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Steeneveld W, van den Borne BHP, Kok A, Rodenburg TB, Hogeveen H. Quantifying multiple burdens of dairy cattle production diseases and reproductive inefficiency: current knowledge and proposed metrics. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01014-2. [PMID: 39033919 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The economic burden of diseases and reproductive inefficiency in dairy cattle is evident and has been quantified. Dairy diseases and reproductive inefficiency are however associated with other issues as well, including animal welfare, environmental pressure, and public health risks. Quantifying these other issues is becoming important to help farmers making decisions. Quantification of the non-economic burdens of diseases and reproductive inefficiency is rare and lacks an overview of approaches and metrics. The first aim of this paper is to provide trends for associating diseases and reproductive inefficiency with economic and non-economic burdens of disease. The second aim is to provide a review of approaches and metrics used to quantify the non-economic burdens of disease and reproductive inefficiency. For the economic burden of diseases and reproductive performance, only an overview of the approaches used to quantify the burden is provided. The final aim is to propose approaches and metrics for future quantification of non-economic burdens caused by individual diseases. A literature search was conducted in Web of Science to identify scientific articles on mastitis, lameness, metabolic disorders and reproductive inefficiency in dairy cows. The search was restricted to articles published between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2022 and resulted in 7,565 articles. The total number of articles that mentioned the economic, animal welfare, public health, and environmental burden was 1,253, 428, 291, and 77, respectively. An increase in the percentage of articles mentioning the economic, animal welfare, and public health burden is observed between 2010 and 2022. Despite the 2,049 articles that mentioned one of the burdens, the results showed that approximately 10% of the articles quantified one or more of these burdens. The economic burden of diseases and reproductive inefficiency has been quantified in 154 articles and very few articles quantified the non-economic burdens (9 articles for environment, 29 articles for public health and 2 articles for animal welfare). Eleven articles were identified that quantified multiple burdens, and in all these studies the economic burden was combined with a non-economic burden through a modeling approach (mainly simulation). We propose to link the non-economic burdens to biological simulation models, and thus develop bio-burden simulation models. Well-established approaches and metrics can be used to quantify economic, environmental, and public health burdens. For the economic impact, costs per cow per year can be assessed. A life cycle assessment can be performed for environmental impact and the public health impact can be assessed by a defined daily dose for antimicrobial use and disability-adjusted life years for zoonotic diseases. Regarding animal welfare, approaches and metrics to quantify the welfare impact of a diseased animal are not well established. For animal welfare, we propose a welfare-adjusted life years approach. The mentioned approaches and metrics are a proposal, and it is up to the scientific community to use them or, based on empirics and research experience, propose changes so that we will end up with robust approaches and metrics that enable us to compare research results and provide more evidence for animal health decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Steeneveld
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - B H P van den Borne
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A Kok
- Wageningen Economic Research, Wageningen University and Research, Pr. Beatrixlaan 582 - 528, 2595 BM Den Haag, the Netherlands
| | - T B Rodenburg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Department of Social Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Rodriguez Z, Cabrera VE, Hogeveen H, Ruegg PL. Economic impact of subclinical mastitis treatment in early lactation using intramammary nisin. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4634-4645. [PMID: 38278296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Treatment of subclinical mastitis (SCM) during lactation is rarely recommended due to concerns related to both antimicrobial usage and the costs associated with milk discard. Nisin is a naturally produced antimicrobial peptide with a gram-positive spectrum that, when given to dairy cows, does not require milk discard. We evaluated the economic impact of the treatment of SCM during early lactation using a nisin-based intramammary treatment under different scenarios that included various treatment costs, milk prices, and cure rates. We stochastically simulated the dynamics of SCM detected during the first week of lactation. The net economic impact was expressed in US dollars per case. The probabilities of an event and their related costs were estimated using a model that was based on pathogen-specific assumptions selected from peer-reviewed articles. Nisin cure rates were based on results of pivotal studies included in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval submission. Based on our model, the average cost of a case of intramammary infection (i.e., only true-positive cases) in early lactation was $170 (90% = $148-$187), whereas the cost of a clinical mastitis case was $521 (90% range = $435-$581). Both estimates varied with etiology, parity, and stage of lactation. When comparing the net cost of SCM cases (i.e., CMT-positive tests) detected during the first week of lactation, nisin treatment generated an average positive economic impact of $19 per CMT-positive case. The use of nisin to treat SCM was beneficial 93% of the time. Based on the sensitivity analysis, treatment would result in an economically beneficial outcome for 95% and 73% of multiparous and primiparous cows, respectively. At the herd level, use of intramammary nisin to treat SCM in cows in early lactation was economically beneficial in most tested scenarios. However, the economic impact was highly influenced by factors such as rate of bacteriological cure, cost of treatment, and parity of the affected animal. These factors should be considered when deciding to use nisin as a treatment for SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelmar Rodriguez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.
| | - Victor E Cabrera
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6706 KN, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela L Ruegg
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Singha S, Koop G, Rahman MM, Ceciliani F, Addis MF, Howlader MMR, Hossain MK, Piccinini R, Locatelli C, Persson Y, Bronzo V. Pathogen group-specific risk factors for intramammary infection in water buffalo. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299929. [PMID: 38573969 PMCID: PMC10994383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) associated bacteria and to identify risk factors for pathogen group-specific IMI in water buffalo in Bangladesh. A California Mastitis Test (CMT) and bacteriological cultures were performed on 1,374 quarter milk samples collected from 763 water buffalo from 244 buffalo farms in nine districts in Bangladesh. Quarter, buffalo, and farm-related data were obtained through questionnaires and visual observations. A total of 618 quarter samples were found to be culture positive. Non-aureus staphylococci were the predominant IMI-associated bacterial species, and Staphylococcus (S.) chromogenes, S. hyicus, and S. epidermidis were the most common bacteria found. The proportion of non-aureus staphylococci or Mammaliicoccus sciuri (NASM), S. aureus, and other bacterial species identified in the buffalo quarter samples varied between buffalo farms. Therefore, different management practices, buffalo breeding factors, and nutrition were considered and further analyzed when estimating the IMI odds ratio (OR). The odds of IMI by any pathogen (OR: 1.8) or by NASM (OR: 2.2) was high in buffalo herds with poor milking hygiene. Poor cleanliness of the hind quarters had a high odds of IMI caused by any pathogen (OR: 2.0) or NASM (OR: 1.9). Twice daily milking (OR: 3.1) and farms with buffalo purchased from another herd (OR: 2.0) were associated with IMI by any pathogen. Asymmetrical udders were associated with IMI-caused by any bacteria (OR: 1.7). A poor body condition score showed higher odds of IMI by any pathogen (OR: 1.4) or by NASM (OR: 1.7). This study shows that the prevalence of IMI in water buffalo was high and varied between farms. In accordance with the literature, our data highlight that IMI can be partly controlled through better farm management, primarily by improving hygiene, milking management, breeding, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvo Singha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Sustainable Ruminant Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Md. Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Md. Matiar Rahman Howlader
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Kawser Hossain
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Surgery and Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Clara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Ylva Persson
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, Bangladesh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Veterinary Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valerio Bronzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali (MiLab), Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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Locatelli C, Gattolin S, Monistero V, Castiglioni B, Moroni P, Addis MF, Cremonesi P. Staphylococcus aureus coa gene sequence analysis can prevent misidentification of coagulase-negative strains and contribute to their control in dairy cow herds. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1120305. [PMID: 37250045 PMCID: PMC10213915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1120305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate and precise differentiation of staphylococci isolated from milk is of importance for udder health management. In particular, the rapid and specific identification of Staphylococcus aureus plays an essential role in the prevention and treatment programs for bovine mastitis. Plasma gelatinization in coagulase assays is routinely used to discriminate S. aureus from other species by detecting the presence of extracellular free staphylocoagulase. However, rarely occurring coagulase-deficient S. aureus strains can be responsible for clinical and subclinical mastitis cases. By investigating S. aureus isolates from a single herd over a 10-year period we identified the persistence of a phenotypically coagulase-negative S. aureus strain and pinpointed the possible cause to a single base pair deletion in the coa gene sequence. Our results support the need to integrate primary biochemical tests with molecular/sequence analysis approaches for correctly identifying and discriminating atypical S. aureus in bovine herds, as the coagulase test alone may fail to detect persistent mastitis-causing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Locatelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefano Gattolin
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
| | - Valentina Monistero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Bianca Castiglioni
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paolo Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Italian National Research Council, Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
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Exel CE, Geus YD, Spaninks M, Koop G, Benedictus L. Colonization of Extramammary Sites with Mastitis-Associated S. aureus Strains in Dairy Goats. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040515. [PMID: 37111401 PMCID: PMC10140999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a major mastitis pathogen in dairy goats, is classified as a contagious pathogen. Although previous research has shown that extramammary body sites can be colonized with S. aureus, it is unknown whether these sites are reservoirs for intramammary infections. The aim of this research was to determine whether extramammary sites can be colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains in dairy goats. Milk samples were collected from 207 primiparous goats and from 120 of these goats, extramammary site samples (hock, groin, nares, vulva and udder) were collected from a large commercial dairy goat herd in the Netherlands during four sampling visits. Extramammary site swabs and milk samples were (selectively) cultured and S. aureus isolates were spa genotyped. The prevalence of colonization of the extramammary sites at goat level was 51.7% and the prevalence of S. aureus intramammary infections was 7.2%. The nares were colonized most frequently (45%), while the groin area was colonized the least (2.5%). Six spa genotypes were identified in this herd and there was no significant difference in the distribution of spa genotypes between the milk or the extramammary sites (p = 0.141). Both in the extramammary sites and in the milk, spa genotypes t544 (82.3% and 53.3%) and t1236 (22.6% and 33.3%) were the dominant genotypes. These results show that in goats, extramammary sites, particularly the nares, are frequently colonized with mastitis-associated S. aureus strains. Extramammary sites may, thus, be a source of S. aureus intramammary infections that are not targeted by the intervention measures aimed at preventing transmission from infected udder glands.
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Maisano AM, Luini M, Gazzola A, Sala L, Vezzoli F, Bertocchi L, Lorenzi V, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Bergagna S, Romano A, Scaltriti E, Bolzoni L, Ivanovic I, Romanò A, Graber HU. Staphylococcus aureus adlb gene is associated with high prevalence of intramammary infection in dairy herds of northern Italy: A cross-sectional study. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3421-3435. [PMID: 36907760 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis pathogen in dairy cattle worldwide, responsible for substantial economic losses. Environmental factors, milking routine, and good maintenance of milking equipment have been described as important factors to prevent intramammary infections (IMI). Staphylococcus aureus IMI can be widespread within the farm or the infection can be limited to few animals. Several studies have reported that Staph. aureus genotypes differ in their ability to spread within a herd. In particular, Staph. aureus belonging to ribosomal spacer PCR genotype B (GTB)/clonal complex 8 (CC8) is associated with high within-herd prevalence of IMI, whereas other genotypes are generally associated with individual cow disease. The adlb gene seems to be strictly related to Staph. aureus GTB/CC8, and is a potential marker of contagiousness. We investigated Staph. aureus IMI prevalence in 60 herds in northern Italy. In the same farms, we assessed specific indicators linked to milking management (e.g., teat condition score and udder hygiene score) and additional milking risk factors for IMI spread. Ribosomal spacer-PCR and adlb-targeted PCR were performed on 262 Staph. aureus isolates, of which 77 underwent multilocus sequence typing. In most of the herds (90%), a predominant genotype was identified, especially Staph. aureus CC8 (30%). In 19 of 60 herds, the predominant circulating Staph. aureus was adlb-positive and the observed IMI prevalence was relevant. Moreover, the adlb gene was detected only in genotypes of CC8 and CC97. Statistical analysis showed a strong association between the prevalence of Staph. aureus IMI, the specific CCs, and carriage of adlb, with the predominant circulating CC and presence of the gene alone explaining the total variation. Interestingly, the difference in the odds ratio obtained in the models for CC8 and CC97 suggests that it is carriage of the adlb gene, rather than the circulation of these CCs per se, that leads to higher within-herd prevalence of Staph. aureus. In addition, the model showed that environmental and milking management factors had no or minimal effect on Staph. aureus IMI prevalence. In conclusion, the circulation of adlb-positive Staph. aureus strains within a herd has a strong effect on the prevalence of IMI. Thus, adlb can be proposed as a genetic marker of contagiousness for Staph. aureus IMI in cattle. However, further analyses using whole-genome sequencing are required to understand the role of genes other than adlb that may be involved in the mechanisms of contagiousness of Staph. aureus strains associated with high prevalence of IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Gazzola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Bertocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Reparto Produzione e Controllo Materiale Biologico, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - V Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Reparto Produzione e Controllo Materiale Biologico, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - S Bergagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Laboratorio Benessere Animale, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - A Romano
- Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - E Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Exel CE, Gerritsen K, Spaninks M, Duim B, Koop G, Benedictus L. Association of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes with milk or colonization of extramammary sites in Dutch dairy cattle indicates strain variation in reservoirs for intramammary infections. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:138-144. [PMID: 36592563 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major mastitis pathogen with a detrimental impact on udder health in dairy cattle. Although S. aureus is generally classified as a contagious mastitis pathogen, control measures aimed at preventing contagious transmission are not always effective. Previous studies showed that various extramammary sites can be colonized with S. aureus and could be a reservoir for S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus extramammary site colonization in Dutch dairy cattle and to compare the spa genotypes of S. aureus isolates from IMI to spa genotypes of isolates from extramammary sites. Six herds were visited and from cows with a composite milk somatic cell count ≥200,000 cells/mL quarter milk samples and swabs from various extramammary sites (hock, groin, udder cleft, nares, and feces) were taken. Extramammary site samples were processed by a two-step high salt selective culture and presence of S. aureus was confirmed by femA PCR. S. aureus isolates from milk and extramammary sites were compared by spa typing. The cow level colonization varied from 0% to 73%, and the prevalence of IMI in the sampled cows varied from 0% to 61% between herds. The extramammary site with the highest prevalence of colonization was the hock (23%) and the lowest prevalence of colonization was found for the nares (5%) and feces (5%). Spa typing of S. aureus isolates from either extramammary sites or milk showed that in most herds there were one or two predominant S. aureus spa genotypes present. Different S. aureus spa genotypes could be categorized into three groups based on the distribution between milk or extramammary sites: i) predominantly milk associated, ii) associated with both milk and extramammary sites, and iii) associated with extramammary sites. In conclusion, we showed that the prevalence of extramammary site colonization differed significantly between herds and extramammary sites and that specific S. aureus spa genotypes were associated with milk (IMI) or extramammary site colonization. Extramammary S. aureus reservoirs could be a source for IMI that cannot be eradicated by intervention measures aimed at contagious mastitis pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina E Exel
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kim Gerritsen
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Rodrigues RA, Pizauro LJL, Varani ADM, de Almeida CC, Silva SR, Cardozo MV, MacInnes JI, Kropinski AM, Melo PDC, Ávila FA. Comparative genomics study of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cattle and humans reveals virulence patterns exclusively associated with bovine clinical mastitis strains. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1033675. [PMID: 36419431 PMCID: PMC9676464 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1033675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes nosocomial and intramammary infections in humans and cattle, respectively. A large number of virulence factors are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Currently, genome-wide and data-analysis studies are being used to better understand its epidemiology. In this study, we conducted a genome wide comparison and phylogenomic analyses of S. aureus to find specific virulence patterns associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis strains in cattle and compare them with those of human origin. The presence/absence of key virulence factors such as adhesin, biofilm, antimicrobial resistance, and toxin genes, as well as the phylogeny and sequence type of the isolates were evaluated. A total of 248 genomes (27 clinical mastitis, 43 subclinical mastitis, 21 milk, 53 skin-related abscesses, 49 skin infections, and 55 pus from cellulitis) isolated from 32 countries were evaluated. We found that the cflA, fnbA, ebpS, spa, sdrC, coa, emp, vWF, atl, sasH, sasA, and sasF adhesion genes, as well as the aur, hglA, hglB, and hglC toxin genes were highly associated in clinical mastitis strains. The strains had diverse genetic origins (72 protein A and 48 sequence types with ST97, ST8 and ST152 being frequent in isolates from clinical mastitis, abscess, and skin infection, respectively). Further, our phylogenomic analyses suggested that zoonotic and/or zooanthroponotic transmission may have occurred. These findings contribute to a better understanding of S. aureus epidemiology and the relationships between adhesion mechanisms, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and toxins and could aid in the development of improved vaccines and strain genotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romário Alves Rodrigues
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro de Mello Varani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Chioda de Almeida
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saura Rodrigues Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marita Vedovelli Cardozo
- Laboratory of Microorganism Physiology, Minas Gerais State University, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Janet I. MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Kropinski
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Poliana de Castro Melo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Ávila
- Department of Reproduction Pathology and One Health, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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