms. Disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility testing against ten antimicrobials was carried out for 1115 (699 sheep, 416 beef) β-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli isolates. Susceptibility was interpreted using clinical breakpoints, which determine clinically resistant bacteria, and epidemiological and livestock-specific cut-off values, which determine microbiological-resistant bacteria (non-wild type). Using livestock-specific cut-off values, a high frequency of wild type for all ten antimicrobials was observed in isolates from sheep (90%) and beef cattle (85%). Cluster analysis was performed to identify patterns in antimicrobial resistance. Interpretation of susceptibility using livestock-specific cut-off values showed a cluster of isolates that were non-wild type to cefotaxime and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, whereas clinical breakpoints did not. A multilevel logistic regression model determined that tetracycline use on the farm and soil copper concentration were significantly associated with tetracycline non-wild type isolates. The results suggest that using human clinical breakpoints could lead to both the under-reporting and over-reporting of antimicrobial resistance in sheep and beef cattle.
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13
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Bangsgaard EO, Græsbøll K, Andersen VD, Clasen J, Jasinskytė D, Hansen JE, Folkesson A, Christiansen LE. Mixed effect modeling of tetracycline resistance levels in Danish slaughter pigs. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105362. [PMID: 33895502 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical and statistical modeling can be a very useful tool in understanding and fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Here we present investigations of mixed effect models of varying complexity in order to identify and address possible management factors affecting the tetracycline AMR levels in Danish pig farms. Besides antimicrobial exposure during pigs life cycle, the type of production seems to also have an influence. The results concludes that not only fully integrated farms (CHR integrated) but also farms in a production network with a single ownership (CVR integrated) might have a preventive effect on levels of tetracycline AMR compared to more complex trading patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaare Græsbøll
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Julie Clasen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Džiuginta Jasinskytė
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julie Elvekjær Hansen
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Folkesson
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse Engbo Christiansen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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14
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De Smet J, Boyen F, Croubels S, Rasschaert G, Haesebrouck F, Temmerman R, Rutjens S, De Backer P, Devreese M. The impact of therapeutic-dose induced intestinal enrofloxacin concentrations in healthy pigs on fecal Escherichia coli populations. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:382. [PMID: 33032597 PMCID: PMC7545837 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02608-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of therapy-induced intestinal tract concentrations of antimicrobials allows for interpretation and prediction of antimicrobial resistance selection within the intestinal microbiota. This study describes the impact of three different doses of enrofloxacin (ENR) and two different administration routes on the intestinal concentration of ENR and on the fecal Escherichia coli populations in pigs. Enrofloxacin was administered on three consecutive days to four different treatment groups. The groups either received an oral bolus administration of ENR (conventional or half dose) or an intramuscular administration (conventional or double dose). RESULTS Quantitative analysis of fecal samples showed high ENR concentrations in all groups, ranging from 5.114 ± 1.272 μg/g up to 39.54 ± 10.43 μg/g at the end of the treatment period. In addition, analysis of the luminal intestinal content revealed an increase of ENR concentration from the proximal to the distal intestinal tract segments, with no significant effect of administration route. Fecal samples were also screened for resistance in E. coli isolates against ENR. Wild-type (MIC≤0.125 μg/mL) and non-wild-type (0.125 < MIC≤2 μg/mL) E. coli isolates were found at time 0 h. At the end of treatment (3 days) only non-wild-type isolates (MIC≥32 μg/mL) were found. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the observed intestinal ENR concentrations in all groups showed to be both theoretically (based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles) and effectively (in vivo measurement) capable of significantly reducing the intestinal E. coli wild-type population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren De Smet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Robin Temmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sofie Rutjens
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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15
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Thomrongsuwannakij T, Blackall PJ, Djordjevic SP, Cummins ML, Chansiripornchai N. A comparison of virulence genes, antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic diversity of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) isolates from broilers and broiler breeders in Thailand and Australia. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:457-466. [PMID: 32374190 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1764493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of colibacillosis resulting in economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. A total of 168 APEC isolates, equal numbers from Australian and Thai broilers/broiler breeders, were identified and tested for their susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents. Most of the Thai APEC isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) (60.7%) whilst Australian APEC isolates showed a MDR rate of just 10.7%. The Thai APEC isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (TET) (84.5%), amoxicillin (AMX) (70.2%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (51.2%) whilst the Australian APEC isolates showed lower levels of resistance (TET 36.9%, AMX 29.8%, SXT 17.86%). The 34 Thai APEC and four Australian APEC isolates which were resistant to nalidixic acid were characterized for their carriage of mutations in the quinolone resistance determining region of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. While no mutations were detected in gyrB in the Thai isolates, the Ser83Leu and Asp87Asn substitutions in gyrA and Ser80Ile in parC were common (n = 9/34). In regard to the Australian isolates, the Ser83Leu and Asp678Glu substitution in gyrA, Pro385Ala and Ser492Asn in gyrB and Met241Ile and Asp475Glu in parC were identified (n = 3/4). Rep-PCR analysis of the 84 Thai and 84 Australian APEC isolates showed 16 main clusters that mostly contained isolates from both countries. Our results suggest that the emergence of MDR is a major concern for the Thai APEC isolates and that more prudent use of antimicrobial agents in Thai poultry production is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thotsapol Thomrongsuwannakij
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakorn Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | - Max L Cummins
- The ithree Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Niwat Chansiripornchai
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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16
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Barbosa Da Silva A, Back M, Daguer H, Palmeira M, Antunes De Sá Ploêncio L, Molognoni L, Peripolli V, Bianchi I. Carry-over and contamination of veterinary drugs in feed production lines for poultry and pigs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:740-751. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1585580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Barbosa Da Silva
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock an d Food Supply (MAPA), São José, SC, Brazil
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcos Back
- Agronomist Engineer, Pró Sete Engineering, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock an d Food Supply (MAPA), São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Maila Palmeira
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Molognoni
- Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock an d Food Supply (MAPA), São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peripolli
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
| | - Ivan Bianchi
- Federal Catarinense Institute (IFC), Araquari Campus, Araquari, SC, Brazil
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17
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Burow E, Rostalski A, Harlizius J, Gangl A, Simoneit C, Grobbel M, Kollas C, Tenhagen BA, Käsbohrer A. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from pigs from birth to slaughter and its association with antibiotic treatment. Prev Vet Med 2019; 165:52-62. [PMID: 30851928 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this longitudinal study was to describe the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in faecal Escherichia coli isolated from pigs between birth and slaughter and its association with antibiotic treatment. Four objectives were addressed: comparison of antibiotic resistance in isolates from a) treated vs. non-treated pigs, b) follow-up vs. initial samples of treated and non-treated pigs, c) pigs receiving treatments via different administration routes and d) sows and their piglets. Each comparison addressed the following antibiotic groups used for treatment: beta-lactams, tetracyclines, polymyxins and macrolides, and the susceptibility of E. coli isolates to the respective agents: ampicillin, tetracycline, colistin and azithromycin. Between 2014 and 2016, 406 focal animals from 29 commercial breeding herds were followed from birth to the end of the relevant fattening periods. All antibiotic treatments in these pigs were documented. Faecal samples were collected from the focal pigs once while suckling, once after weaning and three times during fattening, and from their dams once around farrowing. Escherichia coli isolated from these samples was tested for antibiotic susceptibility. In total, 264 animals from 19 breeding herds were treated with an antibiotic at least once during their lifetime. Beta-lactams, tetracyclines and colistin were used most frequently. Piglets were treated individually by injection (n = 108 treatments) or via drench (9); weaners via feed (192) or water (56) and fatteners via feed (30) or injection (15). Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline in E. coli was already common prior to antibiotic treatment. Resistance proportions were higher for beta-lactam-, tetracycline-, colistin- and macrolide-treated pigs compared to untreated pigs at different sampling periods (p < 0.05; Fisher's exact test). In the logistic analysis, the difference was confirmed for beta-lactam-treated vs. untreated pigs. In E. coli from macrolide-untreated pigs, resistance to azithromycin was more frequent compared to pre-treatment values. Route of application did not affect rates of antibiotic resistance in the logistic analysis even though Fisher's exact test indicated associations for beta-lactams (feed/water vs. injection), tetracyclines (feed/water vs. non-treatment) and macrolides (tulathromycin-injection vs. tylosin in feed). Piglets were more likely to carry an E. coli resistant to ampicillin or azithromycin if their dams did so as well. Our results suggest further research on resistance effects by administration routes is required. Reducing antibiotic resistance in sows might lead to a lower level of beta-lactam or macrolide-resistant E. coli among their progeny. To preserve treatment options for bacterial infections, antibiotic use should be restricted to necessary cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Rostalski
- Bavarian Animal Health Services, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586, Poing, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harlizius
- Animal Health Services, Chamber of Agriculture of North Rhine-Westphalia, Haus Düsse, Ostinghausen, 59505, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | - Armin Gangl
- Bavarian Animal Health Services, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586, Poing, Germany
| | - Céline Simoneit
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Grobbel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris Kollas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Varga C, Brash ML, Slavic D, Boerlin P, Ouckama R, Weis A, Petrik M, Philippe C, Barham M, Guerin MT. Evaluating Virulence-Associated Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance of Avian PathogenicEscherichia coliIsolates from Broiler and Broiler Breeder Chickens in Ontario, Canada. Avian Dis 2018; 62:291-299. [DOI: 10.1637/11834-032818-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Marina L. Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Rachel Ouckama
- Maple Lodge Hatcheries Ltd., Port Hope, Ontario, Canada, L1A 3V5
| | - Alexandru Weis
- Smith & Weisz Poultry Veterinary Services, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1L 1G3
| | - Mike Petrik
- McKinley Hatchery, St. Mary's, Ontario, Canada, N4X 1G2
| | | | - Melanie Barham
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Michele T. Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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19
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Validation of the register-based lifetime antimicrobial usage measurement for finisher batches based on comparison with recorded antimicrobial usage at farm level. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:515-523. [PMID: 29409561 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the relationship between antimicrobial usage (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires the accurate and precise utilisation of register data. Therefore, validation of register-based data is essential for evaluating the quality and, subsequently, the internal validity of studies based on the data. In this study, different smoothing methods for Veterinary Medicine Statistic Program database (VetStat)-records were validated by comparing these with farm-records. Comparison between measurements included accuracy as; completeness and correctness, and precision as; a relative difference of the error, correlation with Fisher's z transformation and reliability coefficient. The most valid methods of those examined were then used in re-analyses of the abundance of AMR genes in 10 finisher batches from a previous study. Improved accuracy was found when detailed smoothing methods were applied. Although the precision also increased, the effect was not as pronounced, as the usage estimate of all smoothing methods deviated moderately compared with the farm-registrations. Applying the most valid methods to the 10 finisher batches increased estimates of statistical model fit for aminoglycosides, lincosamides, tetracyclines and decreased estimates of statistical model fit for macrolides. The estimates of statistical model fit for sulfonamides and broad-spectrum penicillins remained the same. Through refined data transformation, VetStat-records can be used to calculate a daily amount of AMU per pig reflecting the true usage accurately and moderately precisely, which is the foundation for calculating lifetime AMU.
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20
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Birkegård AC, Andersen VD, Halasa T, Jensen VF, Toft N, Vigre H. Computional algorithm for lifetime exposure to antimicrobials in pigs using register data—The LEA algorithm. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Birkegård AC, Halasa T, Græsbøll K, Clasen J, Folkesson A, Toft N. Association between selected antimicrobial resistance genes and antimicrobial exposure in Danish pig farms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9683. [PMID: 28852034 PMCID: PMC5575052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pigs is an important public health concern due to its possible transfer to humans. We aimed at quantifying the relationship between the lifetime exposure of antimicrobials and seven antimicrobial resistance genes in Danish slaughter pig farms. AMR gene levels were quantified by qPCR of total-community DNA in faecal samples obtained from 681 batches of slaughter pigs. The lifetime exposure to antimicrobials was estimated at batch level for the piglet, weaner, and finisher periods individually for the sampled batches. We showed that the effect of antimicrobial exposure on the levels of AMR genes was complex and unique for each individual gene. Several antimicrobial classes had both negative and positive correlations with the AMR genes. From 10-42% of the variation in AMR gene levels could be explained in the final regression models, indicating that antimicrobial exposure is not the only important determinant of the AMR gene levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Camilla Birkegård
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Tariq Halasa
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kaare Græsbøll
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julie Clasen
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Folkesson
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nils Toft
- Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 204, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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De Smet J, Croubels S, De Backer P, Devreese M. Effect of administration route and dose alteration on sulfadiazine-trimethoprim plasma and intestinal concentrations in pigs. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:707-714. [PMID: 28668685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Potentiated sulfonamides, such as sulfadiazine-trimethoprim (SDZ-TRIM), are frequently used antimicrobials in both human and veterinary medicine. To optimise their use in relation to the emerging problem of resistance selection, this paper studied the impact of dose and administration route of SDZ-TRIM on the exposure of the gut microbiota to these antimicrobials. An animal experiment was conducted with 36 pigs, divided into six different treatment groups (n = 6). Three different administration routes were outlined: oral (PO) gavage, intramuscular (IM) injection and medicated feed, with 5-day therapy duration. Conventional dosing (30 mg SDZ-TRIM/kg bodyweight [BW]) and half dosing (15 mg SDZ-TRIM/kg BW) was performed for the oral routes in two applications per day. For the IM route, a conventional dose of 15 mg SDZ-TRIM/kg BW or a double dose of 30 mg SDZ-TRIM/kg BW was administered once daily. After daily collection of blood and faeces, the intestinal content of all animals was sampled in different gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments, and SDZ and TRIM were quantified. Remarkably, SDZ accumulated in distal GIT segments, independently of the administration route. High concentrations (mean ± standard deviation) up to 26.93 ± 8.36 µg/g, 11.15 ± 3.78 µg/g and 19.36 ± 1.86 µg/g after PO gavage, IM administration and medicated feed, respectively, were measured for SDZ. In contrast, TRIM concentrations decreased from proximal to distal segments and were mostly below the limit of quantification (0.025 µg/g). The high oral bioavailability of SDZ indicates gastrointestinal secretion is a substantial elimination route for SDZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joren De Smet
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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23
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A proposed analytic framework for determining the impact of an antimicrobial resistance intervention. Anim Health Res Rev 2017; 18:1-25. [PMID: 28506325 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252317000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial use (AMU) is increasingly threatened by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The FDA is implementing risk mitigation measures promoting prudent AMU in food animals. Their evaluation is crucial: the AMU/AMR relationship is complex; a suitable framework to analyze interventions is unavailable. Systems science analysis, depicting variables and their associations, would help integrate mathematics/epidemiology to evaluate the relationship. This would identify informative data and models to evaluate interventions. This National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis AMR Working Group's report proposes a system framework to address the methodological gap linking livestock AMU and AMR in foodborne bacteria. It could evaluate how AMU (and interventions) impact AMR. We will evaluate pharmacokinetic/dynamic modeling techniques for projecting AMR selection pressure on enteric bacteria. We study two methods to model phenotypic AMR changes in bacteria in the food supply and evolutionary genotypic analyses determining molecular changes in phenotypic AMR. Systems science analysis integrates the methods, showing how resistance in the food supply is explained by AMU and concurrent factors influencing the whole system. This process is updated with data and techniques to improve prediction and inform improvements for AMU/AMR surveillance. Our proposed framework reflects both the AMR system's complexity, and desire for simple, reliable conclusions.
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24
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Lekshmi M, Ammini P, Kumar S, Varela MF. The Food Production Environment and the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Pathogens of Animal Origin. Microorganisms 2017; 5:E11. [PMID: 28335438 PMCID: PMC5374388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Food-borne pathogens are a serious human health concern worldwide, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant food pathogens has further confounded this problem. Once-highly-efficacious antibiotics are gradually becoming ineffective against many important pathogens, resulting in severe treatment crises. Among several reasons for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance, their overuse in animal food production systems for purposes other than treatment of infections is prominent. Many pathogens of animals are zoonotic, and therefore any development of resistance in pathogens associated with food animals can spread to humans through the food chain. Human infections by antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are increasing. Considering the human health risk due to emerging antibiotic resistance in food animal-associated bacteria, many countries have banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters and the application in animals of antibiotics critically important in human medicine. Concerted global efforts are necessary to minimize the use of antimicrobials in food animals in order to control the development of antibiotic resistance in these systems and their spread to humans via food and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Lekshmi
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Parvathi Ammini
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Regional Centre, Dr. Salim Ali Road, Kochi 682018, India.
| | - Sanath Kumar
- QC Laboratory, Harvest and Post Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Seven Bungalows, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai 400061, India.
| | - Manuel F Varela
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA.
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25
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Burow E, Käsbohrer A. Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli in Pigs Receiving Oral Antimicrobial Treatment: A Systematic Review. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 23:194-205. [PMID: 27249658 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this literature review was to identify risk factors in addition to antimicrobial treatment for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurrence in commensal Escherichia coli in pigs. A variety of studies were searched in 2014 and 2015. Studies identified as potentially relevant were assessed against eligibility criteria such as observation or experiment (no review), presentation of risk factors in addition to (single dosage) antimicrobial use, risk factors for but not resulting from AMR, and the same antimicrobial used and tested. Thirteen articles (nine on observational, four on experimental studies) were finally selected as relevant. It was reported that space allowance, production size/stage, cleanliness, entry of animals and humans into herds, dosage/frequency/route of administration, time span between treatment and sampling date, herd size, distance to another farm, coldness, and season had an impact on AMR occurrence. Associations were shown by one to four studies per factor and differed in magnitude, direction, and level of significance. The risk of bias was unclear in nearly half of the information of observational studies and in most of the information from experimental studies. Further research on the effects of specific management practices is needed to develop well-founded management advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Burow
- Epidemiology, Zoonoses, and Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Epidemiology, Zoonoses, and Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin, Germany
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26
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Cameron A, McAllister TA. Antimicrobial usage and resistance in beef production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:68. [PMID: 27999667 PMCID: PMC5154118 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are critical to contemporary high-intensity beef production. Many different antimicrobials are approved for beef cattle, and are used judiciously for animal welfare, and controversially, to promote growth and feed efficiency. Antimicrobial administration provides a powerful selective pressure that acts on the microbial community, selecting for resistance gene determinants and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria resident in the bovine flora. The bovine microbiota includes many harmless bacteria, but also opportunistic pathogens that may acquire and propagate resistance genes within the microbial community via horizontal gene transfer. Antimicrobial-resistant bovine pathogens can also complicate the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in beef feedlots, threatening the efficiency of the beef production system. Likewise, the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes to bovine-associated human pathogens is a potential public health concern. This review outlines current antimicrobial use practices pertaining to beef production, and explores the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in major bovine pathogens. The effect of antimicrobials on the composition of the bovine microbiota is examined, as are the effects on the beef production resistome. Antimicrobial resistance is further explored within the context of the wider beef production continuum, with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance genes in the food chain, and risk to the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada ; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB Canada
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27
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Volkova VV, KuKanich B, Riviere JE. Exploring Post-Treatment Reversion of Antimicrobial Resistance in Enteric Bacteria of Food Animals as a Resistance Mitigation Strategy. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:610-617. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victoriya V. Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Butch KuKanich
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Sanchez-Maldonado AF, Aslam M, Service C, Narváez-Bravo C, Avery BP, Johnson R, Jones TH. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from two pork processing plants in Alberta, Canada. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 241:49-59. [PMID: 27750110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the frequency of Salmonella serovars on pig carcasses at various processing steps in two commercial pork processing plants in Alberta, Canada and characterized phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and PFGE patterns of the Salmonella isolates. Over a one year period, 1000 swab samples were collected from randomly selected pigs at two slaughter plants. Sampling points were: carcass swabs after bleeding (CSAB), carcass swabs after de-hairing (CSAD, plant A) or skinning (CSASk, plant B), carcass swabs after evisceration (CSAE), carcass swabs after pasteurization (CSAP, plant A) or washing (CSAW, plants B) and retail pork (RP). For plant A, 87% of CSAB and 8% of CSAE were positive for Salmonella while at plant B, Salmonella was recovered from 94% of CSAB and 10% of CSAE. Salmonella was not recovered from the RP samples at either plant, indicating that the plants used effective control measures. Salmonella enterica serovar Derby was the most common serotype (23%, 29/127) recovered in plant A and plant B (61%, 76/124). For plant A, 35% (45/127) of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Five isolates (3.9%), 4 serovar Ohio strains and one serovar I:Rough-O:I,v:-, strain were simultaneously resistant to antimicrobials of very high (Category I), high (Category II), and medium (Category III) importance to human medicine. The 4 S. Ohio isolates were recovered from 3 different steps of pork processing on the same sampling day and displayed resistance to 5-7 antimicrobials, with all of them displaying resistance to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone (Category I). An I:Rough-O:l,v:- isolate, recovered on a different sampling day, was resistant to 7 antimicrobials that included resistance to ampicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur and ceftriaxone (Category I). Salmonella strains isolated from plant A harbored 12 different AMR genes. The most prevalent genes were sul1, sul2, tet(A), tet(B), aadA, strA/strB, aac(3)IV and aphA1. For Salmonella isolates from plant B, 7 resistance genes were identified alone or in combination where tet(B) was found in 77 (62.3%) of the isolates. For plant A, 19 different PFGE subtypes of Salmonella isolates that displayed phenotypic and/or genotypic resistance were observed while 13 different PFGE subtypes were observed for plant B. The lack of detection of Salmonella on the surfaces of RP suggests that current pork processing practices can dramatically reduce Salmonella. Salmonella isolates from pig carcasses at various steps displayed multidrug resistance, including to those of very high importance in human medicine, which represent a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mueen Aslam
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Cara Service
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Claudia Narváez-Bravo
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Brent P Avery
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5B2, Canada
| | - Roger Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory @ Guelph, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Tineke H Jones
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada.
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Collineau L, Belloc C, Stärk KDC, Hémonic A, Postma M, Dewulf J, Chauvin C. Guidance on the Selection of Appropriate Indicators for Quantification of Antimicrobial Usage in Humans and Animals. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:165-184. [PMID: 27592024 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increasing variety of indicators of antimicrobial usage has become available in human and veterinary medicine, with no consensus on the most appropriate indicators to be used. The objective of this review is therefore to provide guidance on the selection of indicators, intended for those aiming to quantify antimicrobial usage based on sales, deliveries or reimbursement data. Depending on the study objective, different requirements apply to antimicrobial usage quantification in terms of resolution, comprehensiveness, stability over time, ability to assess exposure and comparability. If the aim is to monitor antimicrobial usage trends, it is crucial to use a robust quantification system that allows stability over time in terms of required data and provided output; to compare usage between different species or countries, comparability must be ensured between the different populations. If data are used for benchmarking, the system comprehensiveness is particularly crucial, while data collected to study the association between usage and resistance should express the exposure level and duration as a measurement of the exerted selection pressure. Antimicrobial usage is generally described as the number of technical units consumed normalized by the population at risk of being treated in a defined period. The technical units vary from number of packages to number of individuals treated daily by adding different levels of complexity such as daily dose or weight at treatment. These technical units are then related to a description of the population at risk, based either on biomass or number of individuals. Conventions and assumptions are needed for all of these calculation steps. However, there is a clear lack of standardization, resulting in poor transparency and comparability. By combining study requirements with available approaches to quantify antimicrobial usage, we provide suggestions on the most appropriate indicators and data sources to be used for a given study objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Collineau
- SAFOSO AG, Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - C Belloc
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Nantes, France
| | | | - A Hémonic
- IFIP - French Pork and Pig Institute, Le Rheu, France
| | - M Postma
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Dewulf
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Chauvin
- Anses - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Ploufragan, France
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30
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Dorado-García A, Mevius DJ, Jacobs JJH, Van Geijlswijk IM, Mouton JW, Wagenaar JA, Heederik DJ. Quantitative assessment of antimicrobial resistance in livestock during the course of a nationwide antimicrobial use reduction in the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3607-3619. [PMID: 27585970 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify associations between antimicrobial use and acquired resistance in indicator Escherichia coli over a period of time which involved sector-wide antimicrobial use reductions in broilers and pigs (years 2004-14), veal calves (2007-14) and dairy cattle (2005-14). Prevalence estimates of resistance were predicted for a hypothetical further decrease in antimicrobial use. METHODS Data reported annually for the resistance surveillance programme in the Netherlands were retrieved. Two multivariate random-effects logistic models per animal sector were used to relate total and class-specific antimicrobial use (as defined daily dosages per animal per year, DDDA/Y) with the probability of E. coli resistance to a panel of 10 antimicrobial agents. RESULTS Positive dose-response relationships (ORs) were obtained from all models. Specific resistance phenotypes were more often associated with total antimicrobial use than with class-specific use. The most robust associations were found in pigs and veal calves. Resistance to historically widely used antimicrobials (e.g. penicillins, tetracyclines) was, in relative terms, less influenced by drug use changes over time than resistance to newer or less prescribed antimicrobials (e.g. third-/fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones). In pigs and veal calves, prevalence estimates for the most common resistance phenotypes were projected to decline ∼5%-25% during 2014-16 if total antimicrobial use reduction reached 80%; projections for poultry and dairy cows were more modest. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological evidence indicated that drug use history and co-selection of resistance are key elements for perpetuation of resistance. Data suggest that recent Dutch policies aimed at reducing total use of antimicrobials have decreased E. coli resistance in the pig and veal calf production sectors while the impact on the dairy cattle and poultry sectors is less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dorado-García
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dik J Mevius
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - José J H Jacobs
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Van Geijlswijk
- The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W Mouton
- The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Heederik
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Veterinary Medicines Authority (SDa), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Administration of non-pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens type A to piglets in a herd affected with a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea. Animal 2016; 11:670-676. [PMID: 27574018 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial cocktail of living strains of Clostridium perfringens type A (CPA) without β2-toxin gene and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli was administered orally to newborn piglets before first colostrum intake and on 2 consecutive days on a farm with a high incidence of diarrhoea and antibiotic treatment in suckling piglets associated with E. coli and CPA. This clinical field study was driven by the hypothetic principle of competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria due to prior colonization of the gut mucosal surface by non-pathogenic strains of the same bacterial species with the aim of preventing disease. Although CPA strains used in this study did not produce toxins in vitro, their lack of pathogenicity cannot be conclusively confirmed. The health status of the herd was impaired by a high incidence of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome in sows (70%) and a high incidence of neonatal diarrhoea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli and CPA during the study. No obvious adverse effect of the bacterial treatment occurred. On average, more piglets were weaned in litters treated (P=0.009). Visual pathological alterations in the small intestinal wall were more frequent in dead piglets of the control group (P=0.004) and necrotizing enteritis was only found in that group. A higher average daily weight gain of piglets in the control group (P<0.001) may be due to an increased milk uptake due to less competition in the smaller litters. The bacterial cocktail was tested under field conditions for its potential to stabilize gut health status in suckling piglets before disease development due to colibacillosis and clostridial infections; however, the gut flora stabilizing effect of the bacterial cocktail was not clearly discernible in this study. Further basic research is needed to confirm the positive effects of the bacterial treatment used and to identify additional potential bacterial candidates for competitive exclusion.
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32
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Salmonella and Campylobacter : Antimicrobial resistance and bacteriophage control in poultry. Food Microbiol 2016; 53:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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33
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Paulson JA, Zaoutis TE. Nontherapeutic Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Animal Agriculture: Implications for Pediatrics. Pediatrics 2015; 136:e1670-7. [PMID: 26574594 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most serious threats to public health globally and threatens our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antimicrobial-resistant infections are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Infants and children are affected by transmission of susceptible and resistant food zoonotic pathogens through the food supply, direct contact with animals, and environmental pathways. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents in veterinary and human medicine is, in large part, responsible for the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Approximately 80% of the overall tonnage of antimicrobial agents sold in the United States in 2012 was for animal use, and approximately 60% of those agents are considered important for human medicine. Most of the use involves the addition of low doses of antimicrobial agents to the feed of healthy animals over prolonged periods to promote growth and increase feed efficiency or at a range of doses to prevent disease. These nontherapeutic uses contribute to resistance and create new health dangers for humans. This report describes how antimicrobial agents are used in animal agriculture, reviews the mechanisms of how such use contributes to development of resistance, and discusses US and global initiatives to curb the use of antimicrobial agents in agriculture.
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Effects of ceftiofur treatment on the susceptibility of commensal porcine E.coli--comparison between treated and untreated animals housed in the same stable. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:265. [PMID: 26472561 PMCID: PMC4608134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthy farm animals have been found to act as a reservoir of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli). Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the input of antimicrobial active ceftiofur metabolites in the stable via faeces and urine after intramuscular administration of the drug to pigs and the elucidation of the Escherichia coli ESBL resistance pattern of treated and untreated pigs housed in the same barn during therapy. Methods For determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) the method of microdilutionaccording to the recommended procedure of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute was used. Inaddition to that, a qualitative determination was performed by agar dilution. Unsusceptible E. coli speciesselected via agar dilution with cefotaxime were confirmed by MALDI-TOF and ESBL encoding genes wereidentified by PCR. The amounts of ceftiofur measured as desfuroylceftiofur (DFC) in the different probes (plasma, urine, faeces and dust) were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. Results In a first experiment two groups of pigs (6 animals per group) were housed in the same barn in two separated boxes. One group (group B) were treated with ceftiofur according to the licence (3 mg/kg administered intramuscularly (i.m.) on three consecutive days, day 1–3). During a second treatment period (day 29–31) an increased rate of ESBL resistant E. coli was detectable in these treated pigs and in the air of the stable. Moreover, the second group of animals (group A) formerly untreated but housed for the whole period in the same stable as the treated animals revealed increased resistance rates during their first treatment (day 45–47) with ceftiofur. In order to investigate the environmental input of ceftiofur during therapy and to simulate oral uptake of ceftiofur residues from the air of the stable a second set of experiments were performed. Pigs (6 animals) were treated with an interval of 2 weeks for 3 days with different doses of ceftiofur (3 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg i.m.) as well as with 3 mg/kg per os) and the renal and biliary excretion of ceftiofur as its active metabolite were measured in comparison to the plasma levels. In addition to that, probes of the sedimentation dust and the air of the stable were analysed for drug residues. Conclusion The present study shows that treatment of several animals in a stable with ceftiofur influences the resistance pattern of intestinal Escherichia coli of the treated as well as untreated animals housed in the same stable. During therapy with the drug which was administered by injection according to the licence we detected nameable amounts of ceftiofur and its active metabolites in the dust and air of the stable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0578-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Gibbons JF, Boland F, Egan J, Fanning S, Markey BK, Leonard FC. Antimicrobial Resistance of FaecalEscherichia coliIsolates from Pig Farms with Different Durations of In-feed Antimicrobial Use. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:241-50. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - F. Boland
- School of Mathematical Sciences; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - J. Egan
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory; DAFF Laboratories; Backweston, Co.; Kildare Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - B. K. Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - F. C. Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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36
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Agga GE, Scott HM. Use of generalized ordered logistic regression for the analysis of multidrug resistance data. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:374-9. [PMID: 26342790 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Statistical analysis of antimicrobial resistance data largely focuses on individual antimicrobial's binary outcome (susceptible or resistant). However, bacteria are becoming increasingly multidrug resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis of MDR data is mostly descriptive often with tabular or graphical presentations. Here we report the applicability of generalized ordinal logistic regression model for the analysis of MDR data. A total of 1,152 Escherichia coli, isolated from the feces of weaned pigs experimentally supplemented with chlortetracycline (CTC) and copper, were tested for susceptibilities against 15 antimicrobials and were binary classified into resistant or susceptible. The 15 antimicrobial agents tested were grouped into eight different antimicrobial classes. We defined MDR as the number of antimicrobial classes to which E. coli isolates were resistant ranging from 0 to 8. Proportionality of the odds assumption of the ordinal logistic regression model was violated only for the effect of treatment period (pre-treatment, during-treatment and post-treatment); but not for the effect of CTC or copper supplementation. Subsequently, a partially constrained generalized ordinal logistic model was built that allows for the effect of treatment period to vary while constraining the effects of treatment (CTC and copper supplementation) to be constant across the levels of MDR classes. Copper (Proportional Odds Ratio [Prop OR]=1.03; 95% CI=0.73-1.47) and CTC (Prop OR=1.1; 95% CI=0.78-1.56) supplementation were not significantly associated with the level of MDR adjusted for the effect of treatment period. MDR generally declined over the trial period. In conclusion, generalized ordered logistic regression can be used for the analysis of ordinal data such as MDR data when the proportionality assumptions for ordered logistic regression are violated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- U.S Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA.
| | - H Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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37
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Fertner M, Boklund A, Dupont N, Enøe C, Stege H, Toft N. Weaner production with low antimicrobial usage: a descriptive study. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:38. [PMID: 26183944 PMCID: PMC4504448 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health, productivity and antimicrobial use in the production of pigs are expected to be interrelated to some extent. Previous studies on register-based data have investigated these correlations with a subsequent large variation residing at the farm level. In order to study such farm factors in more detail we designed an elaborate interview-guide. By in-depth interviews of farmers with well-managed 7-30 kg (weaner) productions we sought to describe a set of common key-factors characterizing their management practices. Identification of such common practices could be used in follow-up projects, investigating whether identified factors really are characteristic for good-practicing famers. RESULTS Eleven farms were selected for a farm visit and in-depth interview. Participating farms used less antimicrobials than the national median (8.2 animal daily doses/100 weaners/day), had a mortality below the national average (2.9%) and an average daily weight gain above the national average (443 g/day). Similarities were observed among participating farms, including the sectioning of farms, use of all-in-all-out procedures with subsequent cleaning, purchasing 7 kg weaners from only one source, as well as active participation in management by a committed farm owner. Most farmers had a specific point of focus in their management, and were convinced that this was the reason for their success. This included; feeding, treatment strategy, refurbishment of facilities and presence in the shed. CONCLUSION According to register data, participating farms were alike; in the good league regarding use of antimicrobials, mortality and daily growth. However, on-farm interviews elucidated more heterogeneity among farmers than expected. Most of the farmers had a specific point of focus, which they considered to be crucial for their good results. These results indicate the importance of non-registerable factors, highlighting the value of qualitative study techniques in the understanding of human actions. Further studies on the effect of various farmer types are recommended.
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BOSMAN AB, WAGENAAR JA, STEGEMAN JA, VERNOOIJ JCM, MEVIUS DJ. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli in veal calves is associated with antimicrobial drug use. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:1893-904. [PMID: 24152540 PMCID: PMC9151215 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813002665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the association between farm management factors, including antimicrobial drug usage, and resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates from the faeces of white veal calves. Ninety E. coli isolates from one pooled sample per farm (n = 48) were tested for their phenotypical resistance against amoxicillin, tetracycline, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). Logistic regression analysis revealed the following risk factors (P < 0·05); farmer wearing the same work clothes for several days [ciprofloxacin, odds ratio (OR) 2·6; tetracycline, OR 2·4], administration of trimethoprim-sulfonamide combinations (TMP/SMX, OR 3·0; amoxicillin, OR 3·1; tetracycline, OR 2·6), ⩾0·3 animal daily dosage per production cycle (ADD/pc), quinolones (ciprofloxacin, OR 2·8), ⩾1·3 ADD/pc, penicillins (ciprofloxacin, OR 3·3; tetracycline, OR 3·4), 20-40 ADD/pc, tetracyclines (tetracycline, OR 3·2) and >40 ADD/pc, tetracyclines (tetracycline, OR 13·1; amoxicillin, OR 6·5). In this study antimicrobial resistance in commensal E. coli was mainly associated with antimicrobial drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. BOSMAN
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. WAGENAAR
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. STEGEMAN
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Farm Animal Health, The Netherlands
| | - J. C. M. VERNOOIJ
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Farm Animal Health, The Netherlands
| | - D. J. MEVIUS
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Hao H, Cheng G, Iqbal Z, Ai X, Hussain HI, Huang L, Dai M, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:288. [PMID: 24971079 PMCID: PMC4054498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Benefits and risks of antimicrobial drugs, used in food-producing animals, continue to be complex and controversial issues. This review comprehensively presents the benefits of antimicrobials drugs regarding control of animal diseases, protection of public health, enhancement of animal production, improvement of environment, and effects of the drugs on biogas production and public health associated with antimicrobial resistance. The positive and negative impacts, due to ban issue of antimicrobial agents used in food-producing animals, are also included in the discussion. As a double-edged sword, use of these drugs in food-animals persists as a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Hao
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zahid Iqbal
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Ai
- Yongtgz River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery SciencesWuhan, China
| | - Hafiz I. Hussain
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
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Forslund K, Sunagawa S, Coelho LP, Bork P. Metagenomic insights into the human gut resistome and the forces that shape it. Bioessays 2014; 36:316-29. [PMID: 24474281 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We show how metagenomic analysis of the human gut antibiotic resistome, compared across large populations and against environmental or agricultural resistomes, suggests a strong anthropogenic cause behind increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This area has been the subject of intense and polarized debate driven by economic and political concerns; therefore such recently available insights address an important need. We derive and compare antibiotic resistomes of human gut microbes from 832 individuals from ten different countries. We observe and describe significant differences between samples from these countries in the gut resistance potential, in line with expectations from antibiotic usage and exposure in medical and food production contexts. Our results imply roles for both of these sources in increased resistance among pathogens in recent history. In contrast, other available metadata such as age, body mass index, sex, or health status have little effect on the antibiotic resistance potential of human gut microbes. Also watch the Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Forslund
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
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Ludwig A, Berthiaume P, Boerlin P, Gow S, Léger D, Lewis FI. Identifying associations in Escherichia coli antimicrobial resistance patterns using additive Bayesian networks. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:64-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li J, Shao B, Shen J, Wang S, Wu Y. Occurrence of chloramphenicol-resistance genes as environmental pollutants from swine feedlots. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:2892-2897. [PMID: 23419160 DOI: 10.1021/es304616c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol-resistance genes could be propagated to the surrounding environment via agricultural application of swine waste. This study investigated the potential risks of chloramphenicol-resistance genes from swine feedlots and their surrounding environment. We applied a culture-independent method to investigate levels of chloramphenicol-resistance genes in the wastewater from swine feedlots and the correspondingly impacted agricultural fields in Beijing. The cmlA, floR, fexA, cfr, and fexB genes were present in all samples, with the highest absolute concentrations of 1.50 × 10(6) copies/g in soil and 6.69 × 10(6) copies/mL in wastewater. The concentration of chloramphenicol residue was determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), with the highest concentrations of 0.83 ng/g in soil and 11.5 ng/mL in wastewater. Significant correlations were found between chloramphenicol-resistance genes and chloramphenicol residues (r = 0.79, p = 0.0008) as well as between chloramphenicol-resistance genes in swine feedlots and corresponding agricultural soils (r = 0.84, p = 0.02). Consequently, swine feedlot wastewater could become a source of chloramphenicol-resistance genes, which could then lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance and eventually pose a risk to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the occurrence of floR, fexA, cfr, and fexB genes in the environment using a culture-independent method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Development and Evaluation of Chemical and Herbal Drugs for Animal Use, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3435-40. [PMID: 23401528 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222743110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1503] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging contaminants posing a potential worldwide human health risk. Intensive animal husbandry is believed to be a major contributor to the increased environmental burden of ARGs. Despite the volume of antibiotics used in China, little information is available regarding the corresponding ARGs associated with animal farms. We assessed type and concentrations of ARGs at three stages of manure processing to land disposal at three large-scale (10,000 animals per year) commercial swine farms in China. In-feed or therapeutic antibiotics used on these farms include all major classes of antibiotics except vancomycins. High-capacity quantitative PCR arrays detected 149 unique resistance genes among all of the farm samples, the top 63 ARGs being enriched 192-fold (median) up to 28,000-fold (maximum) compared with their respective antibiotic-free manure or soil controls. Antibiotics and heavy metals used as feed supplements were elevated in the manures, suggesting the potential for coselection of resistance traits. The potential for horizontal transfer of ARGs because of transposon-specific ARGs is implicated by the enrichment of transposases--the top six alleles being enriched 189-fold (median) up to 90,000-fold in manure--as well as the high correlation (r(2) = 0.96) between ARG and transposase abundance. In addition, abundance of ARGs correlated directly with antibiotic and metal concentrations, indicating their importance in selection of resistance genes. Diverse, abundant, and potentially mobile ARGs in farm samples suggest that unmonitored use of antibiotics and metals is causing the emergence and release of ARGs to the environment.
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Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative organisms in livestock: an emerging problem for human health? Drug Resist Updat 2013; 16:22-45. [PMID: 23395305 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. are important human pathogens. Serious infections due to these organisms are usually treated with extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). However, in the past two decades we have faced a rapid increasing of infections and colonization caused by ESC-resistant (ESC-R) isolates due to production of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated AmpCs (pAmpCs) and/or carbapenemase enzymes. This situation limits drastically our therapeutic armamentarium and puts under peril the human health. Animals are considered as potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative organisms. The massive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine has contributed to the selection of ESC-R E. coli, ESC-R Salmonella spp. and, to less extent, MDR Acinetobacter spp. among animals, food, and environment. This complex scenario is responsible for the expansion of these MDR organisms which may have life-threatening clinical significance. Nowadays, the prevalence of food-producing animals carrying ESC-R E. coli and ESC-R Salmonella (especially those producing CTX-M-type ESBLs and the CMY-2 pAmpC) has reached worryingly high values. More recently, the appearance of carbapenem-resistant isolates (i.e., VIM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae and NDM-1 or OXA-23-producing Acinetobacter spp.) in livestock has even drawn greater concerns. In this review, we describe the aspects related to the spread of the above MDR organisms among pigs, cattle, and poultry, focusing on epidemiology, molecular mechanisms of resistance, impact of antibiotic use, and strategies to contain the overall problem. The link and the impact of ESC-R organisms of livestock origin for the human scenario are also discussed.
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45
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Moreno MA. Survey of quantitative antimicrobial consumption in two different pig finishing systems. Vet Rec 2012; 171:325. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Moreno
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense; Madrid 28040 Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense; Avda. de Puerta de Hierro, s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
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Abstract
Antimicrobials are valuable therapeutics whose efficacy is seriously compromised by the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. The provision of antibiotics to food animals encompasses a wide variety of nontherapeutic purposes that include growth promotion. The concern over resistance emergence and spread to people by nontherapeutic use of antimicrobials has led to conflicted practices and opinions. Considerable evidence supported the removal of nontherapeutic antimicrobials (NTAs) in Europe, based on the "precautionary principle." Still, concrete scientific evidence of the favorable versus unfavorable consequences of NTAs is not clear to all stakeholders. Substantial data show elevated antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with animals fed NTAs and their food products. This resistance spreads to other animals and humans-directly by contact and indirectly via the food chain, water, air, and manured and sludge-fertilized soils. Modern genetic techniques are making advances in deciphering the ecological impact of NTAs, but modeling efforts are thwarted by deficits in key knowledge of microbial and antibiotic loads at each stage of the transmission chain. Still, the substantial and expanding volume of evidence reporting animal-to-human spread of resistant bacteria, including that arising from use of NTAs, supports eliminating NTA use in order to reduce the growing environmental load of resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie M. Marshall
- Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology
| | - Stuart B. Levy
- Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mateus A, Brodbelt DC, Barber N, Stärk KDC. Antimicrobial usage in dogs and cats in first opinion veterinary practices in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:515-21. [PMID: 21824147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01098.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide baseline data on patterns of antimicrobial usage in dogs and cats through the analysis of data stored in electronic practice management systems. METHODS Clinical data from 11 first opinion veterinary practices were extracted for the year 2007. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to assess the usage of antimicrobials. RESULTS Widespread usage of systemic broad-spectrum antimicrobials was observed. Antimicrobials most frequently used in both species were potentiated amoxicillin (44·4% and 46.1% in cats and dogs, respectively) and amoxicillin (14·3% and 20·7%). Cephalexin (13·4%) and cefovecin (15·0%) were also commonly used in dogs and cats, respectively. Systemic critically important antimicrobials in human medicine were widely used in dogs (60·5%) and cats (82·7%). Topical antimicrobials used in both species included fusidic acid (48·4% and 54·8%), framycetin (20·4% and 13·4%), polymyxin B (12·6% and 9·3%) and neomycin (6·5% and 6·6%). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Inappropriate usage of broad-spectrum antimicrobials may contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance and loss of efficacy of antimicrobials in veterinary settings. Data recorded in practice management systems were demonstrated to be a practical source for monitoring antimicrobial usage in pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mateus
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Campus, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX
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Walczak JJ, Bardy SL, Feriancikova L, Xu S. Influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of manure-derived Escherichia coli in saturated porous media. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:1681-90. [PMID: 21211813 PMCID: PMC3030193 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, tetracycline resistant (tet(R)) and tetracycline susceptible (tet(S)) Escherichia coli isolates were retrieved from dairy manure and the influence of tetracycline resistance on the transport of E. coli in saturated porous media was investigated through laboratory column transport experiments. Experimental results showed that tet(R)E. coli strains had higher mobility than the tet(S) strains in saturated porous media. Measurements of cell surface properties suggested that tet(R)E. coli strains exhibited lower zeta potentials than the tet(S) strains. Because the surface of clean quartz sands is negatively charged, the repulsive electrostatic double layer (EDL) interaction between the tet(R) cells and the surface of sands was stronger and thus facilitated the transport of the tet(R) cells. Although no difference was observed in surface acidity, cell size, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) sugar content and cell-bound protein levels between the tet(R) and tet(S) strains, they displayed distinct outer membrane protein (OMP) profiles. It was likely that the difference in OMPs, some potentially related to drug efflux pumps, between the tet(R) and tet(S) strains led to alteration in cell surface properties which in turn affected cell transport in saturated porous media. Findings from this research suggested that manure-derived tet(R)E. coli could spread more widely in the groundwater system and pose serious public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Walczak
- Department of Geosciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Sonia L. Bardy
- Department of Biological Sciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Lucia Feriancikova
- Department of Geosciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Shangping Xu
- Department of Geosciences, 3209 N Maryland Ave, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211
- Corresponding author, , phone: 414-229-6148
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Jiang HX, Lü DH, Chen ZL, Wang XM, Chen JR, Liu YH, Liao XP, Liu JH, Zeng ZL. High prevalence and widespread distribution of multi-resistant Escherichia coli isolates in pigs and poultry in China. Vet J 2011; 187:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Wang XM, Liao XP, Zhang WJ, Jiang HX, Sun J, Zhang MJ, He XF, Lao DX, Liu YH. Prevalence of serogroups, virulence genotypes, antimicrobial resistance, and phylogenetic background of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in south of China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:1099-106. [PMID: 20618074 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is an important respiratory pathogen of poultry. A variety of virulence-associated genes and serogroups are associated with avian colibacillosis caused by APEC strains. One hundred forty-eight E. coli isolates recovered from diagnosed cases of avian colibacillosis from Guangdong province between 2005 and 2008 were serotyped, and characterized for virulence-associated genes, phylogenetic backgrounds, antibiotic susceptibility, and genetic relatedness. Associations between virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance were further analyzed. Although 148 APEC isolates belonged to 21 different serogroups, 81% were of one of eight serogroups: O65 (27%), O78 (10%), O8 (9%), O120 (9%), O2 (7%), O92 (6%), O108 (5%), and O26 (5%). Polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the most prevalent gene was traT (90%), followed by iroN (63%), fimH (58%), hlyF (55%), cvaC (54%), and sitA (51%). The APEC strains mainly belonged to groups A (73%) and D (14%). Multiple antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes (greater than or equal to three antimicrobials) were detected in all E. coli isolates, with the majority of isolates displaying resistance to tetracycline (97%), sulfamethoxazole (93%) and fluoroquinolones (87% for ciprofloxacin and 84% for enrofloxacin), chloramphenicol (74%), and florfenicol (66%). All E. coli isolates were further genetically characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. A total of 125 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles were obtained, implying that the multiresistant E. coli isolates carrying virulence-associated genes and belonging to multiple serogroups were not derived from a specific clone, but represented a wide variety of chromosomal backgrounds. Statistical analysis showed that several virulence-associated genes were significantly present in APEC isolates susceptibility to multiple antimicrobials. The findings demonstrate that a wide variety of serogroups and potential virulence genes, multiple-resistances, and the clear association of susceptibility and virulence genes have commonly emerged in APEC strains, and these also suggest that antimicrobials should be prudently used to reduce the emergence and spread of resistant strains carrying virulence-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Wang
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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