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Banasiak-Cieślar H, Wiener D, Kuszczyk M, Dobrzyńska K, Polanowski A. Proline-rich polypeptides (Colostrinin ®/COLOCO ®) modulate BDNF concentration in blood affecting cognitive function in adults: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1477-1485. [PMID: 36911821 PMCID: PMC10002942 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-rich polypeptides (PRPs complex also known as COLOCO®, Colostrinin®) consist of low-molecular weight peptides ranging up to 10 kDa, isolated from the bovine colostrum obtained up to 48 h postpartum. PRPs have been shown to affect processes involved in inflammation, brain aging, and neurodegeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Colostrinin® (COLOCO®) on the cognitive abilities of healthy volunteers in three different age groups using the CANTAB tool in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. BDNF serum level was used as a physicochemical marker of improvement of the cognitive skills. Three hundred and sixty-one healthy volunteers were divided into three study groups aged 18-24, 25-54, and 55-75; each group was then divided into two subgroups which took either placebo or tested lozenge with 120 μg of PRPs for the period of 4 months. The CANTAB battery test was used to measure the efficacy of PRP in the context of cognitive functioning. After the treatment with COLOCO®, we observed differences within MoCA score in the oldest patients, improvement in DMS and drop in PAL scores within the youngest group, drop in RTI and improvement in RVP scores within the middle-aged group. It was observed that serum BDNF level increased in all study groups which confirms cognitive improvement. In conclusion, we have shown that Colostrinin® exhibits cognitive enhancing effects, probably through the modulation of BDNF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawid Wiener
- Department of Design (School of Form) SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw Poland
| | | | | | - Antoni Polanowski
- Department of Animal Products Technology and Quality Management University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wroclaw Poland
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2
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Nasiri E, Khalilzad M, Hakimzadeh Z, Isari A, Faryabi-Yousefabad S, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Naseri A. A comprehensive review of attention tests: can we assess what we exactly do not understand? THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-023-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAttention, as it is now defined as a process matching data from the environment to the needs of the organism, is one of the main aspects of human cognitive processes. There are several aspects to attention including tonic alertness (a process of intrinsic arousal that varies by minutes to hours), phasic alertness (a process that causes a quick change in attention as a result of a brief stimulus), selective attention (a process differentiating multiple stimuli), and sustained attention (a process maintaining persistence of response and continuous effort over an extended period). Attention dysfunction is associated with multiple disorders; therefore, there has been much effort in assessing attention and its domains, resulting in a battery of tests evaluating one or several attentional domains; instances of which are the Stroop color-word test, Test of Everyday Attention, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. These tests vary in terms of utilities, range of age, and domains. The role of attention in human life and the importance of assessing it merits an inclusive review of the efforts made to assess attention and the resulting tests; Here we highlight all the necessary data regarding neurophysiological tests which assess human attentive function and investigates the evolution of attention tests over time. Also, the ways of assessing the attention in untestable patients who have difficulty in reading or using a computer, along with the lack of ability to comprehend verbal instructions and executive tasks, are discussed. This review can be of help as a platform for designing new studies to researchers who are interested in working on attention and conditions causing deficits in this aspect of body function, by collecting and organizing information on its assessment.
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Wootton O, Dalvie S, Susser E, Gur RC, Stein DJ. Within-individual variability in cognitive performance in schizophrenia: A narrative review of the key literature and proposed research agenda. Schizophr Res 2023; 252:329-334. [PMID: 36708623 PMCID: PMC9974859 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Deficits in cognitive function are characteristic of schizophrenia and are predictors of functional outcomes in the disorder. Within-individual variability (WIV) in cognitive performance is elevated in schizophrenia and has been suggested to provide additional insight into cognitive function over and above mean performance measures. Despite growing interest in WIV in schizophrenia, research on the clinical significance and neural correlates of WIV in the disorder remains sparse. The present narrative review summarizes the key literature linking WIV in schizophrenia to clinical, neural, and genetic correlates. Here, we aim to highlight key knowledge gaps and provide directions for future research into WIV in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wootton
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Ezra Susser
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Brain Behavior Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa; SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, South Africa
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Rostami R, Kazemi R, Nasiri Z, Ataei S, Hadipour AL, Jaafari N. Cold Cognition as Predictor of Treatment Response to rTMS; A Retrospective Study on Patients With Unipolar and Bipolar Depression. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:888472. [PMID: 35959241 PMCID: PMC9358278 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.888472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCognitive impairments are prevalent in patients with unipolar and bipolar depressive disorder (UDD and BDD, respectively). Considering the fact assessing cognitive functions is increasingly feasible for clinicians and researchers, targeting these problems in treatment and using them at baseline as predictors of response to treatment can be very informative.MethodIn a naturalistic, retrospective study, data from 120 patients (Mean age: 33.58) with UDD (n = 56) and BDD (n = 64) were analyzed. Patients received 20 sessions of bilateral rTMS (10 Hz over LDLPFC and 1 HZ over RDLPFC) and were assessed regarding their depressive symptoms, sustained attention, working memory, and executive functions, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery Cambridge, at baseline and after the end of rTMS treatment course. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) and logistic regression were used as the main statistical methods to test the hypotheses.ResultsFifty-three percentage of all patients (n = 64) responded to treatment. In particular, 53.1% of UDD patients (n = 34) and 46.9% of BDD patients (n = 30) responded to treatment. Bilateral rTMS improved all cognitive functions (attention, working memory, and executive function) except for visual memory and resulted in more modulations in the working memory of UDD compared to BDD patients. More improvements in working memory were observed in responded patients and visual memory, age, and sex were determined as treatment response predictors. Working memory, visual memory, and age were identified as treatment response predictors in BDD and UDD patients, respectively.ConclusionBilateral rTMS improved cold cognition and depressive symptoms in UDD and BDD patients, possibly by altering cognitive control mechanisms (top-down), and processing negative emotional bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Reza Rostami
| | - Reza Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies>, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nasiri
- Convergent Technologies Research Center, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ataei
- Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abed L. Hadipour
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie Pierre Deniker, Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France
- University Poitiers & CHU Poitiers, INSERM U1084, Laboratoire Expérimental et Clinique en Neurosciences, Poitiers, France
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Tsitsipa E, Rogers J, Casalotti S, Belessiotis-Richards C, Zubko O, Weil RS, Howard R, Bisby JA, Reeves S. Selective 5HT3 antagonists and sensory processing: a systematic review. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:880-890. [PMID: 35017671 PMCID: PMC8882165 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Ondansetron is a selective serotonin (5HT3) receptor antagonist that is under evaluation as an adjunctive treatment for schizophrenia, and a novel treatment for hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Ondansetron reverses sensory gating deficits and improves visuoperceptual processing in animal models of psychosis, but it is unclear to what extent preclinical findings have been replicated in humans. We systematically reviewed human studies that evaluated the effects of ondansetron and other 5HT3 receptor antagonists on sensory gating deficits or sensory processing. Of 11 eligible studies, eight included patients with schizophrenia who were chronically stable on antipsychotic medication; five measured sensory gating using the P50 suppression response to a repeated auditory stimulus; others included tests of visuoperceptual function. Three studies in healthy participants included tests of visuoperceptual and sensorimotor function. A consistent and robust finding (five studies) was that ondansetron and tropisetron (5HT3 antagonist and α7-nicotinic receptor partial agonist) improved sensory gating in patients with schizophrenia. Tropisetron also improved sustained visual attention in non-smoking patients. There was inconsistent evidence of the effects of 5HT3 antagonists on other measures of sensory processing, but interpretation was limited by the small number of studies, methodological heterogeneity and the potential confounding effects of concomitant medication in patients. Despite these limitations, we found strong evidence that selective 5HT3 antagonists (with or without direct α7-nicotinic partial agonist effects) improved sensory gating. Future studies should investigate how this relates to potential improvement in neurocognitive symptoms in antipsychotic naive patients with prodromal or milder symptoms, in order to understand the clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Tsitsipa
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Jonathan Rogers
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK ,grid.415717.10000 0001 2324 5535South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, BR3 3BX UK
| | - Sebastian Casalotti
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Clara Belessiotis-Richards
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Olga Zubko
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Rimona S. Weil
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Dementia Research Centre, University College London, 8-11 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK ,grid.436283.80000 0004 0612 2631Movement Disorders Consortium, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK
| | - Robert Howard
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - James A. Bisby
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T7NF, UK.
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Wicht CA, De Pretto M, Mouthon M, Spierer L. Neural correlates of expectations-induced effects of caffeine intake on executive functions. Cortex 2022; 150:61-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hong N, Kim JJ, Kwon JH, Eom H, Kim E. Effect of Distractors on Sustained Attention and Hyperactivity in Youth With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Using a Mobile Virtual Reality School Program. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:358-369. [PMID: 33430697 DOI: 10.1177/1087054720986229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether distractors in virtual reality (VR) environment affected the attention and hyperactivity in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHOD A total of 40 students (21 ADHD, 19 controls) aged between 9 and 17 years participated in this study. A rapid visual information processing task utilizing VR (VR-RVP) was performed under two conditions (no-distractor and distractor condition). Task performance and head movement during each condition were compared, and additional analyses were conducted after grouping participants into two developmental stages. RESULTS Children with ADHD performed comparably to the controls under the distractor condition, but had poorer performance under the no-distractor condition. They displayed more head movement under the distractor condition than in the no-distractor condition. CONCLUSION VR is possibly a useful tool for investigating the effect of distractors on individuals with ADHD, and children with ADHD are more vulnerable to a low-level stimulation situation than normal children in VR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narae Hong
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Hee Kwon
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojung Eom
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pearce D, Gould RL, Roughley M, Reynolds G, Ward EV, Bhome R, Reeves S. Paranoid and misidentification subtypes of psychosis in dementia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104529. [PMID: 35032536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to review the neurobiological and neuropsychological correlates of paranoid (persecutory delusions) and misidentification (misidentification delusions and/or hallucinations) subtypes of psychosis in dementia, to establish if they represent distinct subphenotypes. Nine studies were eligible, all included patients with Alzheimer's disease. Greater global cognitive deficits and an accelerated global cognitive decline were observed in the misidentification subtype. Neuroimaging studies showed more marked volume loss in multiple regions in patients with the misidentification subtype, including those involved in object recognition and the processing of information on spatial and temporal context. A single study found greater impairment in visual sustained attention and object recognition in the misidentification subtype. The small number of studies and methodological heterogeneity limit interpretation of the findings. Nevertheless, these findings would tentatively suggest that there may be additional or accelerated pathological change in functional networks involved in visuoperceptual processing in the misidentification subtype. This should be further explored in prospective studies and the investigation extended to other forms of dementia, to gain a transdiagnostic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pearce
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Rebecca L Gould
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | | | - Gemma Reynolds
- Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Emma V Ward
- Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Rohan Bhome
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK.
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Spagnolo PA, Garvey M, Hallett M. A dimensional approach to functional movement disorders: Heresy or opportunity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:25-36. [PMID: 33848511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional movement disorders (FMD) are a common and disabling neuropsychiatric condition, part of the spectrum of functional neurological/conversion disorder. FMD represent one of the most enigmatic disorders in the history of medicine. However, in the twenty years after the first report of distinctive abnormal brain activity associated with functional motor symptoms, there have been tremendous advances in the pathophysiologic understanding of these disorders. FMD can be characterized as a disorder of aberrant neurocircuitry interacting with environmental and genetic factors. These developments suggest that research on FMD could be better served by an integrative, neuroscience-based approach focused on functional domains and their neurobiological substrates. This approach has been developed in 'Research Domain Criteria' (RDoC) project, which promotes a dimensional approach to psychiatric disorders. Here, we use the RDoC conceptualization to review recent neuroscience research on FMD, focusing on the domains most relevant to these disorders. We discuss how the adoption of a similar integrative framework may facilitate the identification of the mechanisms underlying FMD and could also have potential clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Primavera A Spagnolo
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Marjorie Garvey
- Novel Strategies for Treatment of Developmental Psychopathology Program, Biomarker and Intervention Development for Childhood-Onset Mental Disorders Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ashton JS, Roberts JW, Wakefield CJ, Page RM, MacLaren DP, Marwood S, Malone JJ. The effects of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) supplementation using a C8:C10 ratio of 30:70 on cognitive performance in healthy young adults. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Relationships between intra-individual variability and subclinical psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2019; 281:112592. [PMID: 31586835 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research indicates that elevated intra-individual variability (IIV) of reaction time is associated with subclinical psychosis, as well as clinically diagnosed psychotic disorder. However, findings regarding the details of this relationship are equivocal. In particular, it is unknown whether associations between elevated IIV and subclinical psychosis are specific to certain psychotic symptoms or to complex reaction time tasks. Data from 492 undergraduates from the University of Otago were used to address this issue. Schizotypy and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) were assessed via interview and questionnaire, and participants completed both a simple reaction time (SRT) task and a continuous performance task-identical pairs version (CPT-IP). The individual standard deviation and coefficient of variation (ICV) were used as measures of IIV. Participants reporting PLE were more likely to have elevated ICV on the CPT-IP. These associations were specific to paranoid psychotic experiences, and to the suspiciousness subscale of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. There were also weak associations between SRT ICV and PLE. The inclusion of a battery of reaction time tasks assessing different aspects of cognitive control is suggested for future research, and the findings are discussed in relation to theoretical approaches to paranoia and delusions.
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Ceylan ME, Evrensel A, Dönmez A, Önen Ünsalver B, Kaya Yertutanol FD, Çom AM. The psycho-periodic cube. Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:69-77. [PMID: 31010503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry have been developed primarily for evidence-based clinical decision making with both categorical and dimensional approaches having their own advantages and disadvantages. Efforts have been made to improve these classification systems, and we are now at the point where we must expand beyond the one-dimensionality of these systems. In this paper, we propose that psychiatric disorders can be arranged in a three-dimensional classification system according to the degree of dysfunctions on three specific axes in a way that is similar to the arrangement of chemical elements according to their atomic weights in Mendeleyev's periodic table. For the three axes, we chose externalization, drive, and attention to represent the three-dimensional descriptions of mental health, namely, well-being in social, motivational, and cognitive areas, respectively. Throughout the paper, we explain our reasons for choosing these three axes and compare our hypothesis with categorical diagnostic systems as well as Cloninger's dimensional diagnostic system using personality disorders, affective disorders, and schizophrenia as the specific diagnostic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Emin Ceylan
- Departments of Psychology and Philosophy, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Evrensel
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aslıhan Dönmez
- Department of Psychology, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Önen Ünsalver
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Documentation and Secretariat, Üsküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Islam MA, Habtewold TD, van Es FD, Quee PJ, van den Heuvel ER, Alizadeh BZ, Bruggeman R. Long-term cognitive trajectories and heterogeneity in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2018; 138:591-604. [PMID: 30242827 PMCID: PMC6220939 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the heterogeneity and stability of cognition in patients with a non-affective psychotic disorder and their unaffected siblings. In addition, we aimed to predict the cognitive subtypes of siblings by their probands. METHOD Assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 and 6 years in 1119 patients, 1059 siblings and 586 controls from the Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study. Group-based trajectory modeling was applied to identify trajectories and clustered multinomial logistic regression analysis was used for prediction modeling. A composite score of eight neurocognitive tests was used to measure cognitive performance. RESULTS Five stable cognitive trajectories ranging from severely altered to high cognitive performance were identified in patients. Likewise, four stable trajectories ranging from moderately altered to high performance were found in siblings. Siblings had a higher risk of cognitive alteration when patients' alteration was mild (OR = 2.21), moderate (OR = 5.70), and severe (OR = 10.07) compared with patients with intact cognitive function. The familial correlation coefficient between pairs of index patients and their siblings was 0.27 (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The cognitive profiles identified in the current study might be suitable as endophenotypes and could be used in future genetic studies and predicting functional and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. A. Islam
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Center for PsychiatryRob Giel Research CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of EpidemiologyGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of StatisticsShahjalal University of Science and TechnologySylhetBangladesh
| | - T. D. Habtewold
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Center for PsychiatryRob Giel Research CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of EpidemiologyGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - F. D. van Es
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Center for PsychiatryRob Giel Research CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - P. J. Quee
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Center for PsychiatryRob Giel Research CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- University Psychiatric Centre (UPC)KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - E. R. van den Heuvel
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of EpidemiologyGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - B. Z. Alizadeh
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Center for PsychiatryRob Giel Research CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenDepartment of EpidemiologyGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - R. Bruggeman
- University of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity Center for PsychiatryRob Giel Research CenterGroningenThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Developmental NeuropsychologyUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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Fish S, Toumaian M, Pappa E, Davies TJ, Tanti R, Saville CWN, Theleritis C, Economou M, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Modelling reaction time distribution of fast decision tasks in schizophrenia: Evidence for novel candidate endophenotypes. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:212-220. [PMID: 30153599 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased reaction time (RT) and variability of RT in fast decision tasks is observed in patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. This study used modelling of the RT distribution with the aim of identifying novel candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. 20 patients with schizophrenia, 15 siblings of patients and 25 healthy controls performed an oddball task of varying working memory load. Increases in mean and standard deviation (SD) of RT were observed for both patients and siblings compared to controls and they were again independent of working memory load. Ex-Gaussian modelling of the RT distribution confirmed that parameters μ, σ and τ increased significantly in patients and siblings compared to controls. The Drift Diffusion Model was applied on RT distributions. A decrease in the diffusion drift rate (v) modeling the accumulation of evidence for reaching the decision to choose one stimulus over the other, was observed in patients and siblings compared to controls. The mean time of the non-decisional sensorimotor processes (t0) and it's variance (st0) was also increased in patients and siblings compared to controls. In conclusion modeling of the RT distribution revealed novel potential cognitive endophenotypes in the quest of heritable risk factors for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fish
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maida Toumaian
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Pappa
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy J Davies
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ruth Tanti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Theleritis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Economou
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Wallace S, Linscott RJ. Intra-individual variability and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:154-159. [PMID: 29074331 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between elevated intra-individual variability (IIV) of reaction time and psychotic disorders. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between performance stability and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in adolescence, before psychotic disorder onset. Data from 6702 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used to address this issue. Children took part in a semi-structured clinical interview regarding psychotic symptoms at age 12 and 18, and reaction time variability was assessed at age 13 and 15. Children who had elevated IIV at age 15 were more likely to report suspected or definite PLE at age 18, with larger associations being found for more frequent or bizarre symptoms. Elevated IIV at age 15 was also associated with persistent PLE between age 12 and 18. These findings tentatively suggest that elevated IIV in early adolescence may be predictive of later PLE, and offer some support for the notion of a psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Richard J Linscott
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Calvo-Marín J, Torrealba-Acosta G, Campbell M, Gaboury J, Ali A, Chen-Ku CH. Effect of insulin therapy and dietary adjustments on safety and performance during simulated soccer tests in people with type 1 diabetes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:338. [PMID: 28728559 PMCID: PMC5520333 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the reduction in glycemic derangement in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) through dietary and therapeutic adjustments implemented before, during and after continuous exercise, evidence for its effectiveness with intermittent forms of exercise, such as soccer, is still lacking. Methods/design We designed a study protocol for a randomized, crossover, double-blinded, controlled trial, for the evaluation of the effect that a strategy of dietary and therapeutic modifications may have on safety and performance of persons with T1D in soccer training sessions and cognitive testing. Inclusion criteria comprise: age older than 18 years, more than 2 years since T1D diagnosis, low C-peptide level, a stable insulin regimen, HbA1c less than 9.0% and regular participation in soccer activities. Our primary outcome evaluates safety regarding hypoglycemia events in patients using dietary and therapeutic adjustments, compared with the performance under the implementation of current American Diabetes Association (ADA) usual recommendations for nutritional and pharmacological adjustments for exercise. Additionally, we will evaluate as secondary outcomes: soccer performance, indexed by performance in well-established soccer skill tests, cognitive functions (indexed by Stroop, digital vigilance test (DVT), Corsi block-tapping task (CBP), and rapid visual information processing (RVIP) tests), and glycemic control measured with a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Discussion Dietary and insulin adjustments standardized under a 4-step method strategy have never been tested in a clinical trial setting with intermittent forms of exercise, such as soccer. We hypothesize that through this strategy we will observe better performance by persons with T1D in soccer and cognitive evaluations, and more stable control of glycemic parameters before, during and after exercise execution, indexed by CGM measurements. Trial registration ISRCTN, ISRCTN17447843. Registered on 5 January 2017. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2078-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Calvo-Marín
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital San Vicente de Paul, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Gabriel Torrealba-Acosta
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Campbell
- School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jesse Gaboury
- Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport and Exercise, College of Health, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
| | - Chih Hao Chen-Ku
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinic Toxicology, University of Costa Rica - Division of Endocrinology, Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José, Costa Rica
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Zai G, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ, Kennedy JL. A review of molecular genetic studies of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:50-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Reeves SJ, Clark‐Papasavas C, Gould RL, Ffytche D, Howard RJ. Cognitive phenotype of psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for impaired visuoperceptual function in the misidentification subtype. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 30:1147-55. [PMID: 25809437 PMCID: PMC4988507 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing the cognitive phenotype of psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) could localise discrete pathology and target symptomatic treatment. This study aimed to establish whether psychotic symptoms would be associated with poorer performance on neuropsychological tests known to correlate with striatal dopaminergic function and to investigate whether these differences would be attributed to the paranoid (persecutory delusions) or misidentification (misidentification phenomena +/- hallucinations) subtype. METHODS Seventy patients with probable AD (34 psychotic and 36 nonpsychotic) were recruited to the study. Analysis of covariance was used to compare motor speed and the rapid visual processing test of sustained visual attention, after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Multivariate analyses were used to compare performance across other cognitive domains. Significant findings were explored by separating patients on the basis of subtype. RESULTS Rapid visual processing performance accuracy was reduced in patients with psychotic symptoms (F1,58 = 5.94, p = 0.02) and differed significantly across subtypes (F2,51 = 3.94, p = 0.03), largely because of poorer performance in the misidentification compared with nonpsychotic group. Multivariate analyses (corrected for multiple comparisons) showed poorer performance on the incomplete letters task in psychotic patients (F1,63 = 8.77, p = 0.004) and across subtypes (F2,55 = 10.90, p < 0.001), similarly attributed to the misidentification subtype. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide further support of the involvement of dopaminergic networks in the psychosis endophenotype in AD and, in addition, implicate the ventral (temporo-occipital) pathway in the misidentification subtype. Future studies should investigate the early trajectory of neuropathological change in vivo across psychosis subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J. Reeves
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Chloe Clark‐Papasavas
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Rebecca L. Gould
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Dominic Ffytche
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonSE5 8AFUK
| | - Robert J. Howard
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of PsychiatryKing's College LondonSE5 8AFUK
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Sepede G, Spano MC, Lorusso M, Berardis DD, Salerno RM, Giannantonio MD, Gambi F. Sustained attention in psychosis: Neuroimaging findings. World J Radiol 2014; 6:261-273. [PMID: 24976929 PMCID: PMC4072813 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i6.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide a systematic review of scientific literature on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on sustained attention in psychosis. We searched PubMed to identify fMRI studies pertaining sustained attention in both affective and non-affective psychosis. Only studies conducted on adult patients using a sustained attention task during fMRI scanning were included in the final review. The search was conducted on September 10th, 2013. 15 fMRI studies met our inclusion criteria: 12 studies were focused on Schizophrenia and 3 on Bipolar Disorder Type I (BDI). Only half of the Schizophrenia studies and two of the BDI studies reported behavioral abnormalities, but all of them evidenced significant functional differences in brain regions related to the sustained attention system. Altered functioning of the insula was found in both Schizophrenia and BDI, and therefore proposed as a candidate trait marker for psychosis in general. On the other hand, other brain regions were differently impaired in affective and non-affective psychosis: alterations of cingulate cortex and thalamus seemed to be more common in Schizophrenia and amygdala dysfunctions in BDI. Neural correlates of sustained attention seem to be of great interest in the study of psychosis, highlighting differences and similarities between Schizophrenia and BDI.
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20
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Quee PJ, van der Meer L, Krabbendam L, de Haan L, Cahn W, Wiersma D, van Beveren N, Pijnenborg GHM, Mulder CL, Bruggeman R, Aleman A. Insight change in psychosis: relationship with neurocognition, social cognition, clinical symptoms and phase of illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014; 129:126-33. [PMID: 23600752 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired insight is an important and prevalent symptom of psychosis. It remains unclear whether cognitive disturbances hamper improvements in insight. We investigated the neurocognitive, social cognitive, and clinical correlates of changes in insight. METHOD One hundred and fifty-four patients with a psychotic disorder were assessed at baseline (T0 ) and after three years (T3 ) with the Birchwood Insight Scale, the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale, measures of neurocognition and social cognition. Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine to what extend neurocognition, social cognition, clinical symptoms and phase of illness could uniquely predict insight change. Subsequently, changes in these factors were related to insight change. RESULTS Better neurocognitive performance and fewer clinical symptoms at baseline explained insight improvements. The additional effect of clinical symptoms over and above the contribution of neurocognition was significant. Together, these factors explained 10% of the variance. Social cognition and phase of illness could not predict insight change. Changes in clinical symptoms, but not changes in neurocognitive performance were associated with insight change. CONCLUSION Neurocognitive abilities may predict, in part, the development of insight in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Quee
- Department of Psychiatry & Rob Giel Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation, Lentis Center for Mental Health, Zuidlaren, the Netherlands
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21
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Theleritis C, Evdokimidis I, Smyrnis N. Variability in the decision process leading to saccades: a specific marker for schizophrenia? Psychophysiology 2014; 51:327-36. [PMID: 24397400 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, deviance in the reaction time (RT) distribution of saccades for patients with schizophrenia was explained using an oculomotor decision model. Here, RTs of visually guided saccades in young healthy men, healthy children, older adults, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) were modeled to study the specificity of this decision process deviance for schizophrenia. The mean decision rate to saccade decreased with age in children and increased in older adults while the decision rate intrasubject variability (ISV) was not modulated by age. A significant increase in ISV of the decision rate was confirmed for patients with schizophrenia but not OCD compared to healthy controls. There was no effect of medication on model parameters in the OCD patient group. These results confirm the specificity of the deviance in a simple oculomotor decision process in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Theleritis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
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22
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Quee PJ, Alizadeh BZ, Aleman A, van den Heuvel ER. Cognitive subtypes in non-affected siblings of schizophrenia patients: characteristics and profile congruency with affected family members. Psychol Med 2014; 44:395-405. [PMID: 23659373 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cognitive subtypes have been suggested in schizophrenia patients, similar analyses have not been carried out in their non-affected siblings. Subtype classification may provide more insight into genetically driven variation in cognitive function. We investigated cognitive subtypes in siblings. METHOD Cluster analyses were performed in 654 non-affected siblings, on a cognitive battery that included tests of attention, intellectual function and episodic memory. Resulting subtypes in the siblings were analyzed for cognitive, demographic and clinical characteristics and compared with those of their probands. RESULTS Three sibling subtypes of cognitive function were distinguished: 'normal', 'mixed' and 'impaired'. Normal profile siblings (n = 192) were unimpaired on cognitive tests, in contrast to their proband (n = 184). Mixed profile siblings (n = 228) and their probands (n = 222) had a more similar performance pattern. Impaired profile siblings had poorer functional outcomes (n = 234) and their profile was almost identical to that of their proband (n = 223). Probands with cognitively impaired siblings could be distinguished from other schizophrenia patients by their own cognitive performance. They also had poorer clinical characteristics, including achievement of symptomatic remission. CONCLUSIONS Unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia are heterogeneous with respect to cognitive function. The poorer the cognitive profile of the sibling, the higher the level of correspondence with the proband. The sibling's cognitive subtype was predictive for disease course in the proband. Distinguishing cognitive subtypes of unaffected siblings may be of relevance for genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Quee
- Department of Psychiatry and Rob Giel Research Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A Aleman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E R van den Heuvel
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
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Gau SSF, Huang WL. Rapid visual information processing as a cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 2014; 44:435-446. [PMID: 23561037 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in sustained attention and reaction time are core features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, little is known about attention performance in unaffected siblings. Hence, we examined sustained attention and reaction time in youths with ADHD, unaffected siblings and controls to test whether impaired performance in attention tasks can be a potential endophenotype of ADHD. METHOD We recruited 438 probands with clinical diagnosis of ADHD according to DSM-IV criteria, 180 unaffected siblings, and 173 healthy controls without lifetime ADHD. They were assessed using psychiatric interviews, Conners' Continuous Performance Test, and the tasks involving attention performance of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP), Reaction Time (RTI) and Match to Sample Visual Search (MTS). Multi-level models were used for data analysis. RESULTS Compared with the controls, probands with ADHD and unaffected siblings had significantly higher total misses, lower probability of hits in the RVP task and probands with ADHD performed worse in the RTI and MTS tasks after controlling for sex, age, co-morbidity, parental educational levels and IQ. The duration of methylphenidate use and IQ but not psychiatric co-morbidity or current use of methylphenidate were associated with deficits in sustained attention in probands with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that attention performance assessed by the RVP task, but not the RTI or MTS tasks, of the CANTAB may be a useful cognitive endophenotype for ADHD genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S-F Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - W-L Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Demeter E, Guthrie SK, Taylor SF, Sarter M, Lustig C. Increased distractor vulnerability but preserved vigilance in patients with schizophrenia: evidence from a translational Sustained Attention Task. Schizophr Res 2013; 144:136-41. [PMID: 23374860 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attentional deficits represent a core cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. The distractor condition Sustained Attention Task (dSAT) has been identified by the Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) initiative as a promising translational task for assessing schizophrenia-related deficits in attentional selection-control, identifying neuroimaging biomarkers of such deficits, and for preclinical animal research on potential pro-cognitive treatments. Here, we examined whether patients would show specific difficulties in selection-control and in avoiding distraction in the dSAT. METHOD Selection-control deficits are measured by comparing attentional performance in the Sustained Attention Task (SAT) without distraction to performance on the task when distraction is present (dSAT). The baseline SAT condition can also be used to assess time-on-task or vigilance effects. Patients with schizophrenia, age- and gender-matched healthy controls and, as an additional control, school-aged children were tested on both the SAT and dSAT. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients had reduced performance overall and were differentially vulnerable to distraction. In contrast, patients but not children had preserved vigilance over time. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate specific input-selection control impairments in schizophrenia and suggest that patients' distraction-related impairments can be distinguished from general performance impairments and from deficits in other attentional processes (e.g., sustaining attention) evident in other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Demeter
- Department of Psychology, 530 Church Street, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1109, USA
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25
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Knott V, Shah D, Millar A, McIntosh J, Fisher D, Blais C, Ilivitsky V. Nicotine, Auditory Sensory Memory, and sustained Attention in a Human Ketamine Model of Schizophrenia: Moderating Influence of a Hallucinatory Trait. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:172. [PMID: 23060793 PMCID: PMC3460347 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The procognitive actions of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist nicotine are believed, in part, to motivate the excessive cigarette smoking in schizophrenia, a disorder associated with deficits in multiple cognitive domains, including low-level auditory sensory processes and higher-order attention-dependent operations. OBJECTIVES As N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been shown to contribute to these cognitive impairments, the primary aims of this healthy volunteer study were to: (a) to shed light on the separate and interactive roles of nAChR and NMDAR systems in the modulation of auditory sensory memory (and sustained attention), as indexed by the auditory event-related brain potential - mismatch negativity (MMN), and (b) to examine how these effects are moderated by a predisposition to auditory hallucinations/delusions (HD). METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design involving a low intravenous dose of ketamine (0.04 mg/kg) and a 4 mg dose of nicotine gum, MMN, and performance on a rapid visual information processing (RVIP) task of sustained attention were examined in 24 healthy controls psychometrically stratified as being lower (L-HD, n = 12) or higher (H-HD) for HD propensity. RESULTS Ketamine significantly slowed MMN, and reduced MMN in H-HD, with amplitude attenuation being blocked by the co-administration of nicotine. Nicotine significantly enhanced response speed [reaction time (RT)] and accuracy (increased % hits and d' and reduced false alarms) on the RVIP, with improved performance accuracy being prevented when nicotine was administered with ketamine. Both % hits and d', as well as RT were poorer in H-HD (vs. L-HD) and while hit rate and d' was increased by nicotine in H-HD, RT was slowed by ketamine in L-HD. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine alleviated ketamine-induced sensory memory impairment and improved attention, particularly in individuals prone to HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verner Knott
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
- Royal Ottawa Mental Health CentreOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dhrasti Shah
- School of Psychology, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Millar
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Judy McIntosh
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Derek Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Mount Saint Vincent UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada
| | - Crystal Blais
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton UniversityOttawa, ON, Canada
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Knott VJ, Millar AM, McIntosh JF, Shah DK, Fisher DJ, Blais CM, Ilivitsky V, Horn E. Separate and combined effects of low dose ketamine and nicotine on behavioural and neural correlates of sustained attention. Biol Psychol 2011; 88:83-93. [PMID: 21742012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the cognitive-promoting properties of the nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor (nAChR) agonist, nicotine, the increased prevalence of smoke-inhaled nicotine in schizophrenia has been interpreted as an attempt to self-correct cognitive deficits, which have been particularly pronounced in the attentional domain. As glutamatergic abnormalities have been implicated in these attentional deficiencies, this study attempted to shed light on the separate and interactive roles of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and nAChR systems in the modulation of attention by investigating, in healthy volunteers, the separate and combined effects of nicotine and the NMDAR antagonist ketamine on neural and behavioural responses in a sustained attention task. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study, performance and the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) in a visual information processing (RVIP) task were examined in 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers (both male and female). Assessment involved intravenous injection of a low subperceptual bolus dose (.04mg/kg) of ketamine or placebo, which was accompanied by acute treatment with nicotine (4mg) or placebo gum. Nicotine-enhanced attentional processing was most evident in nonsmokers, with both performance accuracy and P300 amplitude measures. Ketamine's detrimental effects on these behavioural and electrophysiologic measures were negatively moderated by acute nicotine, the synergistic effects being expressed differently in smokers and nonsmokers. These findings support the view that acute alterations and individual differences in nAChR function can moderate even subtle glutamatergic-driven cognitive deficiencies in schizophrenia and can be important therapeutic targets for treating cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verner J Knott
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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