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Singh S, Botvinnik A, Shahar O, Wolf G, Yakobi C, Saban M, Salama A, Lotan A, Lerer B, Lifschytz T. Effect of psilocybin on marble burying in ICR mice: role of 5-HT1A receptors and implications for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:164. [PMID: 37164956 PMCID: PMC10172379 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Preliminary clinical findings, supported by preclinical studies employing behavioral paradigms such as marble burying, suggest that psilocybin may be effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. However, the receptor mechanisms implicated in the putative anti-obsessional effect are not clear. On this background, we set out to explore (1) the role of serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) and serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors in the effect of psilocybin on marble burying; (2) the effect of staggered versus bolus psilocybin administration and persistence of the effect; (3) the effect of the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone, on marble-burying and the head twitch response (HTR) induced by psilocybin, a rodent correlate of psychedelic effects. Male ICR mice were administered psilocybin 4.4 mg/kg, escitalopram 5 mg/kg, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) 2 mg/kg, M100907 2 mg/kg, buspirone 5 mg/kg, WAY100635 2 mg/kg or combinations, intraperitoneally, and were tested on the marble burying test. HTR was examined in a magnetometer-based assay. The results show that (1) Psilocybin and escitalopram significantly reduced marble burying. The effect of psilocybin was not attenuated by the 5-HT2A antagonist, M100907. The 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, reduced marble burying as did the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone. The effect of 8-OH-DPAT was additive to that of psilocybin, but that of buspirone was not. The 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY100635, attenuated the effect of 8-OH-DPAT and buspirone but not the effect of psilocybin. (2) Psilocybin injections over 3.5 h had no effect on marble burying and the effect of bolus injection was not persistent. (3) Co-administration of buspirone with psilocybin blocked its effect on HTR. These data suggest that neither 5-HT2A nor 5-HT1A receptors are pivotally implicated in the effect of psilocybin on marble burying. Co-administration with buspirone may block the psychedelic effects of psilocybin without impeding its anti-obsessional effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alexander Botvinnik
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orr Shahar
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gilly Wolf
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Psychology, School of Sciences Achva, Academic College Municipality of Be'er Tuvia, Tuvia, Israel
| | - Corel Yakobi
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Saban
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adham Salama
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Lotan
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bernard Lerer
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Tzuri Lifschytz
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory and Hadassah BrainLabs Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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2
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Szechtman H, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Gomez-Marin A. A virtual library for behavioral performance in standard conditions-rodent spontaneous activity in an open field during repeated testing and after treatment with drugs or brain lesions. Gigascience 2022; 11:6756450. [PMID: 36261217 PMCID: PMC9581716 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Beyond their specific experiment, video records of behavior have future value—for example, as inputs for new experiments or for yet unknown types of analysis of behavior—similar to tissue or blood sample banks in life sciences where clinically derived or otherwise well-described experimental samples are stored to be available for some unknown potential future purpose. Findings Research using an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder employed a standardized paradigm where the behavior of rats in a large open field was video recorded for 55 minutes on each test. From 43 experiments, there are 19,976 such trials that amount to over 2 years of continuous recording. In addition to videos, there are 2 video-derived raw data objects: XY locomotion coordinates and plots of animal trajectory. To motivate future use, the 3 raw data objects are annotated with a general schema—one that abstracts the data records from their particular experiment while providing, at the same time, a detailed list of independent variables bearing on behavioral performance. The raw data objects are deposited as 43 datasets but constitute, functionally, a library containing 1 large dataset. Conclusions Size and annotation schema give the library high reuse potential: in applications using machine learning techniques, statistical evaluation of subtle factors, simulation of new experiments, or as educational resource. Ultimately, the library can serve both as the seed and as the test bed to create a machine-searchable virtual library of linked open datasets for behavioral performance in defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Correspondence address. Henry Szechtman, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Health Science Centre, Room 4N82, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1. E-mail:
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Alex Gomez-Marin
- Department of Systems Neurobiology, Instituto de Neurociencias (CSIC-UMH), 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Alicante, Spain
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3
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Plato SM. Comparing the pathology of equine stereotypical behaviours to obsessive-compulsive and related disorder in humans: An exploratory Delphi study. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Mitra S, Bult-Ito A. Bidirectional Behavioral Selection in Mice: A Novel Pre-clinical Approach to Examining Compulsivity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:716619. [PMID: 34566718 PMCID: PMC8458042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders (OCRD) is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders with no definitive etiology. The pathophysiological attributes of OCD are driven by a multitude of factors that involve polygenic mechanisms, gender, neurochemistry, physiological status, environmental exposures and complex interactions among these factors. Such complex intertwining of contributing factors imparts clinical heterogeneity to the disorder making it challenging for therapeutic intervention. Mouse strains selected for excessive levels of nest- building behavior exhibit a spontaneous, stable and predictable compulsive-like behavioral phenotype. These compulsive-like mice exhibit heterogeneity in expression of compulsive-like and other adjunct behaviors that might serve as a valuable animal equivalent for examining the interactions of genetics, sex and environmental factors in influencing the pathophysiology of OCD. The current review summarizes the existing findings on the compulsive-like mice that bolster their face, construct and predictive validity for studying various dimensions of compulsive and associated behaviors often reported in clinical OCD and OCRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
- OCRD Biomed LLC, Fairbanks, AK, United States
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5
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Wiggin TD, Hsiao Y, Liu JB, Huber R, Griffith LC. Rest Is Required to Learn an Appetitively-Reinforced Operant Task in Drosophila. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:681593. [PMID: 34220464 PMCID: PMC8250850 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.681593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maladaptive operant conditioning contributes to development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Candidate genes have been identified that contribute to this maladaptive plasticity, but the neural basis of operant conditioning in genetic model organisms remains poorly understood. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a versatile genetic model organism that readily forms operant associations with punishment stimuli. However, operant conditioning with a food reward has not been demonstrated in flies, limiting the types of neural circuits that can be studied. Here we present the first sucrose-reinforced operant conditioning paradigm for flies. In the paradigm, flies walk along a Y-shaped track with reward locations at the terminus of each hallway. When flies turn in the reinforced direction at the center of the track, they receive a sucrose reward at the end of the hallway. Only flies that rest early in training learn the reward contingency normally. Flies rewarded independently of their behavior do not form a learned association but have the same amount of rest as trained flies, showing that rest is not driven by learning. Optogenetically-induced sleep does not promote learning, indicating that sleep itself is not sufficient for learning the operant task. We validated the sensitivity of this assay to detect the effect of genetic manipulations by testing the classic learning mutant dunce. Dunce flies are learning-impaired in the Y-Track task, indicating a likely role for cAMP in the operant coincidence detector. This novel training paradigm will provide valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of disease and the link between sleep and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Wiggin
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Yungyi Hsiao
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Liu
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
| | - Robert Huber
- Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Juvatech, Toledo, MA, United States
| | - Leslie C. Griffith
- Department of Biology, National Center for Behavioral Genomics and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, United States
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6
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Pentkowski NS, Rogge-Obando KK, Donaldson TN, Bouquin SJ, Clark BJ. Anxiety and Alzheimer's disease: Behavioral analysis and neural basis in rodent models of Alzheimer's-related neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:647-658. [PMID: 33979573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is commonly associated with cognitive decline but is also composed of neuropsychiatric symptoms including psychological distress and alterations in mood, including anxiety and depression. Emotional dysfunction in AD is frequently modeled using tests of anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents. These tests often include the elevated plus-maze, light/dark test and open field test. In this review, we describe prototypical behavioral paradigms used to examine emotional dysfunction in transgenic models of AD, specifically anxiety-like behavior. Next, we summarize the results of studies examining anxiety-like behavior in transgenic rodents, noting that the behavioral outcomes using these paradigms have produced inconsistent results. We suggest that future research will benefit from using a battery of tests to examine emotional behavior in transgenic AD models. We conclude by discussing putative, overlapping neurobiological mechanisms underlying AD-related neuropathology, stress and anxiety-like behavior reported in AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan S Pentkowski
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
| | | | - Tia N Donaldson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Samuel J Bouquin
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico
| | - Benjamin J Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, Mexico.
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7
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Jia YF, Wininger K, Peyton L, Ho AMC, Choi DS. Astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) deficient mice exhibit repetitive behaviors. Behav Brain Res 2021; 396:112906. [PMID: 32950606 PMCID: PMC7572885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamatergic dysregulation is known to contribute to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is responsible for the majority of glutamate clearance. However, the role of GLT1 in OCD-like behavior remains unclear. Here, we found that astrocytic GLT1 deficient mice showed increased wheel running activity but reduced home cage activity. Notably, they exhibited elevated grooming/rearing time and increased repetitive behavior counts in contextual and cued fear conditioning. In addition, they showed increased rearing counts in the metabolic chamber, and also augmented rearing time and jumping counts in the open field test. Taken together, our findings suggest that astrocytic GLT1 deficiency promotes OCD-like repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katheryn Wininger
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lee Peyton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ada Man-Choi Ho
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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8
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Dixit PV, Sahu R, Mishra DK. Marble-burying behavior test as a murine model of compulsive-like behavior. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 102:106676. [PMID: 31954839 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Object burying by rodents is a popular screening tool for anxiolytic agents. However, modulation of marble-burying by serotonin reuptake inhibitors prompted its link to obsessive-compulsive disorder/compulsive-like behavior. The Marble-burying behavior test is an acute test; however, some investigators incorporate the sub-acute treatment regimen as an essential component for screening anti-compulsive agents. The test exhibits between-laboratory methodological differences and demonstrates positive treatment responses to an array of pharmacotherapies, creating doubts about its predictive validity and construct validity. Numerous reviews are available on marble-burying behavior test, which incorporates the test as a part of anti-compulsive behavior-like screens, but none has made it a sole subject-matter for discussion. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the marble-burying test as a model of compulsive-like disorders. It envisages the model's scientific origins, the preclinical research done and its correlation with the clinical research outcomes, and a detailed discussion about its validity. In conclusion, there appears a need to address the issue of construct and predictive validity of the model authoritatively; or the paradigm may remain squandered in the field of obsessive-compulsive disorder research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Vinod Dixit
- Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau-Pithampur Road, Opposite Indian Institute of Management, Rau, Indore, 453331, M.P., India.
| | - Rohit Sahu
- Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau-Pithampur Road, Opposite Indian Institute of Management, Rau, Indore, 453331, M.P., India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Mishra
- Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Rau-Pithampur Road, Opposite Indian Institute of Management, Rau, Indore, 453331, M.P., India
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9
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Tränkner D, Boulet A, Peden E, Focht R, Van Deren D, Capecchi M. A Microglia Sublineage Protects from Sex-Linked Anxiety Symptoms and Obsessive Compulsion. Cell Rep 2019; 29:791-799.e3. [PMID: 31644903 PMCID: PMC6876991 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant microglia activity is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders, yet our knowledge about the pathological mechanisms is incomplete. Here, we describe a genetically defined microglia sublineage in mice which has the ability to suppress obsessive compulsion and anxiety symptoms. These microglia derive from precursors expressing the transcription factor Hoxb8. Selective ablation of Hoxb8-lineage microglia or the Hoxb8 gene revealed that dysfunction in this cell type causes severe over-grooming and anxiety-like behavior and stress responses. Moreover, we show that the severity of the pathology is set by female sex hormones. Together, our findings reveal that different microglia lineages have distinct functions. In addition, our data suggest a mechanistic link between biological sex and genetics, two major risk factors for developing anxiety and related disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Tränkner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Anne Boulet
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erik Peden
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Richard Focht
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Donn Van Deren
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Mario Capecchi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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10
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Wolmarans DW, Stein DJ, Harvey BH. A Psycho-Behavioral Perspective on Modelling Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Animals: The Role of Context. Curr Med Chem 2019; 25:5662-5689. [PMID: 28545371 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170523125256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a heterogeneous and debilitating condition, characterized by intrusive thoughts and compulsive repetition. Animal models of OCD are important tools that have the potential to contribute significantly to our understanding of the condition. Although there is consensus that pre-clinical models are valuable in elucidating the underlying neurobiology in psychiatric disorders, the current paper attempts to prompt ideas on how interpretation of animal behavior can be expanded upon to more effectively converge with the human disorder. Successful outcomes in psychopharmacology involve rational design and synthesis of novel compounds and their testing in well-designed animal models. As part of a special journal issue on OCD, this paper will 1) review the psychobehavioral aspects of OCD that are of importance on how the above ideas can be articulated, 2) briefly elaborate on general issues that are important for the development of animal models of OCD, with a particular focus on the role and importance of context, 3) propose why translational progress may often be less than ideal, 4) highlight some of the significant contributions afforded by animal models to advance understanding, and 5) conclude by identifying novel behavioral constructs for future investigations that may contribute to the face, predictive and construct validity of OCD animal models. We base these targets on an integrative approach to face and construct validity, and note that the issue of treatment-resistance in the clinical context should receive attention in current animal models of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Wet Wolmarans
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian H Harvey
- Division of Pharmacology, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North West-University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Changes in gut microbiota during development of compulsive checking and locomotor sensitization induced by chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist quinpirole. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 29:211-224. [PMID: 29194070 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term treatment of rats with the D2/D3 dopamine agonist quinpirole induces compulsive checking (proposed as animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder) and locomotor sensitization. The mechanisms by which long-term use of quinpirole produces those behavioral transformations are not known. Here we examined whether changes in gut microbiota play a role in these behavioral phenomena, by monitoring the development of compulsive checking and locomotor sensitization at the same time as measuring the response of gut microbiota to chronic quinpirole injections. Two groups of rats received nine injections of saline (n=16) or quinpirole (n=15; 0.25 mg/kg), at weekly intervals for the first 5 weeks and then two injections per week until the end of treatment. After each injection, rats were placed on a large open field for 55 min, and their behavior was video recorded for subsequent analysis. Fecal matter was collected after each trial and frozen for bacterial community profiling of the 16S rRNA gene, using paired-end reads of the V3 region. The results indicated that the induction of locomotor sensitization and compulsive checking was accompanied by changes in several communities of bacteria belonging to the order Clostridiales (class Clostridia, phylum Firmicutes), and predominantly in Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families of bacteria. It is suggested that changes in these microbes may serve to support the energy use requirements of compulsive checking and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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12
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Halbout B, Marshall AT, Azimi A, Liljeholm M, Mahler SV, Wassum KM, Ostlund SB. Mesolimbic dopamine projections mediate cue-motivated reward seeking but not reward retrieval in rats. eLife 2019; 8:43551. [PMID: 31107241 PMCID: PMC6548499 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient foraging requires an ability to coordinate discrete reward-seeking and reward-retrieval behaviors. We used pathway-specific chemogenetic inhibition to investigate how rats’ mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine circuits contribute to the expression and modulation of reward seeking and retrieval. Inhibiting ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons disrupted the tendency for reward-paired cues to motivate reward seeking, but spared their ability to increase attempts to retrieve reward. Similar effects were produced by inhibiting dopamine inputs to nucleus accumbens, but not medial prefrontal cortex. Inhibiting dopamine neurons spared the suppressive effect of reward devaluation on reward seeking, an assay of goal-directed behavior. Attempts to retrieve reward persisted after devaluation, indicating they were habitually performed as part of a fixed action sequence. Our findings show that complete bouts of reward seeking and retrieval are behaviorally and neurally dissociable from bouts of reward seeking without retrieval. This dichotomy may prove useful for uncovering mechanisms of maladaptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briac Halbout
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Andrew T Marshall
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Ali Azimi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Mimi Liljeholm
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Kate M Wassum
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sean B Ostlund
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Irvine Center for Addiction Neuroscience, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
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13
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Abnormal repetitive behaviors in zebrafish and their relevance to human brain disorders. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:101-110. [PMID: 30926483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) are a prominent symptom of numerous human brain disorders and are commonly seen in rodent models as well. While rodent studies of ARBs continue to dominate the field, mounting evidence suggests that zebrafish (Danio rerio) also display ARB-like phenotypes and may therefore be a novel model organism for ARB research. In addition to clear practical research advantages as a model species, zebrafish share high genetic and physiological homology to humans and rodents, including multiple ARB-related genes and robust behaviors relevant to ARB. Here, we discuss a wide spectrum of stereotypic repetitive behaviors in zebrafish, data on their genetic and pharmacological modulation, and the overall translational relevance of fish ARBs to modeling human brain disorders. Overall, the zebrafish is rapidly emerging as a new promising model to study ARBs and their underlying mechanisms.
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14
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Tonna M, Marchesi C, Parmigiani S. The biological origins of rituals: An interdisciplinary perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Catanese MC, Vandenberg LN. Developmental estrogen exposures and disruptions to maternal behavior and brain: Effects of ethinyl estradiol, a common positive control. Horm Behav 2018; 101:113-124. [PMID: 29107581 PMCID: PMC5938171 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due of its structural similarity to the endogenous estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) is widely used to study the effects of estrogenic substances on sensitive organs at multiple stages of development. Here, we investigated the effects of EE2 on maternal behavior and the maternal brain in females exposed during gestation and the perinatal period. We assessed several components of maternal behavior including nesting behavior and pup retrieval; characterized the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α in the medial preoptic area (MPOA), a brain region critical for the display of maternal behavior; and measured expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, a marker for dopaminergic cells, in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a brain region important in maternal motivation. We found that developmental exposure to EE2 induces subtle effects on several aspects of maternal behavior including time building the nest and time spent engaged in self-care. Developmental exposure to EE2 also altered ERα expression in the central MPOA during both early and late lactation and led to significantly reduced tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the VTA. Our results demonstrate both dose- and postpartum stage-related effects of developmental exposure to EE2 on behavior and brain that manifest later in adulthood, during the maternal period. These findings provide further evidence for effects of exposure to exogenous estrogenic compounds during the critical periods of fetal and perinatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Catanese
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, USA.
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16
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Winter C, Greene DM, Mavrogiorgou P, Schaper H, Sohr R, Bult-Ito A, Juckel G. Altered serotonergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in a mice model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:240-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Szechtman H, Ahmari SE, Beninger RJ, Eilam D, Harvey BH, Edemann-Callesen H, Winter C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Insights from animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:254-279. [PMID: 27168347 PMCID: PMC5833926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Research with animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) shows the following: (1) Optogenetic studies in mice provide evidence for a plausible cause-effect relation between increased activity in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits and OCD by demonstrating the induction of compulsive behavior with the experimental manipulation of the CBGTC circuit. (2) Parallel use of several animal models is a fruitful paradigm to examine the mechanisms of treatment effects of deep brain stimulation in distinct OCD endophenotypes. (3) Features of spontaneous behavior in deer mice constitute a rich platform to investigate the neurobiology of OCD, social ramifications of a compulsive phenotype, and test novel drugs. (4) Studies in animal models for psychiatric disorders comorbid with OCD suggest comorbidity may involve shared neural circuits controlling expression of compulsive behavior. (5) Analysis of compulsive behavior into its constitutive components provides evidence from an animal model for a motivational perspective on OCD. (6) Methods of behavioral analysis in an animal model translate to dissection of compulsive rituals in OCD patients, leading to diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Susanne E Ahmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Richard J Beninger
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - David Eilam
- Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Brian H Harvey
- MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Henriette Edemann-Callesen
- Bereich Experimentelle Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Christine Winter
- Bereich Experimentelle Psychiatrie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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18
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Catanese MC, Vandenberg LN. Bisphenol S (BPS) Alters Maternal Behavior and Brain in Mice Exposed During Pregnancy/Lactation and Their Daughters. Endocrinology 2017; 158:516-530. [PMID: 28005399 PMCID: PMC5460783 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals have been shown to disrupt maternal behavior in rodents. We investigated the effects of an emerging xenoestrogen, bisphenol S (BPS), on maternal behavior and brain in CD-1 mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation (F0 generation) and in female offspring exposed during gestation and perinatal development (F1 generation). We observed different effects in F0 and F1 dams for a number of components of maternal behavior, including time on the nest, time spent on nest building, latency to retrieve pups, and latency to retrieve the entire litter. We also characterized expression of estrogen receptor α in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) and quantified tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells in the ventral tegmental area, 2 brain regions critical for maternal care. BPS-treated females in the F0 generation had a statistically significant increase in estrogen receptor α expression in the caudal subregion of the central MPOA in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, there were no statistically significant effects of BPS on the MPOA in F1 dams or the ventral tegmental area in either generation. This work demonstrates that BPS affects maternal behavior and brain with outcomes depending on generation, dose, and postpartum period. Many studies examining effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals view the mother as a means by which offspring can be exposed during critical periods of development. Here, we demonstrate that pregnancy and lactation are vulnerable periods for the mother. We also show that developmental BPS exposure alters maternal behavior later in adulthood. Both findings have potential public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C. Catanese
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and
| | - Laura N. Vandenberg
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003; and
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts–Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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19
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Function of brain α2B-adrenergic receptor characterized with subtype-selective α2B antagonist and KO mice. Neuroscience 2016; 339:608-621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Homberg JR, Kyzar EJ, Nguyen M, Norton WH, Pittman J, Poudel MK, Gaikwad S, Nakamura S, Koshiba M, Yamanouchi H, Scattoni ML, Ullman JF, Diamond DM, Kaluyeva AA, Parker MO, Klimenko VM, Apryatin SA, Brown RE, Song C, Gainetdinov RR, Gottesman II, Kalueff AV. Understanding autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders through experimental translational neurobehavioral models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:292-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Gillan CM, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, van den Heuvel OA, van Wingen G. The role of habit in compulsivity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:828-40. [PMID: 26774661 PMCID: PMC4894125 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Compulsivity has been recently characterized as a manifestation of an imbalance between the brain׳s goal-directed and habit-learning systems. Habits are perhaps the most fundamental building block of animal learning, and it is therefore unsurprising that there are multiple ways in which the development and execution of habits can be promoted/discouraged. Delineating these neurocognitive routes may be critical to understanding if and how habits contribute to the many faces of compulsivity observed across a range of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we distinguish the contribution of excessive stimulus-response habit learning from that of deficient goal-directed control over action and response inhibition, and discuss the role of stress and anxiety as likely contributors to the transition from goal-directed action to habit. To this end, behavioural, pharmacological, neurobiological and clinical evidence are synthesised and a hypothesis is formulated to capture how habits fit into a model of compulsivity as a trans-diagnostic psychiatric trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Gillan
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The OCD Team, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guido van Wingen
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Yael D, Israelashvili M, Bar-Gad I. Animal Models of Tourette Syndrome-From Proliferation to Standardization. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:132. [PMID: 27065791 PMCID: PMC4814698 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood onset disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics and associated with multiple comorbid symptoms. Over the last decade, the accumulation of findings from TS patients and the emergence of new technologies have led to the development of novel animal models with high construct validity. In addition, animal models which were previously associated with other disorders were recently attributed to TS. The proliferation of TS animal models has accelerated TS research and provided a better understanding of the mechanism underlying the disorder. This newfound success generates novel challenges, since the conclusions that can be drawn from TS animal model studies are constrained by the considerable variation across models. Typically, each animal model examines a specific subset of deficits and centers on one field of research (physiology/genetics/pharmacology/etc.). Moreover, different studies do not use a standard lexicon to characterize different properties of the model. These factors hinder the evaluation of individual model validity as well as the comparison across models, leading to a formation of a fuzzy, segregated landscape of TS pathophysiology. Here, we call for a standardization process in the study of TS animal models as the next logical step. We believe that a generation of standard examination criteria will improve the utility of these models and enable their consolidation into a general framework. This should lead to a better understanding of these models and their relationship to TS, thereby improving the research of the mechanism underlying this disorder and aiding the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Yael
- The Leslie and Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Israelashvili
- The Leslie and Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Izhar Bar-Gad
- The Leslie and Susan Goldschmied (Gonda) Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel
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23
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Bøttger P, Glerup S, Gesslein B, Illarionova NB, Isaksen TJ, Heuck A, Clausen BH, Füchtbauer EM, Gramsbergen JB, Gunnarson E, Aperia A, Lauritzen M, Lambertsen KL, Nissen P, Lykke-Hartmann K. Glutamate-system defects behind psychiatric manifestations in a familial hemiplegic migraine type 2 disease-mutation mouse model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22047. [PMID: 26911348 PMCID: PMC4766516 DOI: 10.1038/srep22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a complex brain disorder, and understanding the complexity of this prevalent disease could improve quality of life for millions of people. Familial Hemiplegic Migraine type 2 (FHM2) is a subtype of migraine with aura and co-morbidities like epilepsy/seizures, cognitive impairments and psychiatric manifestations, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). FHM2 disease-mutations locate to the ATP1A2 gene encoding the astrocyte-located α2-isoform of the sodium-potassium pump (α2Na+/K+-ATPase). We show that knock-in mice heterozygous for the FHM2-associated G301R-mutation (α2+/G301R) phenocopy several FHM2-relevant disease traits e.g., by mimicking mood depression and OCD. In vitro studies showed impaired glutamate uptake in hippocampal mixed astrocyte-neuron cultures from α2G301R/G301R E17 embryonic mice, and moreover, induction of cortical spreading depression (CSD) resulted in reduced recovery in α2+/G301R male mice. Moreover, NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonists or progestin-only treatment reverted specific α2+/G301R behavioral phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate that studies of an in vivo relevant FHM2 disease knock-in mouse model provide a link between the female sex hormone cycle and the glutamate system and a link to co-morbid psychiatric manifestations of FHM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Bøttger
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Simon Glerup
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Research Centre MIND, Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bodil Gesslein
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Nina B Illarionova
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toke J Isaksen
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Heuck
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Jan B Gramsbergen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Eli Gunnarson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anita Aperia
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Center for Healthy Aging, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Glostrup Hospital, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Neurobiology Research, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Danish Research Institute for Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics and Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karin Lykke-Hartmann
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease-PUMPKIN, Danish National Research Foundation, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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24
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Ballester González J, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Silva C, Foster JA, Szechtman H. Nucleus accumbens core and pathogenesis of compulsive checking. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:200-16. [PMID: 25426580 PMCID: PMC5398318 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of the nucleus accumbens core (NAc) in the development of quinpirole-induced compulsive checking, rats received an excitotoxic lesion of NAc or sham lesion and were injected with quinpirole (0.5 mg/kg) or saline; development of checking behavior was monitored for 10 biweekly tests. The results showed that even after the NAc lesion, quinpirole still induced compulsive checking, suggesting that the pathogenic effects produced by quinpirole lie outside the NAc. Although the NAc lesion did not prevent the induction of compulsive checking, it altered how quickly it develops, suggesting that the NAc normally contributes toward the induction of compulsive checking. Saline-treated rats with an NAc lesion were hyperactive, but did not develop compulsive checking, indicating that hyperactivity by itself is not sufficient for the pathogenesis of compulsive checking. It is proposed that compulsive checking is the exaggerated output of a security motivation system and that the NAc serves as a neural hub for coordinating the orderly activity of neural modules of this motivational system. Evidence is considered suggesting that the neurobiological condition for the pathogenesis of compulsive checking is two-fold: activation of dopamine D2/D3 receptors without concurrent stimulation of D1-like receptors and long-term plastic changes related to quinpirole-induced sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charmaine Silva
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane A. Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry Szechtman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Goltseker K, Yankelevitch-Yahav R, Albelda NS, Joel D. Signal attenuation as a rat model of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Vis Exp 2015:52287. [PMID: 25650700 PMCID: PMC4354519 DOI: 10.3791/52287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noa S Albelda
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University
| | - Daphna Joel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University;
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26
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Klanker M, Feenstra M, Denys D. Dopaminergic control of cognitive flexibility in humans and animals. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:201. [PMID: 24204329 PMCID: PMC3817373 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) is thought to code for learned associations between cues and reinforcers and to mediate approach behavior toward a reward. Less is known about the contribution of DA to cognitive flexibility—the ability to adapt behavior in response to changes in the environment. Altered reward processing and impairments in cognitive flexibility are observed in psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Patients with this disorder show a disruption of functioning in the frontostriatal circuit and alterations in DA signaling. In this review we summarize findings from animal and human studies that have investigated the involvement of striatal DA in cognitive flexibility. These findings may provide a better understanding of the role of dopaminergic dysfunction in cognitive inflexibility in psychiatric disorders, such as OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Klanker
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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27
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Nardo M, Casarotto PC, Gomes FV, Guimarães FS. Cannabidiol reverses the mCPP-induced increase in marble-burying behavior. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2013; 28:544-50. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Nardo
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Sao Paulo; Bandeirantes Av. 3900 Ribeirao Preto 140490-900 Brazil
| | - Plinio C. Casarotto
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Sao Paulo; Bandeirantes Av. 3900 Ribeirao Preto 140490-900 Brazil
| | - Felipe V. Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Sao Paulo; Bandeirantes Av. 3900 Ribeirao Preto 140490-900 Brazil
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Sao Paulo; Bandeirantes Av. 3900 Ribeirao Preto 140490-900 Brazil
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28
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Reappraisal of spontaneous stereotypy in the deer mouse as an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): response to escitalopram treatment and basal serotonin transporter (SERT) density. Behav Brain Res 2013; 256:545-53. [PMID: 24013013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent thoughts and repetitive motor actions. Hyposerotonergic signalling in the cortico-striatal circuitry is believed to be central to the pathology of OCD, while many patients only respond to chronic treatment with high dose selective serotonin (5HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Confined deer mice spontaneously develop two forms of stereotypy, namely vertical jumping and pattern running. The purpose of this investigation was to reappraise these behaviours and strengthen the validity of deer mouse stereotypy as an animal model of OCD within a framework of three study questions: (1) can the time spent executing stereotypical behaviours be employed as a measure of extent of stereotypy, (2) does deer mouse stereotypy only respond to chronic, but not sub-chronic treatment with a high-dose SSRI, and (3) is deer mouse stereotypy associated with altered cortico-striatal 5HT transporter (SERT) binding? The current study demonstrates that treatment naïve high stereotypical (HS) deer mice spend significantly more time executing stereotypical behaviours while significantly less time is spent indulging in stereotypy following chronic, but not sub-chronic, treatment with escitalopram. Furthermore, HS deer mice present with a significant decrease in striatal SERT density compared to non-stereotypical (NS) controls. Building on previous validation studies, we conclude that deer mouse stereotypy is a valid naturalistic animal model of OCD with robust face, construct and predictive validity.
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29
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Behavioural methods used in rodent models of autism spectrum disorders: Current standards and new developments. Behav Brain Res 2013; 251:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Tucci MC, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Graham D, Amodeo S, Cheon P, Kirk A, Peel J, Taji L, Szechtman H. Effects of the serotonergic agonist mCPP on male rats in the quinpirole sensitization model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:277-85. [PMID: 23354534 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonergic agonist, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), produces inconsistent effects on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms, perhaps because clinical studies have not utilized a homogenous OCD subgroup of patients. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate mCPP effects on functional components of compulsive checking, using the quinpirole sensitization rat model of OCD. METHODS In study 1, the effects of mCPP were evaluated in quinpirole rats with compulsive checking. Two experimental groups were co-injected with quinpirole (0.125 mg/kg) and mCPP (0.625 or 1.25 mg/kg), while one control group was co-injected with quinpirole (0.125 mg/kg) and saline and the other control group received co-injections of saline. In study 2, mCPP (0, 0.3125, 0.625, and 1.25 mg/kg) was administered repeatedly to naïve rats and induction of compulsive checking evaluated. RESULTS mCPP significantly attenuated quinpirole-induced compulsive checking behavior by reducing vigor of checking (indexed by frequency of checking and length of check) and increasing rest after a bout of checking (indexed by time to the next checking bout), but it did not affect focus on the task of checking (indexed by recurrence time of checking and number of stops before returning to check). In naïve rats, mCPP did not induce compulsive behavior, but the highest dose reduced vigor of checking performance compared to saline controls. CONCLUSIONS mCPP did not exacerbate or induce compulsive checking behavior. Instead, it ameliorated compulsive checking by reducing vigor of checking and increasing post-checking satiety, without affecting focus on checking. Ameliorative effects of mCPP may involve 5HT2A/2C receptors in substantia nigra pars reticulata that inhibit expression of motor vigor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Tucci
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Theoretical and practical considerations behind the use of laboratory animals for the study of Tourette syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1085-100. [PMID: 23583771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present manuscript we review a substantial body of literature describing several pre-clinical animal models designed and developed with the purpose of investigating the biological determinants of Tourette syndrome (TS). In order to map the animal models onto the theoretical background upon which they have been devised, we first define phenomenological and etiological aspects of TS and then match this information to the available pre-clinical models. Thus, we first describe the characteristic symptoms exhibited by TS patients and then a series of hypotheses attempting to identify the multifactorial causes of TS. With respect to the former, we detail the phenomenology of abnormal repetitive behaviors (tics and stereotypies), obsessive-compulsive behaviors and aberrant sensory-motor gating. With respect to the latter, we describe both potential candidate vulnerability genes and environmental factors (difficult pregnancies, psychosocial stressors and infections). We then discuss how this evidence has been translated in pre-clinical research with respect to both dependent (symptoms) and independent (etiological factors) variables. Thus, while, on the one hand, we detail the methodologies adopted to measure abnormal repetitive and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and sensory-motor gating, on the other hand, we describe genetic engineering studies and environmental modulations aimed at reproducing the proposed biological determinants in laboratory rodents. A special emphasis is placed upon "programming" events, occurring during critical stages of early development and exerting organizational delayed consequences. In the final section, we outline a heuristic model with the purpose of integrating clinical and pre-clinical evidence in the study of TS.
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Kreiss DS, Coffman CF, Fiacco NR, Granger JC, Helton BM, Jackson JC, Kim LV, Mistry RS, Mizer TM, Palmer LV, Vacca JA, Winkler SS, Zimmer BA. Ritualistic Chewing Behavior induced by mCPP in the rat is an animal model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 104:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Murphy DL, Moya PR, Fox MA, Rubenstein LM, Wendland JR, Timpano KR. Anxiety and affective disorder comorbidity related to serotonin and other neurotransmitter systems: obsessive-compulsive disorder as an example of overlapping clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120435. [PMID: 23440468 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have also been shown to have comorbid lifetime diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD; rates greater than 70%), bipolar disorder (rates greater than 10%) and other anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)). In addition, overlap exists in some common genetic variants (e.g. the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene), and rare variants in genes/chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. the 22q11 microdeletion syndrome) found across the affective/anxiety disorder spectrums. OCD has been proposed as a possible independent entity for DSM-5, but by others thought best retained as an anxiety disorder subtype (its current designation in DSM-IV), and yet by others considered best in the affective disorder spectrum. This review focuses on OCD, a well-studied but still puzzling heterogeneous disorder, regarding alterations in serotonergic, dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in addition to other systems involved, and how related genes may be involved in the comorbidity of anxiety and affective disorders. OCD resembles disorders such as depression, in which gene × gene interactions, gene × environment interactions and stress elements coalesce to yield OC symptoms and, in some individuals, full-blown OCD with multiple comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Murphy
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Diniz JB, Miguel EC, de Oliveira AR, Reimer AE, Brandão ML, de Mathis MA, Batistuzzo MC, Costa DLC, Hoexter MQ. Outlining new frontiers for the comprehension of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of its relationship with fear and anxiety. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2013; 34 Suppl 1:S81-91. [PMID: 22729451 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462012000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anxiety is an important component of the psychopathology of the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). So far, most interventions that have proven to be effective for treating OCD are similar to those developed for other anxiety disorders. However, neurobiological studies of OCD came to conclusions that are not always compatible with those previously associated with other anxiety disorders. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to review the degree of overlap between OCD and other anxiety disorders phenomenology and pathophysiology to support the rationale that guides research in this field. RESULTS Clues about the neurocircuits involved in the manifestation of anxiety disorders have been obtained through the study of animal anxiety models, and structural and functional neuroimaging in humans. These investigations suggest that in OCD, in addition to dysfunction in cortico-striatal pathways, the functioning of an alternative neurocircuitry, which involves amygdalo-cortical interactions and participates in fear conditioning and extinction processes, may be impaired. CONCLUSION It is likely that anxiety is a relevant dimension of OCD that impacts on other features of this disorder. Therefore, future studies may benefit from the investigation of the expression of fear and anxiety by OCD patients according to their type of obsessions and compulsions, age of OCD onset, comorbidities, and patterns of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Belo Diniz
- Department & Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clínicas Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Macrì S, Onori MP, Roessner V, Laviola G. Animal models recapitulating the multifactorial origin of Tourette syndrome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 112:211-37. [PMID: 24295623 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411546-0.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics affecting approximately 1% of the pediatric population. Behavioral comorbidities often include obsessive-compulsive behavior and impaired attention. The neurobiological substrates associated with TS generally entail abnormalities in neurotransmitter circuitry regulating basal ganglia activity. The neurotransmitters most often associated with TS are dopamine, serotonin, and GABA. TS origin roots in genetic predisposing factors, and environmental variables favoring tic onset and exacerbation. Among the latter, repeated infections with group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus and psychosocial stressors encountered during development have been proposed to constitute likely susceptibility factors. In this chapter, we describe how this clinical/epidemiological knowledge has been translated into animal models of TS. Specifically, we review several studies attempting to reproduce TS-like symptoms (tics and behavioral stereotypies) and comorbidities (impaired attention, increased locomotion, and perseverative responding) in laboratory rodents. Additionally, we discuss studies in which the genetic and environmental predisposing factors have been modeled in experimental subjects. Ultimately, we propose a unifying perspective recapitulating dependent and independent variables in the preclinical study of TS and discuss its potential theoretical and heuristic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Macrì
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Gunther J, Tian Y, Stamova B, Lit L, Corbett B, Ander B, Zhan X, Jickling G, Bos-Veneman N, Liu D, Hoekstra P, Sharp F. Catecholamine-related gene expression in blood correlates with tic severity in tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:593-601. [PMID: 22648010 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a heritable disorder characterized by tics that are decreased in some patients by treatment with alpha adrenergic agonists and dopamine receptor blockers. Thus, this study examines the relationship between catecholamine gene expression in blood and tic severity. TS diagnosis was confirmed using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria and tic severity measured using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) for 26 un-medicated subjects with TS. Whole blood was collected and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) processed on Affymetrix Human Exon 1.0 ST arrays. An Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) identified 3627 genes correlated with tic severity (p<0.05). Searches of Medical Subject Headings, Gene Ontology, Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, and PubMed determined genes associated with catecholamines and located in the basal ganglia. Using GeneCards, PubMed, and manual curation, seven genes associated with TS were further examined: DRD2, HRH3, MAOB, BDNF, SNAP25, SLC6A4, and SLC22A3. These genes are highly associated with TS and have also been implicated in other movement disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Correlation of gene expression in peripheral blood with tic severity may allow inferences about catecholamine pathway dysfunction in TS subjects. Findings built on previous work suggest that at least some genes expressed peripherally are relevant for central nervous system (CNS) pathology in the brain of individuals with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Gunther
- Department of Neurology and MIND Institute, University of California at Davis, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Stereotypies in Captive Primates and the Use of Inositol: Lessons from Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder in Humans. INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Diniz JB, Miguel EC, de Oliveira AR, Reimer AE, Brandão ML, de Mathis MA, Batistuzzo MC, Costa DLC, Hoexter MQ. Outlining new frontiers for the comprehension of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review of its relationship with fear and anxiety. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1516-4446(12)70056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Albelda N, Joel D. Current animal models of obsessive compulsive disorder: an update. Neuroscience 2012; 211:83-106. [PMID: 21925243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Albelda
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Pezzato FA, Novais DB, Garcia-Mijares M, Hoshino K. Efeito do lítio sobre a hiperatividade locomotora induzida pela lesão eletrolítica da região do núcleo mediano da rafe em ratos. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (NATAL) 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-294x2012000100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A lesão do núcleo mediano da rafe (NMR) produz sintomas que sugerem validade de face ao episódio maníaco. Esta pesquisa avaliou o efeito do lítio sobre a hiperatividade locomotora induzida por esta lesão. Vinte e um ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos à lesão eletrolítica da região do NMR (LR) e 17 foram submetidos à lesão fictícia (LF). Após recuperação, a atividade locomotora foi avaliada na caixa de atividade (Med Associates/ENV-515). Parte dos animais destes grupos recebeu tratamentos com lítio (47,5 mg/kg/2x dia i.p.) por 10 dias, enquanto o restante foi tratado com salina no mesmo esquema. A reavaliação ao final dos tratamentos demonstrou que o lítio reduziu significantemente a atividade locomotora em relação à avaliação inicial no grupo LR (ANOVA/Bonferroni p < 0,05), tornando-a equivalente aos baixos níveis dos grupos LF. Estes dados sustentam a hipótese de que as manifestações induzidas pela lesão do NMR podem constituir um modelo animal de mania.
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Decision time and perseveration of adolescent rats in the T-maze are affected differentially by buspirone and independent of 5-HT-1A expression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 102:58-63. [PMID: 22494991 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) by the serotonin 1A (5-HT-1A) receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetraline (8-OH-DPAT), results in repetitive behaviors that have been used to model the perseveration and indecisiveness of human obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In the present study, we compared the effects of buspirone to those of 8-OH-DPAT in two strains of adolescent rats and analyzed repetitive choices of arms of the maze and prolonged apparent decision time due to induction of vicarious trial and error (VTE) behavior. In adolescent Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, 8-OH-DPAT induced repetitive choices of arms of the maze (perseveration) and increased the apparent decision time. Buspirone induced VTE behavior and increased apparent decision time without perseveration. This distinct effect of buspirone was seen in SD adolescents but not in Long-Evans (LE) adolescents which appeared to be insensitive to buspirone. Lack of responsiveness to buspirone was dependent on the developmental stage because buspirone induced VTE behavior and prolonged decision time in LE adults. Western blotting of brain 5-HT-1A receptors showed expression of receptor protein in adolescent LE brain was comparable to that of adolescent SD and adult LE. The 5-HT-1A antagonist WAY 100365 blocked the effect 8-OH-DPAT on repetitive choice of arms but not the effect of buspirone on VTE behavior. We conclude that the adolescent LE rat has normal levels of 5-HT-1A receptor and that the effect of buspirone on VTE behavior is not mediated by the 5-HT-1A receptor. The LE strain may provide a useful system for further study of the adolescent brain and potential genetic differences in induction of repetitive behaviors.
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Pharmacological evaluation of the adequacy of marble burying as an animal model of compulsion and/or anxiety. Behav Pharmacol 2012; 22:711-3. [PMID: 21921841 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32834afebe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Marble-burying behavior in rodents has been used commonly as an animal model of compulsive and/or anxiety behavior. The purpose of this study was to further assess the adequacy of marble burying as a preclinical animal model of compulsive behaviors using pharmacological tools. In particular, we were interested in whether dopamine D2/D3 agonists (e.g. pramipexole) known to produce compulsive behaviors in humans would increase marble burying. The effects of pramipexole on marble-burying behavior and locomotor activity were compared with those of the following: diazepam, a drug known to decrease marble burying; D-amphetamine, a stimulant that increases locomotor activity; and methyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate, a β-carboline previously shown to produce anxiogenic effects in rodents. All drugs produced dose-dependent decreases in marble burying, which were not always related to the locomotor effects of these drugs. The inability of pramipexole and methyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate to increase marble burying questions the validity of this assay as an adequate animal model of compulsive and/or anxiety behavior.
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Harvey BH, Shahid M. Metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as neurobiological targets in anxiety and stress-related disorders: Focus on pharmacology and preclinical translational models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100:775-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Serotonin 2A receptor, serotonin transporter and dopamine transporter alterations in dogs with compulsive behaviour as a promising model for human obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2012; 201:78-87. [PMID: 22285716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuro-imaging studies have shown altered, yet often inconsistent, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). We investigated both serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 9 drug-naïve dogs with compulsive behaviour, as a potential model for human OCD. Single photon emission computed tomography was used with (123)I-R91150 and (123)I-FP-CIT, in combination with (99m)Tc-ECD brain perfusion co-registration, to measure the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor, dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (SERT) availability. Fifteen normally behaving dogs were used as reference group. Significantly lower 5-HT2A receptor radioligand availability in frontal and temporal cortices (bilateral) was observed. Further, in 78% of the compulsive dogs abnormal DAT ratios in left and right striatum were demonstrated. Interestingly, both increased and decreased DAT ratios were observed. Finally, significantly lower subcortical perfusion and (hypo)thalamic SERT availability were observed in the compulsive dogs. This study provides evidence for imbalanced serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways in the pathophysiology of compulsions in dogs. The similarities with the altered neurotransmission in human OCD provide construct validity for this non-induced, natural canine model, suggesting its usefulness for future investigations of the pathophysiology of human OCD as well as the effectiveness of psychopharmacological interventions.
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de Haas R, Nijdam A, Westra TA, Kas MJH, Westenberg HGM. Behavioral pattern analysis and dopamine release in quinpirole-induced repetitive behavior in rats. J Psychopharmacol 2011; 25:1712-9. [PMID: 21148023 DOI: 10.1177/0269881110389093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disease with a lifetime prevalence of 2-3%. People with OCD suffer from intrusive, unwanted and recurrent thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive ritualistic behaviors (compulsions). The aim of this study is to quantify the dimensions of ritualistic 'compulsive-like' behavior in quinpirole-induced behavior in rats by using T-pattern behavioral analysis. In addition, we investigated whether the behavioral effects elicited by quinpirole sensitization remained after 2 weeks of cessation of treatment. Finally, to study the neurobiological underpinnings of this 'compulsive-like' behavior, we investigated the effect of quinpirole treatment on the extracellular dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens. Once established, 'compulsive-like' behavior is dependent upon quinpirole administration, as this behavior rapidly normalized after cessation of treatment. After a single dose of quinpirole the dopamine level decreased more in saline pre-treated animals as compared with animals given quinpirole treatment continuously. Furthermore, T-pattern analysis revealed that quinpirole-induced behavior consists, unlike OCD rituals, of a smaller behavioral repertoire. As seen in patients with OCD, quinpirole-treated animals performed these behaviors with a high rate of repetition. These findings suggest that quinpirole-induced behavior mimics only part of the compulsive behavior as shown in OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria de Haas
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Shanahan NA, Velez LP, Masten VL, Dulawa SC. Essential role for orbitofrontal serotonin 1B receptors in obsessive-compulsive disorder-like behavior and serotonin reuptake inhibitor response in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:1039-48. [PMID: 21920503 PMCID: PMC3310222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perseveration and sensorimotor gating deficits are core features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Serotonin 1B receptor (5-HT1BR) agonists exacerbate OCD symptoms in patients and induce perseveration and sensorimotor gating deficits in mice. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), but not noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), reduce OCD symptoms following 4 to 8 weeks of treatment. Using mice, we compared the effects of chronic SRI versus NRI treatment on 5-HT1BR-induced OCD-like behavior and 5-HT1BR sensitivity in orbitofrontal-subcortical OCD circuits. Furthermore, we localized the 5-HT1BR population that mediates OCD-like behavior. METHODS Mice chronically received the SRI clomipramine or the NRI desipramine and were examined for 5-HT1BR-induced OCD-like behavior or 5-HT1BR binding and G-protein coupling in caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, and orbitofrontal cortex. Separate mice were tested for OCD- or depression-like behavior following 4, 14, 21, 28, or 56 days of SRI treatment. Finally, OCD-like behavior was assessed following intra-orbitofrontal 5-HT1BR agonist infusion or intra-orbitofrontal 5-HT1BR antagonist infusion coupled with systemic 5-HT1BR agonist treatment. RESULTS Effective, but not ineffective, OCD treatments reduced OCD-like behavior in mice with a time course that parallels the delayed therapeutic onset in OCD patients and downregulated 5-HT1BR expression in the orbitofrontal cortex. Intra-orbitofrontal 5-HT1BR agonist infusion induced OCD-like behavior, and intra-orbitofrontal 5-HT1BR antagonist infusion blocked OCD-like effects of systemic 5-HT1BR agonist treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that orbitofrontal 5-HT1BRs are necessary and sufficient to induce OCD-like behavior in mice and that SRI pharmacotherapy reduces OCD-like behavior by desensitizing orbitofrontal 5-HT1BRs. Our findings suggest an essential role for orbitofrontal 5-HT1BRs in OCD pathophysiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lady P Velez
- Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Virginia L Masten
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, C.A
| | - Stephanie C Dulawa
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Popova NK, Morozova MV, Naumenko VS. Ameliorative effect of BDNF on prenatal ethanol and stress exposure-induced behavioral disorders. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:82-6. [PMID: 22005582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays critical role in neuronal development, function, survival and plasticity of mature neurons. The present experiments investigated whether BDNF ameliorates the damaging effect of prenatal ethanol and stress exposure on behavior in offspring. Prenatal exposure of ethanol and stress combined during gestation inverted sexual partner preference of male offspring, increased social contacts with juvenile male mouse and stereotypic burying activity in the marble-burying test suggesting predisposition to homosexuality and to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Centrally administered BDNF (300ng i.c.v.) restored sexual female preference of male adult offspring and decreased marble-burying activity. Ameliorative effect was shown in 7-10 days after BDNF administration. The results provide the first evidence that BDNF improves epigenetic impairment of behavior and may have profound implications in the treatment of neurologic disorders induced by early environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Popova
- Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva av. 10, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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Hoffman KL. Animal models of obsessive compulsive disorder: recent findings and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:725-37. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.577772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ting JT, Feng G. Neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: insights into neural circuitry dysfunction through mouse genetics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2011; 21:842-8. [PMID: 21605970 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The precise causal factors for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are not known, although, decades of research have honed in on the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuitry in the brain as a critical pathway involved in obsessions and the intimately linked compulsive-repetitive behaviors. Recent progress in human and mouse genetics have led to the identification of novel candidate susceptibility genes, which in turn have facilitated a more focused approach to unraveling the nature of circuitry dysfunction in OCD. The ability to perform invasive techniques in genetic animal models of OCD will be crucial for rapid advances in this field, and as such we review the most recent developments and highlight the importance of searching out common circuitry defects underlying compulsive-repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Ting
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Albelda N, Joel D. Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder: exploring pharmacology and neural substrates. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 36:47-63. [PMID: 21527287 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years there have been many attempts to develop animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Most models have not been studied further following the original publication, and in the past few years, most papers present studies employing a few established animal models, exploring the neural basis of compulsive behavior and developing new treatment strategies. Here we summarize findings from the five most studied animal models of OCD: 8-OHDPAT (8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin hydrobromide) induced decreased alternation, quinpirole-induced compulsive checking, marble burying, signal attenuation and spontaneous stereotypy in deer mice. We evaluate each model's face validity, derived from similarity between the behavior in the model and the specific symptoms of the human condition, predictive validity, derived from similarity in response to treatment (pharmacological or other), and construct validity, derived from similarity in the mechanism (physiological or psychological) that induces behavioral symptoms and in the neural systems involved. We present ideas regarding future clinical research based on each model's findings, and on this basis, also emphasize possible new approaches for the treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Albelda
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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