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Ahmed R, Green K, Litovsky S, Diffalha SA. Fulminating herpes simplex hepatitis. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2022; 12:e2021410. [PMID: 36569985 PMCID: PMC9762517 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2021.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a rare cause of acute hepatitis in patients with chronic immunosuppression, including Crohn's disease. HSV hepatitis has the propensity to cause acute liver failure and death. The presenting signs and symptoms can be nonspecific, thereby causing the diagnosis to go overlooked with inadequate management, leading to a high mortality rate. We report a case of a 31-year-old male on chronic prednisone treatment for Crohn's disease who unexpectedly died. Subsequently, an autopsy showed HSV hepatitis as the cause of death. Thus, although a rare complication, HSV hepatitis should always be kept in mind as a fatal complication in patients with acute hepatitis and chronic immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raheel Ahmed
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomic Pathology Department, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kesley Green
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomic Pathology Department, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Silvio Litovsky
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomic Pathology Department, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sameer Al Diffalha
- University of Alabama Birmingham, Faculty of Medicine, Anatomic Pathology Department, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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2
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Marongiu L, Landry JJM, Rausch T, Abba ML, Delecluse S, Delecluse H, Allgayer H. Metagenomic analysis of primary colorectal carcinomas and their metastases identifies potential microbial risk factors. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3363-3384. [PMID: 34328665 PMCID: PMC8637581 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paucity of microbiome studies at intestinal tissues has contributed to a yet limited understanding of potential viral and bacterial cofactors of colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis or progression. We analysed whole-genome sequences of CRC primary tumours, their corresponding metastases and matched normal tissue for sequences of viral, phage and bacterial species. Bacteriome analysis showed Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sanguinis, F. Hwasookii, Anaerococcus mediterraneensis and further species enriched in primary CRCs. The primary CRC of one patient was enriched for F. alocis, S. anginosus, Parvimonas micra and Gemella sp. 948. Enrichment of Escherichia coli strains IAI1, SE11, K-12 and M8 was observed in metastases together with coliphages enterobacteria phage φ80 and Escherichia phage VT2φ_272. Virome analysis showed that phages were the most preponderant viral species (46%), the main families being Myoviridae, Siphoviridae and Podoviridae. Primary CRCs were enriched for bacteriophages, showing five phages (Enterobacteria, Bacillus, Proteus, Streptococcus phages) together with their pathogenic hosts in contrast to normal tissues. The most frequently detected, and Blast-confirmed, viruses included human endogenous retrovirus K113, human herpesviruses 7 and 6B, Megavirus chilensis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), with one patient showing EBV enrichment in primary tumour and metastases. EBV was PCR-validated in 80 pairs of CRC primary tumour and their corresponding normal tissues; in 21 of these pairs (26.3%), it was detectable in primary tumours only. The number of viral species was increased and bacterial species decreased in CRCs compared with normal tissues, and we could discriminate primary CRCs from metastases and normal tissues by applying the Hutcheson t-test on the Shannon indices based on viral and bacterial species. Taken together, our results descriptively support hypotheses on microorganisms as potential (co)risk factors of CRC and extend putative suggestions on critical microbiome species in CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Experimental Surgery – Cancer MetastasisMedical Faculty MannheimRuprecht‐Karls University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | | | - Tobias Rausch
- Genomics Core FacilityEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mohammed L. Abba
- Department of Experimental Surgery – Cancer MetastasisMedical Faculty MannheimRuprecht‐Karls University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
| | | | | | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery – Cancer MetastasisMedical Faculty MannheimRuprecht‐Karls University of HeidelbergMannheimGermany
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3
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Miao F. Hydroxytyrosol Alleviates DSS–induced Colitis by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Modulating Gut Microbiota in vivo. Nutrition 2021; 97:111579. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Di Re A, Liang Y, Gosselink MP, Ctercteko G. Acute Gastroenteritis in the Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2021; 3:otab065. [PMID: 36777279 PMCID: PMC9802281 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of a spectrum of disorders including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, with a rising incidence worldwide. However, despite this prevalence the etiology of IBD remains uncertain. It has been suggested that an episode of gastroenteritis may precipitate IBD. Methods Studies were identified using a literature search of Pubmed/Medline and Embase/Ovid. This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The primary outcome was incidence of new-onset IBD after gastroenteritis. Secondary outcomes included incidence of IBD after bacterial, viral, and parasitic gastrointestinal infections. Results Eleven studies (n = 923 608 patients) were included. Four studies assessed patients with gastroenteritis, subsequently developing IBD as the primary outcome. Patients with gastroenteritis had a higher incidence of subsequent IBD but this did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio [OR] 3.81, 95% CI 0.52-27.85, P = .19). Seven studies examined the incidence of antecedent gastroenteritis (primary outcome) in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IBD, compared to the controlled population. There was no difference between incidence of antecedent gastroenteritis across the 2 population groups (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.55-2.08, P = .85). There was no association between IBD and bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections. Conclusions In summary, our meta-analysis has shown that there is considerable heterogeneity in the literature regarding the role of gastroenteritis in the development of IBD. Further higher quality studies need to be performed to ascertain the true nature of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Di Re
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia,Address correspondence to: Angelina Di Re, MBBS, MS, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Cnr Hawkesbury Rd and Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia ()
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Department of General Surgery, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martijn Pieter Gosselink
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dr. Horacio E Oduber Hospital, Caya Punta Brabo, Aruba
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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The Impact of Human Herpesviruses in Clinical Practice of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Era of COVID-19. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091870. [PMID: 34576764 PMCID: PMC8468540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs): herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8, are known to be part of a family of DNA viruses that cause several diseases in humans. In clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the complication of CMV enterocolitis, which is caused by CMV reactivation under disruption of intestinal barrier function, inflammation, or strong immunosuppressive therapy, is well known to affect the prognosis of disease. However, the relationship between other HHVs and IBD remains unclear. In the transplantation field, reactivation of other viruses, such as HHV-6, could cause colitis under immunosuppressed condition. Recent research revealed that combined infection of some HHVs could be a risk factor for colectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis. This suggests that it would be important to clarify HHV behavior in the treatment for patients with IBD, especially in those under immunosuppressive therapies. Looking at the relationship with recently emerged novel coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2), there are reports describe that SARS-CoV-2 might induce reactivation of HSV-1, EBV, VZV (herpes zoster), and HHV-6/7. If SARS-CoV-2 infection becomes common, vigilance against HHV reactivation may become more crucial. In this review, we discuss the impact of HHVs in clinical practice of inflammatory bowel diseases, especially during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Patankar JV, Müller TM, Kantham S, Acera MG, Mascia F, Scheibe K, Mahapatro M, Heichler C, Yu Y, Li W, Ruder B, Günther C, Leppkes M, Mathew MJ, Wirtz S, Neufert C, Kühl AA, Paquette J, Jacobson K, Atreya R, Zundler S, Neurath MF, Young RN, Becker C. E-type prostanoid receptor 4 drives resolution of intestinal inflammation by blocking epithelial necroptosis. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:796-807. [PMID: 34239062 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases present with elevated levels of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) death, which compromises the gut barrier, activating immune cells and triggering more IEC death. The endogenous signals that prevent IEC death and break this vicious cycle, allowing resolution of intestinal inflammation, remain largely unknown. Here we show that prostaglandin E2 signalling via the E-type prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) on IECs represses epithelial necroptosis and induces resolution of colitis. We found that EP4 expression correlates with an improved IBD outcome and that EP4 activation induces a transcriptional signature consistent with resolution of intestinal inflammation. We further show that dysregulated necroptosis prevents resolution, and EP4 agonism suppresses necroptosis in human and mouse IECs. Mechanistically, EP4 signalling on IECs converges on receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 to suppress tumour necrosis factor-induced activation and membrane translocation of the necroptosis effector mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase. In summary, our study indicates that EP4 promotes the resolution of colitis by suppressing IEC necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay V Patankar
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tanja M Müller
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Srinivas Kantham
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Miguel Gonzalez Acera
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Mascia
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Scheibe
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mousumi Mahapatro
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Heichler
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yuqiang Yu
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Barbara Ruder
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Günther
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mano J Mathew
- INSERM, Cordeliers Research Centre, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Allianstic Research Laboratory, EFREI Paris, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefan Wirtz
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja A Kühl
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, iPATH.Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jay Paquette
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- adMare BioInnovations, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raja Atreya
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Diseases: Where Are We? Viruses 2021; 13:v13020260. [PMID: 33567734 PMCID: PMC7914970 DOI: 10.3390/v13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the β-subgroup of the herpesvirus family. After the initial infection, the virus establishes latency in poorly differentiated myeloid precursors from where it can reactivate at later times to cause recurrences. In immunocompetent subjects, primary HCMV infection is usually asymptomatic, while in immunocompromised patients, HCMV infection can lead to severe, life-threatening diseases, whose clinical severity parallels the degree of immunosuppression. The existence of a strict interplay between HCMV and the immune system has led many to hypothesize that HCMV could also be involved in autoimmune diseases (ADs). Indeed, signs of active viral infection were later found in a variety of different ADs, such as rheumatological, neurological, enteric disorders, and metabolic diseases. In addition, HCMV infection has been frequently linked to increased production of autoantibodies, which play a driving role in AD progression, as observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Documented mechanisms of HCMV-associated autoimmunity include molecular mimicry, inflammation, and nonspecific B-cell activation. In this review, we summarize the available literature on the various ADs arising from or exacerbating upon HCMV infection, focusing on the potential role of HCMV-mediated immune activation at disease onset.
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8
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Terminal Ileitis due to Yersinia Infection: An Underdiagnosed Situation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1240626. [PMID: 32566652 PMCID: PMC7273408 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1240626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopy is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The presence of macroscopic lesions along with the microscopic detection of inflammatory infiltration in the terminal ileum often leads the gastroenterologist to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD). However, some of these cases could be, in fact, an infection caused by Yersinia spp., accompanied or not with CD, which could be easily diagnosed with the identification of serum antibodies against Yersinia outer protein antigens (YOP antigens). Since Yersiniosis is considered to be an uncommon situation, food and water are not usually checked for the possibility of contamination by Yersinia. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the true prevalence of Yersinia infection in patients with terminal ileitis is probably underestimated. In this article, we review the most important data regarding the various aspects of Yersinia infection with special focus on its pathophysiology and diagnosis. We recommend testing for serum antibodies against YOP antigens in all patients with an endoscopic and histological image of terminal ileitis in order to identify Yersiniosis in conjunction or not with terminal ileum CD.
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9
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Lactobacillus reuteri 5454 and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 5764 improve colitis while differentially impacting dendritic cells maturation and antimicrobial responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5345. [PMID: 32210304 PMCID: PMC7093418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease is linked to a decreased diversity in gut microbiota composition as a potential consequence of an impaired anti-microbial response and an altered polarization of T helper cells. Here, we evaluated the immunomodulatory properties of two potential probiotic strains, namely a Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis Bl 5764 and a Lactobacillus reuteri Lr 5454 strains. Both strains improved colitis triggered by either 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) or Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. Training of dendritic cells (DC) with Lr 5454 efficiently triggered IL-22 secretion and regulatory T cells induction in vitro, while IL-17A production by CD4+ T lymphocytes was stronger when cultured with DCs that were primed with Bl 5764. This strain was sufficient for significantly inducing expression of antimicrobial peptides in vivo through the Crohn’s disease predisposing gene encoding for the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, containing protein 2 (NOD2). In contrast, NOD2 was dispensable for the impact on antimicrobial peptide expression in mice that were monocolonized with Lr 5454. In conclusion, our work highlights a differential mode of action of two potential probiotic strains that protect mice against colitis, providing the rational for a personalized supportive preventive therapy by probiotics for individuals that are genetically predisposed to Crohn’s disease.
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Francis MS, Auerbuch V. Editorial: The Pathogenic Yersiniae-Advances in the Understanding of Physiology and Virulence, Second Edition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:119. [PMID: 31058103 PMCID: PMC6482262 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Francis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Victoria Auerbuch
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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11
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Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, Kucharzik T, Fiorino G, Annese V, Calabrese E, Baumgart DC, Bettenworth D, Borralho Nunes P, Burisch J, Castiglione F, Eliakim R, Ellul P, González-Lama Y, Gordon H, Halligan S, Katsanos K, Kopylov U, Kotze PG, Krustinš E, Laghi A, Limdi JK, Rieder F, Rimola J, Taylor SA, Tolan D, van Rheenen P, Verstockt B, Stoker J. ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in IBD Part 1: Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:144-164. [PMID: 30137275 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maaser
- Outpatients Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Sturm
- Department of Gastroenterology, DRK Kliniken Berlin I Westend, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Torsten Kucharzik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Hospital Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Annese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Valiant Clinic & American Hospital, Dubai, UAE
| | - Emma Calabrese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Daniel C Baumgart
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paula Borralho Nunes
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Cuf Descobertas; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Johan Burisch
- Department of Gastroenterology, North Zealand University Hospital; Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Fabiana Castiglione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rami Eliakim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pierre Ellul
- Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Yago González-Lama
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Puerta De Hierro, Majadahonda [Madrid], Spain
| | - Hannah Gordon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Steve Halligan
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Katsanos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University and Medical School of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Uri Kopylov
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paulo G Kotze
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Catholic University of Paraná [PUCPR], Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eduards Krustinš
- Department of of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrea Laghi
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jimmy K Limdi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester; Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jordi Rimola
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stuart A Taylor
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Damian Tolan
- Clinical Radiology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Patrick van Rheenen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven and CHROMETA - Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaap Stoker
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center [AMC], University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Le Baut G, O'Brien C, Pavli P, Roy M, Seksik P, Tréton X, Nancey S, Barnich N, Bezault M, Auzolle C, Cazals-Hatem D, Viala J, Allez M, Hugot JP, Dumay A. Prevalence of Yersinia Species in the Ileum of Crohn's Disease Patients and Controls. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:336. [PMID: 30298122 PMCID: PMC6160741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia are common contaminants of food products, but their prevalence in the human gut is poorly documented. Yersinia have been implicated in Crohn's Disease (CD, an inflammatory bowel disease) however their role in CD is controversial. We performed highly sensitive PCR assays of specific sequences for the gyrB gene of Y. aldovae, Y. bercovieri, Y. enterocolitica, Y. intermedia, Y. mollaretii and the inv gene of Y. pseudotuberculosis. We analyzed a total of 470 ileal samples taken from 338 participants (262 CD patients and 76 controls) belonging to three independent cohorts. All patients and controls were phenotyped and genotyped for the main CD susceptibility variants: NOD2, ATG16L1, and IRGM. Yersinia were found in 7.7% of ileal samples (respectively 7.9 and 7.6% in controls and CD patients) corresponding to 10% of participants (respectively 11.8 and 9.5% in controls and CD patients). Y. enterocolitica, Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. intermedia were the most frequently identified species. The bacteria were more frequent in resected specimens, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Yersinia were no more likely to be detected in CD tissues than tissues from inflammatory and non-inflammatory controls. CD patients treated with immunosuppressants were less likely to be Yersinia carriers. In conclusion, this work shows that Yersinia species are frequently found at low levels in the human ileum in health and disease. The role of Yersinia species in this ecosystem should now be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Le Baut
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Claire O'Brien
- IBD Research Group, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul Pavli
- IBD Research Group, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Maryline Roy
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Seksik
- Gastroenterology Unit, CNRS, INSERM, ERL 1157, LBM, APHP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Tréton
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Pathology, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Nancey
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France.,INSERM U1111, International Center for Research in Infectiology, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, USC-INRA 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Madeleine Bezault
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, INSERM U1160, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Claire Auzolle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, INSERM U1160, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Cazals-Hatem
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Pathology, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérome Viala
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Louis Hospital, APHP, INSERM U1160, University Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne Dumay
- UMR1149 INSERM, Research Centre on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
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13
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Molecular profiling of mucosal tissue associated microbiota in patients manifesting acute exacerbations and remission stage of ulcerative colitis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:76. [PMID: 29796862 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of intestinal microflora has been postulated in ulcerative colitis (UC), which is characterized by imbalance of mucosal tissue associated bacterial communities. However, the specific changes in mucosal microflora during different stages of UC are still unknown. The aim of the current study was to investigate the changes in mucosal tissue associated microbiota during acute exacerbations and remission stages of UC. The mucosal microbiota associated with colon biopsy of 12 patients suffering from UC (exacerbated stage) and the follow-up samples from the same patients (remission stage) as well as non-IBD subjects was studied using 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and quantitative PCR. The total bacterial count in patients suffering from exacerbated phase of UC was observed to be two fold lower compared to that of the non-IBD subjects (p = 0.0049, Wilcox on matched-pairs signed rank tests). Bacterial genera including Stenotrophomonas, Parabacteroides, Elizabethkingia, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Ochrobactrum and Achromobacter were significantly higher in abundance during exacerbated phase of UC as compared to remission phase. The alterations in bacterial diversity with an increase in the abnormal microbial communities signify the extent of dysbiosis in mucosal microbiota in patients suffering from UC. Our study helps in identifying the specific genera dominating the microbiota during the disease and thus lays a basis for further investigation of the possible role of these bacteria in pathogenesis of UC.
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14
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Hosomi S, Watanabe K, Nishida Y, Yamagami H, Yukawa T, Otani K, Nagami Y, Tanaka F, Taira K, Kamata N, Tanigawa T, Shiba M, Watanabe T, Nagahara H, Maeda K, Fujiwara Y. Combined Infection of Human Herpes Viruses: A Risk Factor for Subsequent Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1307-1315. [PMID: 29668948 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the prevalence and pathogenicity of human herpes viruses except for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human herpes viruses on colonic mucosa in patients with IBD and assess the long-term outcomes in these patients. METHODS We examined the colonic mucosal specimens from 66 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 54 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and 29 healthy patients to identify the 6 most common types of human herpes virus, using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. RESULTS Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1/2 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were not detected in any of the groups. There was a higher prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (21.2%) and CMV (15.1%) in patients with UC than in patients with CD (EBV 9.3%, CMV 0%) and patents in the healthy control group (EBV 0%, CMV 3.4%). The prevalence of human herpes virus (HHV)-6A/B and HHV-7 was not statistically different among the groups. Five UC patients with inflammation had coexisting CMV and EBV or HHV-6. The combined infection of CMV with EBV or HHV-6 was a significant and independent prognostic factor for subsequent colectomy in patients with UC. CONCLUSIONS The increased prevalence of CMV coexisting with EBV/HHV-6 infection was associated with the clinical course in patients with UC. 10.1093/ibd/izy005_video1izy005_Video_15786489376001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yu Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Yamagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yukawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Nagami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Taira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Shiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nagahara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Maeda
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Lv YL, Han FF, Jia YJ, Wan ZR, Gong LL, Liu H, Liu LH. Is cytomegalovirus infection related to inflammatory bowel disease, especially steroid-resistant inflammatory bowel disease? A meta-analysis. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:511-519. [PMID: 29276397 PMCID: PMC5733908 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s149784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Numerous studies have been conducted to analyze the association between HCMV infection and risk of IBD and steroid-resistant IBD, but no clear consensus had been reached. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to confirm this relationship precisely by doing a systematic review and meta-analysis. STUDY DESIGN We identified relevant studies through a search of PubMed and Embase. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they 1) evaluated the association between HCMV infection and IBD disease; 2) evaluated the association between HCMV infection and steroid-resistant IBD disease; 3) were case-control studies or nested case-control studies; 4) provided the numbers (or percentage) of positivity for HCMV infection in cases and controls, respectively. Data were extracted and analyzed independently by two investigators. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A total of 18 studies including 1,168 patients and 951 health groups was identified, and HCMV infection was distinctly confirmed as a risk factor for the occurrence and development of IBD. When involving 17 studies including 1,306 IBD patients, a total of 52.9% of patients in the cytomegalovirus (CMV)-positive groups were observed to have steroid resistance, compared with 30.2% of patients in the CMV-negative groups. There was a significant difference in the risk of steroid resistance between people exposed to HCMV infection and those not exposed HCMV infection in IBD patients. This meta-analysis suggested that HCMV infection is associated with an increased risk for IBD and steroid-resistant IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-li Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei-fei Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-jie Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-rui Wan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-li Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Short article: Stool cytomegalovirus polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus-related gastrointestinal disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 29:1059-1063. [PMID: 28509677 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The diagnosis of cytomegalovirus-related gastrointestinal disease (CMV-GI disease) still requires histopathology, but biopsy is considered invasive. Stool CMV PCR has been reported in adults as an alternative method to diagnose this condition; hence, the results between studies are discrepant. Moreover, no pediatric studies on stool CMV real-time PCR in CMV-GI disease have been carried out. Here, we evaluate the value of stool CMV real-time PCR in detecting CMV-GI disease among immunocompromised children. METHODS We enrolled immunocompromised patients aged younger than 20 years who presented with gastrointestinal symptoms at a teaching hospital during January 2015-March 2016. Stool samples were analyzed for CMV real-time PCR. All patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy with mucosal biopsy. RESULTS We performed stool CMV real-time PCR in 31 patients, but two could not undergo endoscopy. Therefore, 29 patients were analyzed. Two additional stool samples showed inhibitors that interfere with the PCR testing and were precluded from the final analysis. Among 27 patients, we found CMV-GI disease in seven (26%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of stool CMV real-time PCR were 71, 85, and 82%, respectively. We also found that all patients with CMV-GI disease had positive plasma CMV real-time PCR (>150 copies/ml). A significant association between stool and plasma CMV real-time PCR was also noted (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Stool CMV real-time PCR may be used as a noninvasive tool in the diagnosis of CMV-GI disease. Plasma CMV real-time PCR shows a significant correlation with stool CMV real-time PCR and also represents high diagnostic values.
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17
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Park SC, Jeen YM, Jeen YT. Approach to cytomegalovirus infections in patients with ulcerative colitis. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:383-392. [PMID: 28490715 PMCID: PMC5432807 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is common in patients with severe ulcerative colitis (UC), and may ref lect exacerbation of mucosal inf lammation and/or administration of immunosuppressants. The question of whether CMV is an active pathogen or 'an innocent bystander' in the exacerbation of UC remains controversial. Patients with UC exacerbated by reactivated CMV experience worse prognoses than those without CMV reactivation and antiviral therapy significantly reduces the need for colectomy in patients with severe UC and high-grade CMV infection, indicating that CMV plays a role in UC prognosis. Therefore, the CMV status of patients on immunosuppressants, particularly those with steroid-refractory or -dependent UC, should be tested. When CMV is detected, be performed based on should adequate treatment the extent of the viral load and the presence of certain clinical features including a large ulcer. Anti-tumor necrosis factor agents may be useful for treating CMV colitis complicating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Chul Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoon Mi Jeen
- Department of Pathology, Soon Chun Hyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Yoon Mi Jeen, M.D. Department of Pathology, Soon Chun Hyang University Seoul Hospital, 59 Daesagwan-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Korea Tel: +82-2-709-9435 Fax: +82-2-709-9441 E-mail:
| | - Yoon Tae Jeen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Deng YF, Wang YJ, Zou Y, Azarfar A, Wei XL, Ji SK, Zhang J, Wu ZH, Wang SX, Dong SZ, Xu Y, Shao DF, Xiao JX, Yang KL, Cao ZJ, Li SL. Influence of dairy by-product waste milk on the microbiomes of different gastrointestinal tract components in pre-weaned dairy calves. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42689. [PMID: 28281639 PMCID: PMC5345013 DOI: 10.1038/srep42689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The community structure of colonised bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of pre-weaned calves is affected by extrinsic factors, such as the genetics and diet of the calves; however, the dietary impact is not fully understood and warrants further research. Our study revealed that a total of 6, 5, 2 and 10 bacterial genera showed biologically significant differences in the GITs of pre-weaned calves fed four waste-milk diets: acidified waste milk, pasteurised waste milk, untreated bulk milk, and untreated waste milk, respectively. Specifically, generic biomarkers were observed in the rumen (e.g., Bifidobacterium, Parabacteroides, Fibrobacter, Clostridium, etc.), caecum (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Oxalobacter, Odoribacter, etc.) and colon (e.g., Megamonas, Comamonas, Stenotrophomonas, etc.) but not in the faeces. In addition, the predicted metabolic pathways showed that the expression of genes related to metabolic diseases was increased in the calves fed untreated waste milk, which indicated that untreated waste milk is not a suitable liquid diet for pre-weaned calves. This is the first study to demonstrate how different types of waste milk fed to pre-weaned calves affect the community structure of colonised bacteria, and the results may provide insights for the intentional adjustment of diets and gastrointestinal bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y F Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Y J Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Y Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - A Azarfar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, PO Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - X L Wei
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - S K Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Z H Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - S X Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - S Z Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Y Xu
- Beijing Computing Center, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
| | - D F Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - J X Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - K L Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Z J Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - S L Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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19
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Hansen S, Schäfer J, Fechner K, Czerny CP, Abd El Wahed A. Development of a Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168733. [PMID: 27992571 PMCID: PMC5167419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections in ruminants is crucial to control spread among animals and to humans. Cultivation of MAP is seen as the gold standard for detection, although it is very time consuming and labour intensive. In addition, several PCR assays have been developed to detect MAP in around 90 minutes, but these assays required highly sophisticated equipment as well as lengthy and complicated procedure. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we have developed a rapid assay for the detection of MAP based on the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay targeting a MAP specific region, the IS900 gene. The detection limit was 16 DNA molecules in 15 minutes as determined by the probit analysis on eight runs of the plasmid standard. Cross reactivity with other mycobacterial and environmentally associated bacterial strains was not observed. The clinical performance of the MAP RPA assay was tested using 48 MAP-positive and 20 MAP-negative blood, sperm, faecal and tissue samples. All results were compared with reads of a highly sensitive real-time PCR assay. The specificity of the MAP RPA assay was 100%, while the sensitivity was 89.5%. Conclusions/Significance The RPA assay is quicker and much easier to handle than real-time PCR. All RPA reagents were cold-chain independent. Moreover, combining RPA assay with a simple extraction protocol will maximize its use at point of need for rapid detection of MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Hansen
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Schäfer
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kim Fechner
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Claus-Peter Czerny
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
- * E-mail: ,
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20
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Lucas López R, Grande Burgos MJ, Gálvez A, Pérez Pulido R. The human gastrointestinal tract and oral microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: a state of the science review. APMIS 2016; 125:3-10. [PMID: 27704622 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a spectrum of diseases from ulcerative colitis (UC) to Crohn's disease (CD). Many studies have addressed the changes in the microbiota of individuals affected by UC and CD. A decrease in biodiversity and depletion of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes has been reported, among others. Changes in microbial composition also result in changes in the metabolites generated in the gut from microbial activity that may involve the amount of butyrate and other metabolites such as H2 S being produced. Other factors such as diet, age, or medication need to be taken into consideration when studying dysbiosis associated with IBD. Diverse bacterial species have been associated specifically or non-specifically to IBD, but none of them have been demonstrated to be its ethiological agent. Recent studies also suggest that micro-eukaryotic populations may also be altered in IBD patients. Last, but not least, viruses, and specially bacteriophages, can play a role in controlling microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract. This may affect both bacterial diversity and metabolism, but possible implications for IBD still remain to be solved. Dysbiosis in the oral microbiome associated with IBD remains an emerging field for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Lucas López
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - María José Grande Burgos
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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21
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Forbes JD, Van Domselaar G, Bernstein CN. The Gut Microbiota in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1081. [PMID: 27462309 PMCID: PMC4939298 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The collection of microbes and their genes that exist within and on the human body, collectively known as the microbiome has emerged as a principal factor in human health and disease. Humans and microbes have established a symbiotic association over time, and perturbations in this association have been linked to several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. IMID is a term used to describe a group of chronic, highly disabling diseases that affect different organ systems. Though a cornerstone commonality between IMID is the idiopathic nature of disease, a considerable portion of their pathobiology overlaps including epidemiological co-occurrence, genetic susceptibility loci and environmental risk factors. At present, it is clear that persons with an IMID are at an increased risk for developing comorbidities, including additional IMID. Advancements in sequencing technologies and a parallel explosion of 16S rDNA and metagenomics community profiling studies have allowed for the characterization of microbiomes throughout the human body including the gut, in a myriad of human diseases and in health. The main challenge now is to determine if alterations of gut flora are common between IMID or, if particular changes in the gut community are in fact specific to a single disease. Herein, we review and discuss the relationships between the gut microbiota and IMID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Forbes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, WinnipegMB, Canada
| | - Charles N. Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine and the IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
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22
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Arrazuria R, Elguezabal N, Juste RA, Derakhshani H, Khafipour E. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection Modifies Gut Microbiota under Different Dietary Conditions in a Rabbit Model. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:446. [PMID: 27065994 PMCID: PMC4815054 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) the causative agent of paratuberculosis, produces a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. It has been recently suggested that MAP infection may be associated with dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in ruminants. Since diet is one of the key factors affecting the balance of microbial populations in the digestive tract, we intended to evaluate the effect of MAP infection in a rabbit model fed a regular or high fiber diet during challenge. The composition of microbiota of the cecal content and the sacculus rotundus was studied in 20 New Zealand white female rabbits. The extracted DNA was subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene for microbiota analysis. Microbial richness (Chao1) in the cecal content was significantly increased by MAP infection in regular diet rabbits (p = 0.0043) and marginally increased (p = 0.0503) in the high fiber group. Analysis of beta-diversity showed that MAP infection produces deeper changes in the microbiota of sacculus rotundus than in the cecal content. A lower abundance of Proteobacteria in the cecal content of infected animals fed the high fiber diet and also lower abundance of Bacteroidetes in the sacculus rotundus of infected animals fed the regular diet were observed. Based on OPLS-DA analysis, we observed that some bacteria repeatedly appear to be positively associated with infection in different samples under different diets (families Dehalobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, and Mogibacteriaceae; genus Anaerofustis). The same phenomenon was observed with some of the bacteria negatively associated with MAP infection (genera Anaerostipes and Coprobacillus). However, other groups of bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae family and ML615J-28 order) were positively associated with infection in some circumstances and negatively associated with infection in others. Data demonstrate that MAP infection and diet changes do interact and result in shifts in the microbiota of the cecal content and sacculus rotundus of rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakel Arrazuria
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario Derio, Spain
| | - Natalia Elguezabal
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario Derio, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Department of Animal Health, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario Derio, Spain
| | - Hooman Derakhshani
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, WinnipegMB, Canada
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Römkens TEH, Bulte GJ, Nissen LHC, Drenth JPH. Cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1321-30. [PMID: 26811669 PMCID: PMC4716042 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify definitions of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and intestinal disease, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), to determine the prevalence associated with these definitions. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and interrogated PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane for literature on prevalence and diagnostics of CMV infection and intestinal disease in IBD patients. As medical headings we used "cytomegalovirus" OR "CMV" OR "cytomegalo virus" AND "inflammatory bowel disease" OR "IBD" OR "ulcerative colitis" OR "colitis ulcerosa" OR "Crohn's disease". Both MeSH-terms and free searches were performed. We included all types of English-language (clinical) trials concerning diagnostics and prevalence of CMV in IBD. RESULTS The search strategy identified 924 citations, and 52 articles were eligible for inclusion. We identified 21 different definitions for CMV infection, 8 definitions for CMV intestinal disease and 3 definitions for CMV reactivation. Prevalence numbers depend on used definition, studied population and region. The highest prevalence for CMV infection was found when using positive serum PCR as a definition, whereas for CMV intestinal disease this applies to the use of tissue PCR > 10 copies/mg tissue. Most patients with CMV infection and intestinal disease had steroid refractory disease and came from East Asia. CONCLUSION We detected multiple different definitions used for CMV infection and intestinal disease in IBD patients, which has an effect on prevalence numbers and eventually on outcome in different trials.
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Ye MS, He Y, Yang SX, Lin H, Xue ZX, Cai ZZ. Clinical relevance between human cytomegalovirus infection and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:44-50. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the clinical relevance between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection and colorectal cancer.
METHODS: The specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies against HCMV in sera of colorectal cancer patients (n = 60), patients with colorectal polyps (n = 60) and health controls (n = 60) were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay. HCMV infection in colorectal cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal samples were determined through the detection of UL138 gene by nested PCR and in situ hybridization. The relationships between HCMV infection and clinical features of colorectal cancer were analyzed.
RESULTS: The positive rates of HCMV-IgG in the colorectal cancer group, colorectal polyps group and healthy control group were 95.0% (57/60), 98.3% (59/60), and 96.7% (58/60), respectively; the positive rates of HCMV-IgM were 5.0% (3/60), 1.7% (1/60) and 1.7% (1/60), respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rates of HCMV-IgG and HCMV-IgM among the three groups. However, there was a significant difference between colorectal cancer tissues and corresponding normal tissues in HCMV-UL138 detection. The positive rates of HCMV-UL138 were 65.6% (19/32) and 62.5% (20/32) in colorectal cancer tissues samples, and 12.5% (4/32) and 9.4% (3/32) in corresponding normal tissues as revealed by nested PCR detection and in situ hybridization, respectively. HCMV infection had no significant association with age, gender, location of mass, tumor size, histological differentiation, metastasis or Dukes stage.
CONCLUSION: HCMV infection is associated with colorectal cancer. Compared with corresponding normal epithelium, the neoplastic epithelium may be preferentially infected by the HCMV. This research suggests that HCMV infection may play a role in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer.
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Host responses to the pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and beneficial microbes exhibit host sex specificity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 80:4481-90. [PMID: 24814797 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01229-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences between microbial pathogenesis in male and female hosts are well characterized in disease conditions connected to sexual transmission. However, limited biological insight is available on variances attributed to sex specificity in host-microbe interactions, and it is most often a minimized variable outside these transmission events. In this work, we studied two gut microbes-a pathogen, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, and a probiotic, Lactobacillus animalis NP-51-and the interaction between each agent and the male and female gastrointestinal systems. This trial was conducted in BALB/c mice (n=5 per experimental group and per sex at a given time point), with analysis at four time points over 180 days. Host responses to M.avium subsp. paratuberculosis and L. animalis were sensitive to sex. Cytokines that were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) betweenthe sexes included interleukin-1α/β (IL-1α/β), IL-17, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and gamma interferon (IFN-) and were dependent on experimental conditions. However, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-13/23 showed no sex specificity. A metabolomics study indicated a 0.5- to 2.0-fold (log2 scale) increase in short-chain fatty acids (butyrate and acetate) in males and greater increases in o-phosphocholine or histidine from female colon tissues; variances distinct to each sex were observed with age or long-term probiotic consumption. Two genera, Staphylococcus and Roseburia, were consistently overrepresented in females compared to males; other species were specific to one sex but fluctuated depending on experimental conditions. The differences observed suggest that male and female gut tissues and microbiota respond to newly introduced microorganisms differently and that gut-associated microorganisms with host immune system responses and metabolic activity are supported by biology distinct to the host sex.
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Sager K, Alam S, Bond A, Chinnappan L, Probert CS. Review article: cytomegalovirus and inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41:725-33. [PMID: 25684400 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between ulcerative colitis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been recognised for over 50 years; and the role of CMV in ulcerative colitis in general, and steroid resistance in particular, remains a topic of ongoing controversy. The outcome for patients with CMV reactivation appears worse than that for patients without reactivation, but it is not entirely clear whether CMV is a contributor or a bystander and if treatment with anti-virals alters the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIM To review the role of CMV associated with IBD, including epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management strategies. METHODS By reviewing literature available on CMV associated with IBD in adult patients. A PubMed literature search was performed using the following terms individually or in combination: CMV colitis, cytomegalovirus colitis, IBD and CMV, CMV treatment. RESULTS Cytomegalovirus reactivation is common in patients with severe colitis, with a reported prevalence of 4.5-16.6%, and as high as 25% in patients requiring colectomy for severe colitis. The outcome for this group of patients appears worse than that for patients without reactivation; however, reported remission rates following treatment with anti-viral therapy are as high as 71-86%. CONCLUSIONS Evidence, although not conclusive, supports testing for CMV colonic disease in cases of moderate to severe colitis, by processing biopsies for haematoxylin and eosin staining with immunohistochemistry and/or, CMV DNA real-time polymerase chain reaction; and if present treating with ganciclovir.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sager
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Liverpool University Teaching Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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McMullen L, T Leach S, A Lemberg D, S Day A. Current roles of specific bacteria in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. AIMS Microbiol 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2015.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
: The human intestinal microbiome plays a critical role in human health and disease, including the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Numerous studies have identified altered bacterial diversity and abundance at varying taxonomic levels through biopsies and fecal samples of patients with IBD and diseased model animals. However, inconsistent observations regarding the microbial compositions of such patients have hindered the efforts in assessing the etiological role of specific bacterial species in the pathophysiology of IBD. These observations highlight the importance of minimizing the confounding factors associated with IBD and the need for a standardized methodology to analyze well-defined microbial sampling sources in early IBD diagnosis. Furthermore, establishing the linkage between microbiota compositions with their function within the host system can provide new insights on the pathogenesis of IBD. Such research has been greatly facilitated by technological advances that include functional metagenomics coupled with proteomic and metabolomic profiling. This review provides updates on the composition of the microbiome in IBD and emphasizes microbiota dysbiosis-involved mechanisms. We highlight functional roles of specific bacterial groups in the development and management of IBD. Functional analyses of the microbiome may be the key to understanding the role of microbiota in the development and chronicity of IBD and reveal new strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Gjymishka A, Coman RM, Brusko TM, Glover SC. Influence of host immunoregulatory genes, ER stress and gut microbiota on the shared pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and Type 1 diabetes. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1357-66. [PMID: 24283846 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with its two distinct entities, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) are autoimmune diseases. The prevalence of these diseases continues to rapidly rise in the industrialized world. Despite the identification of several genetic loci that are associated with both IBD and T1D, thus far, there is a paucity of epidemiological data to support a clinical overlap. In an effort to better understand the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of both IBD and T1D, this review summarizes the literature about these related autoimmune diseases, describes the most recent advances in their etiopathogenesis and emphasizes the genetic and nongenetic factors that exercise a differential influence. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic loci with a role in immune response regulation that are linked to both IBD (particularly Crohn's disease) and T1D. Some of these genetic loci (e.g., IL-18RAP) have a divergent role, conferring risk for one disease and protection for the other. Recent evidence highlights an important role of gut microbiota and cellular responses (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum stress) in the pathogenesis of both IBD and T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altin Gjymishka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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30
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Lee BH, Um WH, Jeon SR, Kim HG, Lee TH, Kim WJ, Kim JO, Jin SY. Herpes simplex virus duodenitis accompanying Crohn's disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2014; 62:292-5. [PMID: 24262595 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2013.62.5.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a recognized cause of gastrointestinal infection in immunodeficient patients. Although a few cases of HSV gastritis and colitis in immunocompromised patients have been reported, there are no reports of HSV duodenitis in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). A 74-year-old female was admitted with general weakness and refractory epigastric pain. She had been diagnosed with CD three years ago. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) revealed diffuse edematous and whitish mucosa with multiple erosions in the duodenum. Considering the possibility of viral co-infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunohistochemical staining, PCR, and cultures of duodenal biopsies were performed, all of which were negative with the exception of the isolation of HSV in culture. After administration of intravenous acyclovir for 1 week, follow-up EGD showed almost complete resolution of the lesions and the patient's symptoms improved. In CD patients with refractory gastro-intestinal symptoms, HSV, as well as CMV, should be considered as a possible cause of infection, so that the diagnosis of viral infection is not delayed and the appropriate antiviral treatment can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hoo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Santos-Antunes J, Abreu C, Magro F, Coelho R, Vilas-Boas F, Andrade P, Lopes S, Macedo G. Disseminated cutaneous herpes simplex infection in a patient with Crohn's disease under azathioprine and steroids: First case report and literature review. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:326-30. [PMID: 24257435 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive treatments used in the management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, namely steroids, thiopurines and anti-TNF drugs, raise the risk of acquiring opportunistic infections. However, most of these infections are mild and self-limited, not requiring specific therapy or suspension of the immunosuppressors. We report a case of disseminated cutaneous herpes simplex infection in a patient with Crohn's disease under steroids and azathioprine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Santos-Antunes
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Cândida Abreu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rosa Coelho
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Vilas-Boas
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Andrade
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Lopes
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Macedo
- Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital de São João, Porto, Portugal
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Hold GL, Smith M, Grange C, Watt ER, El-Omar EM, Mukhopadhya I. Role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis: What have we learnt in the past 10 years? World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:1192-1210. [PMID: 24574795 PMCID: PMC3921503 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the microbial involvement in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis has increased exponentially over the past decade. The development of newer molecular tools for the global assessment of the gut microbiome and the identification of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 in 2001 and other susceptibility genes for Crohn’s disease in particular has led to better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of IBD. The microbial studies have elaborated the normal composition of the gut microbiome and its perturbations in the setting of IBD. This altered microbiome or “dysbiosis” is a key player in the protracted course of inflammation in IBD. Numerous genome-wide association studies have identified further genes involved in gastrointestinal innate immunity (including polymorphisms in genes involved in autophagy: ATG16L1 and IGRM), which have helped elucidate the relationship of the local innate immunity with the adjacent luminal bacteria. These developments have also spurred the search for specific pathogens which may have a role in the metamorphosis of the gut microbiome from a symbiotic entity to a putative pathogenic one. Here we review advances in our understanding of microbial involvement in IBD pathogenesis over the past 10 years and offer insight into how this will shape our therapeutic management of the disease in the coming years.
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Chang YT, Lin CY, Lu PL, Lai CC, Chen TC, Chen CY, Wu DC, Wang TP, Lin CM, Lin WR, Chen YH. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bloodstream infection: Comparison between community-onset and hospital-acquired infections. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 47:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pagnini C, Fave GD, Bamias G. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: Pathophysiological background and clinical applications. World J Immunol 2013; 3:31-43. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v3.i3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, collectively termed the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. A “dysbiotic” relationship between the commensal gut flora and the intestinal mucosa-associated immune system has been at the core of the pathogenesis of these conditions. Probiotics are “good bacteria” with the ability to benefit the health of the host and their therapeutic application has been studied in IBD. The theoretical basis for such utilization relies upon the ability of probiotic microorganisms to interfere with the dysregulated homeostasis that takes place in IBD and restore the immune-bacterial interaction at the intestinal mucosa. Proposed mechanisms of action include the reconstitution of altered flora composition, enhancement of the integrity of the epithelial barrier, promotion of tolerogenic action by dendritic cells, strengthening of the defensive mechanisms of the innate immunity, and the suppression of pro-inflammatory adaptive immune responses. Despite this abundance of supporting experimental evidence, clinical application of probiotics in IBD has been disappointing. Possible explanations for such discrepancy include the great diversity of microorganisms that fall under the definition of probiotics, the lack of standardization of dosages and administration schemes, the heterogeneity between clinical trials, and the inclusion in the treatment arms of patients with a large variety of clinical phenotypes. Addressing these important issues will be critical for the optimal usage of probiotic-based therapies for patients with IBD.
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Lakatos PL, Lovasz BD, David G, Pandur T, Erdelyi Z, Mester G, Balogh M, Szipocs I, Molnar C, Komaromi E, Golovics PA, Vegh Z, Mandel M, Horvath A, Szathmari M, Kiss LS, Lakatos L. The risk of lymphoma and immunomodulators in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: results from a population-based cohort in Eastern Europe. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:385-91. [PMID: 22766526 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Prior studies suggest a small but significantly increased risk of lymphoma in adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in patients treated with thiopurines. No data was available from Eastern Europe. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of lymphomas as related to drug exposure, in a population-based Veszprem province database, which included incident cases diagnosed between January 1, 1977 and December 31, 2008. METHODS Data from 1420 incident patients were analyzed (UC: 914, age at diagnosis: 36.5 years; CD: 506, age at diagnosis: 28.5.5 years). Both in- and outpatient records were collected and comprehensively reviewed. The rate of lymphoma was calculated as patient-years of exposure per medication class, of medications utilized in IBD. RESULTS Of the 1420 patients, we identified three patients who developed lymphoma (one CLL, two low-grade B-cell NHL including one rectal case), during 19,293 patient-years of follow-up (median follow-up: 13 years). All three patients were male. None had received azathioprine or biologicals. The absolute incidence rate of lymphoma was 1.55 per 10,000 patient-years, with 3 cases observed vs. 2.18 expected, with a standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-4.26). No cases have been exposed to either azathioprine or biologicals. CONCLUSIONS The overall risk of lymphoma in IBD was not increased; only three cases were seen in this population-based incident cohort over a 30-year period. An association with thiopurine exposure was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Lakatos
- 1st Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Magin WS, Van Kruiningen HJ, Colombel JF. Immunohistochemical search for viral and bacterial antigens in Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:161-6. [PMID: 22537638 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies show that diseased intestinal tissues of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) contain obstructed lymphatics, granulomas, and tertiary lymphoid organs, representing responses to persistent antigen. METHODS Forty-seven tissue sections from 28 CD patients and 20 tissue sections from 17 control patients were studied. Tissues were immunostained with antibody directed against adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus I, parvovirus B19, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. RESULTS There was no evidence of adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B19, or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the tissues. Clostridia were positively stained in the mucus of 18.5% of CD patients versus 35.3% of controls and in the tissue of 11.1% of CD patients but in no controls. Immunoreactivity to listeria antibody occurred in the mucus of 3.7% of CD patients and in 5.9% of controls while it occurred in the tissue of 37.0% of CD patients and 29.4% of controls. E. coli occurred in the mucus of 48.1% CD and 64.7% controls and in the tissue of 18.5% and 5.9% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Of the agents demonstrated in this search, none was located in granulomas or inflamed lymphatics. Finding the common gut microbes, E. coli and clostridia, in the mucus of patients and controls was not unexpected. The minor focal staining of E. coli and clostridia does not suggest a primary role for these pathogens in CD. Positive staining for listeria in patients and controls may very well represent cross reactivity rather than specific identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Magin
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States.
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Garrido E, Carrera E, Manzano R, Lopez-Sanroman A. Clinical significance of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:17-25. [PMID: 23326158 PMCID: PMC3545225 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in humans. The virus then enters a “latency phase” and can reactivate to different stimuli such as immunosuppression. The clinical significance of CMV infection in inflammatory bowel disease is different in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). CMV does not interfere in the clinical course of CD. However, CMV reactivation is frequent in severe or steroid-resistant UC. It is not known whether the virus exacerbates the disease or simply appears as a bystander of a severe disease. Different methods are used to diagnose CMV colitis. Diagnosis is classically based on histopathological identification of viral-infected cells or CMV antigens in biopsied tissues using haematoxylin-eosin or immunohistochemistry, other tests on blood or tissue samples are currently being investigated. Polymerase chain reaction performed in colonic mucosa has a high sensitivity and a positive result could be associated with a worse prognosis disease; further studies are needed to determine the most appropriate strategy with positive CMV-DNA in colonic mucosa. Specific endoscopic features have not been described in active UC and CMV infection. CMV colitis is usually treated with ganciclovir for several weeks, there are different opinions about whether or not to stop immunosuppressive therapy. Other antiviral drugs may be used. Multicenter controlled studies would needed to determine which subgroup of UC patients would benefit from early antiviral treatment.
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Colon tuberculosis: endoscopic features and prospective endoscopic follow-up after anti-tuberculosis treatment. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2012; 3:e24. [PMID: 23238066 PMCID: PMC3491534 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Tuberculosis (TB) is still common in many countries and there has been a resurgence of TB in the developed nations. Although small bowel is the most commonly affected gastrointestinal organ, increasing numbers of cases are being described with colon TB. There are limited prospective studies looking at the outcomes of colon lesions, especially after anti-TB treatment. Our aim was to evaluate the endoscopic features of TB of the colon and to prospectively follow up the endoscopic response of colon lesions to anti-TB treatment. METHODS: From October 2004 to December 2010 consecutive patients presenting with colon TB to one tertiary care center in India were enrolled. Demographic, clinical data, and lesions identified on colonoscopy were recorded. Anti-TB treatment was started and follow-up colonoscopy was performed within 4 weeks after completion of anti-TB treatment. Post-treatment endoscopic features and clinical outcomes were noted. RESULTS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients with colon TB were enrolled (mean age 39.3±14.8 years; male 45, female 24). Presenting clinical features included abdominal pain 80.6%, weight loss 74.6%, fever 40.3%, diarrhea/constipation 25.4%, diarrhea 16.4%, blood per rectum 11.9%, abdominal tenderness 37.3%, abdominal mass 13.4%, and lymphadenopathy 1.5%. Macroscopic lesions on endoscopy were predominantly right-sided (cecum and ascending colon) and primarily ulcers (ulcers 88.0%, nodules 50.7%, luminal narrowing 44.8%, polypoid lesion 10.4%). Majority of the ulcers (87.2%), nodules (84.6%), polypoid lesions (85.7%), luminal narrowing (76.2%), and ileo-cecal valve deformities (76.5%) resolved with anti-TB treatment. CONCLUSIONS: TB of the colon predominantly affects the cecum and the ascending colon. Ulceration, nodularity, and stricture are the prominent endoscopic findings. Majority of the lesions heal with anti-TB treatment.
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Abstract
Diarrhea is a common problem in patients with immunocompromising conditions. The etiologic spectrum differs from patients with diarrhea who have a normal immune system. This article reviews the most important causes of diarrhea in immunocompromised patients, ranging from infectious causes to noninfectious causes of diarrhea in the setting of HIV infection as a model for other conditions of immunosuppression. It also deals with diarrhea in specific situations, eg, after hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation, diarrhea induced by immunosuppressive drugs, and diarrhea in congenital immunodeficiency syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Krones
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Khare S, Lawhon SD, Drake KL, Nunes JES, Figueiredo JF, Rossetti CA, Gull T, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Galindo CL, Garner HR, Adams LG. Systems biology analysis of gene expression during in vivo Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis enteric colonization reveals role for immune tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42127. [PMID: 22912686 PMCID: PMC3422314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival and persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in the intestinal mucosa is associated with host immune tolerance. However, the initial events during MAP interaction with its host that lead to pathogen survival, granulomatous inflammation, and clinical disease progression are poorly defined. We hypothesize that immune tolerance is initiated upon initial contact of MAP with the intestinal Peyer's patch. To test our hypothesis, ligated ileal loops in neonatal calves were infected with MAP. Intestinal tissue RNAs were collected (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hrs post-infection), processed, and hybridized to bovine gene expression microarrays. By comparing the gene transcription responses of calves infected with the MAP, informative complex patterns of expression were clearly visible. To interpret these complex data, changes in the gene expression were further analyzed by dynamic Bayesian analysis, and genes were grouped into the specific pathways and gene ontology categories to create a holistic model. This model revealed three different phases of responses: i) early (30 min and 1 hr post-infection), ii) intermediate (2, 4 and 8 hrs post-infection), and iii) late (12 hrs post-infection). We describe here the data that include expression profiles for perturbed pathways, as well as, mechanistic genes (genes predicted to have regulatory influence) that are associated with immune tolerance. In the Early Phase of MAP infection, multiple pathways were initiated in response to MAP invasion via receptor mediated endocytosis and changes in intestinal permeability. During the Intermediate Phase, perturbed pathways involved the inflammatory responses, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and cell-cell signaling. During the Late Phase of infection, gene responses associated with immune tolerance were initiated at the level of T-cell signaling. Our study provides evidence that MAP infection resulted in differentially regulated genes, perturbed pathways and specifically modified mechanistic genes contributing to the colonization of Peyer's patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara D. Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Drake
- Seralogix, Limited Liability Company, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jairo E. S. Nunes
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Josely F. Figueiredo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Rossetti
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tamara Gull
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robin E. Everts
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Cristi L. Galindo
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Harold R. Garner
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leslie Garry Adams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Keita ÅV, Söderholm JD. Barrier dysfunction and bacterial uptake in the follicle-associated epithelium of ileal Crohn's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1258:125-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wagner J, Sim WH, Lee KJ, Kirkwood CD. Current knowledge and systematic review of viruses associated with Crohn's disease. Rev Med Virol 2012; 23:145-71. [PMID: 22674582 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of Crohn's disease (CD) is currently unknown. A viral trigger was proposed more than 40 years ago and has been the focus of many investigations. We summarised the current literature surrounding the association between viruses and CD and conducted a systematic review of all studies investigating this association quantitatively. Studies were identified by searching for 13 specific virus names or the general term 'virus' and 'Crohn's disease' in search engines PubMed and OVID. A total of 1315 studies were identified, of which 78 studies had a laboratory result. Of the 78, 46 case-control studies met all the inclusion criteria for forest plot analysis. The most common viruses studied were EBV, CMV and measles virus (MV). Forest plot analysis for each virus was carried out (fitted using random effects) and identified evidence of an association between CD and CMV (risk ratio [RR] 1.602, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.069 to 2.400) with some suggestion that EBV may also be associated with CD (RR 1.366, 95% CI 0.996 to 1.873). However, there was evidence of large heterogeneity in the results from the identified studies for EBV. There was little evidence of an association with CD for MV, human herpes virus 6, human herpes virus 8, human simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, mumps virus, Rubella virus, rotavirus, norovirus and adenovirus. There is still some question around whether CD is associated with the presence of a currently known virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Wagner
- Enteric Virus Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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43
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Pistone D, Marone P, Pajoro M, Fabbi M, Vicari N, Daffara S, Dalla Valle C, Gabba S, Sassera D, Verri A, Montagna M, Epis S, Monti C, Strada EG, Grazioli V, Arrigoni N, Giacosa A, Bandi C. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in Italy: commensal or emerging human pathogen? Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:461-5. [PMID: 22285147 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific bacterial infections or alterations of the gut microbiota likely trigger immuno-pathological phenomena associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a candidate etiological agent of Crohn's disease. Definitive causal connection between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and Crohn's disease has not been demonstrated. AIMS To determine the circulation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease patients and water supplies in an Italian region where this bacterium is endemic in cattle farms. METHODS Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis screening was performed on biopsies from human patients, and from water samples, using two different PCR procedures. RESULTS In hospitals where multiple specimens were obtained from different sites in the intestine, the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection was 82.1% and 40% respectively in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients; in another hospital, where single specimens were obtained from patients, the bacterium was not detected. Control subjects also harboured Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, but at a lower prevalence. Tap water samples collected in the study area contained Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA. DISCUSSION The results of screenings for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in humans are deeply influenced by both the number and location of the collected biopsies. There is a wide circulation of the organism in the study area, considering the prevalence in humans and its presence in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pistone
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy
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Chiodini RJ, Chamberlin WM, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a quarter century later. Causation or simple association? Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:52-93. [PMID: 22242906 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.638273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than 25 years since Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as an etiologic agent in Crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several patients. Since that time, a great deal of information has been accumulated that clearly establishes an association between M. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. However, data are conflicting and difficult to interpret and the field has become divided into committed advocates and confirmed skeptics. This review is an attempt to provide a thorough and objective summary of current knowledge from both basic and clinical research from the views and interpretations of both the antagonists and proponents. The reader is left to draw his or her own conclusions related to the validity of the issues and claims made by the opposing views and data interpretations. Whether M. paratuberculosis is a causative agent in some cases or simply represents an incidental association remains a controversial topic, but current evidence suggests that the notion should not be so readily dismissed. Remaining questions that need to be addressed in defining the role of M. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease and future implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrick J Chiodini
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA.
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Tal MC, Iwasaki A. Mitoxosome: a mitochondrial platform for cross-talk between cellular stress and antiviral signaling. Immunol Rev 2011; 243:215-34. [PMID: 21884179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that the mitochondria form an integral platform from which innate signaling takes place. Recent studies revealed that the mitochondria are shaping the innate response to intracellular pathogens, and mitochondrial function is modulating and being modulated by innate immune signaling. Further, cell biologic analyses have uncovered the dynamic relocalization of key components involved in cytosolic viral recognition and signaling to the mitochondria, as well as the mobilization of mitochondria to the sites of viral replication. In this review, we provide an integrated view of how cellular stress and signals following cytosolic viral recognition are intimately linked and coordinated at the mitochondria. We incorporate recent findings into our current understanding of the role of mitochondrial function in antiviral immunity and suggest the existence of a 'mitoxosome', a mitochondrial oxidative signalosome where multiple pathways of viral recognition and cellular stress converge on the surface of the mitochondria to facilitate a coordinated antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Caspi Tal
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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46
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Kolho KL, Klemola P, Simonen-Tikka ML, Ollonen ML, Roivainen M. Enteric viral pathogens in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Med Virol 2011; 84:345-7. [PMID: 22170557 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaija-Leena Kolho
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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47
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Sipponen T, Turunen U, Lautenschlager I, Nieminen U, Arola J, Halme L. Human herpesvirus 6 and cytomegalovirus in ileocolonic mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:1324-33. [PMID: 21879802 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2011.605466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactivation of a latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) may occur in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Data of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)--a close relative to CMV--in active IBD are scarce. The aim of this study was to detect HHV-6 and CMV antigens in the mucosa of active and inactive IBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS 79 IBD patients (47 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 32 Crohn's disease (CD)) were recruited and endoscopic and histological disease activity was scored. Control group consisted of 15 non-IBD patients with normal colonoscopy. Immunohistochemical stainings for HHV-6B and CMV antigens were performed on biopsy specimens from the ileum and colorectum. The intensity of HHV-6B and CMV expression was graded as negative, mild, moderate, or intense. RESULTS HHV-6B antigen was positive in 35 (44%) and CMV in 64 (81%). Of controls, 6 (40%) were mildly positive for HHV-6 and 6 (40%) for CMV. In IBD, both CMV and HHV-6B intensity correlated with endoscopic disease severity (CMV p = 0.010 and HHV-6 p = 0.048). Simultaneous HHV-6B and CMV antigen expression occurred in 29 (37%) and associated with endoscopic activity (p = 0.006) and to a number of immunosuppressives (p = 0.033). A significant difference in HHV-6B positivity was found between endoscopically active and inactive UC (p = 0.040). Both CMV and HHV-6B intensity correlated with histological severity in the rectal biopsy specimens (for CMV p = 0.040 and for HHV-6B p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Both viruses occurred ubiquitously in the IBD mucosa. Coexistence of viruses was common and associated with disease activity and use of immunosuppressives. HHV-6B intensity correlated with endoscopic severity in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Sipponen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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48
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Roblin X, Pillet S, Oussalah A, Berthelot P, Del Tedesco E, Phelip JM, Chambonnière ML, Garraud O, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Pozzetto B. Cytomegalovirus load in inflamed intestinal tissue is predictive of resistance to immunosuppressive therapy in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:2001-8. [PMID: 21788989 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have suggested an association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and steroid-refractory inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, the use of CMV DNA load during acute flare-ups of ulcerative colitis (UC) to predict resistance to immunosuppressive therapy was evaluated in intestinal tissue. METHODS Forty-two consecutive patients (sex ratio M/F: 0.9, mean age: 43.6 years) hospitalized for moderate to severe UC and treated with IV steroids were included prospectively. A colonoscopy was performed for each patient at inclusion; colonic biopsy samples of the pathological tissue, and if possible, of the healthy mucosa, were tested for histological analysis and determination of CMV DNA load by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Patients were treated as recommended by the current guidelines. RESULTS Sixteen patients were found positive for CMV DNA in inflamed intestinal tissue but negative in endoscopically healthy tissue; all of these patients were positive for anti-CMV IgG, three exhibited CMV DNA in blood, and none was positive for intestinal CMV antigen by immunohistochemistry detection. In the 26 remaining patients, no stigmata of recent CMV infection were recorded by any technique. By multivariate analysis, the only factor associated with CMV DNA in inflammatory tissue was the resistance to steroids or to three lines of treatment (risk ratio: 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-22.5). A CMV DNA load above 250 copies/mg in tissue was predictive of resistance to three successive regimens (likelihood ratio+=4.33; area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve=0.85). Eight UC patients with CMV DNA in inflamed tissue and therapeutic failure received ganciclovir; a clinical remission was observed in seven cases, with a sustained response in five of them. CONCLUSIONS The CMV DNA load determined in inflamed intestinal tissue predicts resistance to steroid treatment and to three drug regimens in UC. Initiation of an early antiviral treatment in these patients might delay the occurrence of resistance to current treatments.
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49
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Aust DE, Baretton GB. [Nonbacterial colitides]. DER PATHOLOGE 2011; 32:379-83. [PMID: 21935760 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-011-1525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aside from bacterial infections, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections are important differential diagnoses in inflammatory disorders of the colorectum. In contrast to bacterial infections, in which the causative organism can hardly ever be detected histologically, in non bacterial infections the germs can often be verified by either histology, immunohistochemistry, or at least by molecular pathology. This manuscript will give an overview of the spectrum of pathogenic germs, the clinical symptoms, and pathological findings of the most important infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Aust
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus der TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
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Ciccocioppo R, Baldanti F, Russo M, Chezzi L, Viola F, Aloi M, Cucchiara S, Corazza GR. Human herpes virus-6 chromosomal integration misled the management of Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:E113-5. [PMID: 21648023 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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