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Srinivasan M, Berisha F, Bronzino I, Kamnoedboon P, Leles CR. Reliability of a face scanner in measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion. J Dent 2024; 146:105016. [PMID: 38679136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the reliability of a face scanner in measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). METHODS Fully dentate volunteers (n = 20; mean-age = 30.0 ± 10.7 years) were recruited. Clinical facial measurements were obtained using a digital caliper and a face scanner (Obiscanner, Fifthingenium, Italy). The scans were imported into a mesh-processing software, and the distances were measured digitally. Measurements were obtained for each participant with the jaws positioned in maximal intercuspation (MI) and with increased vertical distances of 2, 4, and 6 mm. Vertical and horizontal measures were obtained using facial anatomical landmarks: Glabella (GL), Pronasale (PrN), Subnasale (SbN), inferior border of the right and left Alare, Labiale superius (Ls), right and left Cheilion (Ch), Soft Pogonion (SPg), right and left Tragus of the ear (Tr), for all selected vertical positions. Data analysis included intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), pairwise comparison tests, Bland-Altman plots, and Passing-Bablok regression. RESULTS 120 VDO measurements (clinical=60, digital=60) were recorded by two independent evaluators. Mean differences between digital and clinical measurements ranged from 0.054 ± 0.14 mm to 0.203 ± 0.13 mm. All parameters were strongly correlated (r > 0.93; p < 0.001). ICC estimates revealed excellent reliability, and the measuring procedure yielded the same results on repeated trials irrespective of the raters and measurement methods. Bland-Altman plots revealed a difference, between digital and clinical measurements, of 1.7 % for the vertical measurements. Regression analysis revealed no significant proportional difference between the two methods, so both can be used interchangeably. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate that VDO can be measured accurately from face scans using 3D mesh-processing software and that even small changes in the VDO could be detected using the digital methods. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Findings provide evidence about the reliability of a digital method for jaw relation registrations and may be applied towards incorporating this method into clinical workflows for computer-aided-design/ computer-assisted-manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Srinivasan
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Florentin Berisha
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Innocenzo Bronzino
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Porawit Kamnoedboon
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rodrigues Leles
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, Division of Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Jindanil T, Xu L, Fontenele RC, Perula MCDL, Jacobs R. Smartphone applications for facial scanning: A technical and scoping review. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024. [PMID: 38842250 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Facial scanning through smartphone scanning applications (SSA) is increasingly being used for medical applications as cost-effective, chairside method. However, clinical validation is lacking. This review aims to address: (1) Which SSA could perform facial scanning? (2) Which SSA can be clinically used? (3) Which SSA have been reported and scientifically validated for medical applications? METHODS Technical search for SSA designed for face or object scanning was conducted on Google, Apple App Store, and Google Play Store from August 2022 to December 2023. Literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP (WHO) and preprints up to 2023. Eligibility criteria included English-written scientific articles incorporating at least one SSA for clinical purposes. SSA selection and data extraction were executed by one reviewer, validated by second, with third reviewer being consulted for discordances. RESULTS Sixty-three applications designed for three-dimensional object scanning were retrieved, with 52 currently offering facial scanning capabilities. Fifty-six scientific articles, comprising two case reports, 16 proof-of-concepts and 38 experimental studies were analysed. Thirteen applications (123D Catch, 3D Creator, Bellus 3D Dental Pro, Bellus 3D Face app, Bellus 3D Face Maker, Capture, Heges, Metascan, Polycam, Scandy Pro, Scaniverse, Tap tap tap and Trnio) were reported in literature for digital workflow integration, comparison or proof-of-concept studies. CONCLUSION Fifty-two SSA can perform facial scanning currently and can be used clinically, offering cost-effectiveness, portability and user-friendliness. Although clinical validation is crucial, only 13 SSA were scientifically validated, underlying awareness of potential pitfalls and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanatchaporn Jindanil
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lianyi Xu
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Maria Cadenas de Llano Perula
- Department of Oral Health Sciences - Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reinhilde Jacobs
- OMFS-IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Luo Y, Zhao M, Lu J. Accuracy of Smartphone-Based Three-Dimensional Facial Scanning System: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-04121-y. [PMID: 38831068 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-04121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the integration of 3D face scanning into smartphones has raised vast interest in plastic surgery. With the release of smartphones featuring 3D face scanning technology, users now can capture detailed 3D models of their faces using their smartphones. However, trueness and precision of this system is less well established. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies evaluating 3D scanning of smartphone devices and conventional 3D imaging systems from January 1, 2017, to June 1, 2023. A qualitative systematic review was conducted by two review authors after independently selecting studies, extracting data, and assessing the risk of bias of included studies. RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included, all focusing on the accuracy of smartphone 3D facial scanning. The results show that although smartphones perform poorly on deep and irregular surfaces, they are accurate enough for clinical applications and have the advantage of being economical and portable. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based 3D facial scanning has been basically validated for clinical application, showing broad clinical application prospects in plastic surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Luo
- Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, 100144, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minghao Zhao
- Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Jianjian Lu
- Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery Department, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, No. 33 Ba-Da-Chu Road, Shi-Jing-Shan District, Beijing, 100144, China.
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Revilla-León M, Gómez-Polo M, Sailer I, Kois JC, Rokhshad R. An overview of artificial intelligence based applications for assisting digital data acquisition and implant planning procedures. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024. [PMID: 38757761 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of the current artificial intelligence (AI) based applications for assisting digital data acquisition and implant planning procedures. OVERVIEW A review of the main AI-based applications integrated into digital data acquisitions technologies (facial scanners (FS), intraoral scanners (IOSs), cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) devices, and jaw trackers) and computer-aided static implant planning programs are provided. CONCLUSIONS The main AI-based application integrated in some FS's programs involves the automatic alignment of facial and intraoral scans for virtual patient integration. The AI-based applications integrated into IOSs programs include scan cleaning, assist scanning, and automatic alignment between the implant scan body with its corresponding CAD object while scanning. The more frequently AI-based applications integrated into the programs of CBCT units involve positioning assistant, noise and artifacts reduction, structures identification and segmentation, airway analysis, and alignment of facial, intraoral, and CBCT scans. Some computer-aided static implant planning programs include patient's digital files, identification, labeling, and segmentation of anatomical structures, mandibular nerve tracing, automatic implant placement, and surgical implant guide design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Advanced in Implant-Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irena Sailer
- Fixed Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, University Clinic of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John C Kois
- Kois Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Private Practice, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rata Rokhshad
- Topic Group Dental Diagnostics and Digital Dentistry, ITU/WHO Focus Group AI on Health, Berlin, Germany
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Revilla-León M, Zeitler JM, Kois JC. Scan body system to translate natural head position and virtual mounting into a 3-dimensional virtual patient: A dental technique. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:787-792. [PMID: 35672165 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Various techniques have been developed for a 3-dimensional (3D) virtual patient. However, those techniques do not enable the registration of the alignment of the facial and intraoral digital scans, the registration for the mounting on the virtual articulator, and the integration of the natural head position (NHP) together. In the present manuscript, a scan body system is described that assists with the translation of the horizon orientation within the NHP of the patient into a computer-aided design software program. Additionally, the scan body system facilitates the facial and intraoral alignment, as well as the mounting of the maxillary virtual cast on the virtual articulator. This scan body system facilitates the integration of the 3D virtual patient and reduces chair and laboratory time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Director of Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; Adjunct Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Tufts University, Boston, Mass.
| | | | - John C Kois
- Founder and Director, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Private practice, Seattle, Wash
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H AK, Batra P, Juneja A, Talwar A, Mohan S, Sood SC. 3-Dimensional Evaluation of Two PNAM Techniques (Modified Grayson & AlignerNAM) on Facial Soft Tissue Morphology: A Randomised Clinical Trial. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2024:10556656241246923. [PMID: 38644766 DOI: 10.1177/10556656241246923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate facial changes after Presurgical Naso-Alveolar Molding (PNAM) in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients treated with Modified Grayson Technique and AlignerNAM (with DynaCleft nasal elevator) using a 3D facial scan. DESIGN Randomised clinical trial. SETTING Institutional study. Participants: 20 UCLP patients allocated to two groups (10 patients each). INTERVENTIONS Group A patients underwent PNAM with Modified Grayson Technique and Group B patients underwent AlignerNAM (with DynaCleft nasal elevator). Their 3D facial scans were obtained by using an iOSbased application (Bellus3D FaceApp) mounted on a novel frame. These .stl files were analysed using 3D software (GOM INSPECT) at three-time intervals; before intervention (T0), after intervention (T1) and one month after lip repair surgery (T2). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Changes in facial and nasolabial morphology. RESULTS Both techniques brought significant improvement in the columellar length, nasal tip projection, columella angle, nasal tip angle and a significant reduction in cleft width. At T1, a statistically significant difference in angular and linear measurements was present in both groups. At T2, no statistically significant difference in linear parameters was observed between the two groups except for the outer lateral height of the non-cleft side, basal lateral height of the non-cleft side, and philtrum width. Similar pattern was observed in angular measurements with no statistically significant difference between the two groups except in nasolabial angle, anterior nasal base triangle III, and anterior nasal root triangle. CONCLUSIONS Aligner NAM and Modified Grayson technique are equally effective PNAM methods with similar clinical results in nasolabial morphology after lip repair surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha K H
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Batra
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Achint Juneja
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Talwar
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manav Rachna Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Stuti Mohan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S C Sood
- Smile Train Centre, Sant Paramanand Hospital, Delhi, Delhi, India
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Ye H, Ye J, Wang S, Wang Z, Geng J, Wang Y, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhou Y. Comparison of the accuracy (trueness and precision) of virtual dentofacial patients digitized by three different methods based on 3D facial and dental images. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:726-734. [PMID: 35369981 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The accuracy of virtual dentofacial patients has been explored, but the accuracy of virtual patients established by using a straightforward and reliable method and the accuracy of different virtual patients are unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the accuracy of virtual dentofacial patients digitized by using registered-block impression, exposed anterior teeth, and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) reconstruction methods based on 3-dimensional (3D) facial and dental images. MATERIAL AND METHODS From the 15 selected participants who needed CBCT scanning, 3 kinds of virtual dentofacial patients were established by using 3 registration methods based on digital dental casts: 3D facial images, CBCT data, and registered-block impression. Compared with actual measurement, 25 linear distances of all virtual dentofacial patients were selected and measured by using a software program, and 3 separate measurements were calculated by the same person. The 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the deviations among 3 kinds of virtual dentofacial patients (trueness) and the deviations within groups (precision). The 1-sample t test was used to compare the difference between the deviation and the ideal error of 0.00 (α=.05). RESULTS Compared with the actual measurement, the trueness of the average deviations for registered-block impression (1.02 ±1.24 mm) was better than that of exposed anterior teeth (2.35 ±1.71 mm) and CBCT reconstruction (2.86 ±1.61 mm). The precision of the average deviations for registered-block impression (1.29 ±1.43 mm) was better than that of exposed anterior teeth (2.00 ±1.72 mm) and CBCT reconstruction (2.12 ±1.94 mm). Significant differences in trueness and precision were found among the 3 groups of virtual dentofacial patients (P<.01). Significant differences among the deviations of all linear distances and the ideal error of 0.00 were observed for all groups of virtual dentofacial patients (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of registered-block impression was better than that of the exposed anterior teeth and CBCT reconstruction. The accuracy of exposed anterior teeth was lower than that of the other methods but could satisfy the requirements of clinical diagnostics and scientific methods. The accuracy of CBCT reconstruction was poor and could only be used for special situations that permitted low accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Ye
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Dental Technician, Center of dental Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Dental Technician, Center of dental Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Geng
- Graduate student, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuchun Sun
- Professor, Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases &National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
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Nuytens P, Grande F, Li J, Lepidi L. Maxillomandibular relationship and virtual facebow integration in complete-arch intraoral implant scan: A novel clinical technique. J Prosthodont 2024. [PMID: 38507286 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This clinical report introduces a novel clinical technique to create a 3D virtual patient for transferring the edentulous maxillary arch position with maxillomandibular relationship by using a facial scan device and an intraoral scanner and omitting CBCT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Nuytens
- Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francesco Grande
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Junying Li
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Luca Lepidi
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Tsolakis IA, Rontogianni A, Tsolakis AI, Papadopoulos MA. Comparing CBCT to model scanner for dental model scanning. An in vitro imaging accuracy study. Int Orthod 2024; 22:100840. [PMID: 38215684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2023.100840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for dental model scanning to the accuracy of model scanners. METHODS Subjects from private practice were collected and scanned according to specific selection criteria. A total of 10 STL files were produced and used as reference files. They were printed with a three-dimensional (3D) printer and then scanned with CBCT and model scanner. For trueness evaluation, all models were scanned once with both equipments. Each file derived from each scan was compared with the corresponding reference model file. For the precision measurements, the physical model from the first master reference model file was scanned 10 times with each equipment and compared with the reference STL file. A reverse engineering software was used for all 3D best-fit comparisons. RESULTS With regard to the measurement of trueness of each method, the calculated mean root mean square (RMS) value was 0.06±0.01mm for the CBCT, and 0.15±0.02mm for the model scanner. There was a significant difference between the two methods (P<0.01). For the evaluation of precision of each scanner, the mean RMS value was 0.0056±0.001mm for the CBCT, and 0.153±0.002mm for model scanner. There was a significant difference between the two methods (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Cone Beam Computed Tomography seems to be an accurate method for scanning dental models. CBCT performs better than model scanners to scan dental models in terms of trueness and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Aliki Rontogianni
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolos I Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Moschos A Papadopoulos
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Singh P, Bornstein MM, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, Gu M. Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Systems for 3D Face Acquisition in Craniofacial Research and Practice: An Updated Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38396462 PMCID: PMC10888365 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Digitalizing all aspects of dental care is a contemporary approach to ensuring the best possible clinical outcomes. Ongoing advancements in 3D face acquisition have been driven by continuous research on craniofacial structures and treatment effects. An array of 3D surface-imaging systems are currently available for generating photorealistic 3D facial images. However, choosing a purpose-specific system is challenging for clinicians due to variations in accuracy, reliability, resolution, and portability. Therefore, this review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of currently used or potential 3D surface imaging technologies and systems for 3D face acquisition in craniofacial research and daily practice. Through a comprehensive literature search, 71 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the qualitative analysis, investigating the hardware, software, and operational aspects of these systems. The review offers updated information on 3D surface imaging technologies and systems to guide clinicians in selecting an optimal 3D face acquisition system. While some of these systems have already been implemented in clinical settings, others hold promise. Furthermore, driven by technological advances, novel devices will become cost-effective and portable, and will also enable accurate quantitative assessments, rapid treatment simulations, and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
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König J, Kelemen K, Czumbel LM, Szabó B, Varga G, Borbély J, Németh O, Hegyi P, Hermann P. Current status of optical scanning in facial prosthetics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthodont Res 2024; 68:1-11. [PMID: 37286516 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To assess the accuracy of scanning technologies for constructing facial prostheses on human faces.Study selection Our systematic search was performed on five databases. Studies reporting on human volunteers (P) whose faces were scanned with a scanning technology were eligible. The anthropometrical interlandmark distances (ILDs) were used as indicators of accuracy; the ILDs are measured on the virtual models (I) and directly on the faces (C). The virtual models deviated from their true values (O). Studies reporting the measurements on patients with or without facial deformities were included, but cadavers or inanimate objects were reasons for exclusion. We performed a mean difference (MD) / standardized MD analysis with a random effect model. The difficulties regarding the scanning procedure mentioned in the articles were also assessed.Results We found 3723 records after duplicate removal. Twenty five articles were eligible for the qualitative review, and ten articles were included in the quantitative synthesis. Eight different ILDs were compared in MD analyses. The differences were between -0.54-0.43 mm. We also performed a regional three-dimensional analysis to compare scanning technologies in each major region. No significant differences were found in any of the regions and axes. The most mentioned difficulties were artifacts due to motion or blinking.Conclusions The results suggest no systematic skew in linear dimensions neither between direct caliper measurements nor between measurements on the scanned models, scanning technologies, or facial regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- János König
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Kelemen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Márk Czumbel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judit Borbély
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Németh
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department for Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Pancreatic Diseases, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Hermann
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Rosmaninho A, Zeitler JM, Vedovato E, Kois JC, Revilla-León M. Using an additively manufactured natural head position reference device to transfer the horizon orientation plane and integrate it with a 3-dimensional virtual patient: A dental technique. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:7-12. [PMID: 35382942 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A virtual patient is obtained by aligning a patient's digital information, including facial and intraoral digital scans with or without hard tissue information from a cone beam computed tomography scan. However, while computer-aided design programs facilitate virtual patient integration, they do not provide a way to relate the horizon orientation with the patient's horizontal and vertical facial references. The present technique describes a way of relating the horizon orientation plane to the natural head position of the patient. An additively manufactured natural head position reference device was used to transfer the horizon orientation plane to the 3-dimensional virtual patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C Kois
- Founder and Director Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; Affiliate Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Private Practice, Seattle, Wash
| | - Marta Revilla-León
- Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Director of Research and Digital Dentistry, Kois Center, Seattle, Wash; Adjunct Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Tufts University, Boston, Mass.
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13
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Singh P, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, McGrath C, Gu M. Can smartphones be used for routine dental clinical application? A validation study for using smartphone-generated 3D facial images. J Dent 2023; 139:104775. [PMID: 37944629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the accuracy of smartphone-generated three-dimensional (3D) facial images to that of direct anthropometry (DA) and 3dMD with the aim of assessing the validity and reliability of smartphone-generated 3D facial images for routine clinical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five anthropometric soft-tissue facial landmarks were labelled manually on 22 orthognathic surgery patients (11 males and 11 females; mean age 26.2 ± 5.3 years). For each labelled face, two imaging operations were performed using two different surface imaging systems: 3dMDface and Bellus3D FaceApp. Next, 42 inter-landmark facial measurements amongst the identified facial landmarks were measured directly on each labelled face and also digitally on 3D facial images. The measurements obtained from smartphone-generated 3D facial images (SGI) were statistically compared with those from DA and 3dMD. RESULTS SGI had slightly higher measurement values than DA and 3dMD, but there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of inter-landmark measures across the three methods. Clinically acceptable differences (≤3 mm or ≤5°) were observed for 67 % and 74 % of measurements with good agreement between DA and SGI, and 3dMD and SGI, respectively. An overall small systematic bias of ± 0.2 mm was observed between the three methods. Furthermore, the mean absolute difference between DA and SGI methods was highest for linear (1.41 ± 0.33 mm) as well as angular measurements (3.07 ± 0.73°). CONCLUSIONS SGI demonstrated fair trueness compared to DA and 3dMD. The central region and flat areas of the face in SGI are more accurate. Despite this, SGI have limited clinical application, and the panfacial accuracy of the SGI would be more desirable from a clinical application standpoint. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The usage of SGI in clinical practice for region-specific macro-proportional facial assessment involving central and flat regions of the face or for patient education purposes, which does not require accuracy within 3 mm and 5° can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China; Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colman McGrath
- Discipline of Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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Loy RCH, Liew MKM, Yong CW, Wong RCW. Validation of low-cost mobile phone applications and comparison with professional imaging systems for three-dimensional facial imaging: A pilot study. J Dent 2023; 137:104676. [PMID: 37633483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracies of three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning mobile phone applications as compared to professional 3D facial imaging systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS A manikin head model was used as the subject for comparing six 3D facial imaging systems which comprised three professional 3D scanners (3dMDface, Artec Eva and Vectra H2) and three mobile phone applications (Bellus3D, ScandyPro and Hedges). For each system, five scans were taken to analyse (1) linear accuracy using 9 measurements (2) global and (3) regional 3D accuracy of the scanned surface by root mean square (RMS) and colour map analysis. Another set of five scans was repeated by a second operator to evaluate the inter-operator reproducibility for each system. RESULTS All the facial imaging systems had absolute errors lesser than 1.0 mm for the linear measurements. The technical error of measurement (TEM) for inter-examiner and intra-examiner linear measurements were within acceptable limits. Artec Eva, Vectra H2 and Scandy Pro had poor global 3D trueness (RMS > 1.0 mm) but good 3D regional trueness (RMS < 1.0 mm). 3dMDface, Bellus3D Face App and Heges had good global and regional 3D trueness. All the facial imaging systems had good global and regional 3D precision and reproducibility (RMS < 1.0 mm). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that mobile phone 3D scanning applications had comparable trueness, precision and reproducibility to professional systems. Colour map analysis supplemented the use of the RMS value to demonstrate facial regions of significant deviation. Clinicians should also consider the specific area or region of inaccuracies for each system to determine whether the chosen system is appropriate for the clinical condition or procedure. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Mobile phone 3D facial imaging applications may be as accurate as 3D professional facial scanning systems for craniomaxillofacial purposes. However, the choice of the system may vary depending on the specific area of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richmond Chang Hoe Loy
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Kang Ming Liew
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Weng Yong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Chung Wen Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Centre for Oral Health Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Cen Y, Huang X, Liu J, Qin Y, Wu X, Ye S, Du S, Liao W. Application of three-dimensional reconstruction technology in dentistry: a narrative review. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:630. [PMID: 37667286 PMCID: PMC10476426 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction technology is a method of transforming real goals into mathematical models consistent with computer logic expressions and has been widely used in dentistry, but the lack of review and summary leads to confusion and misinterpretation of information. The purpose of this review is to provide the first comprehensive link and scientific analysis of 3D reconstruction technology and dentistry to bridge the information bias between these two disciplines. METHODS The IEEE Xplore and PubMed databases were used for rigorous searches based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, supplemented by Google Academic as a complementary tool to retrieve all literature up to February 2023. We conducted a narrative review focusing on the empirical findings of the application of 3D reconstruction technology to dentistry. RESULTS We classify the technologies applied to dentistry according to their principles and summarize the different characteristics of each category, as well as the different application scenarios determined by these characteristics of each technique. In addition, we indicate their development prospects and worthy research directions in the field of dentistry, from individual techniques to the overall discipline of 3D reconstruction technology, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Researchers and clinicians should make different decisions on the choice of 3D reconstruction technology based on different objectives. The main trend in the future development of 3D reconstruction technology is the joint application of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinyue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yichun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xinrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shiyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Shufang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14, 3Rd Section of Ren Min Nan Rd. Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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16
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Amezua X, Iturrate M, Garikano X, Solaberrieta E. Analysis of the impact of the facial scanning method on the precision of a virtual facebow record technique: An in vivo study. J Prosthet Dent 2023; 130:382-391. [PMID: 34916065 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Virtual facebow record techniques typically record the relationship of a maxillary digital scan to facial landmarks by aligning it to a 3-dimensional face scan. Three-dimensional face scans can be acquired with different facial scanning methods, but the impact of the facial scanning method on the accuracy (trueness and precision) of a virtual facebow record technique remains unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vivo study was to assess the impact of the facial scanning method on the precision under the repeatability conditions (repeatability) of a virtual facebow record technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS Repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with the following 3 clinical-grade facial scanning methods was determined and compared: a professional handheld scanner based on structured blue light scanning technology (PHS method); an attachment-type 3-dimensional sensor camera connected to a tablet and controlled with a mobile application (3DSC-T method); and a smartphone with an integrated 3-dimensional sensor camera controlled with a mobile application (3DSC-S method). To determine the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with each facial scanning method, 8 virtual facebow records of a completely dentate adult with class I occlusion and mesoprosopic facial form were obtained (8×3=24 in total); with these, 8 locations of a maxillary digital scan with respect to a common 3-dimensional face scan were obtained. Repeatability was determined in terms of deviations between located maxillary digital scans, determined, in turn, by calculating the distances between corresponding vertices for each of the possible nonrepeating combinations of pairs of located maxillary digital scans (8C2=28). Finally, the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with the different facial scanning methods was compared by using the Welch ANOVA test and the post hoc Games-Howell test (both α=.05). RESULTS The repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique with PHS, 3DSC-T, and 3DSC-S facial scanning methods resulted in 0.243 ±0.094 mm, 0.437 ±0.171 mm, and 1.023 ±0.399 mm, respectively. Comparison of these results revealed that the facial scanning method had a statistically significant effect on the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique (P<.001) and that its repeatability was statistically significantly greater with the PHS facial scanning method than with the 3DSC-T and 3DSC-S facial scanning methods and greater with the 3DSC-T facial scanning method than with the 3DSC-S facial scanning method (P<.001 for all pairwise comparisons). CONCLUSIONS This study found that the facial scanning method had a great impact on the repeatability of the virtual facebow record technique and that the virtual facebow record technique was more repeatable with more accurate facial scanning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Amezua
- Research Assistant, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Iturrate
- Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Xabier Garikano
- Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eneko Solaberrieta
- Associate Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.
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17
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Al Hamad KQ, Al Rashdan BA, Al-Kaff FT. Virtual patient representation with silicone guide and a 3D scanner accessory for a user-friendly facial scanning workflow: A clinical report of smile design and ceramic veneers. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00286-X. [PMID: 37270303 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Digital smile design and ceramic veneers are described with virtual patient representation. The procedure included facial scanning with a 3D scanner accessory (Structure sensor pro; Occipital Inc) mounted on a tablet computer (iPad; Apple Inc) and an innovative chairside silicone guide to replace the intraoral scan body for a straightforward and user-friendly workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Q Al Hamad
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
| | | | - Fatma T Al-Kaff
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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18
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Kühlman DC, Almuzian M, Coppini C, Alzoubi EE. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of four tablet-based applications for three-dimensional facial scanning: an in-vitro study.: Tablet-based applications for 3D facial scanning. J Dent 2023:104533. [PMID: 37149254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the overall and regional accuracy (trueness and precision) of digital three-dimensional (3D) facial scans obtained from four tablet-based applications, which were (Bellus) the Bellus Dental Pro® (Bellus3D, Inc. Campbell, CA, USA), (Capture) the Capture®: 3D Scan Anything (Standard Cyborg, Inc. San Francisco, CA, USA), (Heges) the Heges® (by Marek Simonik, Ostrava, North Moravia, Czech Republic), and (Scandy) the Scandy Pro 3D Scanner® (Scandy LLC, New Orleans, LA, USA). METHODS A mannequin's face was marked with 63 landmarks. Subsequently, it was scanned 5 times using each scan application on an iPad Pro® (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA, USA). The digital measurements were obtained with MeshLab® (CNR-ISTI, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy) and compared to the manual measurements using a digital vernier caliper (Truper Herramientas S.A., Colonia Granada, Mexico City, Mexico). The absolute mean difference and the standard deviation of the dimensional discrepancies were calculated. Moreover, the data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA, Levene's test, and Bonferroni´s correction. RESULTS The absolute mean trueness values were Bellus 0.41 ± 0.35 mm, Capture 0.38 ± 0.37 mm, Heges 0.39 ± 0.38 mm, and Scandy 0.47 ± 0.44 mm. Moreover, precision values were Bellus 0.46 mm, Capture 0.46 mm, Heges 0.54 mm, and Scandy 0.64 mm. Comparing the regions, Capture and Scandy showed the highest absolute mean difference, which was 0.81 mm in the Frontal and Zygomaticofacial regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The trueness and precision of all four tablet-based applications were clinically acceptable for diagnosis and treatment planning. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The future of the three-dimensional facial scan is auspicious, and it has the potential to be affordable, accurate, and of great value for clinicians in their daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise Caldas Kühlman
- Department of Child Dental Health and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Medical School University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta.
| | - Mohammed Almuzian
- ASMD College, Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Lauriston building, Lauriston place, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA
| | - Christianne Coppini
- Department of Child Dental Health and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Medical School University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
| | - Emad Eddin Alzoubi
- Department of Child Dental Health and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Medical School University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
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Andrews J, Alwafi A, Bichu YM, Pliska BT, Mostafa N, Zou B. Validation of three-dimensional facial imaging captured with smartphone-based photogrammetry application in comparison to stereophotogrammetry system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15834. [PMID: 37180897 PMCID: PMC10172784 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Statement of problem The development of facial scanners has improved capabilities to create three-dimensional (3D) virtual patients for accurate facial and smile analysis. However, most of these scanners are expensive, stationary and involve a significant clinical footprint. The use of the Apple iPhone and its integrated "TrueDepth" near-infrared (NIR) scanner combined with an image processing application (app) offers the potential to capture and analyze the unique 3D nature of the face; the accuracy and reliability of which are yet to be established for use in clinical dentistry. Purpose This study was designed to validate both the trueness and precision of the iPhone 11 Pro smartphone TrueDepth NIR scanner in conjunction with the Bellus3D Face app in capturing 3D facial images in a sample of adult participants in comparison to the conventional 3dMDface stereophotogrammetry system. Material and methods Twenty-nine adult participants were prospectively recruited. Eighteen soft tissue landmarks were marked on each participant's face before imaging. 3D facial images were captured using a 3dMDface system and the Apple iPhone TrueDepth NIR scanner combined with the Bellus3D Face app respectively. The best fit of each experimental model to the 3dMD scan was analyzed using Geomagic Control X software. The root mean square (RMS) was used to measure the "trueness" as the absolute deviation of each TrueDepth scan from the reference 3dMD image. Individual facial landmark deviations were also assessed to evaluate the reliability in different craniofacial regions. The "precision" of the smartphone was tested by taking 10 consecutive scans of the same subject and comparing those to the reference scan. Intra-observer and inter-observer reliabilities were assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Relative to the 3dMDface system, the mean RMS difference of the iPhone/Bellus3D app was 0.86 ± 0.31 mm. 97% of all the landmarks were within 2 mm of error compared with the reference data. The ICC for intra-observer reproducibility or precision of the iPhone/Bellus3D app was 0.96, which was classified as excellent. The ICC for inter-observer reliability was 0.84, which was classified as good. Conclusions These results suggest that 3D facial images acquired with this system, the iPhone TrueDepth NIR camera in conjunction with the Bellus3D Face app, are clinically accurate and reliable. Judicious use is advised in clinical situations that require high degrees of detail due to a lack of image resolution and a longer acquisition time. Generally, this system possesses the potential to serve as a practical alternative to conventional stereophotogrammetry systems for use in a clinical setting due to its accessibility and relative ease of use and further research is planned to appraise its updated clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Andrews
- Graduate Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Abdulraheem Alwafi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Benjamin T. Pliska
- Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nesrine Mostafa
- Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bingshuang Zou
- Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Corresponding author. Department of Oral Health Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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20
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Cho RY, Byun SH, Yi SM, Ahn HJ, Nam YS, Park IY, On SW, Kim JC, Yang BE. Comparative Analysis of Three Facial Scanners for Creating Digital Twins by Focusing on the Difference in Scanning Method. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050545. [PMID: 37237615 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-dimensional facial imaging is increasingly used in hospital clinics. A digital twin of the face can be created by reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) facial images using facial scanners. Therefore, the reliability, strengths, and weaknesses of scanners should be investigated and approved; Methods: Images obtained from three facial scanners (RayFace, MegaGen, and Artec Eva) were compared with cone-beam computed tomography images as the standard. Surface discrepancies were measured and analyzed at 14 specific reference points; Results: All scanners used in this study achieved acceptable results, although only scanner 3 obtained preferable results. Each scanner exhibited weak and strong points because of differences in the scanning methods. Scanner 2 exhibited the best result on the left endocanthion; scanner 1 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion and left alare; and scanner 3 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion (both cheeks); Conclusions: These comparative analysis data can be used when creating digital twins through segmentation, selecting and merging data, or developing a new scanner to overcome all shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Yeong Cho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Byun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Yi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Ahn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sung Nam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Park
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woon On
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Mir Dental Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Eun Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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Cascos R, Ortiz Del Amo L, Álvarez-Guzmán F, Antonaya-Martín JL, Celemín-Viñuela A, Gómez-Costa D, Zafra-Vallejo M, Agustín-Panadero R, Gómez-Polo M. Accuracy between 2D Photography and Dual-Structured Light 3D Facial Scanner for Facial Anthropometry: A Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093090. [PMID: 37176531 PMCID: PMC10179155 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Facial scanners are used in different fields of dentistry to digitalize the soft tissues of the patient's face. The development of technology has allowed the patient to have a 3-dimensional virtual representation, facilitating facial integration in the diagnosis and treatment plan. However, the accuracy of the facial scanner and the obtaining of better results with respect to the manual or two-dimensional (2D) method are questionable. The objective of this clinical trial was to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of the 3D method (a dual-structured light facial scanner) and compare it with the 2D method (photography) to obtain facial analysis in the maximum intercuspation position and smile position. (2) Methods: A total of 60 participants were included, and nine facial landmarks and five interlandmarks distances were determined by two independent calibrated operators for each participant. All measurements were made using three methods: the manual method (manual measurement), the 2D method (photography), and the 3D method (facial scanner). All clinical and lighting conditions, as well as the specific parameters of each method, were standardized and controlled. The facial interlandmark distances were made by using a digital caliper, a 2D software program (Adobe Photoshop, version 21.0.2), and a 3D software program (Meshlab, version 2020.12), respectively. The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed that trueness and precision values were normally distributed (p > 0.05), so a Student's t-test was employed. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were observed in all interlandmark measurements in the 2D group (photography) to compare with the manual group. The 2D method obtained a mean accuracy value of 2.09 (±3.38) and 2.494 (±3.67) in maximum intercuspation and smile, respectively. On the other hand, the 3D method (facial scanner) obtained a mean accuracy value of 0.61 (±1.65) and 0.28 (±2.03) in maximum intercuspation and smile, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences with the manual method. (4) Conclusions: The employed technique demonstrated that it influences the accuracy of facial records. The 3D method reported acceptable accuracy values, while the 2D method showed discrepancies over the clinically acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cascos
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Nursing and Estomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ortiz Del Amo
- Department of Nursing and Estomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Álvarez-Guzmán
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Antonaya-Martín
- Department of Nursing and Estomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Celemín-Viñuela
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Costa
- Department of Nursing and Estomatology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28922 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Zafra-Vallejo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Agustín-Panadero
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Gómez-Polo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Azpiazu-Flores FX, Lee DJ, Jurado CA, Nurrohman H. 3D-Printed Overlay Template for Diagnosis and Planning Complete Arch Implant Prostheses. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11081062. [PMID: 37107896 PMCID: PMC10137737 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental implants are a reliable alternative to treating edentulism. In clinical situations where the dentition has been severely affected by partial edentulism, advanced wear, or periodontal disease, establishing important occlusal elements such as the occlusal plane, incisal guidance, and esthetics can be hard to visualize at the diagnostic stage. Contemporary data-acquisition technologies such as 3D scanners and CAD/CAM systems permit the precise manufacture of highly complex devices applicable to any stage of restorative treatment. The present clinical report presents an alternative technique for evaluating the projected artificial tooth relationships, vertical dimension, and occlusal plane in patients with severely weakened dentition by using a 3D-printed overlay template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Azpiazu-Flores
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W3, Canada
| | - Damian J Lee
- Director Advanced Prosthodontics Residency Program, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carlos A Jurado
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hamid Nurrohman
- Missouri School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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Nogueira BR, Oliveira Junior OB, de Sousa Gomes Costa JL, Zanetti TF, Pretel H. Cloner
3D
photogrammetric facial scanner: Assessment of accuracy in a controlled clinical study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 35:508-516. [PMID: 36458520 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of facial measurements on three-dimensional images obtained using a new photogrammetric scanner. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 11 participants were included in the study. Nine customized adhesive labels were used to identify the facial landmarks: Trichion (Tri), Glabella (G), Right (Exr) and Left (Exl), Pronasal (Pn), Subnasal (Sn), Chelion right (Chr) and left (Chl) and Mentonian (Me). Two trained and calibrated examiners were responsible for performing seven linear measurements for each participant (Tri-G, Sn-Me, Exr-Exl, Chr-Chl, Exr-Chr, Exl-Chl, Pn-Sn) first with a digital caliper and later with a three-dimensional model obtained after digitalization with photogrammetric technology. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean difference, SD, and Bland-Altman correlation were used to compare the measurements performed. RESULTS Intra and inter-examiner reliability were excellent (ICC >0.9). In general, the measurements presented a variation of a minor 2.0 mm. However, only three measures (Sn-Me, Exr-Exl, and Exr-Chr) were outside the clinical acceptability range. CONCLUSIONS The 3D Cloner scanner showed clinically acceptable accuracy comparable to the digital caliper with a variation of -0.8 ± 1.2 mm. Inter- and intra-examiner agreement on digital measurements was also observed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Scanners with accurate 3D model reproductions associated with reliable digital measurements provide a more precise diagnosis and better planning in orofacial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Básia R. Nogueira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry São Paulo State University–UNESP Araraquara Brazil
| | - Osmir B. Oliveira Junior
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry São Paulo State University–UNESP Araraquara Brazil
| | | | - Thomaz Faraco Zanetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering of São Carlos (EESC) University of São Paulo ‐ USP Araraquara Brazil
- Engineering Director of DONE 3D São Carlos Brazil
| | - Hermes Pretel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry São Paulo State University–UNESP Araraquara Brazil
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24
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Pan F, Liu J, Cen Y, Chen Y, Cai R, Zhao Z, Liao W, Wang J. Accuracy of RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetric facial scanners: a comparative study. J Dent 2022; 127:104302. [PMID: 36152954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate and compare the accuracy and inter-operator reliability of a low-cost red-green-blue-depth (RGB-D) camera-based facial scanner (Bellus3D Arc7) with a stereophotogrammetry facial scanner (3dMD) and to explore the possibility of the former as a clinical substitute for the latter. METHODS A mannequin head was selected as the research object. In the RGB-D camera-based facial scanner group, the head was continuously scanned five times using an RGB-D camera-based facial scanner (Bellus3D Arc7), and the outcome data of each scan was then imported into CAD software (MeshLab) to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) facial photographs. In the stereophotogrammetry facial scanner group, the mannequin head was scanned with a stereophotogrammetry facial scanner (3dMD). Selected parameters were directly measured on the reconstructed 3D virtual faces using a CAD software. The same parameters were then measured directly on the mannequin head using the direct anthropometry (DA) method as the gold standard for later comparison. The accuracy of the facial scanners was evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. Trueness was evaluated by comparing the measurement results of the two groups with each other and with that of DA using equivalence tests and average absolute deviations, while precision and inter-operator reliability were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A 3D facial mesh deviation between the two groups was also calculated for further reference using a 3D metrology software (GOM inspect pro). RESULTS In terms of trueness, the average absolute deviations between RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetry facial scanners, between RGB-D camera-based facial scanner and DA, and between stereophotogrammetry facial scanner and DA were statistically equivalent at 0.50±0.27 mm, 0.61±0.42 mm, and 0.28±0.14 mm, respectively. Equivalence test results confirmed that their equivalence was within clinical requirements (<1 mm). The ICC for each parameter was approximately 0.999 in terms of precision and inter-operator reliability. A 3D facial mesh analysis suggested that the deviation between the two groups was 0.37±0.01 mm. CONCLUSIONS For facial scanners, an accuracy of <1 mm is commonly considered clinically acceptable. Both the RGB-D camera-based and stereophotogrammetry facial scanners in this study showed acceptable trueness, high precision, and inter-operator reliability. A low-cost RGB-D camera-based facial scanner could be an eligible clinical substitute for traditional stereophotogrammetry. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The low-cost RGB-D camera-based facial scanner showed clinically acceptable trueness, high precision, and inter-operator reliability; thus, it could be an eligible clinical substitute for traditional stereophotogrammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jialing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueyan Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilie Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, South Carolina, United States
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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25
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Cao R, Chen B, Xu H, Cai Y, Liu W. Accuracy of three-dimensional optical devices for facial soft-tissue measurement in clinical practice of stomatology: A PRISMA systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31922. [PMID: 36451461 PMCID: PMC9704975 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) optical devices for facial soft-tissue measurement is essential to the success of clinical treatment in stomatology. The aim of the present systematic review was to summarize the accuracy of 3D optical devices used for facial soft-tissue assessment in stomatology. METHODS An extensive systematic literature search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases for studies published in the English language up to May 2022 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Peer-reviewed journal articles evaluating the facial soft-tissue morphology by 3D optical devices were included. The risk of bias was performed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 guidelines by the 2 reviewers. The potential publication bias was analyzed using the Review Manager software. RESULTS The query returned 1853 results. A total of 38 studies were included in this review. Articles were categorized based on the principle of devices: laser-based scanning, structured-light scanning, stereophotogrammetry and red, green, blue-depth camera. CONCLUSION Overall, the 3D optical devices demonstrated excellent accuracy and reliability for facial soft-tissue measurement in stomatology. red, green, blue-depth camera can collect accurate static and dynamic 3D facial scans with low cost and high measurement accuracy. Practical needs and availability of resources should be considered when these devices are used in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkai Cao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyi Cai
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicai Liu
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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26
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Facial Scanners in Dentistry: An Overview. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This narrative review aims to explore the current status of facial scanning technology in the dental field; outlining the history, mechanisms, and current evidence regarding its use and limitations within digital dentistry. Methods: Subtopics within facial scanner technology in dentistry were identified and divided among four reviewers. Electronic searches of the Medline (PubMed) database were performed with the following search terms: facial scanner, dentistry, prosthodontics, virtual patient, sleep apnea, maxillofacial prosthetics, accuracy. For this review only studies or review papers evaluating facial scanning technology for dental or medical applications were included. A total of 44 articles were included. Due to the narrative nature of this review, no formal evidence-based quality assessment was performed and the search was limited to the English language. No further restrictions were applied. Results: The significance, applications, limitations, and future directions of facial scanning technology were reviewed. Specific subtopics include significant history of facial scanner use and development for dentistry, different types and mechanisms used in facial scanning technology, accuracy of scanning technology, use as a diagnostic tool, use in creating a virtual patient, virtual articulation, smile design, diagnosing and treating obstructive sleep apnea, limitations of scanning technology, and future directions with artificial intelligence. Conclusions: Despite limitations in scan quality and software operation, 3D facial scanners are rapid and non-invasive tools that can be utilized in multiple facets of dental care. Facial scanners can serve an invaluable role in the digital workflow by capturing facial records to facilitate interdisciplinary communication, virtual articulation, smile design, and obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis and treatment. Looking into the future, facial scanning technology has promising applications in the fields of craniofacial research, and prosthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.
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27
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Facial Scanning Accuracy with Stereophotogrammetry and Smartphone Technology in Children: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091390. [PMID: 36138698 PMCID: PMC9498045 DOI: 10.3390/children9091390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to systematically review and compare the accuracy of smartphone scanners versus stereophotogrammetry technology for facial digitization in children. A systematic literature search strategy of articles published from 1 January 2010 to 30 August 2022 was adopted through a combination of Mesh terms and free text words pooled through boolean operators on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and OpenGrey. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Stationary stereophotogrammetry devices showed a mean accuracy that ranged from 0.087 to 0.860 mm, portable stereophotogrammetry scanners from 0.150 to 0.849 mm, and smartphones from 0.460 to 1.400 mm. Regarding the risk of bias assessment, fourteen papers showed an overall low risk, three articles had unclear risk and four articles had high risk. Although smartphones showed less performance on deep and irregular surfaces, all the analyzed devices were sufficiently accurate for clinical application. Internal depth-sensing cameras or external infrared structured-light depth-sensing cameras plugged into smartphones/tablets increased the accuracy. These devices are portable and inexpensive but require greater operator experience and patient compliance for the incremented time of acquisition. Stationary stereophotogrammetry is the gold standard for greater accuracy and shorter acquisition time, avoiding motion artifacts.
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28
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Antonacci D, Caponio VCA, Troiano G, Pompeo MG, Gianfreda F, Canullo L. Facial scanning technologies in the era of digital workflow: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Prosthodont Res 2022. [PMID: 36058870 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_22_00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this network meta-analysis is to evaluate the accuracy of various face-scanning technologies in the market, with respect to the different dimensions of space (x, y, and z axes). Furthermore, attention will be paid to the type of technologies currently used and to the best practices for high-quality scan acquisition. MATERIAL AND METHODS The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and its updates. A thorough search was performed using the digital databases MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials by entering research lines or various combinations of free words. The main keywords used during the search process were "photogrammetry", "laser scanner", "optical scanner", "3D, and "face". RESULTS None of the included technologies significantly deviated from direct anthropometry. The obtained mean differences in the distances between the considered landmarks range from 1.10 to -1.74 mm. CONCLUSION Limiting the movements of the patient and scanner allows for more accurate facial scans with all the technologies involved. Active technologies such as laser scanners (LS), structured light (SL), and infrared structured light (ISL) have accuracy comparable to that of static stereophotogrammetry while being more cost-effective and less time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Gianfreda
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Canullo
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Hou X, Xu X, Zhao M, Kong J, Wang M, Lee ES, Jia Q, Jiang HB. An overview of three-dimensional imaging devices in dentistry. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:1179-1196. [PMID: 35968802 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review four types of three-dimensional imaging devices: intraoral scanners, extraoral scanners, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and facial scanners, in terms of their development, technologies, advantages, disadvantages, accuracy, influencing factors, and applications in dentistry. METHODS PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and Google Scholar databases were searched. Additionally, the scanner manufacturers' websites were accessed to obtain relevant data. Four authors independently selected the articles, books, and websites. To exclude duplicates and scrutinize the data, they were uploaded to Mendeley Data. In total, 135 articles, two books, and 17 websites were included. RESULTS Research and clinical practice have shown that oral and facial scanners and CBCT can be used widely in various areas of dentistry with high accuracy. CONCLUSION Although further advancement of these devices is desirable, there is no doubt that digital technology represents the future of dentistry. Furthermore, the combined use of different devices may bring dentistry into a new era. These four devices will play a significant role in clinical utility with high accuracy. The combined use of these devices should be explored further. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The four devices will play a significant role in clinical use with high accuracy. The combined use of these devices should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Hou
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Menghua Zhao
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiawen Kong
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingchang Wang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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30
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Ortensi L, Fisichella ML, Ortensi M, Grande F, Pellegrino G, Ferri A, LA Rosa GRM, Pedullà E. A comparison of accuracy between three different facial detection systems for prosthodontic esthetic preview: a single-blinded in vitro study. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2022; 71:199-205. [PMID: 34546226 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.21.04595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of 3 different devices for facial images acquisition, useful for prosthodontic esthetic preview. METHODS Bidimensional extraoral photographs (Nikon D300), facial scans (Bellus3D) and 3D digital stereophotogrammetry photos (3dMD Face System) were acquired from 15 patients. The intraoral impressions of all subjects were digitally taken through a scanner (i500; Medit). Files obtained from each acquisition method were transferred on Exocad Software, and the measurements of the frontal teeth were performed and compared with those of the intraoral scans, assumed as reference. The data were statistically analyzed (Friedman and Dunn tests) with P<0.05. RESULTS As for central and lateral incisors, no significant difference emerged between 2D digital photography and intraoral scans, both in height and width. Measures obtained with Bellus3D significantly differed from the reference data in width of all teeth, except for central incisors. Values referred to canines were those more subjected to significant distortions in width for all devices. CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, measures of frontal teeth acquired by 2D digital photography were similar to those of intraoral scans both in height and width, while those obtained with 3D facial scanners were more subjected to distortions in mesial-distal dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ortensi
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria L Fisichella
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Grande
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gerardo Pellegrino
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnese Ferri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giusy R M LA Rosa
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy -
| | - Eugenio Pedullà
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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31
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Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Beuer F, Huettig F, Röhler A, Kraemer-Fernandez P. Accuracy of capturing nasal, orbital, and auricular defects with extra- and intraoral optical scanners and smartphone: An in vitro study. J Dent 2021; 117:103916. [PMID: 34875273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study compares the scanning accuracy of various stationary and portable as well as extra- and intraoral devices for capturing oncological defects. METHODS A 3D-printed model of a nasal, orbital, and auricular defect, as well as one of an intact auricle, were digitalized (n = 7 per device) with a stationary optical scanner (Pritiface), a portable extraoral optical scanner (Artec Space Spider), two intraoral scanners (Trios 4 and Primescan), and a smartphone (iPhone 11 Pro). For the reference data, the defect models were digitalized using a laboratory scanner (D2000). For quantitative analysis, the root mean square error value for trueness and precision and mean deviations in millimeters were obtained for each defect type. The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test. For qualitative analysis, a colorimetric map was generated to display the deviation within the defect area and adjacent tissue. RESULTS Statistically significant interactions were found in the trueness and precision for defect and scanner type. CONCLUSION The Primescan and Artec Space Spider scanners showed the highest accuracy for most defect types. Primescan and Trios 4 failed to capture the orbital defect. The iPhone 11 Pro showed clinically acceptable trueness but inferior precision. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The scanning devices may demonstrate varying accuracy, depending on the defect type. A portable extraoral optical scanner is an universal tool for the digitization of oncological defects. Alternatively, an intraoral scanner may be employed in maxillofacial prosthetics with some restrictions. Utilizing a smartphone in maxillofacial rehabilitation should be considered with caution, because it provides inconsistent accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Unkovskiy
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany; Department of Dental Surgery, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, 19с1, 119146 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Sebastian Spintzyk
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tübingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; ADMiRE Lab-Additive Manufacturing, Intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524 Villach
| | - Florian Beuer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Dental Materials and Biomaterial Research, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry and Craniomandibular Disorders, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Huettig
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tbingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ariadne Röhler
- Section Medical Materials Science and Technology, Tübingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pablo Kraemer-Fernandez
- Department of Prosthodontics at the Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery with Dental School, Tuebingen University Hospital, Osianderstr. 2-8, Tbingen 72076, Germany
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Liu J, Zhang C, Cai R, Yao Y, Zhao Z, Liao W. Accuracy of 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: Comparison of the 3dMD and Bellus3D facial scanning systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 160:862-871. [PMID: 34814981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of 3-dimensional (3D) digital facial photographs taken by the Bellus3D Face Camera Pro (Bellus3D) (Bellus3D Inc, Los Gatos, Calif) and the 3dMDface system (3dMD) (3dMD Inc, Atlanta, Ga) with one another and with direct anthropometry (DA). METHODS A mannequin head was selected as the research object. Twenty facial landmarks were labeled on the basis of the 8 interlandmark distances and 5 angles that were defined. A 150-mm digital Vernier caliper (Mitutoyo Inc, Tokyo, Japan) with an accuracy of 0.02 mm was applied to directly measure the interlandmark distances, and the angles were calculated according to the law of cosines. All the measurements were conducted 3 times by each operator under identical conditions. Then, each scanner was used to acquire 3D photographs 5 times, generating 10 digital stereophotographs. Linear distances and angles were measured on the 3D facial photographs reconstructed with open-source MeshLab software (ISTI [Italian National Research Council], Rome, Italy). Each linear distance and angle were measured 3 times by 1 operator, and 3 examiners conducted the measurements independently. To obtain the trueness, equivalence tests were applied to compare the measurements of the 2 scanners and DA. In addition, the average absolute deviations were calculated to directly compare the trueness of 3 methods (Bellus3D vs 3dMD vs DA). Finally, the intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess the interobserver agreement and the precision of 2 scanners. RESULTS As for the trueness, 7 out of 8 of the linear distance measurements (N-Pn, Sn-Pog, ORE-IRE, OLE-ILE, RLC-RMC, LLC-LMC, and CR-CL) and 3 out of 5 of the angular measurements (MLA, NFA, and INI) obtained by 3dMD were equivalent to those obtained by DA. Five out of 8 measurements (N-Pn, Sn-Pog, RLC-RMC, LLC-LMC, and CR-CL) and 1 out of 5 of the angular measurements (MLA) obtained by Bellus3D were equivalent to the measurements obtained with DA. All but 3 of the measurements (ORE-IRE, NFA, and INI) obtained with Bellus3D were equivalent to 3dMD. The mean absolute difference between 3dMD and DA was 0.36 ± 0.20 mm and 0.45° ± 0.56°; the deviation between Bellus3D and DA was 0.61 ± 0.47 mm and 0.99° ± 0.61°; and the deviation between Bellus3D and 3dMD was 0.38 ± 0.37 mm and 0.62° ± 0.39°. Regarding the precision of the 2 scanners, the intraclass correlation coefficient value of 3dMD was approximately 1.00, and that of Bellus3D was 0.99. The interobserver agreement for each linear and angular measurement was 0.99. CONCLUSIONS The trueness of each scanner was clinically acceptable for diagnosis and treatment planning. The precision of 3D photographs obtained by 3dMD and Bellus3D showed good scanning repeatability. The interobserver agreement between the 3 operators was rated as excellent (0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruilie Cai
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Liao
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
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Pérez-Giugovaz MG, Park SH, Revilla-León M. Three-dimensional virtual representation by superimposing facial and intraoral digital scans with an additively manufactured intraoral scan body. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 126:459-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gallardo YNR, Salazar-Gamarra R, Bohner L, De Oliveira JI, Dib LL, Sesma N. Evaluation of the 3D error of 2 face-scanning systems: An in vitro analysis. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 129:630-636. [PMID: 34362565 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Facial scanning systems have been developed as auxiliary tools for diagnosis and planning in dentistry. However, little is known about the trueness of these free software programs and apps for facial scanning. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the trueness of 3D facial scanning by using Bellus3D and +ID ReCap Photo. MATERIAL AND METHODS A mannequin head was used as the master model. The control group was created by scanning the mannequin head with a noncontact structured blue light 3D scanner (ATOS Core). Two facial scanning methods were used for the experimental groups: a facial scanning app (FaceApp) and the Plus identity photogrammetry methodology (ReCap Photo). In both methods, image capturing was performed under the same natural lighting conditions with a smartphone (iPhone X) calibrated with an app. Trueness was assessed from the 3D measurement error, which was calculated with a 3D mesh analysis software program (GOM Inspect). Two comparison groups were created: ATOS versus Bellus3D (B3D) and ATOS versus +ID with ReCap Photo (+IDRP). The results were statistically evaluated by using the Shapiro-Wilk and paired t tests (α=.05). RESULTS B3D had a greater error than +IDRP in measuring the regions of the upper and lower lips, nose, and mentum (P<.01). This error was statistically higher for +IDRP (P<.01) in the right face area, but the left face area showed no statistically significant difference between the evaluated scanning methods (P=.93). The 3D global trueness of B3D was 0.34 ±0.14 mm, and that of +IDRP was 0.28 ±0.06 mm. CONCLUSIONS Both methods evaluated in this study provided a 3D model of the face with clinically acceptable trueness and should be reliable tools for planning esthetic restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda N R Gallardo
- PhD student, Department of Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Salazar-Gamarra
- Professor, Department, Paulista University, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lauren Bohner
- Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Luciano L Dib
- Professor, Post-graduation Department, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Newton Sesma
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Alisha KH, Batra P, Raghavan S, Sharma K, Talwar A. A New Frame for Orienting Infants With Cleft Lip and Palate During 3-Dimensional Facial Scanning. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 59:946-950. [PMID: 34219503 DOI: 10.1177/10556656211028512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonradiographic 3-D assessment of soft tissue facial structures is an ideal tool to measure 3-D facial change and smartphone apps like Bellus 3D have brought these technologies to our doorsteps. Although this app works well for adults, it doesn't do so well with infants as their stabilization is difficult thus proper alignment becomes problematic often leading to distortion. This seriously hampers the repeatability and reliability of the whole process. MATERIAL AND METHOD A stainless steel rod of 150-cm length is curved into a semicircle of a radius of 42.5 cm. Bases are fabricated at both the ends to firmly hold the stand on the table. A Teflon ring of one inch is made for adjusting the diameter of the camera holder. A camera holder is then attached to the Teflon ring. The mobile holder mounted is free to move within the arc. A 3-D facial scan of a single patient was carried out with the camera mounted on the frame and once without the frame. The same was compared using side-by-side comparison and superimposition of the .STL files from the frontal, profile, and worm's eye view. RESULT AND CONCLUSION It was found that considerable distortion was noted around the nasal and paranasal areas when the scan was performed without the frame as compared to the one that was taken with the frame. This technique avoided distortion and the difficulty in turning the baby's head to record the lateral portion of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Alisha
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Batra
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sreevatsan Raghavan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karan Sharma
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Talwar
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Kadrabad, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Nazir A, Azhar A, Nazir U, Liu YF, Qureshi WS, Chen JE, Alanazi E. The rise of 3D Printing entangled with smart computer aided design during COVID-19 era. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS 2021; 60:774-786. [PMID: 33106722 PMCID: PMC7577663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During the current Pandemic, seven and a half million flights worldwide were canceled which disrupted the supply chain of all types of goods such as, personal protective gears, medical health devices, raw materials, food, and other essential equipments. The demand for health and medical related goods increased during this period globally, while the production using classical manufacturing techniques were effected because of the lockdowns and disruption in the transporation system. This created the need of geo scattered, small, and rapid manufacturing units along with a smart computer aided design (CAD) facility. The availability of 3D printing technologies and open source CAD design made it possible to overcome this need. In this article, we present an extensive review on the utilization of 3D printing technology in the days of pandamic. We observe that 3D printing together with smart CAD design show promise to overcome the disruption caused by the lockdown of classical manufacturing units specially for medical and testing equipment, and protective gears. We observe that there are several short communications, commentaries, correspondences, editorials and mini reviews compiled and published; however, a systematic state-of-the-art review is required to identify the significance of 3D printing, design for additive manufacturing (AM), and digital supply chain for handling emergency situations and in the post-COVID era. We present a review of various benefits of 3DP particularly in emergency situations such as a pandemic. Furthermore, some relevant iterative design and 3DP case studies are discussed systematically. Finally, this article highlights the areas that can help to control the emergency situation such as a pandemic, and critically discusses the research gaps that need further research in order to exploit the full potential of 3DP in pandemic and post-pandemic future era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Nazir
- High Speed 3D Printing Research Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Aashir Azhar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Usman Nazir
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Yun-Feng Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, China
| | - Waqar S Qureshi
- Robot Design and Development Lab, NCRA, NUST C of E & ME, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jia-En Chen
- Medical 3D Printing Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eisa Alanazi
- Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Sun A, Yang Y, Gao H, Lin WS, Chen L, Tan J. Integrating Facial and Intraoral Scans for Digital Esthetic and Occlusal Design: A Technical Report. J Prosthodont 2021; 30:729-733. [PMID: 34109701 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The provisional prosthesis is a prerequisite for prosthodontic rehabilitation. The purpose of this technique was to register facial and intraoral scans predictably. A 3D virtual patient was created through facial scans, intraoral scans, digital face-bow transfer, and digital cross-articulation technique. This virtual patient allowed predictable positioning of intraoral scans to a virtual articulator by using digital face-bow transfer. The resulting virtual patient facilitated the design of definitive prostheses following a facially generated treatment planning principle. In addition, the virtual articulator was used to improve occlusal design on the definitive prostheses and reduce the need for intraoral adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Sun
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanqi Gao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei-Shao Lin
- Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
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Cameron A, Custódio ALN, Bakr M, Reher P. A simplified CAD/CAM extraoral surgical guide for therapeutic injections. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2021; 21:253-260. [PMID: 34136647 PMCID: PMC8187018 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2021.21.3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic injections into the craniofacial region can be a complex procedure because of the nature of its anatomical structure. This technical note demonstrates a process for creating an extra-oral template to inject therapeutic substances into the temporomandibular joint and the lateral pterygoid muscle. The described process involves merging cone-beam computed tomography data and extra-oral facial scans obtained using a mobile device to establish a correlated data set for virtual planning. Virtual injection points were simulated using existing dental implant planning software to assist clinicians in precisely targeting specific anatomical structures. A template was designed and then 3D printed. The printed template showed adequate surface fit. This innovative process demonstrates a potential new clinical technique. However, further validation and in vivo trials are necessary to assess its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cameron
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antônio Luís Neto Custódio
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mahmoud Bakr
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Reher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Revilla-León M, Pérez-Barquero JA, Barmak BA, Agustín-Panadero R, Fernández-Estevan L, Att W. Facial scanning accuracy depending on the alignment algorithm and digitized surface area location: An in vitro study. J Dent 2021; 110:103680. [PMID: 33901605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2021.103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure the accuracy (trueness and precision) of a facial scanner depending on the alignment method and the digitized surface area location. METHODS Fourteen markers were adhered on a head mannequin and digitized using an industrial scanner (GOM Atos Q 3D 12 M; Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik GmbH). A control mesh was acquired. Subsequently, the mannequin was digitized using a facial scanner (Arc4; Bellus3D) (n = 30). The control mesh was delineated into 10 areas. Based on the alignment procedures, two groups were created: reference best fit (RBF group) and landmark-based best fit (LA group). The root mean square was used to calculate the discrepancy between the control mesh and each facial scan. A 2-way ANOVA and Tukey pairwise comparison tests were used to compare trueness and precision between the 2 groups across 10 areas (α = .05). RESULTS Both alignment algorithms (P = .007) and digitized area (P < .001) were significant predictors of trueness with a significant interaction between the two predictors (F (9, 580) =25.13, P < .001). Tukey pairwise comparison showed that there was a significant difference between mean trueness values of RBF (mean=0.53 mm) and LA (mean=0.55 mm) groups. Moreover, a significant difference was detected among the trueness values across surface areas. The A9-area (left tragus area) had the highest and A5-area (right cheek area) had the lowest mean trueness. Both alignment algorithm (P < .001) and digitized surface area (P < .001) were significant predictors of precision with a significant interaction between the two predictors (F (9, 580) =14.34, P < .001). Tukey pairwise comparison showed that there was a significant difference between mean precision values of RBF (mean=0.38 mm) and LA (mean=0.35 mm) groups. Moreover, a significant difference was detected among the precision values across surface areas. Comparing the surface areas, A9-area had the highest and A10-area (forehead area) had the lowest mean precision. CONCLUSIONS Alignment procedures influenced on the scanning trueness and precision mean values, but the facial scanner accuracy values obtained were within the clinically acceptable accuracy threshold of less or equal than 2 mm. Furthermore, the scanning accuracy (for both trueness and precision) depended on the location of the scanned surface area, being more accurate on the middle of the face than on the sides of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX, United States; Affiliate Faculty Graduate Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Researcher at Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Basir A Barmak
- Clinical Research and Biostatistics, Eastman Institute of Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Rubén Agustín-Panadero
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández-Estevan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wael Att
- Department of Prosthodontics, Tuff University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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Accuracy of a patient 3-dimensional virtual representation obtained from the superimposition of facial and intraoral scans guided by extraoral and intraoral scan body systems. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:984-993. [PMID: 33838919 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM A patient 3-dimensional virtual representation aims to facilitate the integration of facial references into treatment planning or prosthesis design procedures, but the accuracy of the virtual patient representation remains unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of the present observational clinical study was to determine and compare the accuracy (trueness and precision) of a virtual patient obtained from the superimposition procedures of facial and intraoral digital scans guided by 2 scan body systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten participants were recruited. An intraoral digital scan was completed (TRIOS 4). Four fiduciary markers were placed in the glabella (Gb), left (IOL) and right infraorbital canal (IOR), and tip of the nose (TN). Two digitizing procedures were completed: cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) (i-CAT FLX V-Series) and facial scans (Face Camera Pro Bellus) with 2 different scan body systems: AFT (ScanBodyFace) and Sat 3D (Sat 3D). For the AFT system, a reference facial scan was obtained, followed by a facial scan with the participant in the same position as when capturing the CBCT scan. For the Sat 3D system, a reference facial scan was recorded, followed by a facial scan with the patient in the same position as when capturing the CBCT scan. The patient 3-dimensional representation for each scan body system was obtained by using a computer program (Matera 2.4). A total of 14 interlandmark distances were measured in the CBCT scan and both 3-dimensional patient representations. The discrepancies between the CBCT scan (considered the standard) and each 3-dimensional representation of each patient were used to analyze the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed that trueness and precision values were not normally distributed (P<.05). A log10 transformation was performed with 1-way repeated-measures MANOVA (α=.05). RESULTS The accuracy of the virtual 3-dimensional patient representations obtained by using AFT and Sat 3D systems showed a trueness ranging from 0.50 to 1.64 mm and a precision ranging from 0.04 to 0.14 mm. The Wilks lambda detected an overall significant difference in the accuracy values between the AFT and Sat 3D systems (F=3628.041, df=14, P<.001). A significant difference was found in 12 of the 14 interlandmark measurements (P<.05). The AFT system presented significantly higher discrepancy values in Gb-IOL, TN-IOR, IOL-IOR, and TN-6 (P<.05) than in the Sat 3D system. The Sat 3D system had a significantly higher discrepancy in Gb-TN, TN-IOL, IOL-3, IOL-6, TN-8, TN-9, TN-11, IOR-11, and IOR-14 (P<.05) than in the AFT system. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test did not detect any significant difference in the precision values between the AFT and Sat 3D systems (Z=-0.838, P=.402). CONCLUSIONS The accuracy of the patient 3-dimensional virtual representations obtained using AFT and Sat 3D systems showed trueness values ranging from 0.50 to 1.64 mm and precision values ranging from 0.04 to 0.14 mm. The AFT system obtained higher trueness than the Sat 3D system, but both systems showed similar precision values.
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Fourier-Transform-Based Surface Measurement and Reconstruction of Human Face Using the Projection of Monochromatic Structured Light. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21072529. [PMID: 33916595 PMCID: PMC8038475 DOI: 10.3390/s21072529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a new approach of surface measurement of human face via the combination of the projection of monochromatic structured light, the optical filtering technique, the polarization technique and the Fourier-transform-based image-processing algorithm. The theoretical analyses and experimental results carried out in this study showed that the monochromatic feature of projected fringe pattern generated using our designed laser-beam-based optical system ensures the use of optical filtering technique for removing the effect of background illumination; the linearly-polarized characteristic makes it possible to employ a polarizer for eliminating the noised signal contributed by multiply-scattered photons; and the high-contrast sinusoidal fringes of the projected structured light provide the condition for accurate reconstruction using one-shot measurement based on Fourier transform profilometry. The proposed method with the portable and stable optical setup may have potential applications of indoor medical scan of human face and outdoor facial recognition without strict requirements of a dark environment and a stable object being observed.
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Amezua X, Iturrate M, Garikano X, Solaberrieta E. Analysis of the influence of the facial scanning method on the transfer accuracy of a maxillary digital scan to a 3D face scan for a virtual facebow technique: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2021; 128:1024-1031. [PMID: 33722381 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM With the emergence of virtual articulators, virtual facebow techniques have been developed for mounting maxillary digital scans to virtual articulators. Different scanning methods can be used to obtain 3D face scans, but the influence that these methods have on the accuracy with which a maxillary digital scan is transferred to a 3D face scan is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the influence of the facial scanning method on the accuracy with which a maxillary digital scan is transferred to a 3D face scan in a virtual facebow technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS After a virtual facebow technique, a maxillary digital scan was transferred to a standard virtual patient-who had the maxillary digital scan in its real location-guided by an intraoral transfer element by using different 3D face scans with the intraoral transfer element in place (reference 3D face scans) obtained with 2 different scanning methods: 10 obtained with an accurate scanning method based on structured white light technology and 10 obtained with a less accurate scanning method based on structure-from-motion technology. For each situation, deviation between the maxillary digital scan at the location obtained after the virtual facebow technique and at its real location was obtained in terms of distance by using a novel methodology. From these distances, the accuracy was assessed in terms of trueness and precision, according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 5725-1. The Student t test with Welch correction was used to determine if the accuracy with which the maxillary digital scan was transferred to the standard virtual patient was influenced by the facial scanning method used to obtain the reference 3D face scans (α=.05). RESULTS Significant differences (P<.05) were found among the trueness values obtained when using the different facial scanning methods, with a very large effect size. A trueness of 0.138 mm and a precision of 0.022 mm were obtained by using the structured white light scanning method, and a trueness of 0.416 mm and a precision of 0.095 mm were acquired when using the structure-from-motion scanning method. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy with which a maxillary digital scan is located with respect to a 3D face scan in a virtual facebow technique is strongly influenced by the facial scanning method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Amezua
- Research Assistant, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Mikel Iturrate
- Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Xabier Garikano
- Assistant Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eneko Solaberrieta
- Associate Professor, Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects, Faculty of Engineering Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, San Sebastian, Spain.
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Virtual Surgical Planning and the “In-House” Rapid Prototyping Technique in Maxillofacial Surgery: The Current Situation and Future Perspectives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The first applications of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) in maxillofacial surgery date back to the 1980s. Since then, virtual surgical planning (VSP) has undergone significant development and is now routinely used in daily practice. Indeed, in an extraordinary period, such as that of the current COVID-19 pandemic, it offers a valuable tool in relation to the protection of healthcare workers. In this paper we provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical applications reported in the literature and review our experience using an in-house rapid prototyping technique in the field of maxillofacial surgery. methods: Our research was focused on reconstructive surgery, traumatology (especially in relation to orbital floor and zygomatic arch fractures), and COVID-19 masks. The first step was a radiographic study. Next, computed tomography (CT) scans were segmented in order to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) model. Finally, in the editing phase, through the use of specific software, a customized device for each patient was designed and printed. results: Four reconstructive procedures were performed with a perfect fitting of the surgical device produced by means of VSP. In nine orbital floor fracture cases a good overlapping of the mesh on the orbital floor was obtained. In sixteen zygomatic arch cases the post-operative CT scan showed an excellent fitting of the device and a correct fracture reduction. Regarding the COVID-19 period, six masks and shields produced proved to provide effective protection. conclusions: The timescale and costs required for the production of our “home-made” virtual design are low, which makes this method applicable to a large number of cases, for both ordinary and extraordinary activities.
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The Effect of Perioral Scan and Artificial Skin Markers on the Accuracy of Virtual Dentofacial Integration: Stereophotogrammetry Versus Smartphone Three-Dimensional Face-Scanning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010229. [PMID: 33396780 PMCID: PMC7795468 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of different matching methods on the accuracy of dentofacial integration in stereophotogrammetry and smartphone face-scanning systems. The integration was done (N = 30) with different matching areas (n = 10), including teeth image only (TO), perioral area without markers (PN) and with markers (PM). The positional accuracy of the integrated models was assessed by measuring the midline linear deviations and incisal line canting between the experimental groups and laser scanner-based reference standards. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). The PM method exhibited the smallest linear deviations in both systems; while the highest deviations were found in the TO in stereophotogrammetry; and in PN in smartphone. For the incisal line canting; the canting degree was the lowest in the PM method; followed by that in the TO and the PN in both systems. Although stereophotogrammetry generally exhibited higher accuracy than the smartphone; the two systems demonstrated no significant difference when the perioral areas were used for matching. The use of perioral scans with markers enables accurate dentofacial image integration; however; cautions should be given on the accuracy of the perioral image obtained without the use of markers.
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Mai HN, Kim J, Choi YH, Lee DH. Accuracy of Portable Face-Scanning Devices for Obtaining Three-Dimensional Face Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010094. [PMID: 33375533 PMCID: PMC7795319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional face-scanning systems to obtain facial models is of increasing interest, however, systematic assessments of the reliability of portable face-scan devices have not been widely conducted. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed considering the accuracy of facial models obtained by portable face-scanners in comparison with that of those obtained by stationary face-scanning systems. A systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for articles published from 1 January 2009 to 18 March 2020. A total of 2806 articles were identified, with 21 articles available for the narrative review and nine studies available for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that the accuracy of the digital face models generated by the portable scanners was not significantly different from that of the stationary face-scanning systems (standard mean difference (95% confidence interval) = -0.325 mm (-1.186 to 0.536); z = -0.74; p = 0.459). Within the comparison of the portable systems, no statistically significant difference was found concerning the accuracy of the facial models among scanning methods (p = 0.063). Overall, portable face-scan devices can be considered reliable for obtaining facial models. However, caution is needed when applying face-scanners with respect to scanning device settings, control of involuntary facial movements, landmark and facial region identifications, and scanning protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Jaeil Kim
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (H.-N.M.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-600-7676
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Mai HN, Lee DH. Accuracy of Mobile Device-Compatible 3D Scanners for Facial Digitization: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e22228. [PMID: 33095178 PMCID: PMC7647818 DOI: 10.2196/22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accurate assessment and acquisition of facial anatomical information significantly contributes to enhancing the reliability of treatments in dental and medical fields, and has applications in fields such as craniomaxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, prosthodontics, orthopedics, and forensic medicine. Mobile device–compatible 3D facial scanners have been reported to be an effective tool for clinical use, but the accuracy of digital facial impressions obtained with the scanners has not been explored. Objective We aimed to review comparisons of the accuracy of mobile device–compatible face scanners for facial digitization with that of systems for professional 3D facial scanning. Methods Individual search strategies were employed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases to search for articles published up to May 27, 2020. Peer-reviewed journal articles evaluating the accuracy of 3D facial models generated by mobile device–compatible face scanners were included. Cohen d effect size estimates and confidence intervals of standardized mean difference (SMD) data sets were used for meta-analysis. Results By automatic database searching, 3942 articles were identified, of which 11 articles were considered eligible for narrative review, with 6 studies included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the accuracy of face models obtained using mobile device–compatible face scanners was significantly lower than that of face models obtained using professional 3D facial scanners (SMD 3.96 mm, 95% CI 2.81-5.10 mm; z=6.78; P<.001). The difference between face scanning when performed on inanimate facial models was significantly higher (SMD 10.53 mm, 95% CI 6.29-14.77 mm) than that when performed on living participants (SMD 2.58 mm, 95% CI 1.70-3.47 mm, P<.001, df=12.94). Conclusions Overall, mobile device–compatible face scanners did not perform as well as professional scanning systems in 3D facial acquisition, but the deviations were within the clinically acceptable range of <1.5 mm. Significant differences between results when 3D facial scans were performed on inanimate facial objects and when performed on the faces of living participants were found; thus, caution should be exercised when interpreting results from studies conducted on inanimate objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Nga Mai
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Custom-made 3D-printed face masks in case of pandemic crisis situations with a lack of commercially available FFP2/3 masks. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 49:673-677. [PMID: 32265088 PMCID: PMC7132499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the case of pandemic crisis situations, a crucial lack of protective material such as protective face masks for healthcare professionals can occur. A proof of concept (PoC) and prototype are presented, demonstrating a reusable custom-made three-dimensionally (3D) printed face mask based on materials and techniques (3D imaging and 3D printing) with global availability. The individualized 3D protective face mask consists of two 3D-printed reusable polyamide composite components (a face mask and a filter membrane support) and two disposable components (a head fixation band and a filter membrane). Computer-aided design (CAD) was used to produce the reusable components of the 3D face mask based on individual facial scans, which were acquired using a new-generation smartphone with two cameras and a face scanning application. 3D modelling can easily be done by CAD designers worldwide with free download software. The disposable non-woven melt-blown filter membrane is globally available from industrial manufacturers producing FFP2/3 protective masks for painting, construction, agriculture, and the textile industry. Easily available Velcro fasteners were used as a disposable head fixation band. A cleaning and disinfection protocol is proposed. Leakage and virological testing of the reusable components of the 3D face mask, following one or several disinfection cycles, has not yet been performed and is essential prior to its use in real-life situations. This PoC should allow the reader to consider making and/or virologically testing the described custom-made 3D-printed face masks worldwide. The surface tessellation language (STL) format of the original virtual templates of the two reusable components described in this paper can be downloaded free of charge using the hyperlink (Supplementary Material online).
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