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Catarino MD, García CJ, García-Villalba R, Silva AMS, Campos DA, Manuela Pintado M, Neves B, Cardoso SM, Tomás-Barberán FA. Exploring the fate of phlorotannins from Laminaria digitata across the gastrointestinal tract: Insights into susceptibility and bioactivity prior and post gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2024; 191:114641. [PMID: 39059898 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Phlorotannins are phenolic compounds exclusive from brown macroalgae endowed with promising bioactive properties. However, considering that diet is their main route of entrance to our system, gastrointestinal digestion might affect such bioactive properties. Here, phlorotannin extracts obtained from Laminaria digitata were submitted to simulated gastrointestinal digestion to evaluate its impact on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, a reduction of the total phlorotannin content along the gastrointestinal tract was noticed, although the antioxidant activity measured in vitro via NO● and O2●- scavenging assays, maintained almost the same. The crude extract (70 % v/v acetone) exhibited superior inhibition of NO● release on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells after digestion. In contrast, the opposite occurred to the phlorotannin-purified extract, indicating that the digestive process favors the anti-inflammatory properties of the former but not the latter. Data collected from UHPLC-MS analysis revealed that the fuhalol and carmalol-type compounds were completely absent from the digested phlorotannin-purified extract, which could partly explain its lower anti-inflammatory activity compared with its non-digested counterpart. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of gastrointestinal digestion on the bioactivity profile of L. digitata phlorotannins, demonstrating that fuhalols and carmalols are particularly susceptible to the digestive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo D Catarino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos J García
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Villalba
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Débora A Campos
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Pintado
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Neves
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, PO Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
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Impact of Gastrointestinal Digestion on the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Phlorotannins from Himanthalia elongata. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081518. [PMID: 36009238 PMCID: PMC9405269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A phlorotannin extract was obtained from Himanthalia elongata, revealing a profile rich in fucophlorethol-type and carmalol-type compounds. When subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion, its levels of total phlorotannins and antioxidant activity, measured in vitro via NO● and O2●− scavenging assays, were reduced, thus suggesting that these compounds’ integrity and bioactivity are negatively affected by the digestive process. Nevertheless, when undigested vs. digested extracts were used on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 macrophages, both showed a strong inhibitory effect on the cellular NO● production. In fact, although not statistically significant, the digested extract revealed a tendentially stronger effect compared to its undigested counterpart, suggesting that even though there is a decrease in the phlorotannins’ concentration after digestion, with a consequent loss of their scavenging properties, the possible degradation products being formed may exert their effects through the modulation of the intracellular signaling mechanisms. Overall, this study not only contributes to a better understanding of the phlorotannins’ composition of the species H. elongata, but also shows that, although the digestive process may affect the integrity and concentration of these compounds, this does not necessarily translate into loss of bioactivity, in particular the anti-inflammatory activity, probably owing to the bioactive effects that the degradation products of these phenolics may have at an intracellular level.
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Ishige okamurae Ameliorates Methylglyoxal-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Reducing Oxidative Stress, RAGE Protein Expression, and Modulating MAPK, Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway in Mouse Glomerular Mesangial Cells. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092000. [PMID: 34574110 PMCID: PMC8471766 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) such as methylglyoxal (MGO) play a vital role in the pathogenesis of nephropathy, a diabetic complication. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-glycation and renal protective properties of Ishige okamurae extract (IOE) against AGE-induced oxidative stress. HPLC analysis confirmed that bioactive phlorotannins such as diphlorethohydroxycarmalol and ishophloroglucin A are predominantly present in IOE. IOE showed strong anti-glycation activities via inhibition of AGE formation, inhibition of AGE-protein cross-linking, and breaking of AGE-protein cross-links. In addition, in vitro studies using mesangial cells demonstrated that IOE effectively suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species production, intracellular MGO accumulation, and apoptotic cell death by MGO-induced oxidative stress, in addition to regulating the expression of proteins involved in the receptor for AGEs and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response elements (ARE) signaling pathways. Therefore, IOE can serve as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of AGE-related nephropathy.
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Reynolds D, Huesemann M, Edmundson S, Sims A, Hurst B, Cady S, Beirne N, Freeman J, Berger A, Gao S. Viral inhibitors derived from macroalgae, microalgae, and cyanobacteria: A review of antiviral potential throughout pathogenesis. ALGAL RES 2021; 57:102331. [PMID: 34026476 PMCID: PMC8128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are abiotic obligate parasites utilizing complex mechanisms to hijack cellular machinery and reproduce, causing multiple harmful effects in the process. Viruses represent a growing global health concern; at the time of writing, COVID-19 has killed at least two million people around the world and devastated global economies. Lingering concern regarding the virus' prevalence yet hampers return to normalcy. While catastrophic in and of itself, COVID-19 further heralds in a new era of human-disease interaction characterized by the emergence of novel viruses from natural sources with heretofore unseen frequency. Due to deforestation, population growth, and climate change, we are encountering more viruses that can infect larger groups of people with greater ease and increasingly severe outcomes. The devastation of COVID-19 and forecasts of future human/disease interactions call for a creative reconsideration of global response to infectious disease. There is an urgent need for accessible, cost-effective antiviral (AV) drugs that can be mass-produced and widely distributed to large populations. Development of AV drugs should be informed by a thorough understanding of viral structure and function as well as human biology. To maximize efficacy, minimize cost, and reduce development of drug-resistance, these drugs would ideally operate through a varied set of mechanisms at multiple stages throughout the course of infection. Due to their abundance and diversity, natural compounds are ideal for such comprehensive therapeutic interventions. Promising sources of such drugs are found throughout nature; especially remarkable are the algae, a polyphyletic grouping of phototrophs that produce diverse bioactive compounds. While not much literature has been published on the subject, studies have shown that these compounds exert antiviral effects at different stages of viral pathogenesis. In this review, we follow the course of viral infection in the human body and evaluate the AV effects of algae-derived compounds at each stage. Specifically, we examine the AV activities of algae-derived compounds at the entry of viruses into the body, transport through the body via the lymph and blood, infection of target cells, and immune response. We discuss what is known about algae-derived compounds that may interfere with the infection pathways of SARS-CoV-2; and review which algae are promising sources for AV agents or AV precursors that, with further investigation, may yield life-saving drugs due to their diversity of mechanisms and exceptional pharmaceutical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Amy Sims
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Chemical and Biological Signatures Group, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Sherry Cady
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Nathan Beirne
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Freeman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA, USA
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Kim MS, Oh GW, Jang YM, Ko SC, Park WS, Choi IW, Kim YM, Jung WK. Antimicrobial hydrogels based on PVA and diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) derived from brown alga Ishige okamurae: An in vitro and in vivo study for wound dressing application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 107:110352. [PMID: 31761165 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we fabricated polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels containing diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) from Ishige okamurae for its anti-bacterial effect in wound-dressing applications. First, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of DPHC against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were investigated, and these were found to be about 128 μg/mL and 512 μg/mL, respectively. Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels loaded with different concentrations of DPHC were then produced for the dressing of wounds to assist in the healing process and to provide an antibacterial effect. To investigate the characteristics of the proposed PVA/DPHC hydrogels, we conducted SEM analysis, rheological analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, water swelling analysis, drug release testing, and gel fraction assessment. The antibacterial activity of the PVA/DPHC hydrogels was also tested against the gram-positive bacterium S. aureus and the gram-negative bacterium P. aeruginosa using ASTM E2149 tests. The biocompatibility of the PVA/DPHC hydrogels was assessed using in vitro indirect and direct contact tests and in vivo tests on ICR mice. The PVA/DPHC hydrogels exhibited the ability to reduce the viability of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa by about 99% in ASTM E2149 testing, while not producing any toxic effect on NHDF-Neo or HaCaT cells as shown in MTT assays and in vitro FDA fluorescence analysis. In addition, the PVA/DPHC hydrogels had a strong wound healing effect when compared to non-treated groups of ICR mice in vivo. Based on the characterization of the PVA/DPHC hydrogels in vitro and in vivo, this study suggests that the proposed hydrogel has significant potential for use in wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Woo Oh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jang
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Chun Ko
- Team of Marine Bio-resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seochun, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sun Park
- Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University, School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Kyo Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Marine-Integrated Biomedical Technology (BK21 Plus) Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Kim HS, Wang L, Jayawardena TU, Kim EA, Heo SJ, Shanura Fernando I, Lee JH, Jeon YJ. High-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) for efficient isolation of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) and screening of its antioxidant activity in a zebrafish model. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bioactive compounds in seaweeds: An overview of their biological properties and safety. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:111013. [PMID: 31794803 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seaweeds are among the significant currently exploited marine plant resources which are gaining full applications in culinary, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological processes. Much attention has been devoted to seaweeds based on their proven health benefits and is considered as a rich source of structurally different bioactive metabolites for the discovery of novel functional food-based pharmacophores/drugs. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and analysis of the in-depth pharmacological activities of these compounds. This review, therefore, aims to provide a piece of up-to-date detailed information on the major compounds isolated from various seaweed species together with their in-vitro and in-vivo biological properties. These compounds were found to possess broad pharmacological properties and inhibitory enzyme activities against critical enzymes involved in the aetiology of noncommunicable diseases. However, their toxicity, clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and interaction with conventional foods, are still less explored and require more attention in future studies.
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Yang HW, Fernando KHN, Oh JY, Li X, Jeon YJ, Ryu B. Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Ishige okamurae. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E202. [PMID: 30934943 PMCID: PMC6520893 DOI: 10.3390/md17040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with several health complications and can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome. Some of its deleterious consequences are related to insulin resistance, which adversely affects blood glucose regulation. At present, there is a growing concern regarding healthy food consumption, owing to awareness about obesity. Seaweeds are well-known for their nutritional benefits. The brown alga Ishige okamurae (IO) has been studied as a dietary supplement and exhibits various biological activities in vitro and in vivo. The bioactive compounds isolated from IO extract are known to possess anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties, elicited via the regulation of lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on IO extract and its bioactive compounds that exhibit therapeutic effects through several cellular mechanisms in obesity and diabetes. The information discussed in the present review may provide evidence to develop nutraceuticals from IO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Yang
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - K H N Fernando
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Jae-Young Oh
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - Xining Li
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
| | - BoMi Ryu
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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Pinteus S, Lemos MFL, Silva J, Alves C, Neugebauer A, Freitas R, Duarte A, Pedrosa R. An Insight into Sargassum muticum Cytoprotective Mechanisms against Oxidative Stress on a Human Cell In Vitro Model. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E353. [PMID: 29125578 PMCID: PMC5706042 DOI: 10.3390/md15110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sargassum muticum is a brown seaweed with strong potential to be used as a functional food ingredient, mainly due to its antioxidant properties. It is widely used in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of numerous diseases. Nevertheless, few studies have been conducted to add scientific evidence on its effects as well as on the mechanisms of action involved. In this work, the human cell line MCF-7 was used as an in vitro cellular model to evaluate the capability of Sargassum muticum enriched fractions to protect cells on an oxidative stress condition. The concentration of the bioactive compounds was obtained by vacuum liquid chromatography applied on methanol (M) and 1:1 methanol:dichloromethane (MD) crude extracts, resulting in seven enriched fractions from the M extraction (MF2-MF8), and eight fractions from the MD extraction (MDF1-MDF8). All fractions were tested for cytotoxic properties on MCF-7 cells and the nontoxic ones were tested for their capacity to blunt the damaging effects of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. The nontoxic effects were also confirmed in 3T3 fibroblast cells as a nontumor cell line. The antioxidant potential of each fraction, as well as changes in the cell's real-time hydrogen peroxide production, in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and in Caspase-9 activity were evaluated. The results suggest that the protective effects evidenced by S. muticum can be related with the inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production and the inhibition of Caspase-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susete Pinteus
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Joana Silva
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Celso Alves
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Agnieszka Neugebauer
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Rafaela Freitas
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Adriana Duarte
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Rui Pedrosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
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Pinteus S, Silva J, Alves C, Horta A, Thomas OP, Pedrosa R. Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities of Fucus spiralis Seaweed on a Human Cell in Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E292. [PMID: 28146076 PMCID: PMC5343828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants play an important role as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) chelating agents and, therefore, the screening for potent antioxidants from natural sources as potential protective agents is of great relevance. The main aim of this study was to obtain antioxidant-enriched fractions from the common seaweed Fucus spiralis and evaluate their activity and efficiency in protecting human cells (MCF-7 cells) on an oxidative stress condition induced by H₂O₂. Five fractions, F1-F5, were obtained by reversed-phase vacuum liquid chromatography. F3, F4 and F5 revealed the highest phlorotannin content, also showing the strongest antioxidant effects. The cell death induced by H₂O₂ was reduced by all fractions following the potency order F4 > F2 > F3 > F5 > F1. Only fraction F4 completely inhibited the H₂O₂ effect. To understand the possible mechanisms of action of these fractions, the cellular production of H₂O₂, the mitochondrial membrane potential and the caspase 9 activity were studied. Fractions F3 and F4 presented the highest reduction on H₂O₂ cell production. All fractions decreased both caspase-9 activity and cell membrane depolarization (except F1). Taken all together, the edible F. spiralis reveal that they provide protection against oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ on the human MCF-7 cellular model, probably acting as upstream blockers of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susete Pinteus
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Joana Silva
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Celso Alves
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - André Horta
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Marine Biodiscovery, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland.
| | - Rui Pedrosa
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, School of Tourism and Maritime Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641 Peniche, Portugal.
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Piao MJ, Susara Ruwan Kumara MH, Kim KC, Kang KA, Kang HK, Lee NH, Hyun JW. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol Suppresses Ultraviolet B-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinases via Inhibition of JNK and ERK Signaling in Human Keratinocytes. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015; 23:557-63. [PMID: 26535081 PMCID: PMC4624072 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2015.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is the most readily observable process involved in human aging. Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation causes photo-oxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby damaging the nucleus and cytoplasm of skin cells and ultimately leading to cell death. Recent studies have shown that high levels of solar UVB irradiation induce the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in skin fibroblasts, causing photo-aging and tumor progression. The MMP family is involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes such as arthritis and metastasis. We investigated the effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) against damage induced by UVB radiation in human skin keratinocytes. In UVB-irradiated cells, DPHC significantly reduced expression of MMP mRNA and protein, as well as activation of MMPs. Furthermore, DPHC reduced phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, which act upstream of c-Fos and c-Jun, respectively; consequently, DPHC inhibited the expression of c-Fos and c-Jun, which are key components of activator protein-1 (AP-1, up-regulator of MMPs). Additionally, DPHC abolished the DNA-binding activity of AP-1, and thereby prevented AP-1-mediated transcriptional activation. These data demonstrate that by inactivating ERK and JNK, DPHC inhibits induction of MMPs triggered by UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jing Piao
- School of Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ki Cheon Kim
- School of Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kang
- School of Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyoung Kang
- School of Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Hyun
- School of Medicine, College of Natural Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Kang SM, Ko SC, Kang MC, Jeon YJ. Octaphlorethol A, a novel phenolic compound isolated from Ishige foliacea, protects against streptozotocin-induced pancreatic β cell damage by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:643-9. [PMID: 23871829 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are extremely sensitive to oxidative stress, which probably has an important role in β cell damage in diabetes. The protective effect of octaphlorethol A (OPA), a novel phenolic compound isolated from Ishige foliacea, against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced pancreatic β cell damage was investigated using a rat insulinoma cell line (RINm5F pancreatic β cells). Pretreatment with OPA decreased the death of STZ-treated pancreatic β cells at concentrations of 12.5 μg/ml or 50 μg/ml, and reduced the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and intracellular reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner in STZ-treated pancreatic β cells. In addition, the OPA pretreatment increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in STZ-treated pancreatic β cells. Moreover, OPA treatment elevated the level of insulin, which was reduced by STZ treatment, and protected pancreatic β cells against damage under STZ-treated conditions. These effects were mediated by suppressing apoptosis and were associated with increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression and reduced pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression. These findings indicate that OPA may be useful as a potential pharmaceutical agent to protect against pancreatic β cell damage caused by oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hong Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, Konkuk University, Chungju Chungbuk 380-701, Republic of Korea
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14
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Balboa EM, Conde E, Moure A, Falqué E, Domínguez H. In vitro antioxidant properties of crude extracts and compounds from brown algae. Food Chem 2013; 138:1764-85. [PMID: 23411309 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on the bioactives from seaweeds has increased in recent years. Antioxidant activity is one of the most studied, due to the interest of these compounds both as preservatives and protectors against oxidation in food and cosmetics and also due to their health implications, mainly in relation to their potential as functional ingredients. Brown algae present higher antioxidant potential in comparison with red and green families and contain compounds not found in terrestrial sources. In vitro antioxidant chemical methods, used as a first approach to evaluate potential agents to protect from lipid oxidation in foods, confirmed that the brown algae crude extracts, fractions and pure components are comparatively similar or superior to synthetic antioxidants. Particular emphasis on the fucoidan and phlorotannin polymeric fractions is given, considering variations associated with the species, collection area, season, and extraction and purification technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Balboa
- Departamento de Enxeñería Química, Universidade de Vigo (Campus Ourense), Edificio Politécnico, As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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15
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O’Sullivan A, O’Callaghan Y, O’Grady M, Hayes M, Kerry J, O’Brien N. The effect of solvents on the antioxidant activity in Caco-2 cells of Irish brown seaweed extracts prepared using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE®). J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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16
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Kim KN, Cha SH, Kim EA, Kang MC, Yang HM, Kim MJ, Yang HY, Woon Roh S, Jung WK, Heo SJ, Kim D, Jeon YJ, Oda T. Neuroprotective Effects of Nannochloropsis oculata Against AAPH-induced Oxidative
DNA Damage in HT22 Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.527.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Ko SC, Kim D, Jeon YJ. Protective effect of a novel antioxidative peptide purified from a marine Chlorella ellipsoidea protein against free radical-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2294-302. [PMID: 22542554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein derived the marine Chlorella ellipsoidea was hydrolyzed using different proteases (papain, trypsin, pepsin and α-chymotrypsin) for production of antioxidative peptide, and the antioxidant activities of their hydrolysates were investigated using free radical scavenging assay by electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique. Among the hydrolysates, the peptic hydrolysate exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other hydrolysates. To identify antioxidant peptide, the peptic hydrolysate was purified using consecutive chromatographic methods, and the antioxidant peptide was identified to be Leu-Asn-Gly-Asp-Val-Trp (702.2 Da) by Q-TOF ESI mass spectroscopy. The antioxidant peptide scavenged peroxyl, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals at the IC(50) values of 0.02, 0.92 and 1.42 mM, respectively. The purified peptide enhanced cell viability against AAPH-induced cytotoxicity on normal cells. Furthermore, the purified peptide reduced the proportion of apoptotic and necrotic cells induced by AAPH, as demonstrated by decreased sub-G(1) hypodiploid cells and decreased apoptotic body formation by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Chun Ko
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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18
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19
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Heo SJ, Cha SH, Kim KN, Lee SH, Ahn G, Kang DH, Oh C, Choi YU, Affan A, Kim D, Jeon YJ. Neuroprotective effect of phlorotannin isolated from Ishige okamurae against H₂O₂ -induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal neuronal cells, HT22. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1520-32. [PMID: 22281782 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of a kind of phlorotannins, diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress in murine hippocampal neuronal cells, HT22. H(2)O(2) treatment induced neurotoxicity, whereas DPHC prevented cells from H(2)O(2)-induced damage then restoring cell viability was significantly increased. DPHC slightly reduced the expression of Bax induced by H(2)O(2) but recovered the expression of Bcl-xL as well as caspase-9 and -3 mediated PARP cleavage by H(2)O(2). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation was overproduced as the result of the addition of H(2)O(2); however, these ROS generations and lipid peroxidation were effectively inhibited by addition of DPHC in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, DPHC suppressed the elevation of H(2)O(2)-induced Ca(2+) release. These findings indicate that DPHC has neuroprotective effects against H(2)O(2)-induced damage in neuronal cells, and that an inhibitory effect on ROS production may contribute to the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Heo
- Marine Biology and Living Resources Research Department, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan, 426-744, Republic of Korea
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20
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Lee SH, Choi JI, Heo SJ, Park MH, Park PJ, Jeon BT, Kim SK, Han JS, Jeon YJ. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Pae (Ishige okamurae) protects high glucose-induced damage in RINm5F pancreatic β cells via its antioxidant effects. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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21
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Stengel DB, Connan S, Popper ZA. Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: sources of natural variability and implications for commercial application. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:483-501. [PMID: 21672617 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant recent interest in the commercial utilisation of algae based on their valuable chemical constituents many of which exhibit multiple bioactivities with applications in the food, cosmetic, agri- and horticultural sectors and in human health. Compounds of particular commercial interest include pigments, lipids and fatty acids, proteins, polysaccharides and phenolics which all display considerable diversity between and within taxa. The chemical composition of natural algal populations is further influenced by spatial and temporal changes in environmental parameters including light, temperature, nutrients and salinity, as well as biotic interactions. As reported bioactivities are closely linked to specific compounds it is important to understand, and be able to quantify, existing chemical diversity and variability. This review outlines the taxonomic, ecological and chemical diversity between, and within, different algal groups and the implications for commercial utilisation of algae from natural populations. The biochemical diversity and complexity of commercially important types of compounds and their environmental and developmental control are addressed. Such knowledge is likely to help achieve higher and more consistent levels of bioactivity in natural samples and may allow selective harvesting according to algal species and local environmental conditions for different groups of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland.
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Heo SJ, Kim KN, Yoon WJ, Oh C, Choi YU, Affan A, Lee YJ, Lee HS, Kang DH. Chromene induces apoptosis via caspase-3 activation in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1998-2004. [PMID: 21600262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the potent anti-tumor effects of brown algae on human leukemia HL-60 cells were investigated. The Sargassum siliquastrum extract among the 14 species of brown algae exhibited profound growth inhibitory effect on HL-60 cells in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, therefore, S. siliquastrum was selected for use in further experiments. The highest inhibitory activity of S. siliquastrum on HL-60 cells was detected in the chloroform fraction, and the active compound was identified as a kind of chromene, sargachromanol E (SE). SE treatment showed significant growth inhibitory effects on HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the formation of apoptotic bodies, fragmented DNA ladder, and the accumulation of DNA in the sub-G(1) phase of cell cycle. SE induced apoptosis was accompanied by downregulation of Bcl-xL, upregulation of Bax, activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, z-DEVD-fmk, a caspase-3 inhibitor, significantly inhibited cell cytotoxicity, apoptotic characteristics such as apoptotic bodies, sub-G(1) DNA content, and cleavage of PARP induced by SE. These results suggest that SE exerts its growth inhibitory effects on HL-60 cells through caspase-3-mediated induction of apoptosis. Therefore, SE offers promising chemotherapeuric potential to prevent cancers such as human leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Heo
- Marine Living Resources Research Department, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
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23
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Heo SJ, Yoon WJ, Kim KN, Ahn GN, Kang SM, Kang DH, Affan A, Oh C, Jung WK, Jeon YJ. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2045-51. [PMID: 20457205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, potential anti-inflammatory effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae was assessed via inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The Myagropsis myagroides was selected for further experiments due to its profound NO inhibitory effect, and was partitioned with different organic solvents. Highest NO inhibitory effect was detected in the chloroform fraction, and the active compound was identified as fucoxanthin, a kind of carotenoid available in brown algae evidenced high correlation with the inhibitory effect of NO production (r(2)=0.9511). Though, fucoxanthin significantly inhibited the NO production, it slightly reduced the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production. The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expressions were inhibited by fucoxanthin. Further, RT-PCR analysis indicated that the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expressions were suppressed by fucoxanthin. Moreover, the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the mRNA expression levels of those cytokines were reduced by the addition of fucoxanthin in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, these results suggest that the use of fucoxanthin may be a useful therapeutic approach for the various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Heo
- Marine Living Resources Research Department, Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute, Ansan 426-744, Republic of Korea
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Heo SJ, Hwang JY, Choi JI, Lee SH, Park PJ, Kang DH, Oh C, Kim DW, Han JS, Jeon YJ, Kim HJ, Choi IW. Protective effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae against high glucose-induced-oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1448-54. [PMID: 20176069 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the protective effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol (DPHC) isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, on high glucose-induced-oxidative stress was investigated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). High concentration of glucose (30 mM) treatment induced cytotoxicity whereas DPHC prevented cells from high glucose-induced damage; restoring cell viability was significantly increased. In addition, the lipid peroxidation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by high glucose treatment were effectively inhibited by addition of DPHC in a dose-dependent manner. DPHC also suppressed the over-expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins as well as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation induced by high glucose in HUVECs. These finding indicate that DPHC might be used as potential pharmaceutical agent which will reduce the damage caused by high glucose-induced-oxidative stress associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Heo
- Marine Living Resources Research Department, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Heo SJ, Ko SC, Kang SM, Cha SH, Lee SH, Kang DH, Jung WK, Affan A, Oh C, Jeon YJ. Inhibitory effect of diphlorethohydroxycarmalol on melanogenesis and its protective effect against UV-B radiation-induced cell damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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