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Benzerouk F, Gierski F, Lannoy S, Barrière S, Schmid F, Papillon CA, Houchi H, DeWever E, Quaglino V, Naassila M, Kaladjian A. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism moderates the relationship between impulsivity, negative emotions, and binge drinking intensity in university students. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:505-511. [PMID: 37334438 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the genetic factors involved in binge drinking (BD) and its associated traits are very rare. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate differences in the association between impulsivity, emotion regulation and BD in a sample of young adults according to the rs6265/Val66Met variant in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, a well-known candidate gene in alcohol use disorders. We recruited 226 university students (112 women), aged between 18 and 25 years old, from two centers in France. The participants completed measures related to alcohol consumption, depression severity, state anxiety levels, impulsivity (UPPS-P), and difficulties in emotion regulation [Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)]. The relationship between the BD score and the clinical characteristics in the BDNF genotype groups was assessed by partial correlation analyses and moderation analyses. The partial correlation analyses showed that, in the Val/Val genotype group, the BD score was positively related to UPPS-P Lack of Premeditation and Sensation Seeking scores. In the Met carriers group, the BD score was positively related to UPPS-P Positive Urgency, lack of Premeditation, lack of Perseverance and Sensation Seeking scores and to Clarity score of the DERS. Moreover, the BD score was positively associated with depression severity and state anxiety scores. The moderation analyses revealed that BDNF Val/Met genotype moderated the relationship between several clinical variables and BD. The results of the present study support the hypothesis of common and specific vulnerability factors regarding impulsivity and emotion regulation difficulties associated with BD according to this BDNF rs6265 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Benzerouk
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6e291), 51100 Reims, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, INSERM UMRS 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Fabien Gierski
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6e291), 51100 Reims, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, INSERM UMRS 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Séverine Lannoy
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, United States
| | - Sarah Barrière
- Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
| | - Franca Schmid
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6e291), 51100 Reims, France
| | - Charles-Antoine Papillon
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, INSERM UMRS 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Hakim Houchi
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, INSERM UMRS 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Elodie DeWever
- CRP-CPO Laboratory (EA7273), Jules Verne Picardie University, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Quaglino
- CRP-CPO Laboratory (EA7273), Jules Verne Picardie University, 80025 Amiens, France
| | - Mickael Naassila
- Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences, INSERM UMRS 1247, University of Picardy Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Arthur Kaladjian
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France; Cognition Health Society Laboratory (C2S-EA 6e291), 51100 Reims, France
- Department of Psychiatry, Marne Public Mental Health Institution & Reims University Hospital, 51100 Reims, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Paris, France
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Guillot CR, Kelly ME, Phillips NB, Su MY, Douglas ME, Poe DJ, Berman ME, Liang T. BDNF and stress/mood-related interactions on emotional disorder symptoms, executive functioning, and deliberate self-harm. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 163:195-201. [PMID: 37220696 PMCID: PMC10330730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Some prior research has suggested that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene may amplify responses related to life stress (e.g., depression and anxiety) or associated with negative moods (e.g., self-harm and diminished cognitive functioning). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether stress/mood-related associations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, deliberate self-harm, and executive functioning (EF) are moderated by genotypic variations in BDNF rs10835210 (a relatively understudied BDNF polymorphism) in a nonclinical sample. As part of a larger study, European American social drinkers (N = 132; 43.9% female; M age = 26.0, SD = 7.6) were genotyped for BDNF rs10835210 and were administered self-report measures of subjective life stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and behavioral measures of EF and deliberate self-harm. Results indicated that BDNF significantly moderated the life stress associations with depressive symptoms and NSSI, the anxious mood association with EF, and the depressed mood association with deliberate self-harm behavior. Each of these BDNF × stress/mood interactions were characterized by stress/mood associations that were stronger in individuals with the AA genotype (homozygous for the minor allele) than in individuals possessing a genotype that included the major allele (AC or CC). The main limitations of the present study were use of a cross-sectional design, modest sample size, and investigating only one BDNF polymorphism. Despite these limitations and though preliminary, current findings suggest that variations in BDNF may confer vulnerability to stress or mood, which may result in more adverse emotional, cognitive, or behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, USA
| | | | - Mei-Yi Su
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, USA
| | | | - Darian J Poe
- Department of Social Work, Psychology, and Philosophy, Texas Woman's University, USA
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3
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Berhe O, Höflich A, Moessnang C, Reichert M, Kremer T, Gan G, Ma R, Braun U, Reininghaus U, Ebner-Priemer U, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Tost H. Reduced Real-life Affective Well-being and Amygdala Habituation in Unmedicated Community Individuals at Risk for Depression and Anxiety. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:111-120. [PMID: 35760353 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of risk for depression and anxiety disorders is important for prevention, but real-life affective well-being and its biological underpinnings in the population remain understudied. Here, we combined methods from epidemiology, psychology, ecological momentary assessment, and functional magnetic resonance imaging to study real-life and neural affective functions in individuals with subclinical anxiety and depression from a population-based cohort of young adults. METHODS We examined psychological measures, real-life affective valence, functional magnetic resonance imaging amygdala habituation to negative affective stimuli, and the relevance of neural readouts for daily-life affective function in 132 non-help-seeking community individuals. We compared psychological and ecological momentary assessment measures of 61 unmedicated individuals at clinical risk for depression and anxiety (operationalized as subthreshold depression and anxiety symptoms or a former mood or anxiety disorder) with those of 48 nonrisk individuals and 23 persons with a mood or anxiety disorder. We studied risk-associated functional magnetic resonance imaging signals in subsamples with balanced sociodemographic and image quality parameters (26 nonrisk, 26 at-risk persons). RESULTS Compared with nonrisk persons, at-risk individuals showed significantly decreased real-life affective valence (p = .038), reduced amygdala habituation (familywise error-corrected p = .024, region of interest corrected), and an intermediate psychological risk profile. Amygdala habituation predicted real-life affective valence in control subjects but not in participants at risk (familywise error-corrected p = .005, region of interest corrected). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest real-life and neural markers for affective alterations in unmedicated community individuals at risk for depression and anxiety and highlight the significance of amygdala habituation measures for the momentary affective experience in real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Berhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna Höflich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolin Moessnang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Reichert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; Department of eHealth and Sports Analytics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Kremer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gabriela Gan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ren Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Urs Braun
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ulrich Reininghaus
- Department of Public Mental Health, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Ebner-Priemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Mental mHealth Lab, Department of Sport and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Blok LER, Boon M, van Reijmersdal B, Höffler KD, Fenckova M, Schenck A. Genetics, molecular control and clinical relevance of habituation learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104883. [PMID: 36152842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Habituation is the most fundamental form of learning. As a firewall that protects our brain from sensory overload, it is indispensable for cognitive processes. Studies in humans and animal models provide increasing evidence that habituation is affected in autism and related monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). An integrated application of habituation assessment in NDDs and their animal models has unexploited potential for neuroscience and medical care. With the aim to gain mechanistic insights, we systematically retrieved genes that have been demonstrated in the literature to underlie habituation. We identified 258 evolutionarily conserved genes across species, describe the biological processes they converge on, and highlight regulatory pathways and drugs that may alleviate habituation deficits. We also summarize current habituation paradigms and extract the most decisive arguments that support the crucial role of habituation for cognition in health and disease. We conclude that habituation is a conserved, quantitative, cognition- and disease-relevant process that can connect preclinical and clinical work, and hence is a powerful tool to advance research, diagnostics, and treatment of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elisabeth Rosalie Blok
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marina Boon
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Boyd van Reijmersdal
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Kira Daniela Höffler
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michaela Fenckova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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5
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Young DA, Chao LL, Zhang H, Metzler T, Ross J, Richards A, O'Donovan A, Inslicht SS, Neylan TC. Ventromedial and insular cortical volume moderates the relationship between BDNF Val66Met and threat sensitivity. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 142:337-344. [PMID: 34425486 PMCID: PMC9526516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has been linked to various trauma and anxiety - related psychiatric disorders, limited focus has been on the neural structures that might modulate its relationship with objective measures of threat sensitivity. Therefore, we assessed whether there was an interaction of Val66Met polymorphism with brain area volumes previously associated with anxiety and PTSD, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), insular cortex (IC), and dorsal and ventral anterior cingulate cortices (dACC and vACC), in predicting fear-potentiated psychophysiological response in a clinical sample of Veterans. 110 participants engaged in a fear-potentiated acoustic startle paradigm and provided genetic and imaging data. Fear conditions included no, ambiguous, and high threat conditions (shock). Psychophysiological response measures included electromyogram (EMG), skin conductance response (SCR), and heart rate (HR). PTSD status, trauma history, and demographics were also assessed. There was an interaction of Met allele carrier status with vmPFC, IC, dACC, and vACC volumes for predicting SCR (p < 0.001 for all regions). However, only vmPFC and IC significantly moderated the relationship between Val66Met and psychophysiological response (SCR). The Val66met polymorphism may increase susceptibility to PTSD and anxiety disorders via an interaction with reduced vmPFC and IC volume. Future research should examine whether these relationships might be associated with a differential course of illness longitudinally or response to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri A Young
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Linda L Chao
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Huaiyu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Thomas Metzler
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Jessica Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Anne Richards
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Aoife O'Donovan
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Sabra S Inslicht
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, 4150 Clement St. (116P), San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education (NCIRE), The Veterans Health Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Early-life trauma endophenotypes and brain circuit-gene expression relationships in functional neurological (conversion) disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3817-3828. [PMID: 32051548 PMCID: PMC7423688 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functional neurological (conversion) disorder (FND) is a neuropsychiatric condition whereby individuals present with sensorimotor symptoms incompatible with other neurological disorders. Early-life maltreatment (ELM) is a risk factor for developing FND, yet few studies have investigated brain network-trauma relationships in this population. In this neuroimaging-gene expression study, we used two graph theory approaches to elucidate ELM subtype effects on resting-state functional connectivity architecture in 30 patients with motor FND. Twenty-one individuals with comparable depression, anxiety, and ELM scores were used as psychiatric controls. Thereafter, we compared trauma endophenotypes in FND with regional differences in transcriptional gene expression as measured by the Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA). In FND patients only, we found that early-life physical abuse severity, and to a lesser extent physical neglect, correlated with corticolimbic weighted-degree functional connectivity. Connectivity profiles influenced by physical abuse occurred in limbic (amygdalar-hippocampal), paralimbic (cingulo-insular and ventromedial prefrontal), and cognitive control (ventrolateral prefrontal) areas, as well as in sensorimotor and visual cortices. These findings held adjusting for individual differences in depression/anxiety, PTSD, and motor phenotypes. In FND, physical abuse also correlated with amygdala and insula coupling to motor cortices. In exploratory analyses, physical abuse correlated connectivity maps overlapped with the AHBA spatial expression of three gene clusters: (i) neuronal morphogenesis and synaptic transmission genes in limbic/paralimbic areas; (ii) locomotory behavior and neuronal generation genes in left-lateralized structures; and (iii) nervous system development and cell motility genes in right-lateralized structures. These circuit-specific architectural profiles related to individual differences in childhood physical abuse burden advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of FND.
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7
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Dias de Castro Bins H, Dotta Panichi RM, Vernet Taborda JG, Arzeno Ferrão Y. Childhood trauma, psychiatric disorders, and criminality in women: Associations with serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 71:101574. [PMID: 32768114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders and childhood trauma are highly prevalent in female inmates. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a number of roles in neuronal survival, structure, and function. Data in the literature suggest that it is a neurobiological substrate that moderates the impact of childhood adversities on the late expression of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to determine whether five childhood trauma subtypes-physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect-are associated with adult psychiatric disorders, BDNF levels, and criminality among incarcerated women. This was a cross-sectional study involving a consecutive sample of 110 women, divided into three groups of women (forensic - mentally ill who committed crimes, clinical psychiatric inpatients and healthy controls). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus were applied in the whole sample, and BDNF levels were measured in a sub-sample of 54 women. The rates of mental illness and childhood trauma were high in the forensic group. Emotional abuse was higher in the clinical and forensic groups than in the healthy control group. Lower BDNF levels were associated with emotional abuse in the forensic group as well as with sexual abuse in the healthy control group. After multinomial logistic regression, lower levels of BDNF, higher levels of emotional abuse and the presence of familial offense were considered factors related to clinical psychiatric group. The results of this study underscore the idea that BDNF may be an important factor related to the development of diseases and criminality in women who are victims of childhood trauma, becoming a possible biological marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dias de Castro Bins
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Renata Maria Dotta Panichi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo Vernet Taborda
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ygor Arzeno Ferrão
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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8
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Lorenzetti V, Costafreda SG, Rimmer RM, Rasenick MM, Marangell LB, Fu CHY. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor association with amygdala response in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 267:103-106. [PMID: 32063560 PMCID: PMC8020847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has an essential role in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. BDNF mediates amygdala-dependent learning for both aversive and appetitive emotional memories. The expression of BDNF in limbic regions is posited to contribute the development of depression, and amygdala responsivity is a potential marker of depressive state. METHODS The present study examined the relationship between platelet BDNF levels and amygdala volume and function in major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants were 23 MDD (mean age 38.9 years) and 23 healthy controls (mean age 38.8 years). All participants were recruited from the community. MDD participants were in a current depressive episode of moderate severity and medication-free. Amygdala responses were acquired during a functional MRI task of implicit emotional processing with sad facial expressions. RESULTS Significant correlation was observed between platelet BDNF levels and left amygdala responses, but no significant correlations were found with right amygdala responses or with amygdala volumes. LIMITATIONS Interactions with neuroprotective as well as neurotoxic metabolites in the kyneurenine pathway were not examined. CONCLUSIONS Relationship between BDNF levels and amygdala responsivity to emotionally salient stimuli in MDD could reflect the importance of BDNF in amygdala-dependent learning with clinical implications for potential pathways for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lorenzetti
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia; Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sergi G Costafreda
- Department of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Cynthia H Y Fu
- School of Psychology, University of East London, United Kingdom; Centre for Affective Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Salinas V, Villarroel J, Silva H, Herrera L, Jerez S, Zazueta A, Montes C, Nieto R, Bustamante ML. SERT and BDNF polymorphisms interplay on neuroticism in borderline personality disorder. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:61. [PMID: 32033618 PMCID: PMC7006183 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4924-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Genetic factors underlying different personality traits are not entirely understood, particularly how genes interact to modulate their effect. We studied 76 patients diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), characterized by extreme levels of personality traits, especially neuroticism (N), in which we genotyped two polymorphisms, the 5HTTLPR of the Serotonin transporter (SERT) gene, and the Val66Met of the Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Results We found an association with SERT, where S-allele carriers had significantly higher levels of N than L-homozygous. Furthermore, we found that the protective effect of L-homozygosity is only evident on A-allele carriers of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. Genetic constitution in SERT and BDNF seems to be important in neuroticism, the most relevant personality trait on BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Salinas
- Neurogenetics Clinic and Laboratory, University Neurology Center and Neurology Section, J.M. Ramos Mejía, Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Precision Medicine and Clinical Genomics Program, Translational Medicine Research Institute, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Austral-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juana Villarroel
- University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, North Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. La Paz 1003, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernán Silva
- University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, North Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. La Paz 1003, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa Herrera
- Human Genetics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia Jerez
- University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, North Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. La Paz 1003, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Zazueta
- Program in Sciences and Engineering for Health, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cristián Montes
- University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, North Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. La Paz 1003, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Nieto
- University Psychiatric Clinic, Clinical Hospital, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, North Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. La Paz 1003, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Leonor Bustamante
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, North Division, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. La Paz 1003, Recoleta, Santiago, Chile. .,Human Genetics Program, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Bilek E, Itz ML, Stößel G, Ma R, Berhe O, Clement L, Zang Z, Robnik L, Plichta MM, Neukel C, Schmahl C, Kirsch P, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Tost H. Deficient Amygdala Habituation to Threatening Stimuli in Borderline Personality Disorder Relates to Adverse Childhood Experiences. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:930-938. [PMID: 31366446 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened amygdala response to threatening cues has been repeatedly observed in borderline personality disorder (BPD). A previous report linked hyperactivation to deficient amygdala habituation to repeated stimuli, but the biological underpinnings are incompletely understood. METHODS We examined a sample of 120 patients with BPD and 115 healthy control subjects with a well-established functional magnetic resonance imaging emotional face processing task to replicate the previously reported amygdala habituation deficit in BPD and probed this neural phenotype for associations with symptom severity and early social risk exposure. RESULTS Our results confirm a significant reduction in amygdala habituation to repeated negative stimuli in BPD (pFWE = .015, peak-level familywise error [FWE] corrected for region of interest). Post hoc comparison and regression analysis did not suggest a role for BPD clinical state (pFWE > .56) or symptom severity (pFWE > .45) for this phenotype. Furthermore, deficient amygdala habituation was significantly related to increased exposure to adverse childhood experiences (pFWE = .013, region of interest corrected). CONCLUSIONS Our data replicate a prior report on deficient amygdala habituation in BPD and link this neural phenotype to early adversity, a well-established social environmental risk factor for emotion dysregulation and psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edda Bilek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Marlena L Itz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gabriela Stößel
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ren Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oksana Berhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Laura Clement
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Zhenxiang Zang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lydia Robnik
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Corinne Neukel
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelburg University, Mannheim, Germany
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11
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Bas‐Hoogendam JM, van Steenbergen H, Blackford JU, Tissier RLM, van der Wee NJA, Westenberg PM. Impaired neural habituation to neutral faces in families genetically enriched for social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:1143-1153. [PMID: 31600020 PMCID: PMC6916167 DOI: 10.1002/da.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is an incapacitating disorder running in families. Previous work associated social fearfulness with a failure to habituate, but the habituation response to neutral faces has, as of yet, not been investigated in patients with SAD and their family members concurrently. Here, we examined whether impaired habituation to neutral faces is a putative neurobiological endophenotype of SAD by using data from the multiplex and multigenerational Leiden Family Lab study on SAD. METHODS Participants (n = 110; age, 9.2 - 61.5 years) performed a habituation paradigm involving neutral faces, as these are strong social stimuli with an ambiguous meaning. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate whether brain activation related to habituation was associated with the level of social anxiety within the families. Furthermore, the heritability of the neural habituation response was estimated. RESULTS Our data revealed a relationship between impaired habituation to neutral faces and social anxiety in the right hippocampus and right amygdala. In addition, our data indicated that this habituation response displayed moderate - to-moderately high heritability in the right hippocampus. CONCLUSION The present results provide support for altered habituation as a candidate SAD endophenotype; impaired neural habitation cosegregrated with the disorder within families and was heritable. These findings shed light on the genetic susceptibility to SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M. Bas‐Hoogendam
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands,Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of PsychologyUniversity of LeidenLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennessee,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterResearch Service, Research and DevelopmentNashvilleTennessee
| | - Renaud L. M. Tissier
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Nic J. A. van der Wee
- Department of PsychiatryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - P. Michiel Westenberg
- Developmental and Educational Psychology, Institute of PsychologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and CognitionLeidenThe Netherlands
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12
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Redlich R, Schneider I, Kerkenberg N, Opel N, Bauhaus J, Enneking V, Repple J, Leehr EJ, Grotegerd D, Kähler C, Förster K, Dohm K, Meinert S, Hahn T, Kugel H, Schwarte K, Schettler C, Domschke K, Arolt V, Heindel W, Baune BT, Zhang W, Hohoff C, Dannlowski U. The role of BDNF methylation and Val 66 Met in amygdala reactivity during emotion processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:594-604. [PMID: 31617281 PMCID: PMC7268057 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene have been associated with psychiatric disorders in humans and with differences in amygdala BDNF mRNA levels in rodents. This human study aimed to investigate the relationship between the functional BDNF-Val66 Met polymorphism, its surrounding DNA methylation in BDNF exon IX, amygdala reactivity to emotional faces, and personality traits. Healthy controls (HC, n = 189) underwent functional MRI during an emotional face-matching task. Harm avoidance, novelty seeking and reward dependence were measured using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Individual BDNF methylation profiles were ascertained and associated with several BDNF single nucleotide polymorphisms surrounding the BDNF-Val66 Met, amygdala reactivity, novelty seeking and harm avoidance. Higher BDNF methylation was associated with higher amygdala reactivity (x = 34, y = 0, z = -26, t(166) = 3.00, TFCE = 42.39, p(FWE) = .045), whereby the BDNF-Val66 Met genotype per se did not show any significant association with brain function. Furthermore, novelty seeking was negatively associated with BDNF methylation (r = -.19, p = .015) and amygdala reactivity (r = -.17, p = .028), while harm avoidance showed a trend for a positive association with BDNF methylation (r = .14, p = .066). The study provides first insights into the relationship among BDNF methylation, BDNF genotype, amygdala reactivity and personality traits in humans, highlighting the multidimensional relations among genetics, epigenetics, and neuronal functions. The present study suggests a possible involvement of epigenetic BDNF modifications in psychiatric disorders and related brain functions, whereby high BDNF methylation might reduce BDNF mRNA expression and upregulate amygdala reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ilona Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Nils Opel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonas Bauhaus
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Verena Enneking
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jonathan Repple
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Claas Kähler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Dohm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Meinert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schwarte
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Heindel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christa Hohoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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13
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Stanley B, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Labouliere C, Roose S. A Neuroscience-Oriented Research Approach to Borderline Personality Disorder. J Pers Disord 2018; 32:784-822. [PMID: 29469663 DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2017_31_326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the study of personality disorders had been based on psychoanalytic or behavioral models. Over the past two decades, there has been an emerging neuroscience model of borderline personality disorder (BPD) grounded in the concept of BPD as a condition in which dysfunctional neural circuits underlie its pathological dimensions, some of which include emotion dysregulation (broadly encompassing affective instability, negative affectivity, and hyperarousal), abnormal interpersonal functioning, and impulsive aggression. This article, initiated at a joint Columbia University- Cornell University Think Tank on BPD with representation from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, suggests how to advance research in BPD by studying the dimensions that underlie BPD in addition to studying the disorder as a unitary diagnostic entity. We suggest that linking the underlying neurobiological abnormalities to behavioral symptoms of the disorder can inform a research agenda to better understand BPD with its multiple presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stanley
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City
| | | | | | - Steven Roose
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City.,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City
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14
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Marceau EM, Meuldijk D, Townsend ML, Solowij N, Grenyer BF. Biomarker correlates of psychotherapy outcomes in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:166-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Bassir Nia A, Eveleth MC, Gabbay JM, Hassan YJ, Zhang B, Perez-Rodriguez MM. Past, present, and future of genetic research in borderline personality disorder. Curr Opin Psychol 2018; 21:60-68. [PMID: 29032046 PMCID: PMC5847441 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a major mental illness with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1-3%, characterized by a persistent pattern of instability in relationships, mood, impulse regulation, and sense of self. This results in impulsive self-damaging behavior, high suicide rates, and severe functional impairment. BPD has a complex, multifactorial etiology, resulting from an interaction among genetic and environmental substrates, and has moderate to high heritability based on twin and family studies. However, our understanding of the genetic architecture of BPD is very limited. This is a critical obstacle since genetics can pave the way for identifying new treatment targets and developing preventive and disease-modifying pharmacological treatments which are currently lacking. We review genetic studies in BPD, with a focus on limitations and challenges and future directions. Genetic research in BPD is still in its very early stages compared to other major psychiatric disorders. Most early genetic studies in BPD were non-replicated association studies in small samples, focused on single candidate genes. More recently, there has been one genome-wide linkage study and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of subclinical BPD traits and a first GWAS in a relatively modest sample of patients fulfilling full diagnostic criteria for the disorder. Although there are adequate animal models for some of the core dimensions of BPD, there is a lack of translational research including data from animal models in BPD. Research in more pioneering fields, such as imaging genetics, deep sequencing and epigenetics, holds promise for elucidating the pathophysiology of BPD and identifying new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Bassir Nia
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthew C Eveleth
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jonathan M Gabbay
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yonis J Hassan
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bosi Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; CIBERSAM, Autonoma University, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz and Ramon y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
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