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Santos MRBD, Moreira Filho ALDB, Freitas Neto OC, Andrade MDFDS, Silva NMVD, Sales GFC, Oliveira CJBD, Givisiez PEN. Shifts in microbiota and gene expression of nutrient transporters, mucin and interleukins in the gut of fast-growing and slow-growing chickens infected by Salmonella Enteritidis. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1987-1996. [PMID: 38485903 PMCID: PMC11153419 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Slow-growing breeds are more resistant to Salmonella infection compared to fast-growing broilers. However, it is unclear whether that is associated with innate resistance or rather rely on differences in Salmonella-induced gut responses. We investigated the microbial composition and gene expression of nutrient transporters, mucin, and interleukin in the gut of a fast-growing (Cobb500) and a slow-growing naked neck (NN) chicken breeds challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. Hatchlings were inoculated at two days of age using sterile broth (sham) or Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments: Cobb-sham; Cobb-SE; NN-sham; and NN-SE. Cecal SE counting and microbial composition by 16 S rRNA sequencing were determined at 24-, 96-, and 168-hours post-inoculation (hpi). Gene expression of amino acid (Asct1) and peptide transporters (PepT1), glucose transporters (Sglt1, Glut2 and Glut5) and mucin (Muc2) in the jejunum and expression of interleukins (IL1 beta, IL8, IL17 and IL22) in the cecum was assessed by qPCR at 24 and 168 hpi. NN birds were colonized by SE just as Cobb birds but showed innate upregulation of Muc2, IL8 and IL17 in comparison to Cobb. While nutrient transporter mRNA expression was impaired in SE-challenged Cobb birds, the opposite was observed in NN. There were no differences in microbial diversity at different sampling times for Cobb-SE, whereas the other groups had higher diversity and lower dominance at 24 hpi compared with 96 hpi and 168 hpi. NN birds apparently develop earlier gut microbial stability, have higher basal level of mucin gene expression as well as differential nutrient transporter and interleukin gene expression in the presence of SE which might mitigate the effects of SE infection compared to Cobb birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylane Rayane Brito Dos Santos
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | | | - Oliveiro Caetano Freitas Neto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31710-220, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Felipe Correia Sales
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
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2
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Lim C, Dandrieux JRS, Ploeg R, Nowell CJ, Firestone SM, Mansfield CS. Evaluation of Ki-67, goblet cell and MUC2 mucin RNA expression in dogs with lymphoplasmacytic and granulomatous colitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110740. [PMID: 38537313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal mucus barrier disruption may occur with chronic inflammatory enteropathies. The lack of studies evaluating mucus health in dogs with chronic colitis arises from inherent challenges with assessment of the intestinal mucus layer. It is therefore unknown if reduced goblet cell (GBC) numbers and/or mucin 2 (MUC2) expression, which are responsible for mucus production and secretion, correlate with inflammation severity in dogs with granulomatous colitis (GC) or lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis (LPC). It is undetermined if Ki-67 immunoreactivity, which has been evaluated in dogs with small intestinal inflammation, similarly correlates to histologic severity in GC and LPC. Study objectives included comparing Ki-67 immunoreactivity, GBC population and MUC2 expression in dogs with GC, LPC and non-inflamed colon; and exploring the use of ribonucleic acid (RNAscope®) in-situ hybridization (ISH) to evaluate MUC2 expression in canine colon. Formalin-fixed endoscopic colonic biopsies were obtained from 48 dogs over an eight-year period. A blinded pathologist reviewed all biopsies. Dogs were classified into the GC (n=19), LPC (n=19) or no colitis (NC) (n=10) group based on final histopathological diagnosis. Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, Alcian-Blue/PAS staining to highlight GBCs, and RNAscope® ISH using customized canine MUC2-targeted probes were performed. At least five microscopic fields per dog were selected to measure Ki-67 labelling index (KI67%), GBC staining percentage (GBC%) and MUC2 expression (MUC2%) using image analysis software. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to determine associations between World Small Animal Veterinary Association histologic score (WHS) and measured variables. Linear regression models were used to compare relationships between WHS with KI67%, GBC%, and MUC2%; and between GBC% and MUC2%. Median WHS was highest in dogs with GC. Median KI67% normalised to WHS was highest in the NC group (6.69%; range, 1.70-23.60%). Median GBC% did not correlate with colonic inflammation overall. Median MUC2% normalised to WHS in the NC group (10.02%; range, 3.05-39.09%) was two- and three-fold higher than in the GC and LPC groups respectively. With increased colonic inflammation, despite minimal changes in GBC% overall, MUC2 expression markedly declined in the LPC group (-27.4%; 95%-CI, -49.8, 5.9%) and mildly declined in the GC and NC groups. Granulomatous colitis and LPC likely involve different pathways regulating MUC2 expression. Decreased MUC2 gene expression is observed in dogs with chronic colitis compared to dogs without colonic signs. Changes in MUC2 expression appear influenced by GBC activity rather than quantity in GC and LPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Lim
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Julien R S Dandrieux
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ploeg
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; CSIRO - Geelong, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP), Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline S Mansfield
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Australia
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Kinstler SR, Cloft SE, Siegel PB, Honaker CF, Maurer JJ, Wong EA. Early intestinal development of chickens divergently selected for high or low 8-wk body weight and a commercial broiler. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103538. [PMID: 38387293 PMCID: PMC10900922 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The early posthatch period is crucial to intestinal development, shaping long-term growth, metabolism, and health of the chick. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of genetic selection on morphological characteristics and gene expression during early intestinal development. Populations of White Plymouth Rocks have been selected for high weight (HWS) and low weight (LWS) for over 63 generations, and some LWS display symptoms of anorexia. Intestinal structure and function of these populations were compared to a commercial broiler Cobb 500 (Cobb) during the perihatch period. Egg weights, yolk-free embryo BW, yolk weights, and jejunal samples from HWS, LWS, and Cobb were collected on embryonic day (e) 17, e19, day of hatch, day (d) 3, d5, and d7 posthatch for histology and gene expression analysis. The RNAscope in-situ hybridization method was used to localize expression of the stem cell marker, olfactomedin 4 (Olfm4). Villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH/CD were measured from Olfm4 stained images using ImageJ. mRNA abundance for Olfm4, stem cell marker Lgr5, peptide transporter PepT1, goblet cell marker Muc2, marker of proliferation Ki67, and antimicrobial peptide LEAP2 were examined. Two-factor ANOVA was performed for measurements and Turkey's HSD was used for mean separation when appropriate. Cobb were heaviest and LWS the lightest (P < 0.01). at each timepoint. VH increased in Cobb and CD increased in HWS compared to LWS (P < 0.01). PepT1 mRNA was upregulated in LWS (P < 0.01), and Muc2 mRNA was decreased in both HWS and LWS compared to Cobb (P < 0.01). Selection for high or low 8-wk body weight has caused differences in intestinal gene expression and morphology when compared to a commercial broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara E Cloft
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Paul B Siegel
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - John J Maurer
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric A Wong
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Lu D, Wu Y, Fu M, Wu Y, Wang Z, Lin J, Yang Q. CALB1: Anovel antiviral factor in chicken ileal mucus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127007. [PMID: 37734520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucus is the first line of defense against pathogens and has several active components. Poultry have a short intestine, the mucus of which may contain antiviral components. We hence investigated the antiviral components of mucus and explored their mechanisms of action. Initially, we isolated chicken intestinal mucus proteins that significantly inhibited the replication of avian viruses. The ileum 10-30 kDa protein fraction showed the greatest inhibition of viral replication. Moreover, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 12 high-abundance proteins in the ileum 10-30 kDa protein fraction. Among them, we investigated the antiviral activity of calcium binding protein 1 (CALB1). Furthermore, eukaryotically and prokaryotically expressed CALB1 significantly suppressed the replication of avian viruses, possibly by binding calcium ions and/or inducing autophagy. In conclusion, we isolated and identified CALB1 from chicken intestinal mucus, which suppressed replication of avian viruses by regulating cellular calcium-ion homeostasis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Lu
- College of Life Sciences, SanYa Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, SanYa Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Mei Fu
- College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yaotang Wu
- College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, SanYa Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China; College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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El Sabry MI, Yalcin S. Factors influencing the development of gastrointestinal tract and nutrient transporters' function during the embryonic life of chickens-A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1419-1428. [PMID: 37409520 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal morphology and regulation of nutrient transportation genes during the embryonic and early life of chicks influence their body weight and feed conversion ratio through the growing period. The intestine development can be monitored by measuring villus morphology and enzymatic activity and determining the expression of nutrient transporters genes. With the increasing importance of gut development and health in broiler production, considerable research has been directed towards factors affecting intestine development. Thus, this article reviews (1) intestinal development during embryogenesis, and (2) maternal factors, in ovo administration, and incubation conditions that influence intestinal development during embryogenesis. Conclusively, (1) chicks from heavier eggs may have a better-developed intestine than chicks from younger ones, (2) in ovo supplementation with amino acids, minerals, vitamins or a combination of several probiotics and prebiotics stimulates intestine development and increases the expression of intestine mucosal-related genes and (3) the long storage period, improper incubation temperature and imbalanced ventilation can negatively influence intestinal morphology and nutrient transporters gene expression. Finally, understanding the intestine development during embryonic life will enable us to enhance the productivity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I El Sabry
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Servet Yalcin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Freitas LFVBD, Dorigam JCDP, Reis MDP, Nogueira BRF, Lizana RR, Sakomura NK. Responses of broilers challenged by Eimeria maxima fed with different levels of dietary balanced protein. Res Vet Sci 2023; 163:104984. [PMID: 37597504 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different dietary balanced protein (BP) levels on the gut health, amino acid apparent ileal digestibility (AID), footpad dermatitis lesions, and litter quality in broiler chicks infected with Eimeria maxima. A total of 2400 male 14-day-old Cobb500 broilers were randomly allotted into 10 treatments with six replications containing 40 birds each in a factorial design of 5 × 2. The treatments consisted of five levels of BP (6.66%, 13.32%, 19.98%, 26.64%, and 33.3%), and broilers unchallenged (NCH) or challenged (CH). Broilers in the CH group received 1 mL of Eimeria maxima inoculum (7 × 103 sporulated oocysts/mL). Oocyst count in excreta, visual intestinal modifications score, morphology, and morphometrics of the ileum were used to determine gut health status. Additionally, amino acids and CP AID, litter quality, and footpad dermatitis were evaluated. An ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by post-hoc tests were performed. The oocyst count in the CH group increased with an increase in dieatary BP (P = 0.08). The incidence of intestinal modifications was higher in the CH group (P < 0.05) and increased with increasing dietary BP (P < 0.05). Morphometrics were impaired by the challenge (P < 0.05), and by the two highest BP levels (P < 0.05). Amino acids AID (methionine, methionine + cystine, arginine, and serine) were reduced by E. maxima challenge. An increase in dietary BP resulted in poor litter quality and high prevalence of of footpad dermatitis (P < 0.05). The E. maxima challenge and increased BP decreased gut health, litter quality, and cause a high incidence of footpad dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Filipe Villas Boas de Freitas
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Matheus de Paula Reis
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Rocha Franco Nogueira
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rony Riveiros Lizana
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wu S, Zhang Q, Cong G, Xiao Y, Shen Y, Zhang S, Zhao W, Shi S. Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protect chicks from damage caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:450-460. [PMID: 37649679 PMCID: PMC10463197 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
As a foodborne pathogen of global importance, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a threat to public health that is mainly spread by poultry products. Intestinal Enterobacteriaceae can inhibit the colonization of S. Enteritidis and are regarded as a potential antibiotic substitute. We investigated, in chicks, the anti-S. Enteritidis effects of Escherichia coli (E. coli) Nissle 1917, the most well-known probiotic member of Enterobacteriaceae. Eighty 1-d-old healthy female AA broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups, with 20 in each group, namely the negative control (group P), the E. coli Nissle 1917-treated group (group N), the S. Enteritidis-infected group (group S) and the E. coli Nissle 1917-treated and S. Enteritidis-infected group (group NS). From d 5 to 7, chicks in groups N and NS were orally gavaged once a day with E. coli Nissle 1917 and in groups P and S were administered the same volume of sterile PBS. At d 8, the chicks in groups S and NS were orally gavaged with S. Enteritidis and in groups P and N were administered the same volume of sterile PBS. Sampling was conducted 24 h after challenge. Results showed that gavage of E. coli Nissle 1917 reduced the spleen index, Salmonella loads, and inflammation (P < 0.05). It improved intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function (P < 0.05). S. Enteritidis infection significantly reduced mRNA expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and solute carrier family 6-member 19 (SLC6A19) in the cecum and the content of Gly, Ser, Gln, and Trp in the serum (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with E. coli Nissle 1917 yielded mRNA expression of ACE2 and SLC6A19 in the cecum and levels of Gly, Ser, Gln, and Trp in the serum similar to that of uninfected chicks (P < 0.05). Additionally, E. coli Nissle 1917 altered cecum microbiota composition and enriched the abundance of E. coli, Lactobacillales, and Lachnospiraceae. These findings reveal that the probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 reduced S. Enteritidis infection and shows enormous potential as an alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guanglei Cong
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
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Hussein EOS, Suliman GM, Al-Owaimer AN, Al-Baadani HH, Al-Garadi MA, Ba-Awadh HA, Qaid MM, Swelum AA. Effect of water supplementation of Magic oil at different growing periods on growth performance, carcass traits, blood biochemistry, and ileal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102775. [PMID: 37269792 PMCID: PMC10242640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural antibiotic substitutes have recently been used as growth promoters and to combat pathogens. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of adding Magic oil (nano-emulsified plant oil) at different growing periods on growth performance, histomorphology of the ileum, carcass traits, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens. A total of 432-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 water supplementation treatment groups based on growing periods, with 4 groups of Magic oil programs compared to probiotic (Albovit) as a positive control and nonsupplemented group as a negative control, with 9 replicates each with 8 birds (4♂ and 4♀). The periods of adding Magic oil Magic oil were 35, 20, 23, and 19 d for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Birds' performance was evaluated during 0 to 4, 4 to 14, 21 to 30, 30 to 35, and overall days old. Carcass parameters, blood chemistry, and ileal histomorphology were examined on d 35. The findings showed that birds in the T4 group of the Magic oil supplementation program (from 1 to 4 and 21 to 35 d of age) consumed 1.82% and 4.20% more food, gained 3.08% and 6.21% more, and converted feed to meat 1.39% and 2.07% more than Albovit and negative control, respectively, during the experiment (1-35). Magic oil particularly T1 (Magic oil is supplemented throughout the growing period) and T4 programs improved intestinal histology compared to the negative control. There were no changes (P > 0.05) between treatments in carcass parameters and blood biochemistry. In conclusion, water supplementation with Magic oil for broilers improves intestinal morphometrics and growth performance similar to or better than probiotic, especially during brooding and overall periods. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of adding both nano-emulsified plant oil and probiotics on different parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Al-Owaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H Al-Baadani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani A Ba-Awadh
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Qaid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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9
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Zhang X, Akhtar M, Chen Y, Ma Z, Liang Y, Shi D, Cheng R, Cui L, Hu Y, Nafady AA, Ansari AR, Abdel-Kafy ESM, Liu H. Chicken jejunal microbiota improves growth performance by mitigating intestinal inflammation. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:107. [PMID: 35836252 PMCID: PMC9284917 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01299-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Intestinal inflammation is prevalent in chicken, which results in decreased growth performance and considerable economic losses. Accumulated findings established the close relationship between gut microbiota and chicken growth performance. However, whether gut microbiota impacts chicken growth performance by lessening intestinal inflammation remains elusive. Results Seven-weeks-old male and female chickens with the highest or lowest body weights were significantly different in breast and leg muscle indices and average cross-sectional area of muscle cells. 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated Gram-positive bacteria, such as Lactobacilli, were the predominant species in high body weight chickens. Conversely, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Comamonas, Acinetobacter, Brucella, Escherichia-Shigella, Thermus, Undibacterium, and Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium were significantly abundant in low body weight chickens. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level was significantly higher in low body weight chickens (101.58 ± 5.78 ng/mL) compared with high body weight chickens (85.12 ± 4.79 ng/mL). The expression of TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88, and related inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum was significantly upregulated in low body weight chickens, which led to the damage of gut barrier integrity. Furthermore, transferring fecal microbiota from adult chickens with high body weight into 1-day-old chicks reshaped the jejunal microbiota, mitigated inflammatory response, and improved chicken growth performance. Conclusions Our findings suggested that jejunal microbiota could affect chicken growth performance by mitigating intestinal inflammation. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40168-022-01299-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ziyu Ma
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuyun Liang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ranran Cheng
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yafang Hu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Abdallah A Nafady
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS) Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - El-Sayed M Abdel-Kafy
- Animal Production Research Institute (APRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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10
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Thiam M, Wang Q, Barreto Sánchez AL, Zhang J, Ding J, Wang H, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Wang J, Li Q, Wen J, Zhao G. Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Level Modulates Salmonella Resistance, Cecal Microbiota Composition and Functional Capacity in Infected Chicken. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816689. [PMID: 35493492 PMCID: PMC9047862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a vital role in ensuring the maintenance of host health through interactions with the immune system. The Heterophil/Lymphocyte (H/L) ratio reflects poultry’s robustness and immune system status. Chickens with low H/L ratio are superior to the chickens with high H/L ratio in survival, immune response, and resistance to Salmonella infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to identify microorganisms associated with resistance to Salmonella Enteritidis infection in chickens based on the H/L ratio. The 16S rRNA and metagenomic analysis were conducted to examine microbiome and functional capacity between the 2 groups, and Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) and histopathology were conducted to explore the potential difference between susceptible and resistant groups at 7 and 21 days post-infection (dpi). The microbiome exploration revealed that low H/L ratio chickens, compared to high H/L ratio chickens, displayed a significantly higher abundance of Proteobacteria (Escherichia coli) and Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides plebeius) at 7 and 21 dpi, respectively. Anaerostipes (r = 0.63) and Lachnoclostridium (r = 0.63) were identified as bacterial genus significantly correlated with H/L (P < 0.001). Interestingly, Bacteroides was significantly and positively correlated with bodyweight post-infection (r = 0.72), propionate (r = 0.78) and valerate (r = 0.82) contents, while Salmonella was significantly and negatively correlated with bodyweight post-infection (r = − 0.67), propionate (r = − 0.61) and valerate (r = − 0.65) contents (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the comparative analysis of the functional capacity of cecal microbiota of the chickens with high and low H/L ratio revealed that the chickens with low H/L ratio possess more enriched immune pathways, lower antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors compared to the chickens with high H/L ratio. These results suggest that the chickens with low H/L ratio are more resistant to Salmonella Enteritidis, and it is possible that the commensal Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes are involved in this resistance against Salmonella infection. These findings provide valuable resources for selecting and breeding disease-resistant chickens.
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11
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Baron LF, da Fonseca FN, Maciag SS, Bellaver FAV, Ibeli AMG, Mores MAZ, de Almeida GF, Guterres SS, Bastos APA, Paese K. Toltrazuril-Loaded Polymeric Nanocapsules as a Promising Approach for the Preventive Control of Coccidiosis in Poultry. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020392. [PMID: 35214122 PMCID: PMC8878044 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria that affect the intestinal tract of poultry. However, strain resistance and drug residue in the carcass have drawn the attention of the productive sector. The nanotechnology can improve the biological effect of drugs, reducing of administered doses and toxic effects. Due to this, toltrazuril-load polymeric nanoparticles based on Eudragit® S100 (NCt) or poly-ε-caprolactone (LNCt) were developed to prevent coccidiosis in broilers. Nanoformulations were produced and showed homogeneous particle diameter distribution in the nanometer range (z-average and D (4.3) < 200 nm), negative zeta potential (<−8.93 mV), drug content ~100%, and encapsulation efficiency >90%. Cell viability assays using avian fibroblasts showed that LNCt presented no relevant toxicity up to 72 h. LNCt was then prophylactically administrated to chicken followed by challenge with Eimeria oocysts. The evaluation of the small intestine and cecum showed that the treatment with LNCt (3.5 mg/kg/day) in drinking water reduced the lesion scores and oocysts excretion, similar to the reference medicine containing toltrazuril (Baycox®, 7 mg/kg/day). The current study shows the potential protective use of nanoencapsulating anticoccidial drugs as a promising approach for the control of coccidiosis in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Flávia Baron
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (L.F.B.); (G.F.d.A.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Francisco Noé da Fonseca
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153 Km 110 s/n, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (A.M.G.I.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.P.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.d.F.); (K.P.); Tel.: +55-61-3448-4433 (F.N.d.F.); +55-51-3308-5514 (K.P.)
| | - Shaiana Salete Maciag
- Campus CEDETEG, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Al. Elio Antonio Dalla Vecchia, 838, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil;
| | | | | | | | - Gabryelle Furtado de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (L.F.B.); (G.F.d.A.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (L.F.B.); (G.F.d.A.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Ana Paula Almeida Bastos
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153 Km 110 s/n, Concórdia 89715-899, SC, Brazil; (A.M.G.I.); (M.A.Z.M.); (A.P.A.B.)
| | - Karina Paese
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil; (L.F.B.); (G.F.d.A.); (S.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.N.d.F.); (K.P.); Tel.: +55-61-3448-4433 (F.N.d.F.); +55-51-3308-5514 (K.P.)
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12
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Cloft SE, Kinstler SR, Reno KE, Sellers HS, Franca M, Ecco R, Lee MD, Maurer JJ, Wong EA. Runting Stunting Syndrome in Broiler Chickens Is Associated with Altered Intestinal Stem Cell Morphology and Gene Expression. Avian Dis 2022; 66:85-94. [DOI: 10.1637/21-00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Cloft
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Sydney R. Kinstler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Kaitlyn E. Reno
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Holly S. Sellers
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Monique Franca
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30601
| | - Roselene Ecco
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Margie D. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - John J. Maurer
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Eric A. Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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13
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Thiam M, Barreto Sánchez AL, Zhang J, Zheng M, Wen J, Zhao G, Wang Q. Association of Heterophil/Lymphocyte Ratio with Intestinal Barrier Function and Immune Response to Salmonella enteritidis Infection in Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123498. [PMID: 34944274 PMCID: PMC8698187 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonella represents a serious threat to the poultry industry and human health. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio indicates the robustness and immune system status of the chicken. Thus, the H/L ratio has been used for the selection of chickens that are resistant to Salmonella. However, the mechanisms conferring the resistance ability to the chickens with a low H/L ratio compared to those with a high H/L ratio remain unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association of the H/L ratio with the intestinal barrier function and immune response to Salmonella enteritidis infection in chicken. First, we enumerated the number of goblet cells in the ileum and caecum, measured the ileal villi morphology, and the expression of immune genes in the ileum and caecum of non-infected and SE-infected chickens at 7- and 21-days post-infection. Then, we assessed the correlation with the H/L ratio. The H/L ratio was negatively correlated to the number of goblet cells, IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ ileal expressions, indicating that the individuals with a low H/L ratio displayed enhanced intestinal barrier and immunity. These results suggest that the H/L ratio is associated with intestinal immunity and could be a potential resistance indicator in chickens. Abstract The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio has been extensively studied to select poultry that are resistant to environmental stressors. Chickens with a low H/L ratio are superior to the chickens with a high H/L ratio in survival, immune response, and resistance to Salmonella infection. However, this disease resistance ability is likely to be associated with enhanced intestinal immunity. Therefore, to expand our understanding of these underlying resistance mechanisms, it is crucial to investigate the correlation between the H/L ratio as a blood immune indicator in live chickens and the intestinal barrier function and immunity. Jinxing yellow chickens H/L line one-day-old were divided into non-infected (NI) and Salmonella enteritidis infected (SI) at 7-days old. After dividing the birds into NI and SI, blood samples were taken for H/L ratios determination, and subsequently, birds from the SI group were infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE). We assessed the effects of SE infection on the (i) goblet cells number from the ileum and caecum gut-segments, (ii) ileal mucosa morphology, and (iii) immune gene mRNA expressions from the ileum and caecum of NI and SI chickens at 7 and 21 days-post-infection (dpi). We found that the H/L ratio was negatively correlated with most intestinal immune indices, particularly with the goblet cells number and with IL-1β, IL-8, and IFN-γ ileal expressions. In conclusion, these results suggest that the H/L ratio is associated with the intestinal barrier and immune response for SE clearance and that the chickens with a low H/L ratio displayed enhanced intestinal immunity. This study expands the current knowledge that is related to using the H/L ratio to select and breed resistant broiler chickens.
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14
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Duangnumsawang Y, Zentek J, Goodarzi Boroojeni F. Development and Functional Properties of Intestinal Mucus Layer in Poultry. Front Immunol 2021; 12:745849. [PMID: 34671361 PMCID: PMC8521165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.745849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus plays important roles in protecting the epithelial surfaces against pathogens, supporting the colonization with commensal bacteria, maintaining an appropriate environment for digestion, as well as facilitating nutrient transport from the lumen to the underlying epithelium. The mucus layer in the poultry gut is produced and preserved by mucin-secreting goblet cells that rapidly develop and mature after hatch as a response to external stimuli including environmental factors, intestinal microbiota as well as dietary factors. The ontogenetic development of goblet cells affects the mucin composition and secretion, causing an alteration in the physicochemical properties of the mucus layer. The intestinal mucus prevents the invasion of pathogens to the epithelium by its antibacterial properties (e.g. β-defensin, lysozyme, avidin and IgA) and creates a physical barrier with the ability to protect the epithelium from pathogens. Mucosal barrier is the first line of innate defense in the gastrointestinal tract. This barrier has a selective permeability that allows small particles and nutrients passing through. The structural components and functional properties of mucins have been reviewed extensively in humans and rodents, but it seems to be neglected in poultry. This review discusses the impact of age on development of goblet cells and their mucus production with relevance for the functional characteristics of mucus layer and its protective mechanism in the chicken’s intestine. Dietary factors directly and indirectly (through modification of the gut bacteria and their metabolic activities) affect goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and can be used to manipulate mucosal integrity and dynamic. However, the mode of action and mechanisms behind these effects need to be studied further. As mucins resist to digestion processes, the sloughed mucins can be utilized by bacteria in the lower part of the gut and are considered as endogenous loss of protein and energy to animal. Hydrothermal processing of poultry feed may reduce this loss by reduction in mucus shedding into the lumen. Given the significance of this loss and the lack of precise data, this matter needs to be carefully investigated in the future and the nutritional strategies reducing this loss have to be defined better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yada Duangnumsawang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Duodenal Histomorphology, and Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens Fed on Diets Supplemented with Cinnamon Bark Powder at Prestarter and Starter Phases. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010094. [PMID: 33419092 PMCID: PMC7825433 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 240) aged 1 day were assigned to five groups for eight replicates (six chicks for each) (3♂ and 3♀). Basal dietary groups were supplemented by 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg/kg cinnamon (CN) for 21 days. Basal diet alone was used as a negative control, and basal antibiotic diet (Colimox) was used as a positive control. At 10, 14, and 21 days of age, chicks that received 2000 mg CN and Colimox had a higher body weight, resulting in an increase in body weight gain. CN also resulted in the maximum improvement in the feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency over 1-21 days at the level of 2000 mg/kg. At days 10, the maximum relative breast weight was 2000 mg/kg of CN. Mean serum albumin concentrations, duodenal villus height, and goblet cell density increased (p < 0.05) by 2000 mg/kg of CN, and mean serum globulin and total protein concentrations and crypt depth increased (p < 0.05) by 6000 mg/kg of CN compared with control. Increased cecal Escherichia coli number was CN dose-dependent. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 2000 mg/kg CN can be applied as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for broiler starter diet.
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16
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Maternal dietary linoleic acid altered intestinal barrier function in domestic pigeons ( Columba livia). Br J Nutr 2020; 126:1003-1016. [PMID: 33298208 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Linoleic acid (LA) is predominantly essential for poultry. Poultry lacking LA show retarded growth and reduced disease resistance. Intestinal barrier function plays an important role in pigeon squab growth, whereas research on the effects of LA on intestinal health in altrices is scant. Considering that squabs are fed by their parents, the study aimed to explore the effects of maternal dietary LA on intestinal morphology, tight junction proteins, immune cytokines and microbial flora in squabs. A completely randomised design with a control group, 1 % LA supplementation group, 2 % LA supplementation group and 4 % LA supplementation group was used. Six squabs from each treatment were randomly sampled at 21 d post-hatching. The results indicated that LA supplementation improved intestinal morphology, as reflected by increased villus height, villus area and the ratio of villi to crypts. Also, 1 % LA supplementation elevated the density of goblet cells in the intestine and strengthened tight junctions by up-regulating claudin-3 and occludin gene expression but down-regulating claudin-2 gene expression. Moreover, 1 % LA supplementation reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and partly increased anti-inflammatory cytokines. The intestinal microbial diversity in the 1 % LA supplementation group was higher than that in the other groups. As beneficial bacteria, Butyrivibrio was the biomarker of 1 % LA supplementation. However, excessive (4 %) LA supplementation led to adverse impacts on intestinal immunity and microbiota. In conclusion, maternal dietary LA might alter intestinal barrier function in pigeon squabs in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation with 1 % LA was suggested in parental pigeons.
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17
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Khattab AAA, El Basuini MFM, El-Ratel IT, Fouda SF. Dietary probiotics as a strategy for improving growth performance, intestinal efficacy, immunity, and antioxidant capacity of white Pekin ducks fed with different levels of CP. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100898. [PMID: 33518354 PMCID: PMC7936136 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential impacts of probiotics on the performance and health status of white Pekin ducks fed with optimal or suboptimal dietary CP were evaluated during the growing period. A total of 180 male white Pekin ducks (14-day-old ducks with an initial weight of 415.65 ± 2.20 g) were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (45 in each group of 5 replicates) in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The main factors included 2 dietary CP levels (18 or 14%) and dietary probiotic addition (with or without probiotics). The probiotic source was supplemented at 0.2 g per kilogram of diet from a blend of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. The results showed that the diet containing 18% CP and probiotics significantly increases the final and total weight gain. Activities of intestinal enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease), morphometrics (villus length, goblet cell count, and cryptal depth), and carcass percentage were also increased significantly. Total protein content, lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, nitro blue tetrazolium levels, alternative complement pathway, superoxide dismutase activity, and catalase activity were significantly increased, whereas glucose, cortisol, and total cholesterol levels were decreased when treated with diet containing 18% CP and probiotics. Conversely, the group treated with diet containing 14% CP without probiotics showed the poorest performance, carcass properties, immune response, and antioxidant potential. In conclusion, probiotic addition to the 14% CP diet improved the performance of white Pekin ducks caused by reduced CP diet to performance due to the 18% CP diet without probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Khattab
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohammed F M El Basuini
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Faculty of Desert Agriculture, King Salman International University, South Sinai, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim T El-Ratel
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, 34517 Damietta, Egypt
| | - Sara F Fouda
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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Azzam MM, Qaid MM, Al-Mufarrej SI, Al-Garadi MA, Albaadani HH, Alhidary IA. Rumex nervosus leaves meal improves body weight gain, duodenal morphology, serum thyroid hormones, and cecal microflora of broiler chickens during the starter period. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5572-5581. [PMID: 33142474 PMCID: PMC7647857 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 192 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned to 4 treatments with 8 replicate cages of 6 chicks (3♀ and 3♂) per cage according to a completely randomized block design. The dietary treatments were a basal diet (control) and a control diet supplemented with 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg/kg Rumex nervosus leaves meal (RN). Gallic acid and some volatile compounds were detected in the RN extract. On day 10 of age, BW was improved (P = 0.016) with supplemental RN (1,000-5,000 mg/kg). On day 14 of age, dietary application of RN up to 3,000 mg/kg increased BWG (P = 0.003) compared with control, while a 1,000 mg/kg RN had the best feed conversion ratio (P = 0.016). On day 10 of age, samples were taken on a single female bird per replicate. The addition of RN (1,000-5,000 mg/kg) increased (P < 0.001) serum albumin and triiodothyronine levels and maximized the relative weight of breast meat (P = 0.003). Feeding a diet with 1,000 mg/kg RN resulted in greater duodenal villus height (P < 0.001) than control and the diet with 5,000 mg/kg RN. Broilers fed diet supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg RN had the best duodenal villus surface area (P < 0.001). Feeding a diet with 1,000 mg/kg RN decreased (P < 0.001) cecal Escherichia coli count compared with control and the diet with 5,000 mg/kg RN. Salmonella spp. count tended to increase with 5,000 mg/kg RN leaves meal (P = 0.069, linear P = 0.026). In conclusion, R. nervosus leaves meal could be considered as a phytogenic feed additive in broiler diets up to a 1,000-mg/kg inclusion rate because of its combined positive effects on BWG, feed conversion ratio, villus height, villus surface area, serum albumin and triiodothyronine hormone, and cecal E. coli during the starter period (day 10-14 of age). Further study is required to elucidate its molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Azzam
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed M Qaid
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud I Al-Mufarrej
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H Albaadani
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alhidary
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Liu K, Jia M, Wong EA. Delayed access to feed affects broiler small intestinal morphology and goblet cell ontogeny. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5275-5285. [PMID: 33142443 PMCID: PMC7647802 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Broilers are often deprived of feed and water for up to 48 h after hatch. This delayed access to feed (DAF) can inhibit small intestine development. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of DAF on small intestinal morphology, mRNA abundance of the goblet cell marker Muc2 and absorptive cell marker PepT1, and the distribution of goblet cells in young broilers. Cobb 500 chicks, hatching within a 12-h window, were randomly allocated into 3 groups: control with no feed delay (ND), 24-h feed delay (DAF24), and 36-h feed delay (DAF36). Morphology, gene expression, and in situ hybridization analyses were conducted on the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at 0, 24, 36, 72, 120, and 168 h after hatch. Statistical analysis was performed using a t test for ND and DAF24 at 24 h. A 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (P < 0.05) were used for ND, DAF24, and DAF36 from 36 h. At 24 to 36 h, DAF decreased the ratio of villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) in the duodenum but increased VH/CD in the ileum due to changes in CD, whereas at 72 h, DAF decreased VH/CD due to a decrease in VH. The mRNA abundance of PepT1 was upregulated, while Muc2 mRNA was downregulated in DAF chicks. Cells expressing Muc2 mRNA were present along the villi and in the crypts. The ratio of the number of goblet cells found in the upper half to the lower half of the villus was greater in DAF chicks than in ND chicks, suggesting that DAF affected the appearance of new goblet cells. The number of Muc2 mRNA-expressing cells in the crypt, however, was generally not affected by DAF. In conclusion, DAF transiently affected small intestinal morphology, upregulated PepT1 mRNA, downregulated Muc2 mRNA, and changed the distribution of goblet cells in the villi. By 168 h, however, these parameters were not different between ND, DAF24, and DAF36 chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Liu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - M Jia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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