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Sreeja V, Jose A, Patel S, Menon B, Athira KV, Chakravarty S. Pharmacogenetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI): A serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT)-based approach. Neurochem Int 2024; 173:105672. [PMID: 38157886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are considered to be the most common cause of disability worldwide. Serotonin and its transporter is a prominent paradigm in mood disorders. Response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) is altered due to heterogeneity in the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 member 4). The reported polymorphisms are found to be in different regions of the transporter gene: promoter region (5-HTTLPR and various single nucleotide polymorphisms within it), intron (STin2), and exon 9 (I425V). The long and short alleles of the 5-HTTLPR gene, which are prevalent among variations, may mediate differential effects. In long allelic variant carriers, an increased response to SSRI and timely recovery is due to increased availability of SERT. Whereas, SERT availability is significantly decreased in short allelic carriers, necessitating a reduction in SSRI dosage due to the increased risk of adverse drug reactions. Thus, pharmacogenetic investigations are required to understand the impact of functional variations on the efficacy and tolerability of SSRI. Identifying the carrier variants may aid in clear-decision making of the treatment regimen, aiding the approach of personalized medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sreeja
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Anju Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - Shashikant Patel
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India
| | - K V Athira
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682 041, Kerala, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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2
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Kaushik S, Ahmad F, Choudhary S, Mathkor DM, Mishra BN, Singh V, Haque S. Critical appraisal and systematic review of genes linked with cocaine addiction, depression and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105270. [PMID: 37271299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent lifestyle changes have resulted in tremendous peer pressure and mental stress, and increased the incidences of chronic psychological disorders; like addiction, depression and anxiety (ADA). In this context, the stress-tolerance levels vary amongst individuals and genetic factors play prominent roles. Vulnerable individuals may often be drawn towards drug-addiction to combat stress. This systematic review critically appraises the relationship of various genetic factors linked with the incidences of ADA development. For coherence, we focused solely on cocaine as a substance of abuse in this study. Online scholarly databases were used to screen pertinent literature using apt keywords; and the final retrieval included 42 primary-research articles. The major conclusion drawn from this systematic analysis states that there are 51 genes linked with the development of ADA; and 3 (BDNF, PERIOD2 and SLC6A4) of them are common to all the three aspects of ADA. Further, inter-connectivity analyses of the 51 genes further endorsed the central presence of BDNF and SLC6A4 genes in the development of ADA disorders. The conclusions derived from this systematic study pave the way for future studies for the identification of diagnostic biomarkers and drug targets; and for the development of novel and effective therapeutic regimens against ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradhha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sunita Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Darin Mansor Mathkor
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226021, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon; Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, the United Arab Emirates.
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Marcus J, Cetin E. Genetic predictors of cultural values variation between societies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7986. [PMID: 37198209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between the STin2 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms within the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, and culture across societies were examined. Based on an analysis of 75 primary studies (28,726 individuals), STin2 allelic frequencies were found to vary widely across countries, ranging from 26% in Germany to 85% in Singapore. Across 53 countries, and after controlling for all major environmental influences of culture, STin2 and 5-HTTLPR were found to explain 23.6% unique variance in monumentalism but none in individualism. Our findings evidence a significant role of genetics in predicting cross-societal cultural values variation, and potentially speak to the need for and importance of incorporating both nature and nurture in theories of cultural values variation across societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Marcus
- College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Mah., Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ecesu Cetin
- College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Mah., Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Molecular Study of STin2 (Intron 2) Variant of the SLC6A4 Gene in Children and Adolescents with Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs-122884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most familiar childhood psychiatric disorders. Various molecular genetic reviews indicate that genes are crucial in susceptibility to ADHD. The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has polymorphisms that correlate with ADHD. The association between ADHD and SLC6A4 gene variants in the Iranian population has not been investigated yet. Objectives: This study analyzed the STin2 (intron 2) variant of the SLC6A4 gene in Iranian children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, 86 ADHD patients and 99 healthy volunteers aged five to 14 were enrolled as the case and control groups, respectively. The STin2 (intron2) fragment of the SLC6A4 gene was amplified using specific primers by conventional PCR, and three STin2 alleles of the SLC6A4 gene (STin2.9, STin2.10, and STin2.12) were examined using the acrylamide gel method. Results: We found no significant difference between the ADHD and control groups in STin2.9 (34.9% vs. 39.4%, P-value = 0.824), STin2.10 (29.1% vs. 23.2%, P-value = 1.354), and STin2.12 (36% vs. 36.4%, P-value = 0.986) variants. Conclusions: There was no association between the frequency of STin2 variant alleles of the SLC6A4 gene and ADHD, but in the study of risk estimation, allele 10 of this variant was a risk allele in ADHD patients.
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Sarkar S, Singh R, Sharma A, Pandit MA, Gupta R, Singhal D, Jain R, Balhara YP. Association of Serotonergic Pathway Gene Polymorphisms With Behavioral Parameters in Patients With Opioid Dependence. Cureus 2021; 13:e19310. [PMID: 34900485 PMCID: PMC8647861 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Opioid dependence is a chronic, relapsing substance use disorder with a multifactorial etiology, including a genetic component. Serotonin pathway gene polymorphisms have been an important focus of research for psychiatric disorders, including substance use disorders. This study aimed to identify the association of serotonin pathway gene polymorphisms with self-harm, depressive symptoms, impulsiveness, and aggression in patients with opioid dependence. Method The study group comprised 366 subjects with opioid dependence and 200 healthy volunteers. Patients were assessed for a history of self-harm, depressive symptoms, impulsiveness, and aggression using standard tools. Genomic DNA was used for genotyping of four polymorphisms - 5-HTTLPR, STin2 VNTR, TPH1 A218C, and TPH2 G703T. Results The short allele of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism showed a significant difference between cases (59.8%) and controls (40.1%) (p=0.001) and revealed an association with age at opioid dependence (p=0.033). There was a borderline significance of the short allele of 5-HTTLPR with the duration of opioid use (p=0.061) and non-plan impulsivity (p=0.076), suggesting a role of 5-HTTLPR in the susceptibility of opioid dependence. The other markers did not differ between cases and controls. However, the STin2A polymorphism revealed a significant association with anger scores, which may indicate its role in aggressive behavior. Conclusions The present study, the first of its kind, suggests an association of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with opioid dependence and STin2A polymorphism with aggressive behavior among opioid-dependence patients, signifying the role of these markers in our patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sarkar
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Renu Singh
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Arundhati Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Muzaffar A Pandit
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Ranjan Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Deepika Singhal
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Raka Jain
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
| | - Yatan P Balhara
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
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Hanswijk SI, Spoelder M, Shan L, Verheij MMM, Muilwijk OG, Li W, Liu C, Kolk SM, Homberg JR. Gestational Factors throughout Fetal Neurodevelopment: The Serotonin Link. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5850. [PMID: 32824000 PMCID: PMC7461571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a critical player in brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders. Fetal 5-HT levels can be influenced by several gestational factors, such as maternal genotype, diet, stress, medication, and immune activation. In this review, addressing both human and animal studies, we discuss how these gestational factors affect placental and fetal brain 5-HT levels, leading to changes in brain structure and function and behavior. We conclude that gestational factors are able to interact and thereby amplify or counteract each other's impact on the fetal 5-HT-ergic system. We, therefore, argue that beyond the understanding of how single gestational factors affect 5-HT-ergic brain development and behavior in offspring, it is critical to elucidate the consequences of interacting factors. Moreover, we describe how each gestational factor is able to alter the 5-HT-ergic influence on the thalamocortical- and prefrontal-limbic circuitry and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis. These alterations have been associated with risks to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, depression, and/or anxiety. Consequently, the manipulation of gestational factors may be used to combat pregnancy-related risks for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I. Hanswijk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Ling Shan
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Otto G. Muilwijk
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
| | - Weizhuo Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (W.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Chunqing Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China; (W.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Sharon M. Kolk
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.I.H.); (M.S.); (M.M.M.V.); (O.G.M.)
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Bokor J, Krause S, Torok D, Eszlari N, Sutori S, Gal Z, Petschner P, Anderson IM, Deakin B, Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Gonda X. "Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow": 5-HTTLPR Is Associated With Current Suicidal Ideation but Not With Previous Suicide Attempts and Interacts With Recent Relationship Problems. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32670107 PMCID: PMC7331851 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is an unresolved psychiatric and public health emergency, claiming 800,000 lives each year, however, its neurobiological etiology is still not understood. In spite of original reports concerning the involvement of 5-HTTLPR in interaction with recent stress in the appearance of suicidal ideation and attempts, replication studies have yielded contradictory results. In our study, we analyzed the association between 5-HTTLPR and lifetime suicide attempts, current suicidal ideation, hopelessness and thoughts of death as main effects, and in interaction with childhood adversities, recent stress, and different types of recent life events in a general population sample. METHODS Two thousand and three hundred fifty-eight unrelated European volunteers were genotyped for 5-HTTLPR, provided phenotypic data on previous suicide attempts, and current suicidal ideation, hopelessness and thoughts about death, and information on childhood adversities and recent life events. Logistic and linear regression models were run with age, gender, and population as covariates to test for the effect of 5-HTTLPR as a main effect and in interaction with childhood adversities and recent life events on previous suicide attempts and current suicidal ideation. Benjamini-Hochberg FDR Q values were calculated to correct for multiple testing. RESULTS 5-HTTLPR had no significant effect on lifetime suicide attempts either as a main effect on in interaction with childhood adversities. 5-HTTLPR had a significant main effect on current suicidal ideation in the dominant model (Q=0.0344). 5-HTTLPR did not interact with childhood adversities or total number of recent life events on any phenotypes related to current suicidal risk, however, a significant interaction effect between 5-HTTLPR and current relationship problems emerged in the case of current suicidal ideation in the dominant model (Q=0.0218) and in the case of thoughts about death and dying in the dominant (Q=0.0094) and additive models (Q=0.0281). CONCLUSION While 5-HTTLPR did not influence previous suicide attempts or interacted with childhood adversities, it did influence current suicidal ideation with, in addition, an interaction with recent relationship problems supporting the involvement of 5-HTTLPR in suicide. Our findings that 5-HTTLPR impacts only certain types of suicide risk-related behaviors and that it interacts with only distinct types of recent stressors provides a possible explanation for previous conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Bokor
- Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandor Krause
- Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dora Torok
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nora Eszlari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sara Sutori
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Faculty of Humanity and Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsofia Gal
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Petschner
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ian M Anderson
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bill Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP-2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xenia Gonda
- NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Fanelli G, Serretti A. The influence of the serotonin transporter gene 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on suicidal behaviors: a meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:375-387. [PMID: 30125622 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicidal Behavior (SB) is the second leading cause of death among youths worldwide and the tenth among all age groups. Inherited genetic differences have a role in suicidality with heritability ranging from 30 to 55%. The SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR gene variant has been largely investigated for association with SB, with controversial results. In this work, we sought to determine whether the results of previous meta-analyses were confirmed or modified subsequent to the inclusion of more recent literature data. An electronic literature search was performed to identify relevant studies published until July 2018. Data were analysed through RevMan v5.3. Subgroup and sensitivity meta-analyses were performed considering different SB sub-phenotypes, ethnicity, gender and psychiatric diagnostic categories. Our literature search yielded 1186 articles; among these, we identified 45 pertinent case-control studies (15,341 subjects). No association was found between low-expressing alleles or genotypes (S + LG alleles or S' carrier genotypes) and SB in the primary analyses. However, low-expressing alleles (S + LG) were associated with an increased risk of Violent Suicide Attempt (OR = 1.44, C.I. 1.17-1.78, p = .0007). An effect of the same alleles on SB was found in a subpopulation of substance abusers, but this result was not confirmed after the exclusion of healthy subjects from the control group. The other sensitivity meta-analyses did not show any significant effect. Our findings contribute to clarify the conflicting previous evidence by suggesting an association between the 5-HTTLPR and Violent SB. Nonetheless, many other modulators, including environmental factors and epigenetic mechanisms may act to further increase the level of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fanelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Hemmings SMJ, Xulu K, Sommer J, Hinsberger M, Malan-Muller S, Tromp G, Elbert T, Weierstall R, Seedat S. Appetitive and reactive aggression are differentially associated with the STin2 genetic variant in the serotonin transporter gene. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6714. [PMID: 29712944 PMCID: PMC5928100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Appetitive aggression is a sub-category of instrumental aggression, characterised by the primary intrinsic enjoyment of aggressive activity. Aggression is heritable, and serotonergic and monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems have been found to contribute to the underlying molecular mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the role that genetic variants in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genes play in the aetiology of appetitive aggression in South African Xhosa males (n = 290). SLC6A4 5-HTTLPR, rs25531, and STin2 variants, as well as MAOA-uVNTR were investigated for their association with levels of appetitive aggression using Poisson regression analysis. The STin2 VNTR12 allele was found to be associated with increased levels of appetitive aggression (p = 0.003), but with decreased levels of reactive aggression (p = 7 × 10-5). This study is the first to investigate genetic underpinnings of appetitive aggression in a South African population, with preliminary evidence suggesting that SCL6A4 STin2 variants play a role in its aetiology, and may also be important in differentiating between appetitive and reactive aggression. Although the results require replication, they shed some preliminary light on the molecular dichotomy that may underlie the two forms of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Megan Joanna Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Khethelo Xulu
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Jessica Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Malan-Muller
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Thomas Elbert
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Roland Weierstall
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
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10
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Kalungi A, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ, van der Merwe L, Joloba ML, Nanteza A, Nakassujja N, Birabwa H, Serwanga J, Kaleebu P, Kinyanda E. Association between serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and increased suicidal risk among HIV positive patients in Uganda. BMC Genet 2017; 18:71. [PMID: 28743254 PMCID: PMC5526289 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0538-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at an increased risk of suicide. Increased suicidal risk is a predictor of future attempted and completed suicides and has been associated with poor quality of life and poor adherence with antiretroviral therapy. Clinical risk factors have low predictive value for suicide, hence the interest in potential neurobiological correlates and specific heritable markers of suicide vulnerability. The serotonin transporter gene has previously been implicated in the aetiology of increased suicidal risk in non-HIV infected study populations and its variations may provide a platform for identifying genetic risk for suicidality among PLWHA. The present cross-sectional study aimed at identifying two common genetic variants of the serotonin transporter gene and their association with increased suicidal risk among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adults in Uganda. RESULTS The prevalence of increased suicidal risk (defined as moderate to high risk suicidality on the suicidality module of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I) was 3.3% (95% CI, 2.0-5.3). The 5-HTTLPR was found to be associated with increased suicidal risk before Bonferroni correction (p-value = 0.0174). A protective effect on increased suicidal risk was found for the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 S A allele (p-value = 0.0046)- which directs reduced expression of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT). CONCLUSION The S A allele at the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 locus is associated with increased suicidal risk among Ugandan PLWHA. Further studies are needed to validate this finding in Ugandan and other sub-Saharan samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Kalungi
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Mental Health Project, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sian M. J. Hemmings
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Statistics, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Moses L. Joloba
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Nanteza
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosafety (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noeline Nakassujja
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Birabwa
- Butabika National Psychiatric Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jennifer Serwanga
- Basic Science Programme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Basic Science Programme, MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Eugene Kinyanda
- Mental Health Project, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute (MRC/UVRI) Research Unit on AIDS, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Huang Y, Zhang X, Gao J, Tang D, Gao P, Peng D, Liang C. Association of STin2 VNTR Polymorphism of Serotonin Transporter Gene with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: A Case-Control Study in Han Chinese Subjects. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3588-3594. [PMID: 27713390 PMCID: PMC5066483 DOI: 10.12659/msm.897720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The STin2 VNTR polymorphism has a variable number of tandem repeats in intron 2 of the serotonin transporter gene. We aimed to explore the relationship between STin2 VNTR polymorphism and lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE). Material/Methods We recruited a total of 115 outpatients who complained of ejaculating prematurely and who were diagnosed as LPE, and 101 controls without PE complaint. Allelic variations of STin2 VNTR were genotyped using PCR-based technology. We evaluated the associations between STin2 VNTR allelic and genotypic frequencies and LPE, as well as the intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) of different STin2 VNTR genotypes among LPE patients. Results The patients and controls did not differ significantly in terms of any characteristic except age. A significantly higher frequency of STin2.12/12 genotype was found among LPE patients versus controls (P=0.026). Frequency of patients carrying at least 1 copy of the 10-repeat allele was significantly lower compared to the control group (28.3% vs. 41.8%, OR=0.55; 95%CI=0.31–0.97, P=0.040). In the LPE group, the mean IELT showed significant difference in STin2.12/12 genotype when compared to those with STin2.12/10 and STin2.10/10 genotypes. The mean IELT in10-repeat allele carriers was 50% longer compared to homozygous carriers of the STin2.12 allele. Conclusions Our results indicate the presence of STin2.10 allele is a protective factor for LPE. Men carrying the higher expression genotype STin2. 12/12 have shorter IELT than 10-repeat allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Dongdong Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Dangwei Peng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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Role of the 5-HTTLPR and SNP Promoter Polymorphisms on Serotonin Transporter Gene Expression: a Closer Look at Genetic Architecture and In Vitro Functional Studies of Common and Uncommon Allelic Variants. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5510-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9409-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pizzo de Castro MR, Vargas Nunes SO, Guembarovski RL, Ariza CB, Oda JMM, Vargas HO, Piccoli de Melo LG, Watanabe MAE, Berk M, Maes M. STin2 VNTR polymorphism is associated with comorbid tobacco use and mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 172:347-54. [PMID: 25451436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant comorbidity between mood disorders and tobacco use disorder (TUD), which may be related to both genetic and environmental factors. Gene variants of the 5-HT transporter, such as STin2 VNTR (a variable number of tandem repeats in the functional serotonin transporter intron 2) may be associated with mood disorders and TUD. AIMS This study aimed to delineate the association between the STin2 genetic polymorphism and comorbid TUD and mood disorders, including depression or bipolar disorder. METHODS We examined the STin2 VNTR polymorphism in never-smokers (n=113); patients with mood disorders without TUD (n=62); patients with TUD without mood disorders (n=90); and patients with both disorders (n=95). RESULTS We found a significant association between the STin2 genetic polymorphism and the above diagnostic groups whereby the STin2.12 allele shows a positive association with comorbid TUD and mood disorders (Odds ratio=3.07, 95% CI=1.41-6.68), while the STin2.10/10 homozygous genotype shows a negative association (Odds ratio=0.34, 95% CI=0.16-0.74). Adjusting for years of education, age, gender, marital status and ethnicity did not change these results, but showed that TUD was associated with lower education levels and less stable relationships, whereas mood disorders were related to female gender. A family history of TUD was significantly associated with TUD in subjects without mood disorders only. CONCLUSIONS The STin2.12 allele is positively and the STin2.10/10 genotype is negatively associated with comorbid TUD and mood disorders, depression or bipolar depression, suggesting that biological endophenotypes, e.g. disorders in serotonin metabolism, may in part underpin this comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Regina Pizzo de Castro
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Batista Ariza
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Julie Massayo Maeda Oda
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heber Odebrecht Vargas
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Piccoli de Melo
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Barwon Health and the Geelong Clinic, Swanston Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Brazil.
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Lee HY, Hong JP, Hwang JA, Lee HJ, Yoon HK, Lee BH, Kim YK. Possible Association between Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism and Suicide Behavior in Major Depressive Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2015; 12:136-41. [PMID: 25670956 PMCID: PMC4310911 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2015.12.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serotonin transporter (5-HTT) genes are major candidate genes for modulating the suicidal behavior. We investigated the association between serotonin transporter polymorphisms and suicidal behavior in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Serotonin transporter intron 2 VNTR polymorphism (5-HTTVNTR) and serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) were analyzed in 132 depressed patients with suicidal attempt as well as in 122 normal controls. Hamilton's 17-item Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Risk-Rescue rating system (RRR) and the Lethality Suicide Attempt Rating Scale updated (LSARS-II) were assessed for the depressed patients. RESULTS Although not statistically significant, a trend was found such that the 10/10 and 10/12 alleles of 5-HTTVNTR were more common in suicidal subjects than in control subjects. Comparing allele frequency, those with a 10 allele or 10 allele carriers were higher in suicidal subjects than in control subjects. No difference was noted in 5-HTTLPR genotypes and haplotype distribution between the suicidal subjects and control subjects. The RRR scores in subjects with the 10/10 5-HTTVNTR genotype or 10 5-HTTVNTR allele were significantly lower than those in subjects with other genotypes. CONCLUSION These results show the possibility that 10 allele of 5-HTTVNTR is related to suicidal behavior in the suicidal subjects with MDD and suggest that 12 allele of 5-HTTVNTR might be related to more lethality in the suicidal subjects with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Pyo Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-A Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun-Hee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Eulji Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Binelli C, Muñiz A, Sanches S, Ortiz A, Navines R, Egmond E, Udina M, Batalla A, López-Sola C, Crippa JA, Subirà S, Martín-Santos R. New evidence of heterogeneity in social anxiety disorder: defining two qualitatively different personality profiles taking into account clinical, environmental and genetic factors. Eur Psychiatry 2014; 30:160-5. [PMID: 25499444 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.09.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study qualitatively different subgroups of social anxiety disorder (SAD) based on harm avoidance (HA) and novelty seeking (NS) dimensions. METHOD One hundred and forty-two university students with SAD (SCID-DSM-IV) were included in the study. The temperament dimensions HA and NS from the Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory were subjected to cluster analysis to identify meaningful subgroups. The identified subgroups were compared for sociodemographics, SAD severity, substance use, history of suicide and self-harm attempts, early life events, and two serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and STin2.VNTR). RESULTS Two subgroups of SAD were identified by cluster analysis: a larger (61% of the sample) inhibited subgroup of subjects with "high-HA/low-NS", and a smaller (39%) atypical impulsive subgroup with high-moderate HA and NS. The two groups did not differ in social anxiety severity, but did differ in history of lifetime impulsive-related-problems. History of suicide attempts and self-harm were as twice as frequent in the impulsive subgroup. Significant differences were observed in the pattern of substance misuse. Whereas subjects in the inhibited subgroup showed a greater use of alcohol (P=0.002), subjects in the impulsive subgroup showed a greater use of substances with a high-sensation-seeking profile (P<0.001). The STin2.VNTR genotype frequency showed an inverse distribution between subgroups (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides further evidence for the presence of qualitatively different SAD subgroups and the propensity of a subset of people with SAD to exhibit impulsive, high-risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Binelli
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Muñiz
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Sanches
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Behavior, Hospital das Clinicas, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Ortiz
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Navines
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Egmond
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - M Udina
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Batalla
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C López-Sola
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J A Crippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognitive Behavior, Hospital das Clinicas, Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Subirà
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - R Martín-Santos
- Service of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Pearson R, McGeary JE, Beevers CG. Association between serotonin cumulative genetic score and the Behavioral Approach System (BAS): Moderation by early life environment. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014; 70:140-144. [PMID: 25264393 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates if genetic variation in the serotonergic system interacts with early adversity to predict changes in the Behavioral Approach System (BAS), a system that taps into reward processing. In a sample of community adults (N= 236) the influence of single serotonergic candidate polymorphisms on BAS was analyzed, we also examined the aggregate contribution of these genetic variants by creating a Cumulative Genetic Score (CGS). A CGS quantifies an individual's cumulative risk by aggregating the number of risk alleles across the candidate polymorphisms. After individual gene analysis, three candidate genes rs7305115 (TPH2), rs6311 (HTR2A), and rs6295 (HTR1A) were combined into the CGS. There were no significant interactions between individual candidate polymorphisms and childhood adversity, but the CGS interacted with childhood adversity to explain a significant amount of variance (11.6%) in the BAS. Findings suggest that genetic variations in the serotonergic system in combination with childhood adversity contribute to individual differences in reward sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E McGeary
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center & Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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Cox Lippard ET, Johnston JAY, Blumberg HP. Neurobiological risk factors for suicide: insights from brain imaging. Am J Prev Med 2014; 47:S152-62. [PMID: 25145733 PMCID: PMC4143781 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT This article reviews neuroimaging studies on neural circuitry associated with suicide-related thoughts and behaviors to identify areas of convergence in findings. Gaps in the literature for which additional research is needed are identified. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A PubMed search was conducted and articles published before March 2014 were reviewed that compared individuals who made suicide attempts to those with similar diagnoses who had not made attempts or to healthy comparison subjects. Articles on adults with suicidal ideation and adolescents who had made attempts, or with suicidal ideation, were also included. Reviewed imaging modalities included structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, single photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Although many studies include small samples, and subject characteristics and imaging methods vary across studies, there were convergent findings involving the structure and function of frontal neural systems and the serotonergic system. CONCLUSIONS These initial neuroimaging studies of suicide behavior have provided promising results. Future neuroimaging efforts could be strengthened by more strategic use of common data elements and a focus on suicide risk trajectories. At-risk subgroups defined by biopsychosocial risk factors and multidimensional assessment of suicidal thoughts and behaviors may provide a clearer picture of the neural circuitry associated with risk status-both current and lifetime. Also needed are studies investigating neural changes associated with interventions that are effective in risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hilary P Blumberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Pizzo de Castro MR, Maes M, Guembarovski RL, Ariza CB, Reiche EMV, Vargas HO, Vargas MM, de Melo LGP, Dodd S, Berk M, Watanabe MAE, Nunes SOV. SLC6A4 STin2 VNTR genetic polymorphism is associated with tobacco use disorder, but not with successful smoking cessation or smoking characteristics: a case control study. BMC Genet 2014; 15:78. [PMID: 24968820 PMCID: PMC4114164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine if variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the second intron (STin2) of the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene was associated with tobacco use disorder, successful smoking cessation, or smoking characteristics. In this case–control study, patients with current tobacco use disorder, diagnosed according to DSM IV criteria (n = 185), and never-smokers, diagnosed according to CDC criteria (n = 175), were recruited and received 52 weeks of combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy. Successful smoking cessation was defined as exhaled carbon monoxide < 6 ppm. SLC6A4 gene STin2 VNTR polymorphism was assessed using a Multiplex-PCR-based method. At baseline, participants were evaluated using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the ASSIST scale. Results The STin2.12 allele (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.44-4.15, p < 0.001) was associated with an increased risk for tobacco use disorder, while the STin2.10/10 genotype (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.25-0.71, p < 0.001) decreased risk. There were no significant associations between tobacco use disorder and the STin2.10 or STin2.9 alleles or the other genotypes (STin2.12/12, 12/10, 12/9, 10/9 or 9/9). There were no significant associations between the STin2 genotypes and alleles and successful smoking cessation, smoking characteristics and increased alcohol or sedative use risk. Conclusions Our results suggest that the STin2.10/10 genotype and STin2.12 allele are associated with tobacco use disorder or nicotine dependence, but not with treatment response or severity of dependence. It is hypothesized that the ST2in.12 allele by modulating the metabolism of serotonin may participate in the pathophysiology of tobacco use disorder or nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article reviews recent literature published over the period March 2012-August 2013 on antidepressant pharmacogenetics, with a focus on clinical translation and methodological challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, various polymorphisms associated with differential antidepressant efficacy, tolerability, and safety have emerged in association studies, but mixed findings, limited effect sizes, and poor control of confounders have prevented findings translating to practice. Although promising steps have been made, empirically robust clinically translatable pharmacogenetic tests are not yet established. The complex neurobiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) together with the evolving understanding of genetic processes present research challenges for clinical translation. SUMMARY Early reports of clinical utility are published. The current evidence base for antidepressant pharmacogenetics is, however, not yet empirically robust enough to inform routine prescribing guidelines. Over the coming years, genetically guided versus unguided trials will help determine if antidepressant pharmacogenetics merits more widespread application.
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Serotonergic genes and suicide: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1125-42. [PMID: 23742855 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Its aetiology is complex and diverse, however, epidemiological studies show that suicidal behavior is partly heritable. Neurobiological evidence implicates serotonergic dysfunction in suicidality, stimulating genetic research to focus on genes related to the serotonergic system. In this paper, we review evidence from studies examining the association between various serotonergic genes (Tryptophan Hydroxylase genes: TPH1; TPH2, Serotonin Transporter gene: 5-HTTLPR in SLC6A4, Serotonin Receptor genes: HTR1A, HTR2A, HTR1B, HTR2C and Monoamine Oxidase A gene: MAOA) and suicidal behavior. The data show associations between variation on the TPH1 gene and 5-HTTLPR gene and violent suicidal behavior in Caucasian populations, with the least inconsistencies. Results are mixed for the TPH2 gene and serotonin receptor genes, but for some genes, studies that include haplotypic analyses or that examine a larger coding region of the genes tend to provide more reliable results. Findings on endophenotypes of suicidality, such as aggression and impulsivity traits, show positive associations for the TPH1, HTR2A, and MAOA genes, but need further replication, since negative associations are also occasionally reported. Since genes can only partially explain suicidal risk, several studies during the past decade have tried to incorporate environmental factors in the susceptibility model. Studies to date show that variation on the 5-HTTLPR, MAOA and HTR2A gene can interact with stressful life events to increase risk for suicidal behavior. Limitations of case-control studies are discussed and future considerations are put forward with regard to endophenotypic measurements and gene-environment interactions.
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Nye JA, Purselle D, Plisson C, Voll RJ, Stehouwer JS, Votaw JR, Kilts CD, Goodman MM, Nemeroff CB. Decreased brainstem and putamen SERT binding potential in depressed suicide attempters using [11C]-zient PET imaging. Depress Anxiety 2013; 30:902-7. [PMID: 23526784 DOI: 10.1002/da.22049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in serotonergic neurotransmission have been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression and suicidality. The present study utilized a novel positron-emission tomography (PET) ligand to quantitate and compare brain regional serotonin transporter (SERT) binding potential in depressed patients with a past history of suicide attempts to that of healthy comparison subjects. METHOD We used [(11) C]-ZIENT PET to label SERT in the serotonergic cell body rich brainstem, and forebrain projection fields. Quantitative PET emission data from 21 adults (10 healthy controls and 11 drug-free patients with major depression) was used for group comparison. SERT binding potential (BPND ) in eight MRI-based brain regions of interest (ROI) were compared in high-resolution PET images. RESULTS SERT binding potential was significantly decreased in the midbrain/pons (P = .029) and putamen (P = .04) of depressed patients with a past suicide attempt relative to comparison subjects. Forebrain SERT binding was also reduced in the patient sample, though these region effects did not survive a multiple comparison correction. CONCLUSION These results suggest that decreased availability of the brainstem and basal ganglia SERT represents a biomarker of depression and thus confirm and extend the role of dysregulation of brain serotonergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of depression and suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A Nye
- Departments of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Iyer PA, Dougall AL, Jensen-Campbell LA. Are some adolescents differentially susceptible to the influence of bullying on depression? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJ. Systematic review, structural analysis, and new theoretical perspectives on the role of serotonin and associated genes in the etiology of psychopathy and sociopathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1254-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Stjepanović D, Lorenzetti V, Yücel M, Hawi Z, Bellgrove MA. Human amygdala volume is predicted by common DNA variation in the stathmin and serotonin transporter genes. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e283. [PMID: 23860484 PMCID: PMC3731781 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of changes in amygdala volume to psychiatric illnesses and its heritability in both health and disease, the influence of common genetic variation on amygdala morphology remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the influence of a number of novel genetic variants on amygdala volume in 139 neurologically healthy individuals of European descent. Amygdala volume was significantly associated with allelic variation in the stathmin (STMN1) and serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) genes, which have been linked to healthy and disordered affective processing. These results were replicated across both manual and automated methods of amygdala parcellation, although manual tracing showed stronger effects, providing a cautionary note to studies relying on automated parcellation methods. Future studies will need to determine whether amygdala volume mediates the impact of stathmin and serotonin transporter gene variants on normal and dysfunctional emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stjepanović
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - V Lorenzetti
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Z Hawi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M A Bellgrove
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Musil R, Zill P, Seemüller F, Bondy B, Meyer S, Spellmann I, Bender W, Adli M, Heuser I, Fisher R, Gaebel W, Maier W, Rietschel M, Rujescu D, Schennach R, Möller HJ, Riedel M. Genetics of emergent suicidality during antidepressive treatment--data from a naturalistic study on a large sample of inpatients with a major depressive episode. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:663-74. [PMID: 23063133 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Factors contributing to treatment-emergent suicidal ideation (TESI) using antidepressants have been in the focus of recent research strategies. We investigated previously established clinical predictors of TESI and combined these with several polymorphisms of candidate genes in patients with major depressive disorder. Common polymorphisms involved in the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and 2 (TPH2), serotonin transporter, monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were investigated in a naturalistic inpatient study of the German research network on depression. We compared patients showing TESI with non-TESI suicidal patients and with non-suicidal patients using univariate tests to detect relevant factors, which were further tested in logistic regression and CART (Classification and Regression Trees) analyses. Of the 269 patients, TESI occurred in 22 patients (17 female), 117 patients were defined as non-TESI suicidal patients, and 130 patients were classified as non-suicidal. When comparing cases with both control groups we found the TPH2 rs1386494 (C/T) polymorphism to be moderately associated with TESI (Univariate tests: TESI vs. non-suicidality: p=0.005; adjusted: p=0.09; TESI vs. non-TESI suicidal patients: p=0.0024; adjusted: p=0.086). This polymorphism remained the only significant genetic factor in addition to clinical predictors in logistic regression and CART analyses. CART analyses suggested interactions with several clinical predictors. Haplotype analyses further supported a contribution of this polymorphism in TESI. The TPH2 rs1386494 (C/T) polymorphism might contribute to the genetic background of TESI. This polymorphism has been previously associated with committed suicide and major depressive disorder. The small number of cases warrants replication in larger patient samples. Lack of a placebo control group hampers definite conclusions on an association with antidepressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Musil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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The role of the serotonergic system at the interface of aggression and suicide. Neuroscience 2013; 236:160-85. [PMID: 23333677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) neurochemistry have been implicated in the aetiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to mood and anxiety-spectrum disorders. This review will focus on the multifaceted implications of 5-HT-ergic dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of aggressive and suicidal behaviours. After a brief overview of the anatomical distribution of the 5-HT-ergic system in the key brain areas that govern aggression and suicidal behaviours, the implication of 5-HT markers (5-HT receptors, transporter as well as synthetic and metabolic enzymes) in these conditions is discussed. In this regard, particular emphasis is placed on the integration of pharmacological and genetic evidence from animal studies with the findings of human experimental and genetic association studies. Traditional views postulated an inverse relationship between 5-HT and aggression and suicidal behaviours; however, ample evidence has shown that this perspective may be overly simplistic, and that such pathological manifestations may reflect alterations in 5-HT homoeostasis due to the interaction of genetic, environmental and gender-related factors, particularly during early critical developmental stages. The development of animal models that may capture the complexity of such interactions promises to afford a powerful tool to elucidate the pathophysiology of impulsive aggression and suicidability, and identify new effective therapies for these conditions.
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27
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Serotonin transporter genotype by environment: Studies on alcohol use and misuse in non-human and human primates. Transl Neurosci 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s13380-013-0121-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMuch evidence indicates that gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) play a role in alcohol misuse. It has been proposed that interactions between serotonin and stress confer vulnerability for alcohol misuse. The present review examined studies of the interaction between the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype and stressful life events and alcohol-related phenotypes, in rhesus monkeys and humans. Ten studies were found that had investigated the interaction of 5-HTTLPR and various measures of stress and alcohol use or misuse, two studies of rhesus monkeys, and eight of humans. The results are contradictory. Important differences were reported in study samples, experimental designs, measures used to assess environmental variables, definitions and measurements of alcohol-related phenotypes, and in the statistical analyses. These differences may explain the contradictory results. Guidelines for future studies are suggested. Results are discussed in light of findings from molecular, non-human animal, and clinical studies. The review highlights the need for future studies examining associations of interactions between the serotonin transporter gene and environmental factors and alcohol misuse, especially in samples followed over time.
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28
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Homberg JR, van den Hove DL. The serotonin transporter gene and functional and pathological adaptation to environmental variation across the life span. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:117-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Luddington NS, Mandadapu A, Husk M, El-Mallakh RS. Clinical implications of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter promoter region: a review. PRIMARY CARE COMPANION TO THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHIATRY 2012; 11:93-102. [PMID: 19617941 DOI: 10.4088/pcc.08r00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the state of the art in understanding the role of genetic variation in the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) promoter region (5-HTTLPR) in the development of a depressive episode and in its response to treatment. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Ovid were used to search for articles published prior to December 2007 utilizing the key words serotonin transporter, 5-HTT, 5-HTTLPR, serotonin transporter gene, and SLC6A4. STUDY SELECTION All studies were reviewed, but case reports and small case series were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION All relevant articles were read by at least 2 of the coauthors and notes regarding study design, measures, data analysis, and findings were later used to construct the review. DATA SYNTHESIS A common genetic variant, the short allele, in which 44 base pairs are missing from the promoter of SLC6A4, is associated with a greater risk for developing a major depressive disorder in patients following exposure to adversity. This association appears to be most important in the early stages of the depressive disorder. Additionally, the likelihood of a positive response to antidepressant treatment may be reduced in these patients in terms of delayed response, greater adverse event load, or, in bipolar patients, mania induction and rapid cycling. CONCLUSIONS Selected genetic testing of patients with a recent history of significant adversity may be a reasonable tool that can enlighten treatment options and the course of illness. Ongoing work with the short allele of 5-HTT may also inform clinical guidelines of long-term treatment with antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Luddington
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Kentucky, USA
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30
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Herman AI, Balogh KN. Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and receptor genes: susceptibility to substance abuse. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2012; 3:49-57. [PMID: 22933845 PMCID: PMC3427938 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s25864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an important neurotransmitter implicated in regulating substance-use disorder (SUD) acquisition, maintenance, and recovery. During the past several years, an abundance of research has begun discovering and describing specific 5-HT genetic polymorphisms associated with SUDs. Genetic variations in the 5-HT system, such as SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR3 (HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, and HTR3E), likely play a role contributing to SUD patient heterogeneity. The 5-HT transporter-linked polymorphic region S allele, located in SLC6A4, has now been modestly associated with alcohol dependence in two large meta-analyses. Additional 5-HT genes may also play a role but have not been extensively investigated. A limited number of SUD treatment studies have included 5-HT gene variation as moderating treatment outcomes, but the results have been equivocal. Future research on 5-HT addiction genetics should adopt whole-genome sequencing technology, utilize large study samples, and collect data from multiple ethnic groups. Together, these methods will build on the work already conducted with the aim of utilizing 5-HT genetics in SUD treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh I Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare/Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Nikolaus S, Hautzel H, Heinzel A, Müller HW. Key players in major and bipolar depression--a retrospective analysis of in vivo imaging studies. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:358-90. [PMID: 22483788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of the individual synaptic constituents of all assessed neurotransmitter systems by subjecting all available in vivo imaging studies on patients with unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar depression (BD) to a retrospective analysis. In acute MDD, findings revealed significant increases of prefrontal and frontal DA synthesis, decreases of thalamic and midbrain SERT, increases of insular SERT, decreases of midbrain 5-HT(1A) receptors and decreases of prefrontal, frontal, occipital and cingulate 5-HT(2A) receptors, whereas, in remission, decreases of striatal D₂ receptors, midbrain SERT, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and cingulate 5-HT(1A) receptors and parietal 5-HT(2A) receptors were observed. In BD, findings indicated a trend towards increased striatal D₂ receptors in depression and mania, decreased striatal DA synthesis in remission and decreased frontal D₁ receptors in all three conditions. Additionally, there is some evidence that ventrostriatal and hippocampal SERT may be decreased in depression, whereas in remission and mania elevations of thalamic and midbrain SERT, respectively, were observed. Moreover, in depression, limbic 5-HT(1A) receptors were elevated, whereas in mania a decrease of both cortical and limbic 5-HT(2A) receptor binding was observed. Furthermore, in depression, prefrontal, frontal, occipital and cingulate M2 receptor binding was found to be reduced. From this, a complex pattern of dysregulations within and between neurotransmitter systems may be derived, which is likely to be causally linked not only with the subtype and duration of disease but also with the predominance of individual symptoms and with the kind and duration of pharmacological treatment(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Morley AP, Narayanan M, Mines R, Molokhia A, Baxter S, Craig G, Lewis CM, Craig I. AVPR1A and SLC6A4 polymorphisms in choral singers and non-musicians: a gene association study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31763. [PMID: 22384070 PMCID: PMC3285181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amateur choral singing is a common pastime and worthy of study, possibly conferring benefits to health and social behaviour. Participants might be expected to possess musical ability and share some behavioural characteristics. Polymorphisms in genes concerned with serotonergic neurotransmission are associated with both behaviour and musical aptitude. Those investigated previously include the variable number tandem repeats RS1, RS3 and AVR in the AVPR1A (arginine vasopressin receptor 1a) gene and STin2 in the SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 [neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin], member 4) gene, as well as the SLC6A4 promoter region polymorphism, 5-HTTLPR. We conducted a genetic association study on 523 participants to establish whether alleles at these polymorphisms occur more commonly in choral singers than in those not regularly participating in organised musical activity (non-musicians). We also analysed tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for AVPR1A and SLC6A4 to determine whether other variants in these genes were associated with singer/non-musician status. At the STin2 polymorphism, overall association with singer/non-musician status was evident at P = 0.006. The 9-repeat (P = 0.04) and 12-repeat (P = 0.04) alleles were more common in singers and the 10-repeat allele less so (P = 0.009). Odds ratios were 0.73 (95% CI 0.57–0.94) for the 10-repeat allele and 2.47 (95% CI 0.88–6.94) for the rarer 9-repeat allele. No overall association was detected at P<0.05 between any other polymorphism and singer/non-musician status. Our null findings with respect to RS3, RS1 and AVR, polymorphisms associated with musical ability by other authors, suggest that choir membership may depend partly on factors other than musical ability. In a related musical project involving one participating choir, a new 40-part unaccompanied choral work, “Allele”, was composed and broadcast on national radio. In the piece, each singer's part incorporated their personal RS3 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Morley
- King's Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre, London, United Kingdom.
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33
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Abstract
Fear memory persistence, central for the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders, is partially genetically controlled. Recently, consolidation and reconsolidation processes have been reported to affect fear memory stability and integrity. This study explored the impact of reconsolidation processes and genetic make-up on fear reacquisition by manipulating reconsolidation, using extinction performed outside or inside a reconsolidation interval. Reacquisition measured by skin conductance responses was stronger in individuals that extinguished outside (6 h) than inside (10 min) the reconsolidation interval. However, the effect was predominantly present in val/val homozygotes of the functional val158met polymorphism of the catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme and in short-allele carriers of the serotonin-transporter length 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. These results demonstrate that reconsolidation of human fear memory is influenced by dopamine and serotonin-related genes.
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34
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Saiz PA, García-Portilla P, Paredes B, Corcoran P, Arango C, Morales B, Sotomayor E, Alvarez V, Coto E, Flórez G, Bascaran MT, Bousoño M, Bobes J. Role of serotonergic-related systems in suicidal behavior: Data from a case-control association study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1518-24. [PMID: 21575667 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether functional polymorphisms directly (HTR2A and SLC6A4 genes) or indirectly (IL-1 gene complex, APOE and ACE genes) related with serotonergic neurotransmission were associated with suicidal behavior. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 227 suicide attempters, 686 non-suicidal psychiatric patients, and 420 healthy controls from a homogeneous Spanish Caucasian population were genotyped using standard methods. RESULTS There were no differences in genotype frequencies between the three groups. The -1438A/G [χ(2) (df)=9.80 (2), uncorrected p=0.007] and IL-1α -889C/T [χ(2) (df)=8.76 (2), uncorrected p=0.013] genotype frequencies between impulsive and planned suicide attempts trended toward being different (not significant after Bonferroni correction). Suicide attempts were more often impulsive in the presence of -1438G/G or IL-1α -889C/T or C/C genotypes. There was interaction between the polymorphism 5-HTTLPR and age [LRT (df)=6.84 (2), p=0.033] and between the polymorphisms APOE and IL-1RA (86bp)(n) [LRT (df)=12.21 (4), p=0.016] in relation to suicide attempt lethality. CONCLUSION These findings further evidence the complexity of the association between genetics and suicidal behavior, the need to study homogenous forms of the behavior and the relevance of impulsive and aggressive traits as endophenotypes for suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Julián Clavería 6-3°, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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35
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Decreased cerebral blood flow in the limbic and prefrontal cortex using SPECT imaging in a cohort of completed suicides. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e28. [PMID: 22832602 PMCID: PMC3309501 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide has a high comorbidity with impulsivity and depression, and finding imaging biomarkers indicative of patients at high risk for suicidal behavior is invaluable to the clinician. Using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, we have previously reported regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) decreases in the medial prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area and subgenual cingulate cortex (Brodmann area 25 (BA 25)), a region found to be hypoperfused with treatment-resistant depression. From 2007 to 2010, we have extended our analysis to include nine additional completed suicides. In all, 27 healthy, age- and gender-matched subjects from a previously acquired healthy brain study served as controls to our 21 completed suicides. All 21 suicides had been previously diagnosed with depression according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder-IV criterion. Voxel-by-voxel analyses were performed using statistical parametric mapping to compare the differences in technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime brain uptake between the groups. Factor analysis of the data identified the top 10 regions of hypoperfusion in the suicidal group, including the bilateral superior frontal lobes, the right precuneus, the rolandic operculum, postcentral gyrus, left caudate and insular cortex. We also demonstrate more focal decreases in rCBF in the subgenual cingulate cortex (BA 25) in 18 subjects, supporting our previous hypothesis that hypoperfusion of BA 25 may be a risk factor for suicide in depressed patients. This work suggests that SPECT might be useful in predicting risk for suicide completion in subjects with depression or treatment-resistant depression. Further investigation of this work is necessary to better understand the predictive value of this finding.
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36
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Akar T, Sayin A, Bakkaloğlu Z, Cabuk DK, Küçükyildirim S, Demirel B, Candansayar S, Ozsoy ED, Mergen H. Investigation of serotonin transporter gene promoter (5-HTTLPR) and intron 2 (variable number of tandem repeats) polymorphisms with suicidal behavior in a Turkish population. DNA Cell Biol 2010; 29:429-34. [PMID: 20438360 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2010.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) transporter (5HTt) gene has been reported to be associated with suicidal behavior. In this study, we have investigated the 5' promoter region (i.e., 5HTt gene-linked polymorphic region [5-HTTLPR]) and a 17-base pair variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in the 5HTt gene for potential association with suicidal behavior in a Turkish population. Genotypes were determined for 182 subjects of suicide (86 attempted suicide and 96 completed suicide) and 181 healthy control subjects. Our results showed that allele frequencies at individual loci were not significantly different in the two groups. This absence of altered individual locus haplotype (allele) frequency suggests the lack of a significant genetic contribution by the 5-HTTLPR or variable number of tandem repeats variations to the expression of suicidal tendencies. However, our linkage disequilibrium analyses indicated that there may be a greater risk for suicidal behavior in carriers of the S10 and L12 alleles of 5-HTTLPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Akar
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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37
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Rief W, Hennings A, Riemer S, Euteneuer F. Psychobiological differences between depression and somatization. J Psychosom Res 2010; 68:495-502. [PMID: 20403510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comorbidity studies have shown that depression and somatization (multiple somatoform symptoms) often overlap. Therefore it has been suggested to classify at least some patients with somatization syndromes under the category of depressive disorders. We wanted to investigate whether psychobiological investigations confirm the lumping of somatization and depression, or whether psychobiological pathways favor distinguishing these disorders. METHOD An overview is presented summarizing psychobiological studies including patients with depression and/or somatization-associated syndromes. We focus on the following topics: heritability, polymorphisms in special candidate genes, immune activation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity, serotonergic pathways, monoamino acids, and fatty acid concentrations. RESULTS Immunological activation seems to be associated with specific features of somatoform disorders, namely, sickness behavior and pain thresholds. Genetic factors can also contribute to somatic complaints, e.g., via serotonergic pathways, HPA-axis response, immune activation, and other biological systems that contribute to the self-description of not being healthy. Some results indicate that psychobiological aspects of depression and somatization overlap in part (e.g., the relevance of serotonergic pathways), but there is clearly more evidence for discrepancies of psychobiological pathways in depression and somatization (e.g., the relevance of proinflammatory immune processes; HPA-axis activity; monoamino acid availability; omega-3-concentration; the role of triallelic subtypes of 5-HTTLPR). CONCLUSION Many psychobiological pathways act differently in depression and somatization. These differences in psychobiology favor the distinction of these syndromes in classification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Rief
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.
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Contreras J, Hernández S, Quezada P, Dassori A, Walss-Bass C, Escamilla M, Raventos H. Association of Serotonin Transporter Promoter Gene Polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) With Depression in Costa Rican Schizophrenic Patients. J Neurogenet 2010; 24:83-9. [DOI: 10.3109/01677060903583994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nikolaus S, Antke C, Müller HW. In vivo imaging of synaptic function in the central nervous system: II. Mental and affective disorders. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:32-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Lothe A, Boni C, Costes N, Gorwood P, Bouvard S, Le Bars D, Lavenne F, Ryvlin P. Association between triallelic polymorphism of the serotonin transporter and [18F]MPPF binding potential at 5-HT1A receptors in healthy subjects. Neuroimage 2009; 47:482-92. [PMID: 19409499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous [(11)C]WAY100-635 PET studies have demonstrated that the short (S) and long (L) alleles of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) were associated with distinct patterns of 5-HT(1A) receptor distribution in human. However, these studies reported discordant findings and did not take into account the recent description of two functional variants of the L allele (L(A)/L(G)). To further explore this issue, we investigated the triallelic functional polymorphism of the 5-HTTLPR in 38 healthy volunteers who underwent a [(18)F]MPPF PET study of 5-HT1A receptors. We used a simplified reference tissue model to generate parametric images of [(18)F]MPPF binding potential (BP(ND)), and compared these data among the different genotypes using statistical parametric mapping and region of interest of the raphe nuclei. Homozygote carriers of the S allele demonstrated greater [(18)F]MPPF BP(ND) than carriers of the L(A) allele, but this association was only found in women. Differences in [(18)F]MPPF BP(ND) between women with and without L(A) allele were observed over large clusters encompassing the right and left temporal lobes, cingulate and perisylvian regions, as well as the right precuneus and frontal dorso-lateral cortex, and the left orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, no difference was found between groups in the raphe nuclei. The greater [(18)F]MPPF BP(ND) observed in women homozygote carriers of the S allele could either reflect a greater 5-HT1A receptor density or a lower extracellular concentration of 5-HT. Our data suggest that any future PET studies of 5-HT1A receptors should incorporate the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism status of the population studied.
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Contreras J, Hare L, Camarena B, Glahn D, Dassori A, Medina R, Contrerasa S, Ramirez M, Armas R, Munoz R, Mendoza R, Raventos H, Ontiveros A, Nicolini H, Palmer R, Escamilla M. The serotonin transporter 5-HTTPR polymorphism is associated with current and lifetime depression in persons with chronic psychotic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119:117-27. [PMID: 19016667 PMCID: PMC3940489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Variation in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) promoter region has been shown to influence depression in persons who have been exposed to a number of stressful life events. METHOD We evaluated whether genetic variation in 5-HTTLPR, influences current depression, lifetime history of depression and quantitative measures of depression in persons with chronic psychotic disorders. This is an association study of a genetic variant with quantitative and categorical definitions of depression conducted in the southwest US, Mexico and Costa Rica. We analyzed 260 subjects with a history of psychosis, from a sample of 129 families. RESULTS We found that persons carrying at least one short allele had a statistically significant increased lifetime risk for depressive syndromes (P < 0.02, odds ratio 2.18, 95% CI 1.10-4.20). CONCLUSION The 'ss' or 'sl' genotype at the 5-HTTLPR promoter polymorphic locus increases the risk of psychotic individuals to develop major depression during the course of their illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Contreras
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Centro de Investigación en Biologia Celular y Molecular and Department of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Costa Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Liz Hare
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - David Glahn
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Albana Dassori
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rolando Medina
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Mercedes Ramirez
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Regina Armas
- Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rodrigo Munoz
- Family Health Centers of San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Rick Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Torrence, California
| | - Henriette Raventos
- Centro de Investigación en Biologia Celular y Molecular and Department of Genetics, School of Biology, University of Costa Rica. San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Raymond Palmer
- Department of Family Practice, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael Escamilla
- Psychiatric Genetics Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Sarosi A, Gonda X, Balogh G, Domotor E, Szekely A, Hejjas K, Sasvari-Szekely M, Faludi G. Association of the STin2 polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene with a neurocognitive endophenotype in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1667-72. [PMID: 18647635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to investigate the association of STin2 polymorphism and cognitive dysfunction in major depression. METHODS 71 patients with major depression and 99 controls were genotyped for STin2. All depressive subjects and 30 controls also completed tests measuring neurocognitive performance. RESULTS We found a significantly higher frequency of the STin2.10/Stin2.10 homozygous genotype in the depressed group compared to controls. In the depressed group subjects with at least one copy of the 10-repeat allele showed decreased interference threshold in Stroop III compared to patients without the 10-repeat allele. Average performance of the depressed group without the 12-repeat allele was significantly weaker in the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test working memory and recall tasks compared to patients having at least one copy of the 12-repeat allele. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the presence of STin2.10 and absence of STin2.12 allele may be related to a possible genetic endophenotype for characteristic cognitive dysfunctions detected in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sarosi
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kútvölgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Kutvolgyi ut 4., 1125 Budapest, Hungary
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